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Abstract

An exploration and advancement of the concept of trust Background. Trust is a concept used both in everyday language and in the scientific realm. An exploration of the conceptualizations of trust within the disciplines of nursing, medicine, psychology and sociology, revealed that trust is an ambiguous scientific concept. Aims. In order to increase the pragmatic utility of the concept of trust for scientific application, further clarification and development of the concept was undertaken. Methods. First, a concept analysis was conducted with the aim of clarifying the state of the science of discipline-specific conceptualizations of trust. The criterion-based method of concept analysis as described by Morse and colleagues was used (Morse et al. 1996a, 1996b, Morse 2000). This analytic process enabled the assessment of the scientific maturity of the concept of trust. The interdisciplinary concept of trust was found to be immature. Based on this level of maturity it was determined that in order to advance the concept of trust toward greater maturity, techniques of concept development using the literature as data were applied. In this process, questions were ‘asked of the data’ (in this case, the selected disciplinary literatures) to identify the conceptual components of trust. Results. The inquiry into the concept of trust led to the development of an expanded interdisciplinary conceptual definition by merging the most coherent commonalties from each discipline. Conclusions. The newly developed interdisciplinary conceptualization advances the concept toward maturity, that is, a more refined, pragmatic and higher-order concept. The refined concept of trust transcends the contextual boundaries of each discipline in a truly interdisciplinary scientific fashion.

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... Dependence. Our understanding of trust, such as other definitions of trust, recognizes that dependence is a necessary condition of trust (Barbalet, 2009;Hudson, 2004;Hupcey et al., 2001;Rousseau et al., 1998;Sharp et al., 2013;Whitener et al., 1998). Trust occurs in situations where the trustor's success in reaching a certain goal depends to some degree on the activities of the trustee (Lee and See, 2004;Whitener et al., 1998). ...
... Trust occurs in situations where the trustor's success in reaching a certain goal depends to some degree on the activities of the trustee (Lee and See, 2004;Whitener et al., 1998). In this sense, the achievement of a goal pursued by the trustor can be influenced by the trustee (Hupcey et al., 2001;Whitener et al., 1998). This puts the trustor in a position where they are dependent on the trustee (Hupcey et al., 2001;Barbalet, 2009). ...
... In this sense, the achievement of a goal pursued by the trustor can be influenced by the trustee (Hupcey et al., 2001;Whitener et al., 1998). This puts the trustor in a position where they are dependent on the trustee (Hupcey et al., 2001;Barbalet, 2009). Therefore, trust is always characterized by some sort of dependence between the trustor and the trustee (Barbalet, 2009;Sharp et al., 2013;Whitener et al., 1998), in the sense that the trustor's interests cannot be achieved without the help of the trustee (Hupcey et al., 2001;Lee and See, 2004;Rousseau et al., 1998;Sharp et al., 2013). ...
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As robots are increasingly found in various aspects of human life, understanding how humans relate to and interact with robots is becoming more relevant. One important factor affecting the quality of human-robot interactions is trust, and in recent years there has been an increase in scientific interest in the nature of trust between humans and robots. However, it can be observed that a clear distinction between trust and its related constructs is not always made when examining trust in robots. To overcome these limitations, we propose a definition of trust in robots that clearly separates trust from its related constructs. To this end, we extend an established trust model for interpersonal trust, which we adapt to describe trust in HRI. The new definition describes trust as a particular way in which human trustor relates to a robot. By characterizing trust as an asymmetric relation with certain properties, the proposed definition adopts a perspective that focuses on the human trustor in describing trust. Furthermore, we argue that the proposed definition of trust is suitable for describing trust in all types of robots and for any form of human-robot interaction.
... The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate and explore the multidisciplinary perspectives surrounding a traumatic birth experience to form a coherent useful theory and to capture the structure of the experience [32]. In this paper, we present an advanced principle-based concept analysis of the concept 'traumatic birth experience' as it appears in records from various multidisciplinary domains [33][34][35]. This paper integrates multiple domains and sources to diversify knowledge and understanding of the constitution and concept of a traumatic birth experience. ...
... We used a principle-based concept analysis for this study as described by Morse and colleagues [33,36,37], advanced by Fontein-Kuipers and colleagues [38] to: (1) determine the multidisciplinary state of the science surrounding the concept of traumatic birth experience, (2) to understand the multidisciplinary perspective of the concept, and (3) to move the concept towards a higher level of clarity [34]. Advanced principle-based concept analysis consists of five steps [38] with the evidence of the sequence of activities recorded in an audit log. ...
... The issues were collapsed and combined to formulate a critical question [38]. The group members then returned to their records and analysed each domain's treatment of the critical inquiry according to the conceptual components: antecedents, attributes, outcomes, and boundaries [33,34,40]. This critical inquiry was rooted in the team's expertise and knowledge and transcended the artificial boundaries created by the various domains, enabling a broader interdisciplinary understanding of the scientific concept and to determine congruence among the disciplinary perspectives [35]. ...
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Background: Understanding a woman's traumatic birth experience benefits from an approach that considers perspectives from various fields of healthcare and social sciences. Aim: To evaluate and explore the multidisciplinary perspectives surrounding a traumatic birth experience to form a theory and to capture its structure. Methods: A multidisciplinary advanced principle-based concept analysis was conducted, including the following systematic steps: literature review, assessment of concept maturity, principle-based evaluation, concept exploration and advancement, and formulating a multidisciplinary concept theory. We drew on knowledge from midwifery, psychology, childbirth education, bioethics, obstetric & gender violence, sociology, perinatal psychiatry, and anthropology. Results: Our evaluation included 60 records which were considered as 'mature'. Maturity was determined by the reported concept definition, attributes, antecedents, outcomes, and boundaries. The four broad principles of the philosophy of science epistemology, pragmatics, linguistics, and logic illustrated that women live in a political, and cultural world that includes social, perceptual, and practical features. The conceptual components antecedents, attributes, outcomes, and boundaries demonstrated that a traumatic birth experience is not an isolated event, but its existence is enabled by social structures that perpetuate the diminished and disempowered position of women in medical and institutionalised healthcare regulation and management. Conclusion: The traumatic childbirth experience is a distinctive experience that can only occur within a socioecological system of micro-, meso-, and macro-level aspects that accepts and allows its existence and therefore its sustainability - with the traumatic experience of the birthing woman as the central construct.
... There is a multitude of definitions of trust with different emphases depending on the discipline for which they have been developed [11]. In this paper, trust is defined based on the interdisciplinary definition by Judith Hupcey et al. 'as congruence between the expected and the actual behaviour of the trusted person' ( [10]; p. 137) while there is a dependency of the trusting person (i.e., a parent) on the trusted person (i.e., physician or nurse) [11]. ...
... There is a multitude of definitions of trust with different emphases depending on the discipline for which they have been developed [11]. In this paper, trust is defined based on the interdisciplinary definition by Judith Hupcey et al. 'as congruence between the expected and the actual behaviour of the trusted person' ( [10]; p. 137) while there is a dependency of the trusting person (i.e., a parent) on the trusted person (i.e., physician or nurse) [11]. When parents are not present in the ward, trust in neonatal healthcare professionals helps them to satisfy their need for security regarding their infant's condition and care [1,12]. ...
