Article

The management of riverine flood risk

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Abstract

This paper focuses on the management of flood risk from rivers in low-lying areas and addresses both urban and rural situations. In many flood-prone urban areas, protection levels are well below an economically justifiable standard. Management issues are approached under four general headings; planning, technical, operational and institutional. In some areas, flood risk from the sea will also need to be taken into account, but this is not considered further here. Similarly, flooding that results from the inadequacy of urban drainage is also not dealt with. However, both are serious issues that require attention. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cet article est centré sur la gestion du risque de débordement des cours d'eau dans les zones de faible élévation, en environnement urbain ou rural. Dans beaucoup de secteurs urbains à risque, les niveaux de protection sont bien en dessous d'une norme économiquement justifiable. Les problèmes de gestion sont abordés sous leur quatre aspects: planification, technique, exploitation et organisation. Dans certaines zones, le risque maritime d'inondation devra également être pris en considération, mais ceci n'est pas l'objet de cet article. De même, les inondations qui résultent de l'insuffisance de drainage urbain ne sont pas non plus traitées. Cependant, toutes deux sont des questions graves qui exigent l'attention. Copyright

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... AI algorithms can optimize procurement schedules, identify potential disruptions, and suggest alternative suppliers, which aids in maintaining supply continuity and reducing environmental impacts (Bruce et al., 2004;Rogger et al., 2017). For instance, Borrows and de Bruin (2006) highlight that AI-driven systems can assess supplier performance based on sustainability metrics, enabling firms to prioritize eco-friendly sources. This approach aligns with the construction industry's commitment to sustainability, as AI enables better tracking of carbon emissions and resource utilization throughout the rebar supply chain (Almadhi et al., 2023). ...
... While studies frequently address financial and operational risks, few explore how rebar procurement impacts carbon emissions, resource depletion, and pollution across the supply chain (Love et al., 2000;Mhatre et al., 2017). For example, Borrows and de Bruin (2006) point out that most procurement models prioritize cost efficiency and timeline adherence, often neglecting the long-term environmental implications of sourcing and logistics choices. This lack of emphasis on environmental risk integration suggests a gap in the literature that prevents a holistic approach to risk management in rebar procurement, especially as sustainability becomes a core focus in global construction practices (Kleindorfer & Saad, 2005). ...
... Another research gap involves the lack of frameworks that integrate eco-friendly practices in rebar supply chains without compromising financial and operational efficiency. Studies by Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005) and Borrows and de Bruin (2006) indicate that while sustainable sourcing is encouraged, the financial implications often deter firms from implementing green procurement strategies. Current literature seldom provides practical solutions to balance these sustainability goals with budget constraints, leaving firms uncertain about the feasibility of environmentally responsible procurement (Cucchiella & Gastaldi, 2006). ...
Article
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The construction industry, with its complex supply chains and critical reliance on rebar for reinforced concrete structures, faces significant challenges in managing the diverse risks associated with rebar procurement. This systematic review, drawing from 52 articles published between 2010 and 2024, identifies key risk areas impacting rebar procurement, encompassing financial, operational, and environmental dimensions. Financial risks, including price volatility and currency fluctuations, are exacerbated by global economic conditions and evolving trade policies. Although less addressed in the literature, environmental risks highlight the increasing need for sustainable procurement practices, considering the carbon footprint and resource intensity tied to rebar production and transport. Despite these advancements, a notable gap exists regarding the integration of environmental considerations within existing procurement risk frameworks, with limited research on green procurement practices for rebar. As environmental sustainability becomes increasingly prioritized, incorporating eco-friendly supplier selection and reducing emissions in logistics are expected to redefine risk management in the industry. This review not only underscores the multi-layered risks in rebar procurement but also identifies future avenues for innovation, particularly in sustainability-focused strategies, digital transformation, and predictive analytics, which can bolster resilience in the rebar supply chain and drive forward the construction industry’s risk management practices.
