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Handbook of Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
Abstract
Type of productPresentationOccurrence of poisoning incidencesRecommended dosageToxicityMechanism of toxicityKinetics and metabolismClinical effectsTreatmentAntidotal therapyOther careReferences and further reading
... Their stems contain clear viscous sap. It has small fruits, filled with black seeds, and wrapped with green capsule (Campbell and Chapman, 2000). ...
... Glycosides of this plant include scillitoxin. Lycorine and other alkaloids cause irritation, emesis and purgative effects and calcium oxalate crystals cause mechanical irritation (Campbell and Chapman, 2000). Toxicity: Poisoning cases related to daffodil generally result from ingestion of the plant and drinking water in the plant container (Severino, 2009). ...
... Toxicity: Poisoning cases related to daffodil generally result from ingestion of the plant and drinking water in the plant container (Severino, 2009). In dogs, poisoning cases frequently occur because they chew and consume (Campbell and Chapman, 2000;Saxon-Bury, 2004). Several plant bulbs (15 g plant bulb) is fatal to a small animal kept in home. ...
... Debido a que el acetaldehído es extremadamente inestable, se oxida rápidamente a dióxido de carbono que, presumiblemente, es eliminado a través de los pulmones (Puschner, 2001, Richardson et al., 2003figura 5). Por otra parte, el metaldehído aumenta la actividad de la enzima monoaminooxidasa (MAO) localizada en los espacios intracelular y sináptico y, por tanto, aumenta el metabolismo de serotonina y su metabolito (ácido 5-hidroxindolacético, 5-HIAA) y de adrenalina a ácido 3,4-dihidroximandélico (DOMA) (Campbell, 2000; Yas-Natan et al., 2007). Al igual que en la intoxicación por estricnina, en la intoxicación por metaldehído la hipertermia (temperaturas superiores a 42º C) aparece después de los temblores musculares. ...
... Al igual que en la intoxicación por estricnina, en la intoxicación por metaldehído la hipertermia (temperaturas superiores a 42º C) aparece después de los temblores musculares. La hipertermia puede producir en pocos minutos una necrosis celular, alterar el equilibrio electrolítico y causar una alteración ácido-base severa, lo que da lugar a una acidosis metabólica asociada con apnea y depresión del SNC (Campbell, 2000; Richardson et al., 2003). ...
... El metaldehído, cuando se ingiere, es moderadamente tóxico. El valor de la DL50 oral para los perros se encuentra en un rango entre 100 y 1.000 mg/kg y, para los gatos, de aproximadamente 200 mg/kg (Lorgue et al., 1996; Osweiler, 1996; Campbell, 2000; Puschner, 2001; Yas-Natan et al., 2007). ...
... convulsões e coma. Dispneia, taquipneia e taquicardia ocorrem com menor frequência (Campbell & Chapman, 2000). ...
... A Hemodiálise não tem praticamente a capacidade de eliminar o ibuprofeno da corrente sanguínea uma vez que cerca de 96% de ibuprofeno se encontra ligado a proteínas plasmáticas, impedindo a sua passagem através dos poros da membrana semipermeável do dialisador (Campbell & Chapman, 2000). No entanto a Hemodiálise pode ser utilizada na insuficiência renal aguda provocada pelo excesso de ibuprofeno, para controlar a azotémia, desequilíbrios hídricos, electrolíticos e ácido-base. ...
... Inibindo as enzimas COX-2 o ibuprofeno reduz a produção de mediadores inflamatórios como as prostaglandinas E2 e F2 (Dunayer, 2004). ( Campbell & Chapman, 2000). ...
... Calcula-se que apenas 10% dos casos de envenenamento é que são detectados (Brandão, 2004), já que apenas os casos mais complexos com sinais clínicos inexplicáveis são notificados (Campbell & Chapman, 2000). ...
... No geral aparecem três tipos de quadros clínicos (Rogers, Spillane, Fenlon & Henaghan 1973;Barton & Gaskell, 1982;Darke, 1992;Lorgue, Lechenet & Riviére, 1996;Gfeller & Messonnier, 1998;Beasley, 1999;Caldas, 2000;Campbell & Chapman, 2000;IPCS & INCHEM, 2000;Serra et al., 2003;JMPR, 2003;King, 2004): ...
... Tanto no Homem como nos animais, estes quadros podem-se dividir em três fases consoante os sintomas e o tempo que estes demoram a aparecer (Plumlee, 2004): (Gfeller & Messonnier, 1998;Beasley, 1999). A morte ocorre em sete a dez dias por insuficiência respiratória (Klaassen et al., 1986;Couto, 1989;Darke, 1992;Gfeller & Messonnier, 1998;Beasley, 1999;Campbell & Chapman, 2000;Syngenta et al., 2003). ...
... In two dogs, ingestion of 24 to 30 mg/kg of baclofen was fatal. 2 Death in dogs has occurred at estimated doses of 8 to 16 mg/kg. 19 The acute intoxication syndrome in dogs has a fast onset, and severe clinical manifestations (i.e., coma, profound muscle hypotonia, recumbency, hypothermia, hypotension, respiratory depression, vocalization, tremors, and seizures) have been observed. ...
... 19 The acute intoxication syndrome in dogs has a fast onset, and severe clinical manifestations (i.e., coma, profound muscle hypotonia, recumbency, hypothermia, hypotension, respiratory depression, vocalization, tremors, and seizures) have been observed. 2,22 There is no specific antidote to treat baclofen overdose. Even physostigmine may not be effective in reversing large overdoses. ...
... Few reports of baclofen toxicosis in dogs exist in the literature. 2,19,24 In this case of baclofen intoxication, a young dog ingested its owner's medication. A 6-month-old, 8.8lb (4-kg) female poodle presented to the Department of Small Animal Medicine at the National Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, following acute collapse with vocalization and seizures. ...
... VPIS receives about 10 enquiries per year involving European yew in cases related primarily to dogs followed by cattle (Campbell and Chapman, 2000). In Italy, CAV has collected cases of dog and horse poisoning by European yew (Caloni et al., 2012b). ...
... Firethorn is a large thorny evergreen shrub used as an ornamental bush or hedge. Since the launch of VPIS, the centre in London has received a small number of enquiries each year involving dogs exposed to firethorn (Campbell and Chapman, 2000). The plant is considered to have low toxicity as it does not contain cyanogenic glycosides in enough concentrations to cause more than mild gastrointestinal effects. ...
... However, VPIS recorded a fatal case involving an adult German Shepherd that was attributed to ingestion of large amounts of firethorn. No post-mortem study was performed to confirm the cause of death (Campbell and Chapman, 2000). Enquiries about firethorn involving dogs were also registered by CAV (Caloni et al., 2012b). ...