... Furthermore, we did not intend to determine causality in the relationship between parental trust and webcam preference. The development of trust in nursing staff is related to receiving continuous information and perpetually comparing the expected and actual behaviour of healthcare professionals [10,11]. Both are supported by webcam usage. ...
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Background Some neonatal intensive care units offer parents webcam systems for times when they cannot be in the ward. Leaving an infant in the ward can be challenging for parents, and trust in the neonatal healthcare professionals mitigates parents’ worries of not knowing how their infant is doing while they are away. If parents lack trust in the neonatal healthcare professionals, they may attempt to compensate by using webcams. In this work, we examine whether an association exists between the parental preference to use a webcam and low trust in physicians and nursing staff. Methods In a nationwide, retrospective cross-sectional study, parents of infants with a birth weight below 1500 g were surveyed six to 18 months after their infant’s birth. Parents who were not offered a webcam system in the ward were asked whether they would have opted for it. Trust was measured by the Trust in Physician and Trust in Nursing Staff scales. Results Of the parents who were not offered a webcam, 69% would have chosen to use a webcam if they had been granted the opportunity. The decision for or against a webcam was not significantly associated with either trust in physicians (OR = 0.654, 95% CI = 0.456, 0.937, p = .124) or trust in nursing staff (OR = 1.064, 95% CI = 0.783, 1.446, p = .932). Conclusions While the majority of parents surveyed would opt for webcam usage, this preference should not be interpreted as an indicator of lacking trust in neonatal healthcare professionals.
... A 2017 review of the literature pertaining to trust and the dental profession reveals a paucity of discussion with respect to the tenets of trust and is almost exclusively focused on clinical outcomes related to any dentist-patient relationship [3]. These can also be strongly affected by other associated conceptual variables, such as satisfaction with or economics of the health care system [3][4][5][6][7]. Only recently has the use of a psychometric measure of trust in dentists been validated and employed [3,8]. ...
... Hupcey et al. [6] in 2001 conducted trust concept comparisons and contrasts across disciplines with a conceptual analysis of the contemporary literature that included medicine, psychology, sociology and her own profession-nursing. Hupcey et al. [6] posited that interdisciplinary conceptualization advances a common concept toward maturitythat is, a more refined, pragmatic and higher-order concept. ...
... Hupcey et al. [6] in 2001 conducted trust concept comparisons and contrasts across disciplines with a conceptual analysis of the contemporary literature that included medicine, psychology, sociology and her own profession-nursing. Hupcey et al. [6] posited that interdisciplinary conceptualization advances a common concept toward maturitythat is, a more refined, pragmatic and higher-order concept. The Hupcey et al. [6] concept study stands alone 20 years later [15] as the only example of an analytical approach to identify conceptual components of trust. ...
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This article aimed to set into perspective the unique aspects of trust within the dentist-patient relationship by exploring the literature as well as historical aspects of dentistry in the association between trust/distrust and patient anxiety. In order to characterise this uniqueness, the assumptions for trusting in dentistry are compared and contrasted with other professions using a conceptual analysis. The professions of medicine, sociology, psychology, nursing and dentistry were check listed according to the tenets of a concept analytical approach reported by Hupcey et al. in 2001. Recommendations for patient/person-centred care, as opposed to dentist-centred care, that would improve trust are specified according to the literature. These include empowering patients, practicing active listening, empathy and relationship building that might benefit dental patients in relation to the perceived risks of anxiety or induced pain. It was concluded that global distrust of dominating dentists must give way to person-centred professional strategies so that dentists and patients can tackle their dental anxiety-trust challenges, both in the public's image of the dental profession and in clinical relationships. Future directions would be to explore incentives for dentists to change to patient/person-centred care.
... Trust is an essential, critical phenomenon, and vital value in the co-existence of patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs). [1][2][3] However, trust in the scientific literature has no clear meaning across disciplines. 2,4 From a philosophical-ethical point of view, trust can be described as accepted vulnerability to another person's power over something that one cares about by virtue of goodwill towards the trustor. ...
... [1][2][3] However, trust in the scientific literature has no clear meaning across disciplines. 2,4 From a philosophical-ethical point of view, trust can be described as accepted vulnerability to another person's power over something that one cares about by virtue of goodwill towards the trustor. [5][6][7][8][9] This characterization of interpersonal trust appears to be adequate in the context of patients suffering from chronic illness because the need for interpersonal trust relates to the vulnerability associated with being ill, as well as information asymmetries and unequal relationships, which arise from the specialist nature of scientific knowledge. ...
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Background Trust is an essential phenomenon of relationship between patients and healthcare professionals and can be described as an accepted vulnerability to the power of another person over something that one cares about in virtue of goodwill toward the trustor. This characterization of interpersonal trust appears to be adequate for patients suffering from chronic illness. Trust is especially important in the context of chronic cardiovascular diseases as one of the main global health problems. Research Aim The purpose of the qualitative study was to gain a deeper understanding of how people with chronic cardiovascular disease experience and make sense of trust in healthcare professionals. Research Design Eleven semi-structured interviews with participants analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore in detail their lived experience of trust as a relational phenomenon. Participants and Research Context Participants with chronic cardiovascular disease were purposively recruited from inpatients on the cardiology ward of the university hospital located in central Slovakia. Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the faculty ethics committee. Participants gave their written informed consent. Findings Four Interrelated Group Experiential Themes Sense of co-existence; Belief in competence; Will to help; Ontological security with eight subthemes were identified. The findings describe the participants' experience with trust in healthcare professionals as a phenomenon of close co-existence, which is rooted in the participants’ vulnerability and dependence on the goodwill and competence of health professionals to help with the consequence of (re)establishing a sense of ontological security in the situation of chronic illness. Conclusion Findings will contribute to an in-depth understanding of trust as an existential dimension of human co-existence and an ethical requirement of healthcare practice, inspire patient empowerment interventions, support adherence to treatment, and person-centred care.
... Dinç and Gastmans (2012) tie this to nursing, in that patients cannot meet their own care needs and therefore rely on and trust nurses to do so. Prior research has indicated that factors such as trustor's beliefs about trustee's intentions towards goodwill and not malevolent action (Bell & Duffy, 2009), consistency in words and action (Carter, 2009) and evaluation of moral character and perception of sufficient knowledge to fulfil a need (Hupcey et al., 2001) all inform perception of trustworthiness. Hupcey et al. (2001) also note that while trust is formed in the present, the ability to trust is also situated in the past and future based on prior experiences, which impute to what degree an individual may be trusted. ...
... Prior research has indicated that factors such as trustor's beliefs about trustee's intentions towards goodwill and not malevolent action (Bell & Duffy, 2009), consistency in words and action (Carter, 2009) and evaluation of moral character and perception of sufficient knowledge to fulfil a need (Hupcey et al., 2001) all inform perception of trustworthiness. Hupcey et al. (2001) also note that while trust is formed in the present, the ability to trust is also situated in the past and future based on prior experiences, which impute to what degree an individual may be trusted. For instance in situations where PASC patients experienced medical gaslighting, many felt betrayed and unable to trust in provider professionalism (Rushforth et al., 2021). ...
