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Social policy, economic growth and developmental welfare
Abstract
Although the notion of developmental welfare is not new, it is only in recent times that its central premises have again attracted attention in social policy circles. Since developmental welfare offers an opportunity to challenge the neo-liberal claim that social expenditures harm the economy, and that economic development requires retrenchments in state welfare, more information about this approach is needed. This article discusses the developmental welfare approach with reference to neo-liberalism's current hegemonic influence on social policy. It traces the historical evolution of developmental welfare, discusses its theoretical implications and outlines its practical proposals.
... Entretanto, existem evidências que sugerem o efeito contrário, isto é, que o aumento dos gastos sociais tem efeito negativo no crescimento econômico, pois elevam os custos do trabalho e assim reduzem a produtividade (Midgley & Tang 2001;Kwon, Mkandawire, & Palme, 2009). ...
... Destacamse na literatura duas tendências principais. Uma que defende que os investimentos em gastos sociais podem reduzir diretamente a vulnerabilidade de populações pobres (Ahn & Kim, 2015;Midgley & Tang, 2001;Kwon, Mkandawire, & Palme, 2009). E uma segunda, que argumenta que a qualidade de vida das pessoas só será melhorada de forma sustentável por políticas públicas que aumentem a produtividade das respectivas economias, como investimentos em educação (Mankiw, 2009;Popa, 2016;Nelson & Stephens, 2012;Esping-Andersen, 2002). ...
... Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores Esse resultado permite afirmar que quanto mais o Estado investe em média em gastos públicos sociais, menor tende a ser o crescimento econômico, tornando sem efeito a Hipótese 1 e corroborando os estudos anteriores com grupos de países diferentes de (Bhagwati, 1982;Murray, 1984;Hansson & Henrekson, 1994;Midgley & Tang, 2001;Kwon, Mkandawire, & Palme, 2009;Mcdonald & Miller, 2010). ...
A literatura que aborda o efeito dos gastos públicos sociais sobre o crescimento econômico dos países é controversa. O objetivo deste estudo é duplo. Avaliar se o investimento em gasto público social realizado pelo Estado impacta positivamente o crescimento da economia dos países e, em segundo lugar, testar se a desigualdade de renda influência esse efeito. A amostra foi composta por 20 países pertencentes a CEPAL e 33 países pertencentes a OCDE no intervalo de anos de 2002 a 2014. Os resultados da análise indicam que, em ambos os cenários, isto é, levando em consideração o efeito dos gastos públicos sociais sobre o crescimento da economia e considerando ambientes com alta e baixa desigualdade de renda, o efeito dos gastos públicos sociais sobre o crescimento do PIB é negativo. Esses resultados sugerem que o gasto público social para gerar crescimento do PIB deverá elevar a produtividade da economia.
... Social welfare researchers and stakeholders introduced the social development approach in an effort to challenge the idea that social investment harms the economy and decreases global competitiveness. Rather, the social development approach sees social spending as producing both social and economic returns to society ( Midgley & Tang, 2001). Social development theory considers welfare programs to be investments in human and social capital, employment, and individual and community asset accumulation ( Midgley & Sherraden, 2000;Midgley & Tang, 2001). ...
... Rather, the social development approach sees social spending as producing both social and economic returns to society ( Midgley & Tang, 2001). Social development theory considers welfare programs to be investments in human and social capital, employment, and individual and community asset accumulation ( Midgley & Sherraden, 2000;Midgley & Tang, 2001). A key distinction is made between maintenance and development. ...
... In the traditional view, welfare payments and services maintain a household's particular level of income and expenditure and ability to meet basic needs. Developmental investment, on the other hand, aims to facilitate the effective participation of people with low incomes in the productive economy over the long run ( Midgley & Tang, 2001). As an example of policy rooted in social developmental theory, Sherraden (1991) first proposed a lifelong and universal asset-building program in the US. ...
... A key aspect of the trilemma is the relationship between social and environmental goals and economic growth. On the one hand, social policy has been designed as a distributional adjustment to free markets and economic growth; as such, it does not question neo-liberal patterns, it rather acts as a complement to them (Meadowcroft, 2005;Midgley and Tang, 2001). On the other hand, environmental agreements, taxes, subsidies, regulations and prohibitions aim to manage the negative ecological externalities of economic activities (Meadowcroft, 2005), hence challenging the traditional conception of unlimited growth (Behrens III et al., 1972;Arrow et al., 2004). ...
... In order for an ongoing growth path to be environmentally sustainable, production and consumption must be kept within the limits that the planetary system can sustain (Gough, 2017;Brock and Taylor, 2005;Meadowcroft, 2005). Economic growth, however, is necessary for distributional justice, since it delivers the resources that are necessary for ensuring the financial sustainability of welfare systems (Midgley and Tang, 2001). Seemingly, governments should design policies to achieve, simultaneously, objectives related to economic growth, environmental sustainability and social justice and well-being. ...
This paper explores the potential of the European Union (EU) to promote synergies between environmental and social policies, so as to implement an ‘eco-social agenda’. We aim at answering two research questions: 1) What is the approach followed by the EU in order to link and create synergies between these two policy domains?; and 2) What are the governance arrangements through which the EU pursues such a strategy by coordinating actions under the responsibility of various Commission’s Directorates-General (DGs) and by ensuring coordination between different EU institutions and with social stakeholders? From a methodological point of view, we rely on qualitative research methods, notably documentary analysis (scientific literature and policy documents) complemented by 12 interviews to relevant EU actors, including policy-makers, social partners and NGOs. Besides a more theoretical discussion on the approaches that could be followed in order to link environmental and social policies, we explore two concrete case studies: a) Europe 2020 and the European Semester (i.e., the overarching EU strategy for socio-economic policies), and b) the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (ASD) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We draw three main conclusions. First, the EU is following a ‘green growth’ strategy that, while trying to conciliate environmental, social and economic objectives, prioritises the latter (i.e., the pursuit of growth and competitiveness). Second, inter-DGs and inter-institutional coordination to link environmental and social policies is rather ad-hoc, i.e. it takes place on specific initiatives and pieces of legislation (especially through impact assessment exercises). However, these policy areas are not adequately linked in overarching strategies such as Europe 2020. Third, the ASD and the SDGs (duly adapted to the EU context) appear suitable frameworks for the next EU post-2020 strategy. Discussions on this are still on-going and appear rather open, with a strong activism by social stakeholders.