... In fact, it will never be possible to eliminate the risk of floods. Nevertheless, appropriate actions and behaviors can mitigate the consequences of flooding [29]. Complete abandonment of floodplains or full flood control could be extreme reactions to flooding, but these reactions could either be practically impossible or emphatically uneconomical. ...
... 1. Identification of a wide range of options considering the topographical, environmental, social, and cost-effective constraints 2. Screening out impractical and infeasible options 3. Shortlisting options that most probably can achieve the best use of resources 4. Development of a wide range of options by combining different combinations of measures Figure 4 provides a rule-of-thumb guideline example in order to shortlist the measures under the predominant conditions of the floodplain. The data are compiled based on extensive literature review [2,5,16,19,29,33,[59][60][61][62][63][64] and field experts' opinions. Plenty of case studies were observed and their preferred approaches were noted. ...
Article
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Modern-day flood management has evolved into a variety of flood management alternatives. The selection of appropriate flood measures is crucial under a variety of flood management practices, approaches, and assessment criteria. Many leading countries appraise the significance of risk-based flood management, but the fixed return period is still the de facto standard of flood management practices. Several measures, approaches, and design criteria have been developed over time. Understanding their role, significance, and correlation toward risk-based flood management is crucial for integrating them into a plan for a floodplain. The direct impacts of a flood are caused by direct contact with the flood, while indirect impacts occur as a result of the interruptions and disruptions of the socio-economical aspects. To proceed with a risk-based flood management approach, the fundamental requirement is to understand the risk dynamics of a floodplain and to identify the principal parameter that should primarily be addressed so as to reduce the risk. Risk is a potential loss that may arise from a hazard. On the one hand, exposure and susceptibility of the vulnerable system, and on the other, the intensity and probability of the hazard, are the parameters that can be used to quantitatively determine risk. The selection of suitable measures for a flood management scheme requires a firm apprehension of the risk mechanism. Under socioeconomic and environmental constraints, several measures can be employed at the catchments, channels, and floodplains. The effectiveness of flood measures depends on the floodplain characteristics and supporting measures.
... Floods have been identified as the single most harmful natural disaster affecting economies worldwide (Borrows & Bruin, 2006). Annually, about 170 million people get afflicted by floods (Das, 2019), with the United Nations reporting that nearly 2.3 billion people were affected, with 157,000 recorded deaths due to flooding, from 1995 to 2015 . ...
Book
A few years back, when travelling flooded Bengal, a graduate student from Ahmed Draia University said, ‘You have too many water resources to manage, but we die from dehydration’. He uttered the serious truth of the Earth’s extreme contrast of climate. Rather, extreme contrast of all – the soil, the water, the air, the life and the living. In India, better all over the world, the threat of water scarcity is increasing day by day. It is reported that even the Bengal basin will come under the threat of permanent drought in near future. The lowering of groundwater level in the Bengal basin is ringing the alarm. Discharges of rivers are diminishing rapidly. Some rivers have dried out and got lost. Many lakes and swamps have ceased to exist. Yet our fellows get killed under flood water! Our cattle and poultry get washed away. Each year, either here or there, floods toll our lands, our properties. We, from the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta, suffer the pains of floods. It goes beyond our capacity for utilization and management. The flood erases all differences in terrain. Even barriers of international border crossings disappear under flood water and make the landscape uniform. People of different nations feel the pain and suffering of floods the same way. Regarding floods, India and Bangladesh have fellow feelings. Moreover, during the Covid-19 situation, we became accustomed to online communication to come closer. In 2020, when the Covid-19 pandemic locked down the entire world, Dr Aznarul Islam took the initiative to introduce ourselves to each other, and eventually, we came closer to thinking on a single point with multi-dimensions – the flood. We felt the urge to work and invited articles on ‘Floods in the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta’ and did pile huge responses from worldwide contributors, which offered us the opportunity to be selective. We are very much thankful to our authors who contributed to this volume. Their thought-provoking contributions made this volume knowledgeable. We are also equally thankful to our compadre authors, whose articles do not appear as chapters in this volume but who made us feel blessed with their articles rich in noesis. We are grateful to Dr Guido Zosimo-Landolfo, Editorial Director/Asset Manager of Springer Nature Switzerland AG, for signing the agreement on this project and providing the opportunity of using their prestigious pages for manuscripts of our eminent authors. We hope, the outcomes of this volume will flood the thoughts of scholars, faculties, planners and stakeholders returning us the apt worth.