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Aim This paper proposes a novel, trauma‐informed, conceptual model of care for Post‐Acute Sequelae of COVID‐19 illness (PASC). Design This paper describes essential elements, linkages and dimensions of the model that affect PASC patient experiences and the potential impact of trauma‐informed care on outcomes. Data sources PASC is a consequence of the global pandemic, and a new disease of which little is known. Our model was derived from the limited available studies, expert clinical experience specific to PASC survivors and publicly available social media narratives authored by PASC survivors. Implications for nursing The model provides a critical and novel framework for the understanding and care of persons affected by PASC. This model is aimed at the provision of nursing care, with the intention of reducing the traumatic impacts of the uncertain course of this disease, a lack of defined treatment options and difficulties in seeking care. The use of a trauma‐informed care approach to PASC patients can enhance nurses' ability to remediate and ameliorate both the traumatic burden of and the symptoms and experience of the illness. Conclusion Applying a trauma‐informed perspective to care of PASC patients can help to reduce the overall burden of this complex condition. Owing to the fundamentally holistic perspective of the nursing profession, nurses are best positioned to implement care that addresses multiple facets of the PASC experience. Impact The proposed model specifically addresses the myriad ways in which PASC may affect physical as well as mental and psychosocial dimensions of health. The model particularly seeks to suggest means of supporting patients who have already experienced a life‐threatening illness and are now coping with its long‐term impact. Since the scope of this impact is not yet defined, trauma‐informed care for PASC patients is likely to reduce the overall health and systems burdens of this complex condition.
... On the other hand, management leads to trust. As trust in nursing arises if someone behaves as expected (Hupcey et al., 2001), structure can give a framework for expectations. Further, continuity is necessary to build and maintain trust because trust in nursing is not transferable from one person to another (Hupcey et al., 2001). ...
... As trust in nursing arises if someone behaves as expected (Hupcey et al., 2001), structure can give a framework for expectations. Further, continuity is necessary to build and maintain trust because trust in nursing is not transferable from one person to another (Hupcey et al., 2001). Regarding the development of an AT, trust and management should be incorporated by devices' reliability of functioning and well-structured procedures. ...
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The number of people with dementia is increasing worldwide. At the same time, family and professional caregivers' resources are limited. A promising approach to relieve these carers' burden and assist people with dementia is assistive technology. In order to be useful and accepted, such technologies need to respect the values and needs of their intended users. We applied the value sensitive design approach to identify values and needs of patients with dementia and family and professional car-egivers in respect to assistive technologies to assist people with dementia in institutionalized care. Based on semi-structured interviews of residents/patients with cognitive impairment, relatives, and healthcare professionals (10 each), we identified 44 values summarized by 18 core values. From these values, we created a values' network to demonstrate the interplay between the values. The core of this network was caring and empathy as most strongly interacting value. Furthermore, we found 36 needs for assistance belonging to the four action fields of activity, care, management/administration, and nursing. Based on these values and needs for assistance, we created possible use cases for assistive technologies in each of the identified four action fields. All these use cases already are technologically feasible today but are not currently being used in healthcare facilities. This underlines the need for development of value-based technologies to ensure not only technological feasibility but also acceptance and implementation of assistive technologies. Our results help balance conflicting values and provide concrete suggestions for how engineers and designers can incorporate values into assistive technologies.
... Trust is issue-related. Indeed, only a trusting relationship allows to share problems (Hupcey et al., 2001), and solidifies the working alliance (Fuertes et al., 2017). ...
... In conclusion, developing trust toward the chief resident would imply "a willing dependency on his actions" (Hupcey et al., 2001), which does not occur. The consultation, therefore, ends as it started, with a negotiation concerning the treatment and a reference to the professor: Comment on case 2 From a communication perspective, it might be worthy to explicitly address and meta-communicate on the relational dimension, which operates within this consultation. ...
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Objectives: This study aimed to explore in a naturalistic, real-life setting the dynamics of trust in oncological consultations. Methods: Cases to study were purposively selected from a data set of audio-recorded and transcribed consultations between oncology physicians and patients with advanced cancer, and analyzed qualitatively. The analytical approach was deductive, relying on a thematic framework of dimensions of trust, and inductive, not restricted by this framework. Results: The multiple case study approach allowed to identify factors, which play a role in the dynamics of trust. These factors are the number of treating physicians and how they communicate, continuity of care and the capital of trust, the hierarchical position of the physician and the physician's self-trust, and the patient's personality. Significance of results: The findings illustrate the importance to contextualize trust in the flow of oncological consultations and to conceive it comprehensively for each singular encounter between patients and clinicians.
... Trust between nurses and patients has been embedded in the nursing area (Hupcey et al., 2001). We introduce the notion of felt trust (i.e., the trustee's perception of how much the trustor trusts him or her; Lester & Brower, 2003) from patients acts as a motivational mechanism that can induce nurses' willingness to deliver high-quality nursing services in the fight against the pandemic because felt trust is generally beneficial to work outcomes (e.g., Lester & Brower, 2003;Zheng et al., 2019). ...
... In the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic, nurses and patients are facing large numbers of deaths and great uncertainties (Fernandez et al., 2020;Zhu et al., 2021). Nurses and nurse leaders should pay attention to the significance of the trust relationship between nurses and patients (Hupcey et al., 2001). We suggest that nurse leaders provide training to encourage nurses to take patients' perspectives into account, so that they develop strong nurse-patient relationships. ...
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Aims To examine how felt trust motivates nurses to desire to deliver better nursing services and how perspective taking makes nurses feel trusted by their patients. By introducing the concept of prosocial motivation into nursing research, this study further explored a boundary condition that influences the positive relationship between felt trust from patients and attitudes towards nursing service delivery. Design This study used a cross-sectional and survey design. Method This study was conducted among 339 nurses on medical teams sent to support Hubei, China, during the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020. Results The results indicate that felt trust from patients mediated the positive relationship between perspective taking and attitudes towards nursing service delivery. In addition, prosocial motivation moderated the relationship between felt trust from patients and attitudes towards nursing service delivery, such that the relationship was stronger when prosocial motivation was high (vs. low). Prosocial motivation also moderated the indirect effects of perspective taking on attitudes towards nursing service delivery via felt trust from patients. Conclusion This study shows that despite the challenges posed by COVID-19, nurses who experience a high level of trust from patients are still eager to deliver high-quality nursing services, and this finding is especially salient among those with high prosocial motivation. Impact This study introduces felt trust from patients as a new motivational mechanism that can induce nurses’ willingness to deliver better nursing services. We suggest that nurses and nurse leaders should be aware of the significance of the trust relationship between nurses and patients. Nurses need to be trained to take patients’ perspectives in the interaction process, which can make them feel trusted by patients and can consequently be motivated to deliver better nursing services.
... There is no agreed-upon definition of the concept of trust. 2 However, all patient-healthcare professional -in our case parent-nurse -relationships are more or less asymmetric. 'This epistemic asymmetry is caused by one party having skills and knowledge that the other party does not have but needs'. ...
... Our nurse interviewees showed the mothers compassion and were very aware that the mothers needed to feel welcome on the ward and included as participants in the care for their infant. Compassion seemed to be an ethical compass to the nurses to promote nursing as (1) moral practice, (2) relations and (3) practical care. 13,15 This finding is in contrast to that of Hem and Heggen 25 who found that nurses are not always guided by compassion in their work. ...