This Report was prepared for the project “Sustainable welfare societies: Assessing linkages between social and environmental policies”, coordinated by NOVA Norwegian Social Research at Oslo Metropolitan University and funded by the Research Council of Norway (grant no. 236930/H20). Link on the Project website: https://blogg.hioa.no/sustainablewelfare/files/2019/06/Sabato-Mandelli.pdf
... A key aspect of the trilemma is the role played by economic growth, which seemingly generates contradictions between social and environmental objectives. On the one hand, social policies were designed as distributional adjustment to free markets and economic growth and, as such, it do not question neo-liberal pattern per se, rather aiming at complementing them (Meadowcroft 2005;Midgley and Tang 2001). On the other hand, environmental agreements, taxes, subsides, regulations and prohibitions aim at addressing the negative ecological externalities of economic activities (Meadowcroft 2005), thus challenging the traditional conception of an unbounded and unlimited economic growth (Meadows, Meadows, Rander and Behrens III 1972;Arrow et al. 2004). ...
... On the other hand, environmental agreements, taxes, subsides, regulations and prohibitions aim at addressing the negative ecological externalities of economic activities (Meadowcroft 2005), thus challenging the traditional conception of an unbounded and unlimited economic growth (Meadows, Meadows, Rander and Behrens III 1972;Arrow et al. 2004). For the growth path to be environmentally sustainable, production and consumption must be kept within the limits that the planetary system can sustain (Brock and Taylor 2005;Meadowcroft 2005), whereas economic growth is necessary to enhance distributional justice, because it delivers the resources to grant the financial soundness of welfare systems (Midgley and Tang 2001). However, solving the eco-social-growth trilemma does not necessarily mean choosing between divergent goals. ...
This paper explores the potential for “environmental” (green) and “social” (red) European NGOs and trade unions to jointly mobilize, pursuing synergies between ecological/environmental and social goals, as well as to drive bottom-up policy change at the European Union level. The main research question is thus the following: do European NGOs and trade unions conflict or cooperate on ‘eco-social’ challenges? To answer such question, the research focuses on the case of the ‘Right to Energy for All Europeans’ coalition. The coalition is an advocacy-oriented alliance of European social and green NGOs, as well as trade unions, aimed at eradicating energy poverty in Europe, mostly by exerting influence EU’ institutions concerning the “Clean Energy for All Europeans” legislative package. From a methodological point of view, we rely on literature review and qualitative research methods, notably document analysis complemented by several semi-structured interviews with the members of the Coalition. We draw two main conclusions. First, bottom-up coordination is undermined by structural constraints (such as limited resources and compartmentalized policymaking), as well as by interest groups’ commitment to specific and potentially divergent interests. Indeed, coalition-building is always a strategic move and it is more likely to take the form of ad-hoc cooperation, than formalized coordination. Nevertheless, European green and social NGOs and trade unions display a cooperative attitude towards each other. This is coherent with our second finding, according to which these organizations have an incentive to cooperate, since they frequently endorse a ‘just transition’ paradigm. Contrasting both powerful economic interests and the approach followed by European institutions, NGOs and trade unions are promoting a vision for Europe where social and environmental goals are harmoniously combined. Green-red alliances can thus be seen as bottom-up actions aimed to effectively mainstream ‘just transition’ into policy demands and political strategies, hence giving their members an incentive to join.
... Nonetheless, this book does not contemplate the economic laws of harmony. Harmony and social well-being are interrelated concepts that characterize both the economic well-being of individuals and their social well-being [46][47][48]. The following studies are the closest to this study since they regard harmony and disharmony in a particular structure from different points of view. ...
The article presents an analysis of tools for influencing the sustainable development of regions, considering their industry specifics, as well as ways to influence socioeconomic growth. The purpose of the article is to model the assessment of demoetic, demographic, democratic, and demoeconomical factors as the basis of the industrial and innovative paradigm of social sustainability. Achieving sustainability is possible only along the vector of harmony through the systemic combination 4D = “D + 3D”, namely, demoethics and demography, democracy, demoeconomy. Analysis of the existing processes of development and harmonization of society is implemented in the example of Kazakhstan. Research methods include integral analysis for ranking regions and correlation and regression modeling to assess the impact of factors on the process of sustainable development of society in a particular territory. The article hypothesizes that the creation of conditions for the development of the main regional industry will stimulate its sustainable and harmonious socioeconomic growth and provide the necessary level for the process of social harmonization. The findings show that the proposed approach made it possible to identify harmonious and disharmonious factors in the development of the region and to identify tools for influencing the process of sustainable development of society to increase the level of harmonious socioeconomic development of a particular region.
... Economic growth, which is generally measured by changes in gross domestic product (GDP), has been commonly utilized to portray an overall public welfare (Midgley & Tang, 2001). However, an increase in economic growth does not necessarily improve public welfare and reduce poverty rate, and income inequality. ...
This study aims to determine the moderating role of religious philanthropy in reducing the impacts of disasters to economic problems, namely inequality, poverty, and economic growth of ASEAN-9 over the period from 2000 to 2020. By using a panel moderated regression analysis, the study found that disasters significantly contributed to higher levels of economic growth, income disparity, and poverty. In addition, philanthropy is found to have a negative moderating role in the effects of disasters on economic growth, inequality, and poverty. The findings showed an effective role of philanthropy in reducing the impacts of disasters on economic growth, income disparity, and poverty in ASEAN-9. Our findings provide an important benchmark for the formulation of government policies to mitigate disaster risks on economic problems through the enhancement of religious philanthropic institutions.
... Patel [19] described DSW as a 'pro-poor approach', . . . seeking to mobilise the collective strengths, assets, and capacities of the poor towards their proactive participation in the productive sectors of the economy [20]. Inherent in the DSW philosophy is the notion that without a strong, vibrant economic performance and growth, a nation cannot meaningfully provide expenditure for social development. ...
Empirical findings on the implementation of neoliberal social policies in the global south has presented them as mostly political economy failures. In several studies, their messy interactions with politics and a myriad of implementation bottlenecks were highlighted. Social protection and social programmes, as an example of social policies have unfortunately become politicised used as instruments by political leaders striving to win political capital in environments of unbridled, and complex bureaucratic procedures. This article analyses challenges of social development or ‘developmental welfarism’ in the Nigerian context through interrogation of the territorial governance of Nigerian social protection. The issues addressed by this article relates to the orientation of Nigerian social policy dynamics and the exploration of these challenges, were described as the ‘burdens of developmental welfarism’ which relates to the broader issues of the so-called Nigerian ‘developmental’ state. The analysis of Nigerian social policy dynamics through a political economy lens, highlighted the ramifications of the complex interactions of different stakeholders (international, local and non-state actors) as well as processes and mechanisms that shaped the territorial governance of Nigerian social policy programmes. The article unpacked the issues and challenges of Nigerian social protection and offered some policy recommendations for ‘unburdening’ Nigerian social policy.