... Lifestyle and demographic changes are the other causes in addition to climate change that trigger an increase in flood losses. At present, there seems no reduction despite spending ample recourses on structural and nonstructural measures [8]. ...
Article
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Despite spending ample resources and procedural development in flood management, flood losses are still increasing worldwide. The losses caused by floods and costs incurred on management are two components of expected annual damages (EAD) due to floods. This study introduces a generalized approach for risk-based design where a range of probable floods are considered before and after a flood mitigation measure is implemented. The proposed approach is customized from the ISO Guide 31000 along with additional advantages of flood risk visualization. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based design of a flood-protection dike is performed to exhibit the risk redistribution. The Chenab River is selected for the existing dike system. Detailed hazard behaviour and societal vulnerability are modelled and visualized for a range of all probable floods before and after the implementation of flood-protection dikes. EAD maps demonstrate the redistribution of induced and residual risks. It can be concluded that GIS-based EAD maps not only facilitate cost-effective solutions but also provide an accurate estimate of residual risks after the mitigation measures are applied. EAD maps also indicate the high-risk areas to facilitate designing secondary measures.
... A brief review of these hazards is presented below. Floods have been identified as the single most harmful natural disaster which caused almost 31% of worldwide economic losses and 55% of lives lost within a single decade of 1986-1995 (Borrows & Bruin, 2006). Yearly, about 170 million people worldwide get afflicted by floods (Das, 2019), with the United Nations reporting that nearly 2.3 billion were affected with 157,000 deaths from flooding during 1995-2015 (Hoque et al., 2019). ...
Chapter
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The channel and adjacent floodplain tracts of rivers comprise the riparian zone, which is sensitive to a variety of natural/environmental and human-induced hazards. The degradation of this riparian zone leads to the loss of landscape connectivity, interruption of biogeochemical cycles and material fluxes and engenders adverse impacts on the flora and fauna occupying it, both physiologically and through habitat loss and fragmentation. This brief review paper examines the salient characteristics of the riparian zone and the common hazards that afflict it. It also provides insights into the various mapping, measurement and modelling methods construed over time that are in vogue to investigate and characterise such hazards, gauge their impacts and devise possible ameliorative frameworks for the same. The natural hazards considered here are annual floods and high stream flows, soil loss occurring due to overbank flow and runoff, river erosion and bankline failure. Alongside this, the marked degradational impacts engendered by sand mining within the river channel (both on the bed and from in-channel deposits) and from the adjacent floodplain on the local environment are detailed. Word clouds have been used to highlight the most oft-repeated or used catchphrases and terms while undertaking the above researches in the respective hazard domains. We also provide a temporal overview of how these concepts and concerns have come more and more into the fluvial geomorphologic and riparian ecosystem subject purviews, reflecting the rising focus in these areas and the need for further research on the discussed aspects.
... They are in charge of up to 50,000 deaths and antagonistically influence somewhere in the area of 75 million individuals by and large worldwide consistently. Borrows and De Bruin (2006) demonstrated that among regular fiascoes, flooding has asserted a greater number of lives than some other single normal hazard. According to info from the Spatial Hazard Events The flood has been major threatening natural disaster in many parts of the world. ...
... They are responsible for up to 50,000 deaths and adversely affect some 75 million people on average worldwide every year. Borrows and De Bruin (2006) indicated that among natural catastrophes, flooding has claimed more lives than any other single natural hazard. According to data from the Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States (SHELDUS), floods claimed the lives of 2,353 people from 1970-2000. ...