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Background In the neonatal intensive care unit, immigrant parents may experience even greater anxiety than other parents, particularly if they and the nurses do not share a common language. Aim To explore the complex issues of trust and the nurse–mother relationship in neonatal intensive care units when they do not share a common language. Design and methods This study has a qualitative design. Individual semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus group interviews were conducted with eight immigrant mothers and eight neonatal intensive care unit nurses, respectively. Data analysis was based on Braun and Clarke’s thematic analytic method. Ethical considerations Approval was obtained from the hospital’s Scientific Committee and the Data Protection Officer. Interviewees were informed in their native language about confidentiality and they signed an informed consent form. Results Trust was a focus for mothers and nurses alike. The mothers held that they were satisfied that their infants received the very best care. They seemed to find the nurses’ care and compassion unexpected and said they felt empowered by learning how to care for their infant. The nurses discussed the mother’s vulnerability, dependency on their actions, attitudes and behaviour. Discussion Lack of a common language created a challenge. Both parties depended on non-verbal communication and eye contact. The nurses found that being compassionate, competent and knowledgeable were important trust-building factors. The mothers were relieved to find that they were welcome, could feel safe and their infants were well cared for. Conclusion The parents of an infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit have no choice but to trust the treatment and care their infant receives. Maternal vulnerability challenges the nurse’s awareness of the asymmetric distribution of power and ability to establish a trusting relationship with the mother. This is particularly important when mother and nurse do not share a verbal language. The nurses worked purposefully to gain trust.
... In medical practice, trust is a somewhat immature and ambiguous concept despite its critical role in the patient-physician relationship [1,2]. Trust has been considered synonymous with 'faith' or patient 'confidence' in English, yet trust has various meanings in virtually every language [1,3]. ...
... In medical practice, trust is a somewhat immature and ambiguous concept despite its critical role in the patient-physician relationship [1,2]. Trust has been considered synonymous with 'faith' or patient 'confidence' in English, yet trust has various meanings in virtually every language [1,3]. In Chinese, the character for 'trust' (信) is composed of the radical '人' in the altered form of '亻' (pronounced rén, meaning 'person') and '言' (yán, meaning 'to speak'), suggesting a link between speaking the truth and the development of trust. ...
... 3,5 A review of the literature shows that each definition focuses on different aspects of the relationship. For instance, studies have focused on concordance or agreement levels between physicians and patients 6 , other studies have focused on trust between physicians and patients, 7 others have emphasized physicians' communication skills. 8 To date, there seems to be little consensus on how to define the medical relationship. ...
... Several studies have explored the PPWA and its relationship to behavioral indices of medical care and have demonstrated that the PPWA is an important element of medical care. Specifically, the research has uncovered a significant link between the patients' ratings of the working alliance and patients': (1) beliefs about the utility of treatment 10 ; (2) adherence selfefficacy beliefs 10 ; (3) actual adherence to treatment 10 ; (4) satisfaction with their physician and treatment 10,11 ; (5) perceptions of physician empathy 11 ; (6) perceptions of physician's multicultural competence 11 ; (7) patients' outcome expectations 12,13 ; and (8) patients' psychological strengths. 13 One study that examined physicians' ratings of the working alliance found significant links with physicians' ratings of their own satisfaction with treatment and of treatment outcome. ...
Article
The physician-patient relationship is important and essential to the delivery of effective healthcare. The current study examined a measure of this relationship, which we call the physician-patient working alliance (PPWA). We examined it from both perspectives of the medical dyad, simultaneously, which to date has not been done. Data were analyzed via the Actor Partner Interdependence Model to account for the possibility of interdependence in the ratings provided by each member of the dyad. The sample consisted of sixty-eight physician-patient dyads. Patients’ ratings of the PPWA were significantly associated with their ratings of adherence to, and satisfaction with treatment. Physicians’ ratings of the PPWA were significantly associated with their ratings of patient adherence and to their own satisfaction with treatment. Significant “partner” effects were uncovered, in that physicians’ ratings of the PPWA were significantly associated with patients’ ratings of adherence. Significant zero-order correlations were also observed for physician-rated outcome; particularly, significant correlations with patient-rated and physician-rated adherence. We conclude that the PPWA is a significant factor in patients’ and physicians’ ratings of adherence and satisfaction. This study also provides initial evidence that the PPWA is a dyadic phenomenon (e.g., the perception of the strength of the PPWA in one member of the medical dyad impacts the other member’s perception) and that both parts of the medical dyad should be considered in future research and in clinical practice.
... Te concept of trust is a topic of interest in several scientifc disciplines, e.g., psychology, sociology, nursing, medicine [18], religion, philosophy, and business [19]. As such, it is unsurprising that trust is approached through several defnitions and dimensions depending on the feld of science [17,19]. ...
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Orientation. Trust is the central part of leadership and organizational culture and can often go unnoticed until it decreases. There is a lack of a comprehensive concept analysis of trust in the healthcare setting. Research Purpose. The research aim was to gather, assess, and synthesize previous empirical evidence from the field of healthcare about the concepts of trust in the leader and trust in the organization. Motivation for the Study. To create a comprehensive and generic concept analysis of trust in the leader and organization for the healthcare sector based on recent empirical studies. Research Design and Method. A concept analysis, which followed the method presented by Walker and Avant, was conducted as a systematic review that adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. A total of eight databases were searched for relevant literature and 42 articles were included. Main Findings. The definitions of trust in the leader and the organization were based on emotion and cognition. Trust in the leader emerged as a core feature of collaborative leader-employee relationships, whereas trust in the organization was a key construct of organizational functioning. Trust in the leader and the organization contributed to commitment, increased work production, enhanced collaboration, and improved workplace well-being. Defense mechanisms were identified as a new contrary concept, while justice was found to be a related concept. Contribution. Both trust in the leader and trust in the organization positively impact an organization, nurse leaders, and employees. Deeper knowledge of trust and its attributes will be critical to the operationalization and estimation of levels of trust in healthcare organizations. Managerial Implications. Trust in the leader and the organization can significantly influence the attractiveness of an organization, retention of personnel, productivity, and work-related well-being. Thus, this aspect should be measured and developed systematically while acknowledging the antecedents of trust building.
... It may have been difficult for participants to assess their trust on a 4-point scale as the concept is broad and nuanced. 39 This is especially true in light of the fact that trust likely changed over the course of the pandemic 6 and is influenced by experience. [3][4][5] Our analysis of trust in healthcare professionals and vaccination assumes that physicians recommended vaccination. ...
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Purpose To characterize factors associated with parents’ trust in messengers of COVID-19 guidance and determine whether trust in their doctors is associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Design Web-based and mailed survey (January-June 2022). Setting Maryland, USA. Subjects 567 parents/caregivers of public elementary and middle school students. Measures Parents rated trust in 9 messengers on a 4-point scale [“not at all” (0) to “a great deal” (3)], dichotomized into low (0-1) vs high (2-3). They reported on health insurance, income, race, ethnicity, education, sex, urbanicity, political affiliation, and COVID-19 vaccination. Analysis ANOVA and t-tests were computed to compare overall trust by parent characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression was run to evaluate factors associated with high trust for each messenger. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between trust in doctors and odds of COVID-19 vaccination. Results Most trusted messengers were doctors (M = 2.65), family members (M = 1.87), and schools (M = 1.81). Parents’ trust varied by racial identity, sex, urbanicity, health insurance, and political affiliation. Greater trust in their or their child’s doctor was associated with greater odds of child (aOR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.10, 7.98) and parent (aOR: 3.30; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.47) vaccination. Conclusion Parent characteristics were associated with trust, and trust was linked to vaccination. Public health professionals should anticipate variability in trusted messengers to optimize uptake of public health guidance.