... Furthermore, results indicated that over-priced housing could also contribute to spatial segregation, and the inability to participate in events could diminish access to social interaction for older adults. However, the guideline considers a limited range of opportunities that can result in direct economic assistance, which can be a crucial component in promoting social inclusion of older adults [43]. Therefore, along with the provision of inexpensive housing, activities, and health and social services for older adults, more ways that can expand financial capability of older adults are suggested. ...
This study analyzed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Age-Friendly Cities Guide to observe its role in embodying social inclusion of older adults in attempts to prevent social exclusion. Social exclusion refers to the marginalization of individuals and groups from important economic and social opportunities in the society. Many aging societies are implementing social inclusion of older adults as one of their key policy agendas to create a more sustainable and healthy society, in recognition that age functions as one of the essential factors accelerating social exclusion and declining physical and mental health of those affected. In order to explore the pertinence of the WHO guidelines to social inclusion of older adults, content analysis was conducted on each checklist item in the WHO guideline to identify its relation to the four dimensions of social exclusion, which are social interaction, production, consumption, and political engagement. The results showed comprehensive coverage of each dimension by the guideline, although the relative importance of each dimension was unequal. Additional insights were suggested to promote further social inclusion of older adults in the context of an age-friendly environment.
... The arguments developed hitherto in this section should not be construed as ignorance of the artificial distinction between the "social and economic" (Mkandawire 2001;Midgley and Tang 2001). Development interventions have ingeniously brought these two together. ...
What social policy is possible in a context where equality among citizens is culturally denied but at the same time constitutionally guaranteed? This chapter attempts to answer this question by periodising how the social question was articulated in India during the last 100 years. While philosophical and religious traditions of India created “duty-oriented” social relations, the rise of the modern state prompted to change this into “right-oriented” social obligations. This tension resurfaced in the history of Indian social question through prioritising political freedom over social unfreedom, nation-building over poverty alleviation, homogenised national identity over the particularistic demands of marginalised sections, and authoritarian polity over decentralised systems. It suffices to say that Indian polity is in a denial mode regarding the social question.
... A medida que los municipios aumentan su tamaño poblacional y emergen actividades económicas diferentes a la agropecuaria, avanzando en sus procesos de desarrollo económico, la cobertura de servicios sociales se incrementa (Midgley & Tang, 2001). Por ejemplo, la cobertura en educación, salud y vivienda es relativamente mejor en los municipios de mayor desarrollo económico donde la actividad agropecuaria comparada con el resto de sus actividades económicas presenta una baja proporción. ...
Se utiliza la técnica de componentes principales y algunas variables obtenidas de los anexos municipales del Censo Nacional Agropecuario de 2014, para construir un índice agropecuario para cada municipio de Antioquia, Colombia. Mediante este índice se obtiene un puntaje que muestra la posición relativa de la actividad agropecuaria de cada uno frente al promedio de Antioquia; a partir del cual, es posible hacer tres categorías de municipios: agropecuarios, agropecuarios empobrecidos y no agropecuarios. Esta clasificación permite concluir que Antioquia tiene pocos municipios agropecuarios y el resultado sirve para orientar programas de agricultura familiar en aquellas regiones de mayor potencial para la agricultura, aunque la posibilidad de consolidar dichos programas es limitada.
... It offered an opportunity to challenge the neoliberal claims that social expenditures harm the economy and that economic development requires retrenchment of publicly provided welfare services. It helped the community of development studies to establish an alternative paradigm to neo-liberalism which 경희대학교 | IP:163.***.22.27 | Accessed 2020/05/19 13:56(KST) focused on the role of social protection in development context (Midgley & Tang, 2002). ...
At the turn of the century, social policy in both developed and developing countries confronts new challenges and risks caused by the multiple crises in finance, food, energy, and climate change. Changes in the structures of risks are particularly significant. In addition, the global economic crisis starting in 2008 has provided a new context of the global political economy. Both developed and developing countries have responded to these new challenges and risks differently. What risks do these responses aim to address? How can these responses address these risks? Can these diverse responses offer lessons for lower income economies attempting to address social development challenges alongside economic growth in the globalised and increasingly uncertain 21st century context? This paper aims to provide a critical review of the new trends,
phenomena or directions of social policy discourse and practice to respond to the new risks in the context of development. Explaining the nature and forms of new challenges and risks and pointing out the potentials and limitations of social policy discourse, it introduces the key points of the previous research we have to keep in mind in formulating alternative social policy approaches. General principles and core elements of
social policy in addressing new challenges and risks in the 21st century, which are particularly visible in social policy reforms in emerging economies, are highlighted as a conclusion.
... This role of assets from the development perspective can differentiate asset-building policies from income-based policies. That is, asset-building policies enable low-and moderate-income households to invest in their future and facilitate their effective participation in the productive economy while income-based policies support daily existence in the form of shelter, food, and other necessities (Midgley and Tang 2001;Shapiro 2001). Lastly, some existing research has used specific definitions of assets and omitted other conceptualization such as financial assets. ...
Studies of economic insecurity tend to focus on changes in incomes and transitions in and out of income poverty. Yet family economic conditions are shaped by more than just income. Levels of assets and wealth, and changes in these over time also play a role. To identify which groups of the poor have been structurally trapped in poverty over time, using the Korean Welfare Panel Study, we examined the dynamics of asset poverty from 2005 to 2014. We defined three asset poverty lines by operationalizing assets as resources for either future consumption or development. Findings show that asset poverty experience in a previous year significantly increased the probability to incur asset poverty by 5–12% for all analysis samples. In addition, the probability of incurring asset poverty decreased with home ownership, higher disposable income, and greater diversification of the household portfolio. Our findings suggest that the asset poor are likely to fall into structural and persistent poverty over time, and an asset-building approach is needed to improve the asset poverty status of households in South Korea.