This review focuses on some of the most important poisonous plants in Europe and provides an overview of the poisoning episodes that have occurred in European countries. Poisoning of livestock and companion animals by plants is a relatively common occurrence. In Europe livestock and horses are commonly poisoned by Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Senecio spp. (ragworts and groundsels), Quercus spp. (oak), Taxus baccata (European yew), Nerium oleander (oleander), Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern), Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) and Rhododendron spp. (rhododendrons and azaleas). Poisoning may occur when the fresh plant is ingested in pasture or when it contaminates hay or silage. In pets, the greatest majority of plant poisonings are the result of ingestion of house or garden plants, such as Cycas revoluta (Sago palm), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Allium spp., Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Lilium spp., Convallaria majalis (Lily of the valley), Pyracantha spp. (firethorn), Rhododendron spp. (rhododendrons and azaleas), Melia azedarach (Chinaberry tree), Taxus baccata (European yew) and Nerium oleander (oleander).
... In Israel, metaldehyde exists in granules, its concentration ranges from 5 to 6 per cent. The acute median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of metaldehyde varies from 60 to 1000 mg/kg bodyweight for dogs (Buck and others 1976, Largue and others 1996, Osweiler 1996, Campbell 2000, Puschner 2001, Roder 2001. Thus, a 20 kg dog consuming 24 to 400 granules of 5 per cent would reach the LD 50 . ...
... Delayed hepatic damage, two to three days after exposure, has been previously described as a rare potentially lethal sequel of metaldehyde toxicity caused by hepatocyte degeneration (Campbell 2000, Puschner 2001). This may have been the cause of hyperbilirubinaemia detected in the two dogs in the present study, although no other clinical signs suggestive of liver damage were observed in these patients. ...
... While most dogs in the present study presented with seizures upon admission, in a previous study, where survival was 100 per cent, most dogs were presented in stage 2 of toxicity (mild to moderate signs) (Firth 1992b). Acute respiratory failure is frequently listed as the cause of death in metaldehyde toxicity, both in veterinary and human patients (Campbell 2000, Puschner 2001, Shih and others 2004. In the present study, two of three fatal cases were diagnosed with DIC, which was presumed to be the main cause of death and was probably caused by uncontrolled seizures, severe hyperthermia and profound shock. ...
To describe the clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities and outcome of metaldehyde intoxication in dogs.
Medical records of dogs presenting between 1989 and 2005 with a diagnosis of metaldehyde toxicity were reviewed retrospectively. Data obtained from the medical record included signalment, history, clinical signs, laboratory tests results, hospitalisation period length, treatments and outcome.
Eighteen dogs fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The most prevalent clinical signs were seizures, hyperthermia, tachycardia and muscle tremors. Serum biochemistry abnormalities included increased serum muscle enzymes activities, acidaemia (six dogs) and decreased blood bicarbonate (eight dogs). Treatment was symptomatic and supportive. Hyperbilirubinaemia was observed in two dogs. Diazepam was the most commonly used anticonvulsant followed by phenobarbitone and pentobarbital. General inhalant anaesthesia was required in nine of 18 dogs with seizures unresponsive to anticonvulsants. The survival was 83 per cent (15 of 18 dogs).
This clinical study recorded, for the first time in the veterinary literature, several clinicopathological abnormalities from severely intoxicated dogs. Metabolic acidosis was common, while acute or delayed hepatotoxicity was an uncommon complication.
... Baclofen ® (Baclofen INN) е централнодействащ мускулен релаксант [46,47] , широко използван при пациенти с гръбначно-мозъчни увреди и множествена склероза за лечение на мускулния спазъм [47] . Baclofen ® инхибира предаването на нервни импулси основно в гръбначния мозък. ...
... Baclofen ® (Baclofen INN) е централнодействащ мускулен релаксант [46,47] , широко използван при пациенти с гръбначно-мозъчни увреди и множествена склероза за лечение на мускулния спазъм [47] . Baclofen ® инхибира предаването на нервни импулси основно в гръбначния мозък. ...
Baclofen® and Linefor® are derivatives of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) having a different mechanism of action. Baclofen® is widely used in medical practice for the treatment of muscle spasticity, muscle stiffness and accompanying pain, most commonly as a result of spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis. These effects are based on its binding to GABA-B receptors on pre- and postsynaptic neuronal membranes. Linefor® actions by inhibiting the determination of dependent potentials calcium channels by binding to their α2-δ receptors, which continues its anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and analgesic effects. We`ve examined the comparable effects of these drugs in monotherapy and in combination in 17 patients with neuritic pain using different rating scales – the visual-analog scale, the Thom-Meyer and Krause-Weber scale, before use and 10 days after. From the conducted study, we`ve found that monotherapy with Linefor® reduced the points on the visual-analog scale by an average of up to 4 points, and monotherapy with Baclofen® showed a significant improvement of paravertebral muscle spasm, which increases patients' ability to bend forward by an average of 14 cm and hold by 1 second more, rated respectively on the Tom Mayer scale and Krause-Weber. The results of the conducted combined therapy did not show a potentiation of the general effect of these medications – the reduction according to VAS is on average 3 points, according to the Tom Mayer scale there is improvement by an average of 8 cm, and held in the indicated Krause-Weber position by an average of 1.5 seconds more compared to monotherapy. Less improvement on rating scales with combined treatment is also due to the lower starting values in these patients.
... As assessed by several authors [6,[20][21][22][23][24][25], companion animals had higher odds of being victims of either intentional or accidental poisoning. Particularly, there have been numerous reports of household pet poisoning/intoxication, either lethal or not, by accidental ingestion of drugs intended either for human use or for veterinarian use [20][21][22][23][24][25]. ...
... As assessed by several authors [6,[20][21][22][23][24][25], companion animals had higher odds of being victims of either intentional or accidental poisoning. Particularly, there have been numerous reports of household pet poisoning/intoxication, either lethal or not, by accidental ingestion of drugs intended either for human use or for veterinarian use [20][21][22][23][24][25]. Together with analgesics and drugs used to treat gastrointestinal symptoms, antidepressant drugs are the most frequently involved in cases of animal poisoning with drugs for human use, either for the availability of the drugs and for the easy ingestion, as they are available as tablets or liquids. ...
The combined event of a suicide and the killing of a pet has been hardly explored in forensic literature, but it is not rare at all. In the reported case the dead corpse of a 60-year old mentally ill woman and the carcass of a dog were found on the bed of a private apartment. In light of death scene investigation, necroscopic examination and toxicological analyses death was attributed to licit drug intoxication and self-strangulation after lethal poisoning of the dog. Due to the presence of two lethal means (cervical noose and drugs), acting in chronological order, the event was classified as a secondary complex suicide. Moreover, the woman, although mentally ill, was a psychiatrist. Thus, her professional background, namely the easy access to psychiatric drugs together with her knowledge of drug composition and properties lead to suppose an occupation related suicide. The comprehensive analysis of all the available information, including death scene investigation, occupational, necroscopic and toxicological data, resulted of the utmost importance for a proper reconstruction of the events and are recommended in complex cases such as occupation related planned complex suicides combined to the killing of pets.
... The oral LD 50 for ivermectin in Beagle dogs was estimated to 80 mg/kg. Post-mortem, these ivermectinpoisoned dogs were pathologically normal and no specific lesions were observed in the brain [118]. ...