... Each discipline focuses on different aspects or features of trust. For example, in medicine trust often implies the doctor-patient relationship, in psychology it implies interpersonal trust, and in sociology, it implies trust in society [21]. Behavioral sciences often treat trust as a trigger for behavior change [22]. ...
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Background: This research extends prior studies by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare on pandemic-related risk perception, concentrating on the role of trust in health authorities and its impact on public health outcomes. Objective: The paper aims to investigate variations in trust levels over time and across social media platforms, as well as to further explore 12 subcategories of political mistrust. It seeks to understand the dynamics of political trust, including mistrust accumulation, fluctuations over time, and changes in topic relevance. Additionally, the study aims to compare qualitative research findings with those obtained through computational methods. Methods: Data were gathered from a large-scale data set consisting of 13,629 Twitter and Facebook posts from 2020 to 2023 related to COVID-19. For analysis, a fine-tuned FinBERT model with an 80% accuracy rate was used for predicting political mistrust. The BERTopic model was also used for superior topic modeling performance. Results: Our preliminary analysis identifies 43 mistrust-related topics categorized into 9 major themes. The most salient topics include COVID-19 mortality, coping strategies, polymerase chain reaction testing, and vaccine efficacy. Discourse related to mistrust in authority is associated with perceptions of disease severity, willingness to adopt health measures, and information-seeking behavior. Our findings highlight that the distinct user engagement mechanisms and platform features of Facebook and Twitter contributed to varying patterns of mistrust and susceptibility to misinformation during the pandemic. Conclusions: The study highlights the effectiveness of computational methods like natural language processing in managing large-scale engagement and misinformation. It underscores the critical role of trust in health authorities for effective risk communication and public compliance. The findings also emphasize the necessity for transparent communication from authorities, concluding that a holistic approach to public health communication is integral for managing health crises effectively.
... It is important to continuously assess levels of trust, as trust is dynamic and can change trajectoryeither positively or negativelymultiple times over time. 28 Therefore, in this study, longitudinal panel data pairs were used to evaluate patients' trust. ...
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Objective: The relative deprivation of income among chronically ill patients may create a perception of inequity in their access to quality healthcare, which may lead to a decline in patients' trust and further increases the burden of chronic diseases. Digital finance could be the antidote. To promote equity in healthcare delivery, this study explores the mitigating effect of digital finance by elucidating the relationship between relative deprivation of income and chronically ill patients' trust. Methods: Using data from the China Family Panel Study, a Poisson regression model was applied to assess the effect of relative deprivation of income on chronically ill patients' trust. A marginal effect analysis was used to verify the effect and a two-stage least squares method was used to test robustness. Results: Chronically ill patients' trust was at a medium level (5.98 ± 2.05). Relative deprivation of income significantly reduced patients' trust (β=-0.056, p < 0.1). The digital finance had a positive effect on patients' trust (β=0.035, p < 0.01) and alleviated the negative effect of relative deprivation of income on patients' trust (β=0.105, p < 0.01). The instrumental variable estimation results confirmed the robustness of the benchmark regression results. Conclusions: The inequity resulting from relative deprivation of income undermines patients' trust. Digital finance has a long-term effect on alleviating perception of inequity among chronically ill patients. The government should promote the integration of digital finance and smart healthcare to enhance patients' trust and contribute to equality in healthcare delivery. Limitations include self-reported data and an insufficient correlation between selected indicators and healthcare services.
... This is an important thing to have because it will have an impact on the behavior of people who believe in doing what is said. Hupcey et al. (2001) said that the result of a belief is the conformity between the expectations of someone who is trusted with the actions taken. ...
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Indonesia boasts the largest Muslim population worldwide; however, the allocation of zakat funds remains relatively low. This is primarily due to the fact that numerous Muslim communities have yet to channel their zakat contributions through formal institutions. Many individuals are still unaware of their obligation to pay zakat. Previous research has predominantly employed theoretical frameworks in consumer behavior, with limited emphasis on formal zakat institutions. Consequently, there is a scarcity of socialization and counseling initiatives pertaining to formal zakat institutions within the community. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a model for understanding zakat compliance behavior within formal zakat institutions, with a focus on the variables of religiosity, trust, credibility, and accountability. This investigation seeks to provide a comprehensive and in-depth comprehension of the topic. The study employs a quantitative research design, utilizing the Structural Equating Modeling (SEM) method. A total of 346 respondents, categorized as Muslim citizens obligated to pay zakat, were included in the sample. The study findings indicate that accountability and credibility significantly influence trust, whereas trust and religiosity impact zakat compliance behavior. Notably, trust emerges as the most influential variable regarding compliance with zakat payments within formal zakat institutions. Conversely, the variable of religiosity exerts the weakest impact on compliance with zakat payments in formal institutions. These findings suggest that zakat institutions should prioritize the credibility variable to enhance the trust of zakat payers, thereby increasing compliance with zakat payments.
... Trust involves the willingness to place oneself in a situation of risk, that is, a situation in which the outcome may not be what is expected (Hupcey et al., 2001). Throughout the process of data collection, it was important to reflect over the elements of trust, and trust needed to be developed already ahead of the interview situations. ...
... Trust can be a powerful predictor of human behavior in modern societies, as trust is the glue that maintains long-term and beneficial social relationships between both individuals and groups, despite the inherent risk that presents in relying on others [1,2]. However, trust is notoriously hard to define, despite broad public and scientific consensus in the conceptual importance of trust for fostering social cohesion and cooperation [1][2][3][4][5]. Even if researchers reached consensus on a narrow definition of trust (unlikely as this is, [6]), such a narrow definition likely would disagree with the multitude of ways trust is used and interpreted within the public vernacular [7]. ...
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A core assumption often heard in public health discourse is that increasing trust in national political leaders is essential for securing public health compliance during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–ongoing). However, studies of national government trust are typically too coarse-grained to differentiate between trust in institutions versus more interpersonal trust in political leaders. Here, we present multiscale trust measurements for twelve countries and territories across the West, Oceania and East Asia. These trust results were used to identify which specific domains of government and social trust were most crucial for securing public health compliance (frequency of mask wearing and social distancing) and understanding the reasons for following health measures (belief in effectiveness of public health measures). Through the use of linear regression and structural equation modeling, our cross-cultural survey-based analysis (N = 3369 subjects) revealed that higher trust in national and local public health institutions was a universally consistent predictor of public health compliance, while trust in national political leaders was not predictive of compliance across cultures and geographical regions. Institutional trust was mediated by multiple types of transparency, including providing rationale, securing public feedback, and honestly expressing uncertainty. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between components of government trust, to better understand which entities the public gives the most attention to during crises.
... First, we investigate the relationship between three aspects of trust and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Trust is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is difficult to define and measure (Guillemin et al. 2016;Hupcey et al. 2001;Li 2007). It is plausible that low trust of the public in vaccines, people who administer them, and the government institutions providing vaccines all drive attitudes on COVID-19 vaccination. ...
Article
Objective: We consider how trust in government, trust in physicians, and interpersonal trust affect the likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Methods: A survey of 3057 registered South Dakota voters was fielded in April 2021 that measured COVID-19 vaccine uptake, three aspects of trust, and several other factors related to vaccine hesitancy. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze the responses. Results: We found positive, statistically significant, and substantively impactful effects for trust in government and trust in physicians on the likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine uptake, and null results for interpersonal trust. Conclusions: Our findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between trust and COVID-19 vaccine uptake, and suggest that public health official as well as physicians should strive to increase the public's trust in the medical community.