... These policies resulted in increased poverty, social and economic inequality and human insecurity. It is against this global policy backdrop that social investment perspective emerged in the late 1990s as a recalibration of the neo-liberal policy framework (Jenson & St-Martin, 2003;Jenson, 2010;Midgley & Tang, 2001;Perkins, Nelms andSymth, 2004 (quoted in Peng, 2015). States therefore, adopt social investment in response to the significant challenges they face especially that of poverty, social exclusion and unemployment among young people (Frazer and Sabato, 2015; Yi, 2015). ...
It is estimated that 62.6 percent of Nigerians live below the international poverty line (PPP US$1.25 per day). This translates to about 100 million Nigerians. Against this backdrop, the Buhari Administration launched the National Social Investment Programme (NSIP) in 2016 to tackle the country"s high rate of poverty and vulnerability. The programme comprises: the N-Power designed to assist young graduates to acquire and develop lifelong skills; the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) for the support of those within the lowest poverty brackets; the Government Enterprise and Empowerment Programme (GEEP) which is a micro-lending intervention for traders, farmers, women, etc, and the National Home Grown School Feeding Programme (NHGSF) which aims to deliver school meals to young children. After more than two years in operation, this article examines the extent of the implementation, the challenges facing the programme and the prospects of NSIP achieving sustainable poverty reduction in Nigeria. Data were gathered through official publications, text books, online journals, periodicals, newspapers and key informant interviews (KII). The prerequisites for NSIP achieving sustainable poverty reduction were discussed. The contents of the programme were considered adequate but there are challenges with regard to operational procedures and effective implementation. These include inadequate funding, lack of transparency and accountability, poor information management and poor infrastructure. Measures to mitigate these problems were proffered.. .
... (Midgley & Tang, 2001: 246). Therefore, social and economic development need to be conceived as two interdependent and mutually reinforcing processes (Midgley & Tang, 2001). ...
Poor economic growth has failed to create job opportunities for many young people in many countries. This has led to the social exclusion of many young people, especially in economic development. Hence an increasing number of young people, even those with college and university education, resort to crime and joining gangs as a way of survival and overcoming their economic challenges. One way of promoting social inclusion, which has been adopted by many countries including SA, is the promotion of youth entrepreneurship programmes. These programmes require substantial social and economic support from the government, the community and the private sector. Whilst some youth entrepreneurship projects are promising, others barely survive due to a lack of organisational skills amongst young people entrusted with these projects. Therefore, professional guidance and support is necessary. It is argued in this article that probation officers could offer such support and guidance over and above their administrative duties in supporting the courts to process young offenders. When probation officers contribute their knowledge and skills in youth entrepreneurship programmes, they would also be contributing to crime prevention, which is one of their core legislative mandates. Probation officers as social workers are trained in social development theory and practice in SA. Social development theory believes that economic development needs to be harmonised with social development to achieve sustainable youth development programmes. This article explores strategies that probations officers could apply to enhance and promote innovative and sustainable youth entrepreneurship programmes.
Keywords: youth unemployment, social inclusion, probation officers, sustainable youth entrepreneurship programmes, social development
... This perspective was encouraged by the experience of (predominantly) East Asian countries, which had successfully applied national development planning since the 1960s and adapted it to the changing global environment. Development planning in its new, more inclusive, forms also offers a mechanism through which to encompass the social, environmental, and political dimensions of development (Midgley and Tang 2001;Nunan et al. 2012) in addition to economic issues of growth and the distribution of wealth and income. ...
... The Government has remained determinedly in a state of denial. (p. 1) Like many other European welfare states, the UK government had increasingly chosen to present social policy as an investment opportunity (Midgley & Tang 2001;van Vliet & Wang 2015), extending financial practices to create new forms of asset based welfare (Finlayson 2009). These social innovation programmes defined results against which payments would be scheduled, and so tied the value of an intervention to the performance of the intervention on individuals and society as a whole. ...
This article draws on a social reproduction approach to examine how debt informed the development of UK welfare provision. A brief history of the Public Works Loan Board introduces its centrality not only in the delivering of welfare institutions but also in the typographies and social values that informed welfare policies. The depletion of social care services today may be evident in the extensive use of debt to deliver social policy across the United Kingdom. However, in the past access to publicly backed borrowing enabled local authorities to deliver social rights that had been legislated for by central government. We can therefore see that it was not debt but its democratic accountability that played a central role in the changing fortunes of the UK’s welfare state.
... Another early pioneer concerns James Midgley (1999;Midgley and Tang 2001), who argued that unlike traditional redistributive social welfare, social investment or development (al) welfare is capable of fostering economic growth by generating positive rates of return to the economy. This requires a focus on programmes that enhance human capital and facilitate and enable economic and social inclusion, such as investments in human capital, employment programmes and the removal of barriers to economic participation. ...
Social investment has become a widely debated topic in the comparative welfare state literature. To date, there are, however, only a couple of systematic comparative empirical analyses that focus on the employment outcomes associated with social investment. This study contributes to the social investment literature by empirically analysing the extent to which variation in employment outcomes across 26 OECD countries over the period 1990-2010 can be explained by effort on five social investment policies using time-series cross-sectional analyses. Apart from focusing on employment rates, we additionally explore associations with qualitative aspects of the employment outcomes relying on novel indicators. The analyses account for theoretically relevant confounding variables that were omitted in existing studies, notably labour market institutions. We find robust evidence for a positive association between effort on active labour market policies and employment rates. For other policies we obtain mixed results, dependent on the employment outcome being studied. Subsequently, we explore the role of policy and institutional complementarities in the assessment of the employment effects of social investment policies. We show how social investment policies interact and how their effect is moderated by effort on other policies. Additionally, our analysis shows that the complementarity of social investment policies varies across welfare state regimes. Finally, explorative analyses suggest that there are positive synergies between more and better jobs, which could in part be attributable to effort on social investment.
... If more intensive regarding categorization of development sector, especially economic development, it is seen that the strengthening of the secondary sector and tertiary sector as the basic sector (priority) is feasible to be developed sustainably, while the agricultural sector becomes the second choice sector to be developed. This supports the views of experts and the results of previous research (Akib, 2009;Barika, 2014;Fitriani et al., 2014;Midgley & Tang, 2001) that one characteristic of a growing region a significant economy is the strengthening of secondary and tertiary sectors beyond the primary sector as a basis for development. Similarly, developing regions tend to shift occupations (livelihoods or employment) of the community, formerly or formerly working in primary sectors, then switch to the services sector or secondary and tertiary sectors, even more, visible today tend to be based on information technology. ...