... During long lasting phases of nonresponsiveness and recumbency, supportive care, parenteral alimentation and prevention of decubital ulcers are of particular importance, while electrolytes, fluid balance, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, blood gases and respiratory function have to be monitored [40]. In order to reduce gastric irritation and acidification overshoot, substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion such as cimetidine have been applied [118]. However, as cimetidine is a substrate of P-gp, omeprazole is recommended for better medication in MDR1 mutant dogs. ...
... The presence of phenoxy acid herbicide metabolites was determinated in surface and ground water. Many studies related to the evaluation of these substances on the human and animal health and, on the environmental impact were reported and, only some of them are mentioned in this work [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. With these whole records, the structural and vibrational studies of these derivatives are of importance taking into account the high toxicity and effects on the health and the environmental. ...
... Structurally, the conformers of 2,4-D have lone pairs on the three O atoms and two electronegative Cl atoms in the benzene ring that support the different chemical and biological properties evidencied by the above studies and by other works reported in the literature [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Thus, the frontier molecular HOMO and LUMO orbitals [29][30][31] for all the conformers of 2,4-D were calculated at different levels of theory in order to know the influence of these atoms on those properties of 2,4-D and, also to predict their reactivities. ...
In the present chapter, the characterization of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in acetone solution was carried out by using the infrared, HATR (Horizontal Attenuated Total Reflectance) and Raman spectroscopies. The structural and vibrational properties of the three conformers more stable of 2,4-D were predicted in acetone solution by using the density functional theory (DFT) with the 6-31G* and 6-311++G** basis sets. The solvent effect was studied at both levels of theory using the self consistent reaction field (SCRF) method with the polarized continuum model (PCM). The calculated geometrical parameters, the atomic charges, bond orders, main delocalization energies, the molecular electrostatic potentials, molar volume, solvation energies and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gaps corresponding to all the forms of 2,4-D were compared and analyzed among them. HOMO-LUMO calculations predicted for both conformers a low reactivity in acetone solution than in gas phase. The harmonic vibrational wavenumbers calculated for the more stable structures in acetone were performed at the same theory levels. The complete assignments of all the observed bands in the vibrational spectra were performed combining the DFT calculations with the scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology in order to compare the theoretical and experimental wavenumber values.
... The oral LD 50 for ivermectin in Beagle dogs was estimated to 80 mg/kg. Post-mortem, these ivermectinpoisoned dogs were pathologically normal and no specific lesions were observed in the brain [118]. ...
... During long lasting phases of nonresponsiveness and recumbency, supportive care, parenteral alimentation and prevention of decubital ulcers are of particular importance, while electrolytes , fluid balance, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature , blood gases and respiratory function have to be moni- tored [40] . In order to reduce gastric irritation and acidification overshoot, substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion such as cimetidine have been applied [118]. However, as cimetidine is a substrate of P-gp, omeprazole is recommended for better medication in MDR1 mutant dogs. ...
P-glycoprotein, encoded by the multidrug resistance gene MDR1, is an ATP-driven drug efflux pump which is highly expressed at the blood-brain barrier of vertebrates. Drug efflux of macrocyclic lactones by P-glycoprotein is highly relevant for the therapeutic safety of macrocyclic lactones, as thereby GABA-gated chloride channels, which are confined to the central nervous system in vertebrates, are protected from high drug concentrations that otherwise would induce neurological toxicity. A 4-bp deletion mutation exists in the MDR1 gene of many dog breeds such as the Collie and the Australian Shepherd, which results in the expression of a non-functional P-glycoprotein and is associated with multiple drug sensitivity. Accordingly, dogs with homozygous MDR1 mutation are in general prone to neurotoxicity by macrocyclic lactones due to their increased brain penetration. Nevertheless, treatment of these dogs with macrocyclic lactones does not inevitably result in neurological symptoms, since, the safety of treatment highly depends on the treatment indication, dosage, route of application, and the individual compound used as outlined in this review. Whereas all available macrocyclic lactones can safely be administered to MDR1 mutant dogs at doses usually used for heartworm prevention, these dogs will experience neurological toxicity following a high dose regimen which is common for mange treatment in dogs. Here, we review and discuss the neurotoxicological potential of different macrocyclic lactones as well as their treatment options in MDR1 mutant dogs.
... For example, the cat has a very low capacity to conjugate paracetamol (acetaminophen) because of its low glucuronyl transferase activity. Hence, cats are extremely sensitive to the toxic effects of paracetamol, and what is a therapeutic dose in other species may prove to be a lethal dose in the cat (Campbell & Chapman, 2000a). Cats are also more susceptible to the toxic effects of permethrin because unlike some other mammalian species they lack the necessary detoxification pathways (Volmer et al., 1998; Meyer, 1999; Gray, 2001; Martin & Campbell, 2000; Richardson, 2000). ...
... Cats are also more susceptible to the toxic effects of permethrin because unlike some other mammalian species they lack the necessary detoxification pathways (Volmer et al., 1998; Meyer, 1999; Gray, 2001; Martin & Campbell, 2000; Richardson, 2000). Dogs appear to be more sensitive to the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the gastro-intestinal tract, than do other species (Campbell & Chapman, 2000a). ...
Like humans, animals may experience adverse effects when treated with medicinal products. These effects may be related to the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the substances used or they may arise because of hypersensitivity. Veterinary medicinal products may also possess the ability to harm the environment. This paper reviews the potential of veterinary medicinal products to cause adverse effects in animals and on the environment.
... The mean concentration of sodium in the male and female Pitbull dogs was significantly high compared to the normal experimental range for sodium in dogs. Similar result was obtained in their study conducted by Alexander and Michael [16]. The elevation in sodium concentration was attributed to increased ingestion of diets rich in sodium, as sodium salts e.g. ...
The study evaluates blood electrolytes in male and female pit bull dogs to ascertain their level of predominance in extracellular fluid. Blood samples were collected, processed and analyzed for electrolyte levels using standard protocol and absorbance reading taken by spectrophotometric method. Post statistical package for social science (SPSS) analysis indicates that mean serum electrolyte levels of male pit bull dogs were 179.2±66.79 mmol/l for sodium, 3.54±0.55 mmol/l for potassium, 43.72±2.72 mmol/l for bicarbonate, chloride was 116±12.81 mmol/l, phosphorus was 4.26±0.61, calcium and magnesium were 1.74±0.50 and 1.48±0.18 mmol/l respectively. The female pit bulls had a mean serum electrolyte level of 157.4±76.07 mmol/l for sodium, 5.12±1.23 mmol/l for potassium, 75.98±27.98 mmol/l for bicarbonate, chloride and phosphorus are 123.5±17.98 mmol/l and 4.06±0.95 mmol/l, calcium and magnesium were 1.56±0.16 and 1.70±0.39 mmol/l respectively. The result implies that serum concentration of sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphorus and magnesium in both male and female pit bull dogs were significantly (p<0.05) higher than normal electrolyte range, while potassium and calcium levels were within range. The electrolyte imbalance could lead to impaired fluid level and electrolyte osmolarity resulting in neurological consequences such as seizure disorders, hypoparathyroidism, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
... Exposure to disinfecting chemicals may be associated with adverse health outcomes. For example, a class of quaternary ammonium salts named benzalkonium chlorides have been found to be irritant to animals (Choi et al., 2018); the Veterinary Poisons Information Service in London has received 20 reports on benzalkonium chlorides per year since 1992, concerning the buccal irritation of cats caused by their grooming after they "accidentally walk across treated surfaces" (Campbell and Chapman, 2000). Earlier epidemiological evidence has also suggested possible links between human disease with the use of disinfecting products. ...