Article
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This article provides a spatial analytical framework for using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology in flood mapping. It examines the geospatial mapping and analysis of the 2012 Nigeria flood disaster extent in Yenagoa city, Bayelsa State. Landuse map of 2012 was generated from the imagery of the study area sourced from Google Earth 2012 version. The imagery was geo-referenced and geo-processed in ArcGIS 9.3 to world coordinate system while the flood extent map was generated from the Radarsat of October 2012. The extent of flood in each landuse was determined by overlaying the flood extent map on the landuse map of 2012 using INTERSECT operator. Findings show that the 2012 flooded area extent was 64.42 sq km and 7.0% of total land area of Yenagoa LGA. The built up area had the highest spatial coverage which was 355.90 (38.68%) of the total land area in 2012. The flood affected area was also highest in the built up area as 18.88 sq km was covered which was 9.16% of the built up area and 50.62% of the entire flood extent. The correlation coefficient of the relationship between size of landuse and flood extent within each landuse was 0.487 and r 2 was 0.237 suggesting that the coefficient of determination was 23.7%. The relationship was direct but low correlation coefficient and students' t-test proved that there was no significant relationship between flood extent in the landuse and size of the landuse at p=0.05. The article recommends periodic flood hazard and risk mapping to reduce flood damages in the flooded areas of Yenagoa LGA and construction of dams across the major rivers to regulate the volume of water.
... It is therefore not far-fetched to conclude that such events would have devastating impacts on vulnerable people and places, especially low lying areas and coastal communities which are more prone to such extreme weather events. Flooding is a major natural disaster, accounting for around 31% of the economic losses (globally) from natural disaster and claiming around 55% of the global causalities from natural disasters (Borrows & de Bruin, 2006). Urban environments in middle and low income countries are likely to be significantly at risk owing to the increasing rate of urban population in these regions (without people, hazard cannot turn into disaster). ...
Article
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Flood is a reoccurring natural hazard in many parts of Nigeria, and is likely to increase in severity and frequency. Characterization of recently flooded areas was carried out using hydro-morphological indices to identify flood prone areas. In flood risk quantification and identification, hydrodynamic models require vast amounts of data, while contour delineation fails to account for the upstream contribution and accumulation at downstream locations. Data on recently flooded areas and elevation data were collated. Hydro-geomorphometric indices were computed and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Across the indices, the terrain roughness indices-vertical roughness measure (VRM) and topographic roughness index (TRI) were found to be significant but weakly correlated (r = 0.455, P<0.05). There was a significantly positive but moderate correlation between topographic wetness index (TWI) and VRM (r=-0.673) and TWI vs TRI (r=0.572). Topographic position index (TPI) displayed a weak but significant relation to VRM, TWI and TRI. Of these four indices, TWI and TRI have standardized test statistics of-6.11 and 10.00 respectively and a significant test value < 0.05. Results show that flooded and non-flooded areas can be distinguished for the study area using these indices. It is recommended that hydro-geomorphometric indices should be used, adding another layer of confidence in the identification of flood prone areas for disaster risk management in data poor environments.
... Thus, technical measures such as inhibitory dams and tanks can be established for the interception of an oncoming flood event. Specifically, at locations where the kinetic energy of the flow is increased the above small hydraulic structures can contribute to the time desynchronization of the water accumulation, as well as to the decrease of the released kinetic energy (Borrows and de Bruin, 2006;Kourgialas and Karatzas, 2011). Moreover, in mountainous areas protection measures due to deforestation should be considered, since they can prevent downstream flood phenomena (Evrard et al., 2007). ...