Collaboration and coordination between regions and interregional organizations is a key factor in the successful development of local competencies in a region. The article of this research aims to analyze and explain the development of local competencies as a basis for interregional cooperation in West Sulawesi. Quantitative research methods through survey-evaluative are used in collecting data to be analyzed using the shift-share analysis technique. There are various potentials and local competencies of each regency as "development capital" and a source of competitive advantage to be developed sustainably in three sectors as a basis for cooperation, namely the primary sector, secondary sector, tertiary sector. The result is that there are two regencys (Central Mamuju, North Mamuju) that are suitable for the development of the primary sector as a basis for the advantages of competitiveness. Meanwhile, four regencys (Mamuju, Mamasa, Polewali Mandar, and Majene) have the potential to develop secondary and tertiary sectors as the basis for the development and excellence of regional competitiveness. The mapping of local competencies is a reference for the establishment of strategies for developing inter-regency cooperation in West Sulawesi Province. The findings of this study are in line with the focus and locus of the development strategy "five strong points of development" (infrastructure, education, economy, health, and the cocoa movement) in West Sulawesi Province. The essence and orientation of the sector and regional development activities on an ongoing basis need to refer to the development of local competencies that are owned as the basis of the advantages of competitiveness.
... This perspective was encouraged by the experience of the predominantly East Asian countries that had successfully applied national development planning since the 1960s and adapted it to the changing global environment. Development planning in its new, more inclusive forms, also offers a mechanism through which to encompass social, environmental and political dimensions of development (Midgley & Tang, 2001;Nunan et al., 2012) in addition to economic issues of growth and the distribution of wealth and income. ...
All countries, especially developing countries with limited financial resources, face difficult decisions in prioritising public funds for investment projects in the face of multiple demands in order to achieve strategic public goals. Effective investment often requires coordination between different institutions and the management of political pressure to divert investment in support of private interests. It also requires the identification of appropriate sources of funds for different purposes. The preparation of an integrated infrastructure investment plan (IIIP) that uses structured approaches to review investment proposals has been suggested, and adopted in some cases, as an instrument to address these challenges and bridge the gap between national planning and sectoral budgeting. This article considers the experience of Mozambique in deploying an IIIP as well as some recent events and concludes that the instrument may be helpful as part of a system of investment planning and allocation but that it has significant limitations.
... A literatura que investiga o crescimento econômico apresenta resultados empíricos alinhados ao papel do empreendedor no desempenho econômico do país. Alguns autores evidenciam que países com elevado capital social são mais desenvolvidos economicamente que países com baixo grau de capital social (PUTNAM, 1995;MID-GLEY;TANG, 2001). Nessa perspectiva, o desenvolvimento econômico, ao permear a integração e o fortalecimento das relações sociais, propicia um ambiente para o desenvolvimento do empreendedorismo por meio de investimentos em atividades produtivas (PUTNAM, 1995). ...
Resumo A literatura, embora aponte variáveis que incluem a falta de segurança pública, o desemprego, a corrupção e o nível de escolaridade como fatores que influenciam a intenção empreendedora, não investiga o efeito de tais variáveis mediante a relação endógena existente entre crescimento econômico e intenção de empreender. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se a recessão econômica influencia a intenção de empreender, bem como o efeito de tais variáveis na intenção empreendedora. A amostra foi composta por 60.234 indivíduos de 37 países no ano de 2009. Nossos resultados apresentam evidências que, controlando-se por risco, os indivíduos se dizem mais propícios à atividade empreendedora em cenários com mais recessões econômicas. Tal resultado sugere que os indivíduos buscam na crise econômica oportunidades de negócios que podem estar sendo motivadas, possivelmente, pelo empreendedorismo por necessidade. Tais evidências indicam que pesquisas sobre intenção empreendedora devem considerar a situação econômica do ambiente analisado.
... Social welfare is a condition or state of human well-being. In line with such definition, welfare of a state refers to an ideal model of development that is focused on improving welfare through the provision of a more important role to state in providing social services universally and comprehensively to its citizens (Midgley & Tang, 2001;Midgley, 1995Midgley, , 2001Midgley, , 2016. ...
The non-formal education policy in responding to the life skills needs of learners has been anticipated by the issuance of some products of legal regulations concerning the non-formal education. Life skills education was explicitly mentioned in legislation, but its implementation has not been in line with the expectations. In practice, many training institutions were only responsible for the output without even trying to channel or hire the students after graduation. The curriculum developed referred to the national standard curriculum by adding local content. Welfare could be easily obtained because the alumni got jobs after completing their skill training. Thus, the life skills education developed was able to give positive implications, especially for the welfare of its alumni and their families
... This perspective was encouraged by the experience of (predominantly) East Asian countries, which had successfully applied national development planning since the 1960s and adapted it to the changing global environment. Development planning in its new, more inclusive, forms also offers a mechanism through which to encompass the social, environmental, and political dimensions of development (Midgley and Tang 2001;Nunan et al. 2012) in addition to economic issues of growth and the distribution of wealth and income. ...
All countries, especially developing countries with limited financial resources, face difficult decisions in prioritizing public funds for investment projects in order to achieve strategic public goals in the face of multiple demands. Effective investment often requires coordination between different institutions and the management of political pressure to divert investment in support of private interests. It also requires the identification of appropriate sources of funds for different purposes. The preparation of an integrated infrastructure investment plan (IIIP) that uses structured approaches to review investment proposals has been suggested, and adopted in some cases, as an instrument to address these challenges and bridge the gap between national planning and sectoral budgeting. This article considers the experience of Mozambique in deploying an IIIP and concludes that the instrument may be helpful as part of a system of investment planning and allocation but that it has significant limitations.
... These measures were intended to address reduction of subsidies on food, fuel and other essential commodities and retrenchments in public employment, among other things (Townsend, 2000). However, poverty levels in these countries increased during the structural adjustment era (Midgley & Tang, 2001), partly owing to massive losses of jobs. Although the social risk management (SRM) framework has several functions, it mainly focuses on averting and alleviating risk. ...
Social protection has not only assumed another dimension characterised by income transfers, but has also aroused intense interest among researchers, policy makers and practitioners. In spite of this development, and its evident effectiveness in averting poverty, risks and vulnerabilities, interventions for children have been disappointingly limited. This study attempts to review the literature on the risks and vulnerabilities that affect children in Zambia. It argues that risks and vulnerabilities vary according to age, gender and residence, among other things. Therefore it proposes a design of social protection interventions that would take into account the multiplicity of vulnerabilities in Zambia.