Disinfection of surfaces has been recommended as one of the most effective ways to combat the spread of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, overexposure to disinfecting chemicals may lead to unintended human health risks. Here, using an indoor fate and chemical exposure model, we estimate human exposure to 22 disinfecting chemicals on the lists recommended by various governmental agencies against COVID-19, resulting from contact with disinfected surfaces and handwashing. Three near-field exposure routes, i.e., mouthing-mediated oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption, are considered to calculate the whole-body uptake doses and blood concentrations caused by single use per day for three age groups (3, 14, and 24-year-old). We also assess the health risks by comparing the predicted whole-body uptake doses with in vivo toxicological data and the predicted blood concentrations with in vitro bioactivity data. Our results indicate that both the total exposure and relative contribution of each exposure route vary considerably among the disinfecting chemicals due to their diverse physicochemical properties. 3-year-old children have consistent higher exposure than other age groups, especially in the scenario of contact with disinfected surfaces, due to their more frequent hand contact and mouthing activities. Due to the short duration of handwashing, we do not expect any health risk from the use of disinfecting chemicals in handwashing. In contrast, exposure from contact with disinfected surfaces may result in health risks for certain age groups especially children, even the surfaces are disinfected once a day. Interestingly, risk assessments based on whole-body uptake doses and in vivo toxicological data tend to give higher risk estimates than do those based on blood concentrations and in vitro bioactivity data. Our results reveal the most important exposure routes for disinfecting chemicals used in the indoor environment; they also highlight the need for more accurate data for both chemical properties and toxicity to better understand the risks associated with the increased use of disinfecting chemicals in the pandemic.
... En este sentido, una de las sustancias más características que producen las plantas es el látex, que se estima está presente en unas 40 familias botánicas y cerca de 20.000 especies, distribuidas principalmente en áreas tropicales (Lewinsohn, 1991). El látex es una suspensión de composición variable y compleja que puede contener terpenos, alcaloides, ácidos orgánicos, iones, sales minerales, azúcares, vitaminas, enzimas proteolíticas, taninos, entre otros (Campbell & Chapman, 2000;Ascensão, 2006;Vidal et al., 2009). Su producción se asocia a diferentes funciones dentro de la planta como antibacteriano y defensa contra patógenos, favorecer el proceso de cicatrización de heridas o como mecanismo de defensa ante la herbivoría, gracias a su toxicidad (Granados-Sánchez et al., 2008;Kawo et al., 2009;Cevallos-Verdesoto et al., 2016). ...
span>El objetivo de esta investigación fue aportar información sobre las plantas ornamentales tóxicas en Venezuela. Se recopiló información en catálogos, libros, artículos y se revisaron colecciones de herbarios. Se realizó un análisis botánico (taxonomía, nombres comunes, hábito, origen, estatus, ubicación, propagación) y toxicológico (parte de la planta, efectos). Se solicitó información de casos por intoxicación de plantas al SIMET (Facultad de Farmacia-UCV). Se encontraron 78 especies en 34 familias, las más importantes fueron: Apocynaceae (10 géneros/12 especies), Araceae (9/9), Euphorbiaceae (4/10) y Solanaceae (5/6). Euphorbia fue el género con mayor número de especies (6). La mayoría de las especies resultaron exóticas (79,5%) y arbustivas (32,1%). Toda la planta (35) y el látex (19) fueron las partes más tóxicas y la ingestión accidental más frecuente (61,5%). Se registraron 20 casos entre 2009-2013, el 80% fueron menores de edad, sexo femenino y zonas urbanas. Existe poca información publicada en países de Hispanoamérica.</span
... Average body weight did show a slight decrease 4 weeks after transplantation; however, this was most likely a consequence of the tacrolimus hydrate administration, and remains within a healthy body weight range. An alteration noted in blood phosphorus levels was observed 4 weeks after transplantation; however, the values remained well within the healthy range of 2.8 to 7.7 mg/dL.30 White blood cell count did not show an increase despite the introduction of a xenogeneic cell population and limited 2-week tacrolimus hydrate administration. ...
A multitude of studies has indicated the potential of cell therapy as a method for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration. Transplantation of a variety of cells has been assessed and shown capable of deterring the rate of degeneration in animal models and in human clinical trials. In this study, a novel approach using human discogenic nucleus pulposus cells directly from their cryopreserved state was assessed. In an established canine disc degeneration model, the degeneration process was evaluated in IVDs receiving precultured discogenic cells, thawed‐only discogenic cells, and a saline sham injection after induction of degeneration. Degeneration progression was followed over time by the evaluation of the disc height index (DHI). Finally, after 12 weeks, the manipulated and control discs were explanted, histologically stained, and scored. Treated discs demonstrated retained DHI values for all treatment options. Histologic evaluations demonstrated significant improvement of matrix features compared to the sham. Moreover, thawed‐only cells function at least as well as precultured discogenic cells. In short, cell transplantation of human discogenic cells directly from their cryopreserved state can arrest disc height degeneration and maintain histological matrix features in a canine disc degeneration model. The presented work demonstrates the potential of an off‐the‐shelf cell therapy product to treat degenerative disc disease.
... Esta distinción resulta útil en la clínica, ya que es posible la expresión de un síndrome intermedio o neuropatía retardada en intoxicaciones por OF ( Hopper et al., 2002;Cabrera et al., 2009). El individuo intoxicado presenta signos clínicos por estímulo muscarínico y nicotínico; sin embargo, la acumulación del neurotransmisor acetilcolina en las terminaciones sinápticas, principalmente muscarínicas, inicialmente excita y posteriormente inhibe la trasmisión en el SNC (Campbell y Chapman, 2000;Verster et al., 2004). En la práctica veterinaria, el agente causal no es usualmente identificado dada la carencia de equipos de cromatografía líquida o gaseosa en los laboratorios veterinarios, lo cual dificulta las denuncias y registros oficiales de envenenamiento. ...
El objetivo de esta investigación fue implementar métodos de baja complejidad como la medición de actividad butirilcolinesterasa y cromatografía en capa fina (CCF) para identificar el agente causal de un evento de intoxicación que afectó a 45 perros de una zona urbana de la ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina. Se identificó al plaguicida aldicarb en un cebo que fue extraído de la boca de uno de los perros intoxicados. Aldicarb es un plaguicida carbamato anticolinesterásico de alta toxicidad, baja seguridad al manejo, con efectos ecotoxicológicos y con limitaciones edáficas y de uso en Argentina desde 1990. Los niveles de actividad colinesterasa fueron bajos e indicadores informativos de la evolución o desenlace de los animales.