... This is one of the reasons why mainstream approaches have had difficulties differentiating distrust from cynicism and skepticism. An important theoretical assumption posits that contemporary conceptualizations treat the subject of the trust relationship as active, which differentiates trust from more passive dependence inherent in faith and confidence (Hupcey, Penrod, Morse, & Mitcham, 2001). However, consistent with previous research (Pjesivac et al., 2016), the findings of this study showed that participants differ with respect to their perceived control in relation to news media, which may be relevant for reexamining the role of media trust in contemporary news environments. ...
Thesis
Scholars and pundits frequently argue that contemporary professional journalism is experiencing an unprecedented legitimacy crisis. Although the public’s dissatisfaction with news media is not a new phenomenon, its extent, manifestations, and potential democratic implications are becoming increasingly worrisome. Extant communication scholarship typically interprets this crisis in terms of rapidly increasing media distrust. However, several conceptual and measurement issues surrounding the construct of media (dis)trust have impeded the development of a coherent theory explaining the relevance, causes, and solutions for growing public animosity toward media. Chief among these issues is the absence of a clear understanding of the nature of media distrust, which at times has been described as a reflection of the public’s probing skepticism, and at other times has been equated to a form of debilitating cynicism. The main argument in this dissertation is that media distrust and cynicism are two related but distinct perceptions of news media that indicate qualitatively different ways in which audiences relate to news media. Diverse theoretical and empirical evidence is presented to substantiate this argument. Combining insights from multidisciplinary research on cynicism and the study of media perceptions, this dissertation proposes a new conceptual definition of media cynicism. Here, media cynicism is defined as a generalized antagonism toward news media characterized by the belief that media actors are motivated exclusively by self-interests and pessimistic views that journalism could not be improved. Based on this definition, a new set of indicators was developed to measure media cynicism. This made it possible to compare and contrast this newly proposed measure of cynicism with the widely used instrument that measures media distrust in terms of dimensionality and relationships with external variables. Following a complementary mixed-methods design, both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered for analysis. Data were collected in Serbia, a transitioning democracy with recent experience with oppressive regimes. The country’s turbulent history has left a strong mark on how the media operate and how the media are perceived by audiences, making Serbia an appropriate context to study negative media perceptions. Study 1 employed a web-based survey (N = 502) to test hypotheses relating to dimensionality, antecedents, and consequences of media distrust and cynicism. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses results consistently showed that the indicators of media distrust and cynicism are not influenced by the same underlying dimension. Further, structural equation modeling results indicated that the two perceptions could have different origins and consequences. Media (dis)trust appears to be predominately a function of perceived media professionalism, whereas media cynicism was found to be influenced by audience-related, media-related, relational, and contextual factors. The two perceptions may also indicate different ways in which citizens interact with politics and the news. Media distrust was associated with lower political trust and reduced news exposure through mainstream outlets and on social media. Cynicism, in contrast, was found to increase news engagement and exposure to the news through social media. To complement the findings of Study 1 and elaborate on identified patterns, Study 2 adopted an audience-centric approach to explore perceptions of and experiences with news media in a more holistic manner. This was accomplished by conducting in-depth interviews (N = 20) with diverse participants. Thematic coding of the data revealed that experiences of media distrust and cynicism may differ based on the audience’s political interest, motivation, and self-efficacy. Whereas general media cynicism consistently applies to all media actors indiscriminately, partisan media cynicism only affects uncongenial outlets, and ambivalent media cynicism coexists with a relatively high degree of empathy for newspersons. Participants typically assessed the trustworthiness of specific news outlets or groups of homogenous outlets, and many struggled to apply these assessments to more abstract targets (i.e., news media in general). Although participants commonly used normative terms when evaluating the media (e.g., objectivity, accuracy, and neutrality), many infused such terms with their own biases, indicating a gap between academic and lay understandings of professionalism and trustworthiness of the media. In some cases, participants strongly relied on their self-efficacy instead of media trust, indicating that some audiences perceive much more control over public information than is recognized in the literature. Finally, practices relating to audiences’ media repertoires, news avoidance, and news engagement were found to vary based on the expressions of media distrust and cynicism. Importantly, the findings indicated that under certain conditions, media cynicism could lead to disruptive civic behaviors. The findings of this dissertation have important theoretical and practical implications. In order to more precisely describe the characteristics of the crisis in audience-media relationships and understand its causes and consequences, future studies should include media cynicism when analyzing media perceptions. Moreover, this dissertation provides analytical tools that can help media practitioners and civic educators to formulate promising solutions to counter the public’s growing discontent with the media and forge democracy-supporting audience-media relationships.
... ilişkilerin niteliği ve profesyoneller arası ilişkilerin kalitesini tanımlamak için kullanılmakta olan bir kavramdır. Bu yüzden bu kavram bir ihtiyaç, bir zorunluluk ve bir erdem olarak düşünülmektedir (Pelenk Özel, 2011;Kramer & Lewicki, 2010;Hupcey et al., 2001). İnsan ilişkilerinin uzun ve sağlıklı olabilmesi için gerekli bir unsur olan güven, hayatımızın her alanında kendimiz ve çevremizdekiler açısından önem taşımaktadır (Şenturan, 2014). ...
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Bu bölümde pandemi dönemlerinde güvenin sağlık hizmetlerine sunumunda önemi tartışılmaktadır. Güven, korku, çekinme ve şüphe duymadan muhataba inanma ya da ona karşı geliştirilen bağlanma duygusudur ve çeşitli alt boyutlardan ya da bileşenlerden oluşmaktadır. Güven duygusu sağlandığında sağlık hizmetleri sunucusunun önerileri hasta ya da hasta yakınları tarafından daha dikkatli bir şekilde uygulanmaktadır. Bu durum pandemi dönemlerinde daha da önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu dönemlerde özellikle hükümete, sağlık sistemine ve medyaya olan güven öne çıkmaktadır. Çünkü toplumun pandemi döneminde hükümet ya da sağlık sistemine olan güveni salgına karşı daha hassas davranmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu hassasiyette medyaya olan güven olumlu ya da olumsuz yönde etkileme gücüne sahiptir. Dolayısıyla pandemi dönemlerinde toplumun güvenini kazanmaya yönelik çalışmalar daha da önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada güven kavramı ve boyutları açıklandıktan sonra, hükümete, sağlık sistemine ve medyaya olan güven Covid-19 ve daha önce ortaya çıkan salgın örnekleri ile tartışılmaktadır.
... ilişkilerin niteliği ve profesyoneller arası ilişkilerin kalitesini tanımlamak için kullanılmakta olan bir kavramdır. Bu yüzden bu kavram bir ihtiyaç, bir zorunluluk ve bir erdem olarak düşünülmektedir (Pelenk Özel, 2011;Kramer & Lewicki, 2010;Hupcey et al., 2001). İnsan ilişkilerinin uzun ve sağlıklı olabilmesi için gerekli bir unsur olan güven, hayatımızın her alanında kendimiz ve çevremizdekiler açısından önem taşımaktadır (Şenturan, 2014). ...