... In the study that this article is reporting on, Geyer (2012:53-59) demarcated ten dimensions, with associated themes and features, to outline a social development perspective for drug policy in South Africa. The dimensions, based on an in-depth literature review of the theoretical concept of "social development", are as follows: capital development, innovation, integrated service-delivery strategy, intervention by social service professionals, levels of service delivery, mandate, partnerships/welfare pluralism, principles, rights-based approach and target groups (compare Burke & Harrison, 2009;DSD, 2006DSD, , 2008Gray, 2002;Green & Nieman, 2003;Ife, 2001;Lombard, 2009Lombard, , 2008Lombard, , 2005Lombard, , 2003MacGregor, 1999;Mayadas & Elliott, 2001;Midgley, 2010Midgley, , 1995Midgley & Tang, 2001;Ministry of Welfare and Population Development, 1997;Noyoo, 2005;Patel, 2005;Patel & Hochfeld, 2008;Patel & Selipsky, 2010;Payne, Adams & Dominelli, 2009;Reynecke, 2006;Sherraden, 2009). These dimensions, with the associated themes and features, provided a comprehensive exposition of social development which formed the theoretical framework of this study. ...
If drug policies, such as the South African National Drug Master Plan 2006-2011 (NDMP2), are drafted according to a social developmental perspective, the efforts of stakeholders could be strengthened to mitigate substance abuse, eradicate drug-related crimes, and contribute towards achieving social development goals. This study determined whether the NDMP2 is drafted in accordance with a social development perspective. Quantitative research, with content analysis as research strategy, was adopted to determine whether indicators of social development are embedded in the manifest content of the NDMP2. Results show the NDMP2 has both strengths and limitations when interpreted from a social development perspective.
... These measures were intended to address reduction of subsidies on food, fuel and other essential commodities and retrenchments in public employment, among other things (Townsend, 2000). However, poverty levels in these countries increased during the structural adjustment era (Midgley & Tang, 2001), partly owing to massive losses of jobs. Although the social risk management (SRM) framework has several functions, it mainly focuses on averting and alleviating risk. ...
Social protection has not only assumed another dimension characterised by income transfers, but has also aroused intense interest among researchers, policy makers and practitioners. In spite of this development, and its evident effectiveness in averting poverty, risks and vulnerabilities, interventions for children have been disappointingly limited. This study attempts to review the literature on the risks and vulnerabilities that affect children in Zambia. It argues that risks and vulnerabilities vary according to age, gender and residence, among other things. Therefore it proposes a design of social protection interventions that would take into account the multiplicity of vulnerabilities in Zambia.
China is undergoing important reforms in its welfare system, and some scholars agree that a new ‘social policy era’ took place in the 2000s–2010s. Although welfare development theories—typically, the industrialisation thesis and the power resources approach—are well established in social policy research, welfare change and its determinants in China are still poorly understood in international literature. Making use of official statistics at the provincial level, this study examines whether industrialisation is associated with welfare development in China during the ‘social policy era’ (2000–2019). We contribute to welfare development literature by, first, measuring welfare effort in China while addressing comparability issues (the ‘dependent variable problem’); and, secondly, testing the industrialisation thesis, amongst others, through a fixed‐effects time‐series‐cross‐section data analysis on provincial‐level statistics covering 30 provinces during 20 time points (2000–2019). Results show that the industrialisation theory is indeed important for welfare development in China, but several less‐developed provinces also experienced substantial improvement in their welfare spending irrespective of their local revenues, suggesting that redistribution at the level of the central government and political reform are increasingly important topics for future welfare studies in China.
This book is written by Southern African social welfare, social work, social development, social security and social policy academics, practitioners and advocates who have varying degrees of experience. The chapters are examined through different theoretical lenses and historical perspectives. The book focuses on the pre-colonial period – a golden thread running through the chapters. Furthermore, the authors provide a deep and critical reflection of social welfare, social work, and related disciplines during the colonial era when Western countries’ capture and oppression of Africa characterised the continent’s history, and the post-colonial era, characterised by a deliberate move by Africa’s political administrations to focus on nation-building and to attempt making Africa a global player.
Public housing, a crucial component of the welfare state, is often viewed as an economic burden. We confront this conventional view and provide an alternative understanding of public housing in mixed economies. Through the lens of China, we conduct case studies and investigate the rationales of public housing provision in two high-profile, industrializing and deindustrializing cities – Chongqing and Shenzhen, respectively. We find that, despite variegated local conditions, Chinese municipal governments strategically provide public housing as an instrument of city development. We construct an open-ended framework that forges intricate links among cost-benefit considerations. It systematizes hypotheses that assemble the patterns of dynamic relationships among constituents of local decision-making, mediating the dimensions of development stage, time and space. The framework facilitates a new and illuminating way of conceptualizing policy rationales and of explaining variations in local programmes. Our proposition complements theories of the mixed economy of welfare and invites further elaboration.
Kandang kolektif was established by the farmers in Lombok Islands in Indonesia in response to the continuing and increasing crime rates brought about the frequent cattle rustling and weakening security functions of the police and customs institutions. The main objective of kandang kolektif is to protect the cattle from the thieves, and at the same time ensure household economic activity. Kandang kolektif has become a collective social asset which also effectively addresses the problems on cattle productivity and reproduction. This paper presents some forms of social capital that are embedded in a kandang kolektif structure, namely: awig-awig (local law), kadasan pattern, gotong royong, solidarity and networking with outsiders. The farmers utilized one or more forms of social capital to address or achieve a particular interest related to cattle raising and security.
Özet: Sosyal devletin gelişmişlik düzeyine ilişkin değerlendirmeler, sosyal koruma harcamaları ile sınırlı bir çerçeve içinden bakılarak yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sosyal devlet harcamalarının bütçeden yapılan faizdışı transfer harcamaları, eğitim harcamaları ve sağlık harcamaları toplamından ibaret olduğu önkabulünden hareketle farklı bir analitik çerçeve oluşturularak Türkiye’de sosyal devletin gelişmişlik düzeyi be-lirlenmiştir. Yapılan hesaplamalar, son yıllarda sosyal devlet harcamalarının ciddi ölçülerde arttığını göstermektedir. Üstelik bu esnada iktisadi büyüme ivmesi de yükselmiştir. Bununla birlikte OECD tarafından yapılan hesaplamalara göre Türkiye’de sosyal devletin gelişmişlik düzeyi, halen daha merkez ülkelerinin bir hayli gerisindedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal Devlet Harcamaları, Büyüme Hızı, Gini Katsayısı.