... En este sentido, una de las sustancias más características que producen las plantas es el látex, que se estima está presente en unas 40 familias botánicas y cerca de 20.000 especies, distribuidas principalmente en áreas tropicales (Lewinsohn, 1991). El látex es una suspensión de composición variable y compleja que puede contener terpenos, alcaloides, ácidos orgánicos, iones, sales minerales, azúcares, vitaminas, enzimas proteolíticas, taninos, entre otros (Campbell & Chapman, 2000;Ascensão, 2006;Vidal et al., 2009). Su producción se asocia a diferentes funciones dentro de la planta como antibacteriano y defensa contra patógenos, favorecer el proceso de cicatrización de heridas o como mecanismo de defensa ante la herbivoría, gracias a su toxicidad (Granados-Sánchez et al., 2008;Kawo et al., 2009;Cevallos-Verdesoto et al., 2016). ...
The aim of this research was to contribute information on toxic ornamental plants in Venezuela.
Information on taxonomy, common names, habit, origin, status, location, propagation and
toxicology (part of the plant, effects) was compiled from articles, books, catalogs, herbarium
collections. A botanical analysis (taxonomy, common names, habit, origin, status, location,
propagation) and toxicology (part of the plant, effects) was performed. The information about
plant poisoning cases was requested to SIMET (Pharmacy faculty -UCV). Seventy-eight species
were found in 34 families, the most important were: Apocynaceae (10 genera/12 species),
Araceae (9/9), Euphorbiaceae (4/10) and Solanaceae (5/6). Genus Euphorbia was the most
species rich. Most species were exotic species (79.5%) and shrubs (32.1%). The entire plant
(35) and latex (19) were the most toxic parts and the most frequent accidental ingestion (61.5%).
Twenty cases were reported between 2009-2013, of which 80% were minors, female and urban
areas. There is very little information published in Hispanic American countries.
... Most of the original plant species used for the production of PFS and superfoods are still unknown concerning their taxonomy, chemical composition, and potential effects on human health [45]. Moreover, in most Member States, the PFS are subjected to a notification procedure before [152,160,170] being placed on the market despite compositional criteria in relation to botanicals having not yet been harmonized. The wide range of species used as botanical superfoods or PFS and the absence of a precise regulation for their trading impedes an efficient traceability system. ...
Plant exposures are among the most frequently reported cases to poison control centres worldwide. This is a growing condition due to recent societal trends oriented towards the consumption of wild plants as food, cosmetics, or medicine. At least three general causes of plant poisoning can be identified: plant misidentification, introduction of new plant-based supplements and medicines with no controls about their safety, and the lack of regulation for the trading of herbal and phytochemical products. Moreover, an efficient screening for the occurrence of plants poisonous to humans is also desirable at the different stages of the food supply chain: from the raw material to the final transformed product. A rapid diagnosis of intoxication cases is necessary in order to provide the most reliable treatment. However, a precise taxonomic characterization of the ingested species is often challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of the emerging DNA-based tools and technologies to address the issue of poisonous plant identification. Specifically, classic DNA barcoding and its applications using High Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM) ensure high universality and rapid response respectively, whereas High Throughput Sequencing techniques (HTS) provide a complete characterization of plant residues in complex matrices. The pros and cons of each approach have been evaluated with the final aim of proposing a general user’s guide to molecular identification directed to different stakeholder categories interested in the diagnostics of poisonous plants
... Also, in both sexes, the incidence of thyroid tumors was greater in exposed rats than in unexposed ones. [36,39] Other carcinogenicity studies showed that the incidence of lung cancers in exposed male mice was greater than in unexposed ones [37] and that the incidence of parathyroid tumors was greater in exposed rats than in unexposed ones. [8] Effects on Soil Fertility: Insecticides are generally not expected to have impacts on plants. ...
Pyrethrins and pyrethrum are the most frequently used home and garden insecticides in the India. They
are often used in indoor sprays, pet shampoos, and aerosol bombs to kill flying and jumping insects.
Pyrethrins are a common cause of insecticide poisonings. According to Ministry of Environment and
Forest survey of poison control centers, they cause more insecticide poisoning incidents than any other
class of insecticides except the organophosphates. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, and
difficulty breathing. Pyrethrins can trigger life-threatening allergic responses including heart failure and
severe asthma. In laboratory animals exposed through eating, by injection, or through breathing,
pyrethrins have caused anemia. Experiments with dairy cows suggest that nursing mothers exposed to
pyrethrins can pass them on to their children. Pyrethrins disrupt the normal functioning of sex
hormones. They inhibit binding of sex hormones to human genital skin and proteins in human blood.
Pyrethrins are classified as “likely to be human carcinogens” by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
because they cause thyroid tumors in laboratory tests. Farmers who use pyrethrins have an increased
risk of developing leukemia. Pyrethrins are extremely toxic to bees, fish, and other aquatic animals.
Following indoor treatments, pyrethrins have persisted up to 2 1/2 months in carpet dust.
... The application of Feratox ® requires licensed personnel, safety equipment, protective clothing and a 'Cyanide First Aid Kit'. Campbell and Chapman (2000) and Peterson and Tallcott (2006) reported a number of further agents that are toxic to cats, including ethylene glycol and acetaminophen, but none of these satisfy one or more of the criteria of humaneness, minimal environmental impact or efficacy in the field. In a review of badger toxins, DEFRA (2005) concluded that all poisons carry significant risks of poisoning non target species, although the design of baits could improve their specificity and risks to non target species. ...
Felis catus, the domestic cat, occurs throughout the Australian mainland as well as on more than 40 islands off the Australian coast. Cats exploit diverse habitats, including deserts, forests, woodlands, grasslands, towns and cities, and occur from sea level to altitudes above 2000 m. The classification of cats as domestic, stray or feral (Moodie 1995) reflects the varied ecology of cats and their dichotomous status in Australia — as both a valued pet species and an introduced feral predator.
Impacts
Feral cats are carnivorous hunters that depredate animals up to 2 kg, but more often take prey under 200 g. The feral cat is linked to the early continental extinctions of up to seven species of mammals. They are also linked to island and regional extinctions of native mammals and birds and have caused the failure of reintroduction attempts aimed at re-establishing threatened species. Today, 35 vulnerable and endangered bird species, 36 mammal species, seven reptile species and three amphibian species are thought to be adversely affected by feral cats. Other species are potentially affected by infectious diseases transmitted by cats. The true environmental and economic impact of feral cats has not been calculated.
Legislation
In most Australian states and territories, legislation has been introduced to restrict the reproductive and predation potential of owned domestic cats. Many local government areas have introduced cat-specific legislation, with restrictions including the banning of cats as pets in some communities, compulsory neutering, individual identification, and containment of pet cats. Predation by feral cats was listed as a Key Threatening Process under the Federal Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (now incorporated in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999). A Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by Feral Cats was produced in 1999 and amended in 2008 to promote the recovery of vulnerable and endangered native species and threatened ecological communities (Environment Australia 1999 and DEWHA 2008).