Article
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A new integrated national scale flood hazard mapping method based on GIS and ANN techniques • This study provides, for the first time, a flood hazard map for entire Greece. • The methodology was validated based on historical flood events. • 24% of the total area of Greece is under very high flood hazard (50-year return period). Editor: Simon Pollard The present work introduces a national scale flood hazard assessment methodology, using multi-criteria analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs) techniques in a GIS environment. The proposed methodology was applied in Greece, where flash floods are a relatively frequent phenomenon and it has become more intense over the last decades, causing significant damages in rural and urban sectors. In order the most prone flooding areas to be identified, seven factor-maps (that are directly related to flood generation) were combined in a GIS environment. These factor-maps are: a) the Flow accumulation (F), b) the Land use (L), c) the Altitude (A), b) the Slope (S), e) the soil Erodibility (E), f) the Rainfall intensity (R), and g) the available water Capacity (C). The name to the proposed method is " FLASERC ". The flood hazard for each one of these factors is classified into five categories: Very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The above factors are combined and processed using the appropriate ANN algorithm tool. For the ANN training process spatial distribution of historical flooded points in Greece within the five different flood hazard categories of the aforementioned seven factor-maps were combined. In this way, the overall flood hazard map for Greece was determined. The final results are verified using additional historical flood events that have occurred in Greece over the last 100 years. In addition, an overview of flood protection measures and adaptation policy approaches were proposed for agricultural and urban areas located at very high flood hazard areas.
... There is a general belief that such flood events will occur more frequently in the future due to predicted changes in climate which can affect the duration and intensity of rainfall events. Increasing flood frequency may also be associated with changes in land use which, along with the features of natural and man-made hydraulic systems, not only affect the movement of water through the landscape, but also the scale of damage to people and property when flooding occurs (Reynard et al., 2001;Brown and Damery, 2002;Fowler and Kilsby, 2003;Hall et al., 2003;Penning-Rowsell et al., 2005;Borrows and Bruin, 2006). An analysis of possible future flood scenarios for the UK (Foresight, 2004), estimated that, in the absence of measures to mitigate and adapt to flood risk, average annual flood costs could increase twenty fold by 2080 for the worst case scenarios. ...
Chapter
This document, Agriculture's Role in Flood Adaptation and Mitigation: Policy Issues and Approaches, by Joe Morris, Tim Hess and Helena Posthumus, of Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom, is one of the background reports supporting the OECD study (2010) Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Agriculture, which is available at www.oecd.org/water.
... There is a general belief that such flood events will occur more frequently in the future due to predicted changes in climate which can affect the duration and intensity of rainfall events. Increasing flood frequency may also be associated with changes in land use which, along with the features of natural and man-made hydraulic systems, not only affect the movement of water through the landscape, but also the scale of damage to people and property when flooding occurs (Reynard et al., 2001;Brown and Damery, 2002;Fowler and Kilsby, 2003;Hall et al., 2003;Penning-Rowsell et al., 2005;Borrows and Bruin, 2006). An analysis of possible future flood scenarios for the UK (Foresight, 2004), estimated that, in the absence of measures to mitigate and adapt to flood risk, average annual flood costs could increase twenty fold by 2080 for the worst case scenarios. ...
Chapter
This document, Agriculture's Role in Flood Adaptation and Mitigation: Policy Issues and Approaches, by Joe Morris, Tim Hess and Helena Posthumus, of Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom, is one of the background reports supporting the OECD study (2010) Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Agriculture, which is available at www.oecd.org/water.
... There is a general belief that such flood events will occur more frequently in the future due to predicted changes in climate which can affect the duration and intensity of rainfall events. Increasing flood frequency may also be associated with changes in land use which, along with the features of natural and man-made hydraulic systems, not only affect the movement of water through the landscape, but also the scale of damage to people and property when flooding occurs (Reynard et al., 2001;Brown and Damery, 2002;Fowler and Kilsby, 2003;Hall et al., 2003;Penning-Rowsell et al., 2005;Borrows and Bruin, 2006). An analysis of possible future flood scenarios for the UK (Foresight, 2004), estimated that, in the absence of measures to mitigate and adapt to flood risk, average annual flood costs could increase twenty fold by 2080 for the worst case scenarios. ...
... According to Smith and Ward (1998), there is more evidence that the flood problem is getting worse in terms of the damage caused by flooding floods are the most taxing of water related natural disasters to humans, material assets as well as to cultural and ecological resources as it affects people and their livelihoods. Borrows and De Bruin (2006) and Kolawole 2013 are of the opinion that among natural catastrophes, flooding has claimed more lives than any other single natural hazard, affecting more people on an annual basis than any other form of natural disaster. ...