The conceptualization of globalization starts with the dimension of global economic integration. Thus the boundaries of formerly national economies have gradually diminished, resulting in one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility. When there looks to be a borderless world for economic purposes, such an economic tendency also exerts pressure to equalize social standards across countries. Globalization is also associated with the growth of somewhat easier or sometimes uncontrolled migration. Will the global population integration lead to equalized social standards, thus one global welfare state? Is there a borderless world? This paper is to review the welfare state challenges given the context of globalization and migration. Esping Andersen’s typology of the welfare state will be used to compare countries’ capacity and willingness to cope with globalization and migration. National statistics is included to compare across different welfare states. The chapter then argues that the future of national borders is closely related to the negotiations of welfare boundaries. With the intertwined processes of globalization and migration, growing holistic welfare responsibilities (i.e., public-private hybridity) might make the borderless world a reality.
The article is based on a study of the implementation of housing programmes in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. A sample of 250 residents took part in a survey and housing officials, representatives of political parties, municipal managers, councillors and social workers were interviewed. The findings revealed that most of the houses had been constructed from substandard materials and evinced poor workmanship, such as poorly fitting doors and windows, cracked walls and weak roofs and floors. The numbers of housing units and the number of rooms in them were inadequate in terms of both demand and construction targets. Although houses are being provided, their quality poses a threat to the health, safety and human dignity of the intended beneficiaries.
Although numerous housing projects for the needy have been established in South Africa since 1994, many reports show their inadequacy in meeting the expectations of the intended beneficiaries. It is based on this notion that this paper was crafted to explore the extent to which housing programs meet the expectations of intended beneficiaries. The study collected data from 276 participants who were subjected to either interviews or questionnaires. The findings show that the beneficiaries were not happy with the quality, size and spacing of the houses; the intended beneficiaries felt that the distance of the houses to other socio-economic locations such as schools, hospitals and police were very far; the government and contractors’ slow pace of construction of the houses was disturbing and very slow. The researchers recommend an overhaul in the implementation of the housing program to ensure that the expectations of the intended beneficiaries are met. A thorough monitoring and evaluation is needed to promote and strengthen accountability at all levels. This paper is derived from a broader research study that sought to investigate the implementation of housing programs towards addressing housing problems in the Amathole district of the Eastern Cape Province with the objective of this study being to investigate and establish the extent to which the housing projects meet the expectations of the targeted beneficiaries in South Africa.
This paper highlights the important roles of bureaucrats in developing and implementing Korean welfare reforms, which previous studies have overlooked or under-evaluated. It shows that developmental ideas and policy preferences established during the developmental phase of the country’s post-war history have continued to play a critical role in determining the nature and extent of Korean welfare reforms. Examples of such developmental ideas and preferences include those favouring work-incentive contributions and self-support discipline, both of which economic bureaucrats have consistently advocated even after the Korean developmental state was transformed into more liberalised governance. Examining two welfare innovations in Korea, this study concludes that embedded values do not easily perish and dominant values within a bureaucracy can filter, shape and restrict policy demands from civil society. In particular, the findings indicate that following the political decisions of the executive, Korean bureaucrats have enjoyed considerable autonomy in the phase of making up enforcement ordinances and regulations with the rationale for growth strategy in the post-developmental era.
The largest area of service rendering in social work in South Africa pertains to child and family welfare. Policy directives indicate that services should be aimed at reducing child abuse and neglect while protecting the child and preserving the family unit. Group work is a cost-effective intervention strategy to be implemented to meet the high demand for child protection services. However, social workers face various challenges when utilising group work in service delivery. Yet because of the advantages of group work in addressing the social isolation of at-risk families, this intervention method should be incorporated into family preservation programmes.
How can one generalise the politics of social investment in hugely diverse country such as India? The aim of the paper is to identify comparable units of governance in the federal arrangement of Indian republic. We use 45 variables relevant for social investment, and we group 29 Indian states into four groups through cluster analysis. Initial attempt is made to compare the political rationale behind differences among the four clusters. We also locate the conditions whereby the space for the possibility of politics are state level may be reduced through centralized political intervention. Towards the end of the paper, a set of data sources that could be used to inquire into the agenda setting for social investment are identified.
This chapter aims to explore the possible and viable future directions in Social Development for Older People. Towards that end, it will review the global ageing trends and projections, discuss policies, and programmes that promote the inclusion of elders in social development, and argues for a greater emphasis on the ageing issues and needs in social development. It argues that much more needs to be done if the global community is to bring about sustained improvements in people’s welfare around the world and to create a more just and equal international order. More effective integration of economic development in social care programmes, and vice versa, at national and international levels, and in the rural agricultural sectors is needed.
The recent global financial crisis has increased the scope of poverty and inequality. The gap between the richest and poorest nations has become wider. National income inequality has also been on the rise. The prospect of a shift in designing and implementing development and welfare policies is strong in this new environment. The neoliberal policies of the Washington Consensus are giving way to development models which look to a more active government role in both economic and social policies. Meanwhile, in the parallel universe of welfare policy a fundamental realignment is already taking place. Faced with the current economic and social challenges, policy communities have turned to a variety of instruments to ensure that growth and social inclusion go together. This book offers a systematic analysis of the growing convergence on these matters in the development and welfare state literatures, utilizing the experiences of a myriad of jurisdictions around the world. Drawing upon the expertise of leading international policymakers, practitioners, and academics in the field, this book critiques the theoretical underpinning of growth and development, examine welfare state perspectives on inclusive growth and social/economic development, and present lessons learned and best/worst practices from the experiences of developing and developed nations.
The largest area of service rendering in social work in South Africa pertains to child and family welfare. Policy directives indicate that services should be aimed at reducing child abuse and neglect while protecting the child and preserving the family unit. Group work is a cost-effective intervention strategy to be implemented to meet the high demand for child protection services. However, social workers face various challenges when utilising group work in service delivery. Yet because of the advantages of group work in addressing the social isolation of at-risk families, this intervention method should be incorporated into family preservation programmes.