Estimating abundance
The three most common techniques for estimating cat abundance in Australia are spotlighting, counting tracks, and bait uptake estimates. The accuracy of spotlighting is dependent upon the density of vegetative cover and cat behaviour; the accuracy of track counts depends upon where track pads are set and the competence of the operative in recognising tracks; and most bait uptake studies provide data on cat activity rather than relative abundance or densities. All three techniques are best suited to open, dry habitats with low vegetative cover. In wetter, more closed and productive habitats with high vegetative cover, techniques such as remote photography and the analysis of DNA extracted from scats or hairs provide alternatives for estimating abundance or density. Such estimates are a necessary prerequisite for the implementation of control or eradication programs to avoid over- or under-commitment of labour, time and money, and are also necessary to measure the efficacy of management programs.
Techniques for control or eradication
A nationally co-ordinated program of feral cat control across Australia is not feasible, as it is with other introduced species, and control efforts are best targeted at protecting threatened species or habitats. All successful cat eradication programs in Australia have been conducted on islands or within areas bounded by predator-proof fencing, and most have required the use of more than one control method. Successful techniques for the control or eradication of cats on islands have proved largely impractical on the mainland. Hunting, trapping and shooting are time and labour intensive and not economically viable over large areas. Trap-neuter-return is unsuccessful in open populations and not practical over large areas. The introduction of disease (e.g. panleucopaenia) is restricted by the probable impact on owned domestic cats and the low transmission rate amongst widely dispersed feral cats. Toxins presently registered for cat baiting may have unacceptable environmental impacts on many habitats. Research into more felid-specific toxins, cat attracting baits and lures and cat-specific toxin delivery systems may lead to the adoption of poisoning as the most widely used technique for the control or eradication of feral cats.
Management at the regional and local level
Management of feral cats requires reliable data on the density or relative abundance of cats in targeted areas, and analysis of the cost effectiveness and efficacy of the various control measures that may be implemented. At the regional and local level, eradication of cat colonies and the management of resource-rich artificial habitats to discourage colonisation by cats should be an adjunct to any feral cat control program. Implementation of companion animal legislation that requires firmer controls on the owned, domestic cat population is also an important consideration for the longer-term reduction of the feral cat population in Australia.
Factors limiting effective management
Although adequate legislation is in place in some jurisdictions, the problems associated with cat control programs in Australia include: the time, cost and social impacts associated with enforcing companion animal legislation; the acceptance in some states of cats as pest control agents; variable cat densities between habitats; relatively low bait acceptance by feral cats; a lack of programs aimed specifically at stray cat colonies exploiting highly modified habitats; little data on the impact of cat removal on populations of introduced rodents and rabbits; and few accurate estimates of the density or relative abundance of feral cats. Research is needed to define the most successful methods for gaining public acceptance of the importance of maintaining effective companion animal legislation; estimating densities of cats in various habitats; the cost effectiveness of control techniques including broadscale baiting; assessing the impact of the removal of colony-forming cats in resource-rich artificial habitats on the broader feral cat population; and assessing the impact of cat removal on both native and introduced small mammal populations and the further indirect effects of removal on other components of the biota.
... The evolution of biochemical indices must also be analyzed from a general point of view. These parameters were determined at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period; as seen in table 4, these parameters were in the normal physiological ranges, cited by the literature (Campbell and Chapman, 2000). The evolution of the metabolic profile indices also indicated that the serial blood sampling had no negative influence on the health status o the tested cats, also indicating that the animals adapted to the stress conditions generated by the bioequivalence tests (Figure 3). ...
The bio equivalence evaluation of a drug is based on the bioavailability of its active molecule. Serial blood sampling might be limited in cats, due to their reduced blood volume and other morphophysiological characteristics that will be analyzed in this study. The bio equivalence testing of an antihelmintic product was conducted on 37 common breed cats, between 2 to 4 kg, fed with dry and canned food. The testing protocol consisted of two phases, 14 days apart. Eleven blood samples were collected at increasing time periods (0-24h). The total blood volume collected in each stage was evaluated based on the volemia, estimated at 7.5% from the total body'weight, representing a maximum of 13 ml/kg and 2.2 ml for each sample. Along with the serial blood sampling, at the start and ending of the two phases, haematological evaluations (on EDTA) and biochemical profiles (on Li-Heparin) were performed. Addtionally, moiphological assessments were carried out on panoptic stained smears. No major alterations of the physiological parameters were recorded, except for a small decline in the eiythrocitary parameters, associated with oscillations of the total white blood cell count and a tendency to monocytosis. Hie results of this study reveal the necessity to associate physiological parameters of the tested animals with the requirements of drugs bio equivalence testing protocols, in order to respect ethical and good practice standards while collecting multiple blood samples.
... The toxicity is related to the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin and to parascorbic acid, which irritates mucous membranes. These compounds are present in very low concentrations and therefore rarely cause more than gastrointestinal effects (Campbell, Chapman, 2000). Table 22 summarizes the pharmacological studies that have been undertaken on S. aucuparia and that are reported in the literature. ...
... The toxicity is related to the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin and to parascorbic acid, which irritates mucous membranes. These compounds are present in very low concentrations and therefore rarely cause more than gastrointestinal effects (Campbell, Chapman, 2000). Table 22 summarizes the pharmacological studies that have been undertaken on S. aucuparia and that are reported in the literature. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Due to the location of Russia between West and East, Russian phytotherapy has accumulated and adopted approaches that originated in European and Asian traditional medicine. Phytotherapy is an official and separate branch of medicine in Russia; thus, herbal medicinal preparations are considered official medicaments. The aim of the present review is to summarize and critically appraise data concerning plants used in Russian medicine. This review describes the history of herbal medicine in Russia, the current situation and the pharmacological effects of specific plants in the Russian Pharmacopoeia that are not included in the European Pharmacopoeia.
Materials and methods:
Based on the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (11(th) edition), we selected plant species that have not yet been adopted in Western and Central Europe (e.g., selected for inclusion in the European Pharmacopoeia) and systematically searched the scientific literature for data using library catalogs, the online service E-library.ru, and databases such as Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, and the Web of Science regarding species, effectiveness, pharmacological effects, and safety.
Results:
The Russian Federation follows the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (11(th) edition), which contains 83 individual plant monographs. Fifty-one of these plants are also found in the European Pharmacopoeia and have been well studied, but 32 plants are found only in the Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Many articles about these medicinal plants were never translated in English, and much of the information collected by Russian scientists has never been made available to the international community. Such knowledge can be applied in future studies aimed at a safe, evidence-based use of traditional Russian medicinal plants in European and global phytopharmacotherapy as well as for the discovery of novel leads for drug development.
Conclusion:
The review highlights the therapeutic potential of these Russian phytopharmaceuticals but also highlights cases where concern has been raised about product safety and tolerability, which would aid in supporting their safe use.
... To investigate possible hepatotoxic, hyperglycaemic, nephrotoxic, intestinal effects or pyrexia known to be caused by amaryllidaceous alkaloids in different species (Litovitz and Fahey, 1982;Junko et al., 1994;Campbell and Chapman, 2000;Saxon-Buri, 2004), blood samples (total volume of 4 ml) were collected by vein puncture before and 6, 12 and 24 h after s.c. lycorine administration. ...