Article
Full-text available
Flash floods are common features in Nigeria during the rainy season (May-October), but the flood events of August-October 2012 in Nigeria which can be described as the worst in 40 years gave rise to situations where rivers overflowed their banks and submerged hundreds of kilometers of urban and rural lands. Flood disasters are major threats to human-beings and reverse major developmental processes in any locality, hampering socio/economic activities. Most of the rural areas affected by this flood have high poverty levels and many Female headed households. The poverty level affects the resilience and process of recovery from the flood disaster especially for the Female Headed Households as they are more vulnerable to flood impacts. Flood disaster mitigation in Female Headed Households needs to address socio-economic issues and coping strategies. This paper seeks to communicate the impact of the floods on the socio-economic status of livelihood and the coping strategies of female headed households in Illah community and environs of Delta State, Nigeria. Utilizing structured questionnaires and focus group discussions/interviews the study identified that the major livelihood of sampled female Headed households were crop production. 100% of the female headed households had their crops damaged and mainly the staple crops thus increasing food insecurity for the households. Their incomes were affected significantly as income source is imbedded in livelihood. This reduction in income also increased their vulnerability. The ANOVA test shows that there is a significant difference among households in terms of their flood coping strategies. Utilizing the factor analysis it was identified that the coping strategies employed by female headed households is majorly a function of three factors namely: poverty, area of residence and location of economic activity and lack of alternative livelihood. The current coping strategies being employed by female headed households are ineffective. There is a dire need for the female headed households to be given priority in times of aids provision during and after any natural disaster. Efforts are to be made by the communities at formulating sustainable mitigation measures in order to enhance community resilience in view of frequency/magnitude of floods experienced. Adequate funding towards risk mapping, monitoring and implementation of preparedness/mitigation measures should be implemented. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2p109
... Integrated flood management and flood protection strategies are needed to mitigate the consequences of inundation in urbanised floodplains [Schultz, 2006]. Flood risk assessment forms an integral part of any such strategy, and computer-based modelling is increasingly being used to investigate scenarios [Borrows and de Bruin, 2006]. Conventional one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic models are inadequate for simulating wave propagation over complex terrains, such as urban areas [Bates and De Roo, 2000;Molinaro, et al., 1994]. ...
... Among natural catastrophes, flooding has claimed more lives than any other single natural hazard (Few, Pham, and Bui 2004). In the decade 1986 to 1995, flooding accounted for 31% of the global economic loss from natural catastrophes and 55% of the casualties (Borrows and De Bruin 2006). This is mainly so when these locations experience high population growth and rapid urbanisation. ...
Article
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This paper explores the complex heterogeneous experiences of flood impacts based on a bio-psychosocial model of socio-economic, demographic, behavioural and environmental factors. Using ordinary least squares regression on a cross-sectional survey of 1003 individuals, flood impacts in three contiguous coastal neighbourhoods in Lagos, Nigeria, were modelled. The results show that approximately 52% of the variability in flood impact was accounted for by education, age, family structure, ethnicity, personal health concern and income. While involvement in coping was not a significant predictor of flood impacts, relocation emerged as a strong predictor. The inclusion of behavioural factors did not change the magnitude and significance of the relationship between demographic factors and flood impacts. However, the effects of age, education and personal health concern disappeared when environmental factors were controlled. The overall importance of the predictors for determining flood impact in decreasing order is as follows: income > coping strategies > ethnicity = participation in community development > family structure > personal health concerns > housing quality > reasons for living in residential locality > neighbourhood vulnerability to flood > housing vulnerability to flood.
... Due to demography, life-style, and climatic trends, flood damages are likely to become more frequent, prevalent and serious as time passes (Borrows and Bruin, 2006). These higher flood losses demand an effective system for flood management and present growing trends in flood losses emphasize a revision of existing strategies on priority. ...