Chapter
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Hastaların hastane tercihi uzun yıllardır çalışılan bir konudur. Uzun yıllardır çalışılsa dahi konuya ilişkin akademisyenlerin bir uzlaşısının olmadığı görülmektedir. Bunun sebepleri arasında çalışılan olgunun hastanın özelliklerine, hastanenin özelliklerine, içerisinde yer aldığı sağlık sisteminin özelliklerine ve zamana göre değişebilmesidir. Hastane tercihinde önemli görülen hasta özellikleri, hastanın yaşı, gelir durumu, deneyimi, duyumları, hastalığın türü ve şiddeti olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Hastane özellikleri ise hizmet sunum kalitesi ile hastanenin konumu, büyüklüğü ve sunduğu hizmet türlerinden oluşmaktadır. Covid 19 pandemi süresince hastaların hastane tercihinin değiştiği görülmektedir. Bu değişim hem hastaların ve hastalık özelliklerinden oluşmakta hem de hastaneye ilişkin bir takım özelliklerden meydana gelmektedir. Son olarak pandemi koşullarında zaman zaman şehirlerarası ulaşımın kapatılması veya hastanelerin pandemi hastanelerin dönüştürülmesi ile hastaların tercihini etkilemektedir. Bu bölümde genel olarak hastane tercihi kavramını ve tercih ilişkili değişkenler ele alınacaktır. Son olarak hastaların Covid 19 pandemi sürecinde hastane tercihine olan etkilerinden bahsedilecektir.
... ilişkilerin niteliği ve profesyoneller arası ilişkilerin kalitesini tanımlamak için kullanılmakta olan bir kavramdır. Bu yüzden bu kavram bir ihtiyaç, bir zorunluluk ve bir erdem olarak düşünülmektedir (Pelenk Özel, 2011;Kramer & Lewicki, 2010;Hupcey et al., 2001). İnsan ilişkilerinin uzun ve sağlıklı olabilmesi için gerekli bir unsur olan güven, hayatımızın her alanında kendimiz ve çevremizdekiler açısından önem taşımaktadır (Şenturan, 2014). ...
... Trust is an indescribable concept, and in trusting health-care professionals, patients believe that their insight is related to the management, which is inferior to that of the professionals, who will beneficially use their knowledge [23] : "I'll take the suggestion of my doctor, whom I trust completely" (Participant 3). ...
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Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cultural, psychological, and religious influences on the choice of autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetic bone products for the grafting procedure and with implant placement. Materials and methods: A qualitative methodology was employed, using the principles of the constant comparative method of the grounded theory; to investigate how people perceive and understand their experiences regarding the graft materials in implant dentistry. The data were collected using detailed qualitative interviews, till saturation was achieved, from 10 patients. Results: The three main themes that emerged in the analysis were: (a) grafting material preference, (b) religious and psychological influences, and (c) trust the doctor and cost influences. The three themes that emerged seemed to be interrelated. There were many statements of preference or rejection of choice based on religious, cultural, and psychological influences. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, three themes emerged and they indicated that the influence on the grafting material's choice is unique to every individual; it also shares similarities, based on common religious and cultural values.
... Trust is a rather ambiguous concept mainly because its meaning differs in "everyday" language and in the vocabulary of different scientific disciplines (Hupcey et al., 2001). As there is no shared definition of trust, several theoretical paradigms (e.g. ...
Article
Purpose The paper discusses the predictors of trust in the institutions and people involved in crisis management at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. Trust in institutions might be a key factor in the way countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic deal with the crisis as people might be more willing to accept the restrictions and rules imposed if they trust the key institutions and people involved in managing the pandemic. The paper provides recommendations for key stakeholders to increase trust in people and institutions in times of crisis. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw evidence from a national online panel survey ( N = 1,160) to investigate the main predictors of trust in this context. Findings The main results indicate that trust in institutions is positively correlated with news consumption and personal discussions about the pandemic, perceived incidence of COVID-19 fake news, belief in conspiracy theories and uncertainty about the future of the country. Originality/value To the best of the knowledge, this study is one of the few papers investigating the predictors of trust in the institutions and people involved in managing the current pandemic in a country in the Central and Eastern European region.
... [1][2][3][4][5][6] Numerous studies have examined the HIS behavior of individuals; for instance, some studies primarily explored predictors of HIS in the context of health promotion, prevention, and self-care, 7 and other studies investigated why and how individuals seek health information and what types of information sources they use. 4,8 For example, Lambert and Loiselle 4 explored the concept of HIS by conducting a comprehensive literature review and found that it had been ap-plied in various circumstances such as in preventive behavior and behavioral change, clinical decisionmaking, and managing health-related problems. Exploring the concept indicates that individuals with health concerns or needs may be more likely to engage in seeking answers to their questions related to health conditions or symptoms. ...
Article
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Objective: Health information-seeking is an essential component of health-related behavior and decision-making. Access to personal health records (PHRs), offered by healthcare providers, is an essential tool to access health information. However, little is known about predictive factors of use of PHRs as a medium of health information among women. In this study, we explored health information-seeking’s decision processes through PHRs among middle-aged and older women susceptible to developing breast cancer. Methods: We used data from the 2014 Health Information National Trends Survey in the United States and employed a 2-part Hurdle model. The study sample included 1159 women aged 40 to 75 years. Results: The Hurdle estimation found that health information-seeking through PHRs consists of 2 distinct decision processes: (1) the use of PHRs and (2) the frequency of use; different sets of factors are associated with each decision process. Women’s demographic characteristics were found to be the primary factors for PHR use. In contrast, socioeconomic factors, salience, self-efficacy, and general health status were more likely to be the main factors affecting the frequency of use. Conclusions: Based on the findings, providing greater access to PHRs to women, particularly those with health needs or concerns, should be considered by policymakers. Additionally, the issue of the digital divide in PHR use should be addressed.
... Despite recognition of the importance of trust in CHWs, as well as its conceptual maturity [14] in LMICs, there are no existing measures of trust in CHWs. Similar to qualitative research described earlier, existing trust scales focus mainly on client trust in facility-based providers or in health systems, in higher income countries [7,[15][16][17]. ...
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Background: Client trust in community health workers (CHWs) is integral for improving quality and equity of community health systems globally. Despite its recognized conceptual and pragmatic importance across health areas, there are no quantitative measures of trust in the context of community health services. In this multi-country study, we aimed to develop and validate a scale that assesses trust in CHWs. Methods: To develop the scale, we used a consultative process to conceptualize and adapt items and domains from prior literature to the CHW context. Content validity and comprehension of scale items were validated through 10 focus group discussions with 75 community members in Haiti, and Kenya. We then conducted 1939 surveys with clients who interacted with CHWs recently in Bangladesh (n = 1017), Haiti (n = 616), and Kenya (n = 306). To analyze the 15 candidate scale items we conducted a split sample exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis (EFA/CFA), and then assessed internal consistency reliability of resulting set of items. Finally, we assessed convergent validity via multivariable models examining associations between final scale scores with theoretically related constructs. Results: Factor analyses resulted in a 10-item Trust in CHWs Scale with two factors (sub-scales): Health care competence (5 items) and Respectful communication (5 items). The qualitative data also underscored these two sub-domains. The full scale had good internal consistency reliability in Bangladesh, Haiti and Kenya (alphas 0.87, 0.86, and 0.92, respectively; all alphas for subscales were also > 0.7, most > 0.8). Greater scores on Trust in CHWs were positively associated with increased client empowerment, familiarity with CHWs, satisfaction with recent client-CHW interaction, and positive influence of CHW on client empowerment. Scale scores were not influenced by the age, sex, parity, education, and wealth quintiles in across countries and may be affected by contextual factors. Conclusions: The Trust in CHWs Scale, which includes Health care competence and Respectful communication sub-scales, is the first such scale developed and validated globally. Our findings suggest this 10-item scale is a reliable and valid tool for quantifying clients' trust in CHWs, with potential utility for tracking and improving CHW and health systems performance over time.