Ingestions of plant material from Amaryllidaceae, especially the bulbs of daffodils, are known to be toxic, representing a persistent cause of poisoning in human and animals. Empiric data from case reports suggested, that the alkaloid lycorine could be the toxic constituent of the multi-component mixture responsible for symptoms like nausea and emesis. Systematic studies of the in vivo effects of the amaryllidaceaeous-type alkaloids are not available. Therefore, in an open, prospective, randomized and controlled trial we studied the dose-effect relationship of lycorine-induced nausea and emesis and the toxicokinetics of lycorine in beagle dogs. Subcutaneously administered lycorine-induced nausea and emesis starting at 0.5 mg/kg body weight reaching statistical significance at 1.0 mg/kg. The maximum emetic dose of lycorine (ED(100)) was 2 mg/kg body weight. There was a correlation between dose and nausea score as well as between dose and number of the induced emetic events. Nausea and emesis were short-lasting and occurred not later than 2.5 h post dose. Lycorine showed linear plasma kinetics with a mean elimination half-life of 0.67 and 0.3 h after single s.c. and i.v. administration, compatible with the clinical course of nausea and emesis. The mean oral bioavailability was calculated to be about 40%. Biochemical and haematological parameters of safety showed no pathological signs. The results provide evidence that lycorine can be considered as a main, if not the crucial constituent responsible for nausea and emesis in human and animals in poisoning due to ingestion of plant material of the Amaryllidaceae.
Abstract Regular exercise improves the health status of dogs; however, extreme exertion in the absence of adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement may negatively impact health and performance due to dehydration and cardiovascular stress. Unlike humans and horses, dogs thermoregulate predominantly through respiration and salivation, yet there is a dearth of literature defining exercise‐induced changes to canine salivary electrolytes. The study objective was to investigate the effects of exercise on salivary electrolyte concentrations, and to determine if adaptations may occur in response to incremental conditioning in client‐owned Siberian Huskies. Sixteen dogs were used, with an average age of 4.8 ± 2.5 years and body weight of 24.3 ± 4.3 kg. A 12‐week exercise regimen was designed to increase in distance each week, but weather played a role in setting the daily distance. Saliva samples were collected at weeks 0 (pre‐run, 5.7 km), 5 (pre‐run, 5.7, 39.0 km), and 11 (pre‐run, 5.7, 39.0 km). Samples were analyzed for sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous using photometric and indirect ion‐selective electrode analysis. When compared across weeks, sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations did not differ at any sampling time point; however, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations increased from baseline. Data were then pooled across weeks to evaluate changes due to distance and level of conditioning. Sodium, chloride, and magnesium concentrations increased progressively with distance ran, suggesting that these electrolytes are primarily being lost as exercising dogs salivate. Repletion of these minerals may assist in preventing exercise‐induced electrolyte imbalance in physically active dogs.
Vomiting and diarrhea are two important clinical signs that can cause significant electrolytic and acid-base imbalances. The purposes of this study were to characterize hydric, electrolytic and acid-base disorders presented by puppies with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and to compare the traditional and quantitative approaches to acid-base status interpretation. Sixty-one animals with a history of vomiting and/or diarrhea were used in this study and the following tests were performed: complete blood count, total plasma protein concentration and hemogasometry. Mean, standard deviation and Kappa values were calculated. The imbalances characterized by both approaches were: 42 (69%) animals without imbalance, 17 (28%) with metabolic alkalosis and 2 (3%) with metabolic acidosis by the traditional approach and 17 (28%) dogs without imbalance, 26 (43%) with metabolic alkalosis and 18 (29%) with metabolic acidosis by the quantitative approach. The agreement calculated between two approaches coincide in 28 cases, with a moderate Kappa value equivalent to 0.459. The most found imbalances were metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and mild dehydration. Most of acid-base disturbances were not identified by the traditional approach, whereas by the quantitative approach, they were easily determined. Thus quantitative approach proved to be superior in identification of possible acid-base imbalances.
Benzodiazepines are anxiolytic medications with a rapid onset of action that lasts for a few to several hours, depending on the specific drug and the species. Of the commercially available benzodiazepines, this chapter describes about alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, clorazepate dipotassium, diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and triazolam. Side effects typical of the benzodiazepines, including sedation, ataxia, muscle relaxation, increased appetite, paradoxical excitation, and increased friendliness, may occur. Alprazolam is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines, glaucoma, or severe liver or kidney disease. Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, can be used to completely or partially reverse the effects of an overdose. Flurazepam may be a preferred benzodiazepine for pets that wake during the night due to its long half‐life. Lacking good clinical guidelines as to the specific aggression situations in which benzodiazepines might be helpful or risky, they should be avoided or used with extreme caution in cases involving aggressive animals.
El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el uso del agua de coco (AC) aplicada por vía intravenosa en perros. En una primera fase se evaluó la esterilidad e isotonicidad del AC. En una segunda fase se evaluaron los cambios hematológicos producidos 24 horas pos-aplicación del AC por vía intraperitoneal en ratas. En una tercera fase se evaluó la aplicación de AC vía intravenosa en perros con y sin actividad física (n=20, por grupo), donde se determinaron los valores hematológicos, pH y niveles de cloro y sodio antes y después de su aplicación, así como la frecuencia cardiaca, frecuencia respiratoria y temperatura al inicio, a los 15, 30, 45, 60 minutos de iniciada la aplicación y 30 minutos después de la aplicación del AC. Los resultados muestran que el AC es estéril e isotónico, no produjo alteraciones significativas en los valores hematológicos de las ratas ni en los perros sin actividad física. Sin embargo, los perros con actividad física mostraron una reducción del hematocrito a los 30 minutos pos-aplicación y una leve reducción de los niveles de sodio.
Unter dieser Rubrikwerden Krankengeschichten von Patienten vorgestellt, dieinder täglichen Praxisimmerwieder vorkommen und zu diagnostischen und therapeutischen Problemen Anlass geben können. Im ersten Teil erfolgt dieDarstellung des Vorberichtsund des klinischen Erkrankungsbildes. Um den Leser zu eigenen Überlegungen anzuregen, werden das weitere Vorge-hen und die erforderlichen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Maßnah-menananderer StelleimHefterörtert.
A support vector machine (SVM) approach to the classification of transients in nuclear power plants is presented. SVM is a machine-learning algorithm that has been successfully used in pattern recognition for cluster analysis. In the present work, single- and multiclass SVM are combined into a hierarchical structure for distinguishing among transients in nuclear systems on the basis of measured data. An example of application of the approach is presented with respect to the classification of anomalies and malfunctions occurring in the feedwater system of a boiling water reactor. The data used in the example are provided by the HAMBO simulator of the Halden Reactor Project.