Article
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About 95-97% of all deaths and a significant part of the economic losses caused by floods occur in developing countries. Despite the resources spent on different measures, flood management arrangements in developing countries are still unable to deliver satisfactory results. The objective of this thesis is ‘to maximize land-use benefits and minimize flood damage with available resources in a floodplain’. A risk-based flood management framework is proposed, which provides the logical grounds for the selection and (optimal) design of the structural and non-structural measures. In the framework of this research, risk is the result of the combination of ‘hazard’ and ‘vulnerability’. The Expected Annual Damage (EAD) is an important part of the basis of the risk analysis. Flood damage curves and EAD distribution maps provide detailed risk information. The concept of the Optimal Risk Point (ORP) is introduced to achieve the objective of this research. ORP is the state of flood management in a floodplain where ‘flood deductions’ are at the minimum. Dikes, dredging, flood zoning, and flood insurance are evaluated through a risk-based assessment in the Pakistani setting. The ORP concept helps in developing risk-based safety standards for flood management. In addition, it is concluded that flood management must be an integral part of the land-use development. Flood risk management should follow the local context and must address socio-economic issues accordingly. The individual choice to accept risk may be covered by introducing complementary insurance or flood taxes.
... No other natural hazard has appeared so frequently, claimed more human lives, generated such economic losses and ruined more fertile land (Douben and Radnayake, 2006). In the decade from 1986 to 1995, flooding accounted for 31% of global economic losses from natural catastrophes and 5.5% of the casualties (Borrows et al., 2006). It is assumed that under warmer conditions, due to the effect of climate change, the hydrological cycle will become more intense, stimulating rainfall of greater intensity and longer duration, causing longer periods of flooding and droughts (Schultz, 2006a). ...
Article
Water‐related disasters have increased considerably worldwide in recent years. While certain trends are global (like climate change), some actions to cope with these problems have to be taken locally. In any case, the land characteristics need to be known and analysed in order to cope with the hazards and avoid their transformation into damage or disasters when exceptional events occur. This paper firstly presents preliminary definitions about the concepts of hazard, vulnerability, risk and damage/disaster, because there is a certain lack of uniformity in the use of terms, which sometimes causes confusion; thus definitions are offered, with special attention paid to flood problems. Then, risk analysis procedures are described, which consist of systematic actions in a cycle of preparedness, response and recovery, and would have to form part of integrated flood risk management. Moreover, flooding problem characteristics and the policy and related measures adopted by different European countries to protect themselves against floods, are considered and the lessons learnt from flood defence analysed, with the aim of featuring a new integrated flood management and mitigation approach that allocates more room for rivers and keeps a balance between present and foreseeable future spatial requirements of both water and people. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book
As part of its Asset Integrty Management (AIM) conference series, ASME organized in 2024 a specialty conference on Asset Integrity Management of Critical Infrastructure (AIM-CI). The aim was to facilitate the exchange of concepts, processes, and technologies among industries including nuclear, power generation, offshore facilities, and hydrocarbon transportation. For this conference, ASME invited leading industry experts actively engaged in asset integrity management to contribute 18 peer-refereed papers. These papers were organized into four sections. The editors of the conference proceedings provided a review of each section, highlighting key points from the papers and addressing any additional relevant information not covered within them. Each section of the conference proceedings focused on specific aspects of asset integrity management: Section 1 focused on asset integrity management systems utilized in power generation, electrical systems, and pipelines. Section 2 addressed asset integrity under extreme and disruptive events such as extreme climate events and accidents. Section 3 examined integrity management for specific systems including offshore facilities, pipelines, and steam generator control valves. Section 4 addressed integrity and risk assessment of pipelines subjected to hazard conditions. Furthermore, a fifth section presented the outcomes of a workshop conducted at the conclusion of the conference. This workshop aimed to identify and define remaining gaps in asset integrity management practices.