This chapter discusses the development of the Danish welfare state under globalization—that is, from the mid-1970s to the present—from an international perspective. It adopts a periodization in which the time from World War II is conventionally seen as the golden age of welfare state development, ending with the introduction of globalization, associated with the first oil shock in 1974. The next 20 or so years can partly be characterized as a period dominated by neoliberal ideology, if not necessarily by neoliberal policies. This was followed, at the end of the 1990s, by the start of today’s period of the social investment or competition state, with both concepts referring to a situation in which the state pursues a productivist agenda. Social and welfare policies are viewed as investments in citizens, not necessarily because we feel sorry for the poor but because it is believed that we need a healthy, well-educated, and secure workforce to maintain our position in the competitive global environment.
In Western Europe the welfare state was part of the post-World War II social settlement during the so-called trente glorieuses , but with the oil crises during the 1970s it became contested, and in 1981 OECD declared the welfare state to be in crisis. This was the beginning of a neoliberal turn in politics across the globe. Looking back at the development from 2011, however, a very complex picture emerges from the social science literature. Crudely, political economy has had a tendency to view the changes within post-industrial welfare states as indeed going down a liberal road of retrenchment, privatisation and marketisation. Thus, Jasmin Lorch entitled a paper “The Neoliberal Retreat of the Welfare State in Europe and the Developing World” and began by stating that “due to budget constraints most European countries have been experiencing some form of the retreat of the welfare state since the early 80s. Partly in reaction to this neoliberal tendency … ” (2007; see also Harvey 2005; Ryner 2008). Differently, part of the political science literature has pointed to welfare states’ resilience to change (Esping-Andersen 1996; Pierson 1994; Starke 2006). Yet the majority of comparative, institutional, sociologically oriented literature has pointed to various degrees of changes – such as recalibrating, recasting, renewing, or reforming of welfare states – and concluded that these changes have led to a survival of the welfare state (Bolukbasi 2009; Clasen 2000; Clegg 2007; Drahoukoupil 2007; Ferrera and Rhodes 2000; Ferrera, Hemerijck, and Rhodes 2000; Kuhnle and Alestalo 2000; Leibfried and Obinger 2000).
Robert Wade’s (1990) study of South Korea, Taiwan and Japan in the late 1980s resulted in a better understanding of East Asian developmentalism as the ‘governed’ or ‘guided’ market and further invigorated the study of the ‘developmental state’ since Johnson’s (1982) formative study of economic development in Japan. Despite the fact that the diversity of the developmental experiences in East Asia defies easy generalization, one pivotal element is the centrality of the role of the state in fostering economic growth and development. Developmental theorists have pointed to two linked and yet quite independent issues: first, the capacity of government, or what Evans (2006) termed ‘bureaucratic capacity’ to respond to changing circumstances both within and outside the national economy; second, the degree to which institutional arrangements are capable of being fully integrated, or simply put, whether state institutions are capable of synergizing with social institutions in such a way as to foster growth.
The author believes sustainable development represents a fundamental and lasting contribution to development theory and practice. This article defines sustainable development, identifies associated intellectual and empirical traditions, clarifies the concept's underlying values and goals, identifies major intervention strategies, and discusses the concept's continuing evolution. Finally, the author briefly outlines his own evolving agenda for worldwide sustainable development. -from Author
The developmental perspective is attracting more attention today as conventional residual and institutional approaches to social welfare lose appeal. This article explains the need to adopt a developmental perspective, traces its history, describes its key features, and outlines implications for social work education with reference to the educational needs of a new century.
Contemporary approaches to social welfare are based on the idea that the resources generated by economic growth should be redistributed to fund social programs. Although this approach has dominated social policy since the 1950s, it has been undermined by the argument that redistributive social welfare expends scarce resources on unproductive social services, maintains needy people in dependency, and stifles economic growth. Faced with need for new ideas that will legitimate social welfare, social development offers an alternative perspective on redistribution that emphasizes resource allocations to social programs that are productivist and investment oriented and that enhance economic participation and make a positive contributiontodevelopment. Elaborating this argument, this article outlines strategies for implementing developmental social programs.
This article presents the major issues, trends, interpretations, and difficulties facing Primary Health Care (PHC) personnel in taking the drastic steps required to reform the health care system. The author argues that PHC aims to enable people to take responsibility for their own health and further the redistribution of resources. (SSH)
Although the concept of social capital has direct relevance to community practice, it is not widely known in social work. This paper defines the concept, traces the development of social capital theory, and examines ways in which community social workers can promote local economic development by enhancing social capital. It contends that community social workers can make a major contribution to local economic development by implementing projects that mobilize social capital and promote the material well-being of local people.
A project of the Inter-University Study of Human Resources in National Development and the Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University. Sponsored by the Ford Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation. Incl. bibl., index.
This textbook provides basic information on social policies aimes at improving the welfare of the populations in developing countried and assessing the effectiveness of the major social policies which have been applied to the problems of poverty in these countried. The book is an outgrowth of experience gained in teaching a course in social policy and planning at London School of Economics. The focus is on social policied rather than on social planning techniques and the central theme is that state intervention and the implementation of social policies are a necessary prerequisite for improving the welfare of the inhabitants of 3rd World countried. The chapter defines underdevelopment. It stresses the need for governments to develop social policies in accordance with their needs and resources and to develop policies which will redistribute resources to the most seriously disadvantaged segments of their population. The 2nd chapter defines poverty describes the basic inequalities in living standards and income which exist in 3rd World countries and discuss the major theories which have been put forward to explain poverty. The next 5 chapters discuss the problems of population growth rural and urban development health and housing. The various policied which have been formulated to deal with each of these problems are described and compared in regard to their effectiveness. The next chapter discusses social work and the problems associated with the development of social welfare services in developing countries. The final chapter deals with international issues and assesses. The value of bilateral and multilateral aid. Major assumptions underlying the presentation of the material are 1)poverty impedes development 2)poverty will not disappear without government intervention 3)economic development by itself cannot reduce poverty 4)poverty is the result of social factors rather than the result of inadequacies on the part of poor indiciduals 5)socialpolicies and programs formulated to deal with problems in the developed countries are inappropriate for application in developing countries; 6)social policies must reflect the needs of each country; and 7)social planning should be an interdisciplinary endeavor and should utilize knowledge derived from all the social sciences.
Making ends meet: How single mothers survive welfare and low wage work AFDC clients as entrepreneurs: Self-employment offers an important option
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Five years after: The long term effects of welfare to work programs People with disabilities: Federal programs could work together more efficiently to promote employment
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Social policy and the physical environment The Handbook of Social Policy The participatory imperative in primary health care
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Social work, social development and microenterprises: Techniques and issues for implementation
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