Lycorine is the main alkaloid of many Amaryllidaceae and known to cause poisoning with still unknown mechanisms. Longer lasting toxicological core symptoms of nausea and emesis may become a burden for human and animal patients and may result in substantial loss of water and electrolytes. To optimise the only empirical symptomatic antiemetic drug treatment at present, it is important to elucidate the causative involved targets of lycorine-induced emesis. Therefore, in the current study, we have tested the actions of a various antiemetic drugs with selective receptor affinities on lycorine-induced nausea and emesis in vivo in dogs. Beagle dogs were pre-treated in a saline vehicle-controlled crossover and random design with diphenhydramine, maropitant, metoclopramide, ondansetron or scopolamine prior lycorine administration (2 mg/kg subcutaneously). In vivo effects were assessed by a scoring system for nausea and emesis as well as by the number and lag time of emetic events for at least 3 h. Moreover, plasma pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out for ondansetron before and after lycorine injection. The data show that histaminergic (H₁), muscarinic and dopaminergic (D₂) receptors are presumably not involved in lycorine-induced emetic effects. While ondansetron significantly reduced the number of emetic events, lycorine-induced emesis was completely blocked by maropitant. Only ondansetron also significantly decreased the level of nausea and was able to prolong the lag time until onset of emesis suggesting a preferential participation of 5-HT₃ receptors in lycorine-induced nausea. Thus, it is the first in vivo report evidencing that predominantly neurokinin-1 (NK₁) and to a lesser extent 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT₃) receptors are involved in lycorine-induced emesis facilitating a target-oriented therapy.
Cyclodextrins are ring-shaped oligosaccharides with a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic interior. The interior cavity is capable of complexing fat-soluble molecules small enough to fit inside. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as treatment of aldicarb poisoning in rats. Survival times in the majority of rats dosed with aldicarb and receiving intravenous cyclodextrin were longer compared with the control rats only dosed with aldicarb per os.
Pharmacovigilance is a growing discipline and nowhere is this more true than in the context of the legislative requirements for veterinary pharmacovigilance within the European Union (EU), or more specifically, within the European Economic Area. Since 1995, the legislation governing the authorization of veterinary medicinal products in the EU has resulted in the older national procedures being replaced by the mutual recognition procedure and the centralized procedure. Also since 1995, the regulatory requirements for pharmacovigilance have developed and grown, as have the associated guidelines. The recent review of European veterinary medicines legislation, which concluded with the publication of an amending directive and a new regulation in March 2004, has introduced refinements to the pharmacovigilance system. This paper examines the EU legislation governing the authorization of veterinary medicinal products, including the elaboration of maximum residue limits, and the way in which this relates to the requirements of pharmacovigilance.
It is estimated that some 200 million people worldwide use illicit drugs. Most of these drugs have natural origins, such as cannabis, cocaine, and the opiates; however, the synthetic drugs such as the amphetamines also comprise a significant proportion of these uses (UNODC 2003). In response to the socioeconomic impacts of the production and distribution of illicit drugs, a number of individual nations, as well as multinational organizations, have initiated programs to reduce and eventually eliminate their production and distribution (UNODC 2003).
Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used in dermally applied spot-on flea treatments for dogs. Permethrin-based spot-on preparations are contraindicated in cats because of the high risk of toxicosis. The Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS) is a 24-h access telephone service that provides veterinary professionals in the United Kingdom with information on the management of poisoned animals. In a review of 286 cases reported to the VPIS regarding inappropriate feline exposure to permethrin spot-on (PSO) preparations, 96.9% were symptomatic. Increased muscular activity (as evidenced by twitching, tremor, muscle fasciculations or convulsions) was common and occurred in 87.8% of cases. The duration of increased muscle activity was long, with convulsions lasting on average 38.9 h and tremors 32 h. Recovery typically occurred within 2 to 3 days but in some cases took 5 to 7 days. Death occurred in 10.5% of cases.
A POISON is any substance which, when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism in small quantities, destroys life or injures health. Paracelsus, in the early 1500s, said that all things were poisonous and only the dose determined how much so. His statement is well illustrated by the substances encompassed in this article: these drugs are deliberately taken by people for reasons of therapy or abuse but, when consumed by animals, either as a result of the dose or the particular sensitivity of the animal, they produce intoxication.
Paracetamol, a common human analgesic, is potentially fatal in the cat unless specific therapy is started early. A cat two and one half years old was referred for treatment 14 h after paracetamol had been administered (173 mg/kg). The cat was moribund and cyanotic and subsequently became anaemic and icteric. Treatment consisted of N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid and DL-methionine to decrease toxic effects of the paracetamol and intravenous fluids, blood transfusion and amoxycillin as supportive treatment. The cat recovered clinically during the following 12 days, but some laboratory abnormalities were still present 3 weeks later.
The biotransformation of single oral doses of acetaminophen (APAP) was studied in dogs an cats. Each animal received APAP at a no-effect (low), mildly toxic (medium), and severely toxic (high) dosage; dosages for each species were selected to produce similar clinical effects at each respective dosage. For dogs, these dosages were 100, 200, and 500 mg APAP/kg, while for cats, the similar effective dosages were 20, 60, and 120 mg APAP/kg. Plasma half-lives in dogs remained constant at the lower two dosages, but nearly tripled at the high dosage. The plasma half-lives in cats rose with increased dosage. Although the cats were given lower APAP dosages than the dogs, the plasma half-lives of cats were greater than those of the dogs at the medium and high dosages. Both species excreted about 85% of the administered single dose within the first 24 hr. APAP-glucuronide was the principal metabolite excreted in the urine of dogs; its fraction of the total metabolites excreted in urine remained constant at the three dose levels. In cats, APAP-sulfate was the major metabolite in urine at all three dosage levels, but the fraction of the total urinary metabolites represented by APAP-sulfate decreased as the dosage increased. Hepatic centrilobular pathology was seen in dogs, while cats had more diffuse liver pathologic changes. The results indicate that the cat is at increased risk from APAP exposure because of impaired glucuronidation and saturation of its sulfate conjugation pathway.
Toxicosis to 3 commonly available analgesics--ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen--occurs in dogs and cats after acute ingestion or repetitive administration of therapeutic or excessive doses. Whereas in acute exposure, where the clinical course of an overdose to all 3 drugs is predictable in relation to the amount ingested, in chronic exposure to therapeutic doses of aspirin and ibuprofen, the development of gastric ulcers and analgesic nephropathy is unpredictable. Ibuprofen is not recommended for prolonged treatment in dogs and cats due to the likelihood of ulcer formation. Although gastric mucosal adaptation usually occurs with repeated therapeutic doses of aspirin, some individuals nevertheless develop gastric ulcers; simultaneous administration of the prostaglandin analogue misoprostol can reduce the risk. Following acute ingestion of aspirin or ibuprofen, treatment is essentially symptomatic and supportive following early decontamination procedures. Gastrointestinal protectants and i.v. fluids with sodium bicarbonate are generally recommended. Acetaminophen toxicosis is usually associated with single acute ingestion, and the primary target organs affected are the liver and the red blood cells in dogs and cats respectively. Because signs can progress rapidly with acute acetaminophen overdose, administration of N-acetylcysteine is always recommended, even when the history is unclear. This report summarizes the common clinical presentations of dogs and cats exposed to therapeutic or excessive doses of ibuprofen, aspirin or acetaminophen, and describes the treatment procedures advised by the ASPCA-National Animal Poison Control Center.
Over‐the‐counter analgesic drug toxicoses in small animals
- Kore AM
Paracetamol poisoning in cats
- Lorenzana RM