Chapter
As part of its Asset Integrty Management (AIM) conference series, ASME organized in 2024 a specialty conference on Asset Integrity Management of Critical Infrastructure (AIM-CI). The aim was to facilitate the exchange of concepts, processes, and technologies among industries including nuclear, power generation, offshore facilities, and hydrocarbon transportation. For this conference, ASME invited leading industry experts actively engaged in asset integrity management to contribute 18 peer-refereed papers. These papers were organized into four sections. The editors of the conference proceedings provided a review of each section, highlighting key points from the papers and addressing any additional relevant information not covered within them. Each section of the conference proceedings focused on specific aspects of asset integrity management: Furthermore, a fifth section presented the outcomes of a workshop conducted at the conclusion of the conference. This workshop aimed to identify and define remaining gaps in asset integrity management practices.
Chapter
Floods, being the most common natural disaster, affect millions of people worldwide. Out of 3290 lakh hectare (3,290,000 km2) land area in India, 40 million hectares have been declared as flood prone, with an annual average of 75 lakh hectares being affected, either directly or indirectly. West Bengal is considered as one of the most flood-prone states in India, with its southern portion being severely affected by floods annually. Although natural factors are probably the usual causes of floods, the Silabati (also called Silai) River basin, near its mouth in the vicinity of Ghatal town of Paschim Medinipur district, experiences annual flooding partly due to its regional setting within the subdued Bengal fan, while much of the inundation here occurs due to direct anthropogenic interventions into the channel and the floodplain. The various natural and anthropogenic causes of flooding in the region have been explained in this study with a special emphasis on the embankment circuits of the area that make the river flow constrained, thereby causing siltation and rising of the river bed with resultant flooding. An analysis of the extent, recurrence and duration of flooding in the region has also been done to highlight the severity of the event and the annual suffering of the resident communities in the region. The formulation of the Ghatal Master Plan in the region has not been much of a success, with non-structural mitigation measures being a viable means to reduce floods in the region.
Thesis
This thesis is concerned with what it means to govern through resilience, with emphasis on flood governance. Resilience has become a pervasive idiom of global governance and has grown in popularity over the last decade in UK policy making. It is increasingly seen as a policy ideal, a benign attribute whose fostering appears appropriate for dealing with many contemporary predicaments. While many academic contributions agree that resilience is a policy ideal that needs fostering, others regard it as politically problematic. Resilience is said to represent a neoliberal strategy that seeks to responsibilise individuals, away from state-centred forms of protection. However, I contend that these contributions, while welcome, are general interpretations of the meaning and uses of resilience, derived mostly from official documents and rhetoric. This thesis makes a contribution to knowledge by analysing a full length policy initiative centred on resilience, from policy design to implementation. As resilience gradually moves from high-level official rhetoric to actual policy, there is a need for critical investigations to shift from theoretical pronouncements of what resilience ‘is’, to what it ‘does’, or fails to do in practice. I argue that, in practice, the implementation of resilience is characterised by failure points and breakdowns, which signify severe disconnects between the goals of the policy and its mechanisms for implementation. These failure points challenge the substantiality of the argument that resilience is a form of neoliberal strategy. In fact, the findings of the research suggest that if resilience is to be produced at all on the ground, it requires substantial orchestration ‘from above’, by ongoing authority. Overall, I argue that the content of resilience policies is vacuous, and if resilience is to be transformed in more productive directions, the work needs to begin with an acknowledgement that resilience policies present themselves as a hollow shell.
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Mexico City International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) International Commission on Irrigation and drainage (ICID). 2005. The Beijing Declaration General Report, Question 53: harmonious coexistence with floodwater
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4th World Water Forum. 2006. Proceedings on Theme 5 (Risk Management), Mexico City, March. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). 2005. Minutes 56th meeting of International Executive Council, ICID, Beijing, September. International Commission on Irrigation and drainage (ICID). 2005. The Beijing Declaration, September. Schultz, Bart, 2005. General Report, Question 53: harmonious coexistence with floodwater. In Proceedings of the 19th Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), 10–18 September 2005, Beijing, China. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Irrig. and Drain. 55: S151–S157 (2006) THE MANAGEMENT OF RIVERINE FLOOD RISK S157