... Some immigrant patients, on the other hand, feel compelled to trust the professional because cultural and language barriers discourage their questioning of recommendations or active involvement in their treatment (Hillen et al., 2018). Due to the reciprocity of trust, healthcare professionals must be prepared to trust the decisions and behaviours of service users rather than attempt to dictate them (Bovaird, 2007) even though this implies vulnerability and interdependency on the side of healthcare professionals (Hupcey et al., 2001). Mastering this challenge, can enhance relationships and collaboration and have a positive impact on professional well-being and satisfaction (Pellegrini, 2017). ...
Article
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Purpose Immigrant patients run a risk of receiving lower quality of care. Co-production, as the concept of how to collaboratively create valuable healthcare service for the patient, offers a new perspective that might help. The scoping review aimed at identifying and analysing factors facilitating co-production between immigrant patients and healthcare professionals. Methods We searched seven scientific databases for peer-reviewed publications of all study designs. Two reviewers independently screened the publications for eligibility and performed data extraction. Data were analysed by applying an inductive, interpretive approach for data synthesis. Results Fifteen publications were included for analysis. We identified six factors hat facilitate co-production: 1) prioritizing co-production in the organization, 2) providing a safe environment that promotes trust and patience, 3) using a language the patient understands, 4) respecting the patient’s knowledge and priorities, 5) improvising with knowledge and courage, and 6) engaging in self-reflection. Conclusions The scoping review illustrated that co-production with immigrant patients can be successful if the system and professionals are interested and prepared. Immigrant patients could be a valuable source of information and powerful co-producers of their own health. The study contributed to a growing body of research on patient-professional co-production in healthcare and might also prove relevant for other disadvantaged patient groups.
Article
This study aimed to explore the experience of family-centered care (FCC) for high-risk infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) among their parents and healthcare providers (HCPs) using the grounded theory methodology to understand the processes and interactions involved. By employing the grounded theory approach described by Corbin and Strauss, in-depth interviews were conducted with parents and HCPs experienced in NICU settings. Participants were selected via theoretical and snowball sampling, and data were managed and analyzed concurrently using MAXQDA software. The analysis was performed through open coding, process analysis, and category integration. The analysis of the experiences of FCC for high-risk infants in the NICU produced a detailed framework involving 71 concepts, 27 subcategories, and 11 upper categories. Through process analysis and category integration, the study identified a significant process termed “Union of care” characterized by four sequential phases: [Wandering]–[Approaching with one mind]–[Becoming a harmonious team]–[Carrying on the care]. This process model underscores the dynamic and collaborative nature of FCC in the complex environment of the NICU. This study highlights the importance of dynamic interaction and mutual understanding between parents and HCPs in FCC for high-risk infants. The promotion of a cooperative approach is recommended, with a focus on open communication, respect for parental roles, and HCPs’ facilitation of parental involvement in care processes. Future research should consider larger and more diverse participant groups to broaden understanding and develop more inclusive FCC strategies.
Article
Despite the many benefits of primary healthcare, persistent disparities disproportionately impact minority groups, marked by a higher prevalence of preventative health issues among African Americans and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic White Americans. In addition, trends indicate a decline in U.S. adults having a primary care physician. Medical trust, particularly relevant in preventative care, significantly influences healthcare-seeking intentions among minoritized populations and poses a substantial barrier to women’s primary healthcare. Building on Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, this study’s purpose was to understand the influence of the waiting room environment on medical trust across different demographic groups. For this inquiry, we sampled African American, Hispanic/Latina, and non-Hispanic White women aged 18–40; groups disproportionately impacted by rising maternal mortality rates. Employing a sequential mixed-methods approach, including a questionnaire with 622 respondents and 25 interviewees, we uncovered that certain spatial characteristics and amenities, such as welcoming and calming environments, positively impact medical trust. Moreover, clear signage, well-maintained environments, and the inclusion of provider images and credentials (i.e., trust proxies) were similarly valued. Statistically significant different preferences also emerged, with African Americans prioritizing seating options, provider images, positive distractions, and the presence of ethnically similar patients at higher levels. Qualitative analysis indicated that trust proxies in the built environment had a greater impact on African Americans, while Hispanics appeared to be more influenced by person-centered characteristics. This study’s findings provide valuable guidance for those aiming to optimize waiting rooms for medical trust and, consequently, improve women’s healthcare outcomes.
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The study examined the relationship between personal dispositions, social entrepreneurial intent (SEI), and the good life in a sample of 2,000 college students in Los Angeles, Manila, Mexicali, Taipei, and Yantai. Social cognitive career theory posits that a specific career choice-in this case becoming a social entrepreneur-affects individuals' experience of the good life, and social entrepreneurial intent mediates the relationship between personal dispositions and the good life. The paper presents and empirically tests a broad conceptualization of the good life-going beyond happiness and satisfaction-to include subjective and psychological wellbeing, freedom to make life choices, quality of social relations, and pathways to reach goals. Extending the previous research, the study finds that the personal dispositions of trust, optimism, generosity, and healthy life expectancy were robust predictors of SEI, and that SEI mediated the relationship between personal dispositions and the good life. Finally, cultural context mattered; long-term orientation, low masculinity, and high indulgence partially moderated the disposition-to-SEI-to-good life relationship. A good life is a life worth living. The good life is manifested in the overall and comprehensive quality of one's life (Veenhoven, 2000; Wong, 2013). The present study sought to understand how a specific career choice-social entrepreneurship-might affect individuals' experience of the good life. The study used a broad conceptualization of the good life, rather than limiting it to happiness
Chapter
Trust is an essential component of medical care. Patients with cancer who are not able to trust a healthcare system, or its clinicians are not able to optimally reach survivorship. Patients who opt for no cancer treatment might not be exercising self-autonomy or expressing personal wishes but rather manifesting distrust or mistrust for cancer care delivery. In modern times, the systems of care that overlay advancing oncologic science and technology pride themselves on expediency and safety but run the risk of becoming transactional and impersonal. This chapter explores the history of trust in medicine, evidence of and potential reasons for its loss, what is truly meant by trust in medicine by evaluating its proper definition, the risk of trust commodification, and that restoration of trust must pay attention to relational components.
Article
Trust is an essential component of qualified nursing care and correlated with mothers’ satisfaction during child’s hospitalization. This exploratory qualitative study was conducted to gain a better understanding of trust from mothers of hospitalized children toward pediatric nurses. Data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with eight mothers with recently hospitalized children. Collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis. As a result, three themes were identified from this study: “assessing the trustworthiness of pediatric nurses,” “overcoming emotional burden caused by the child's hospitalization,” and “newly recognizing the importance of pediatric nurses.” Seven sub-themes were identified. Mothers reported guilt and stress due to their responsibility as the primary caregiver when children were hospitalized. However, mothers felt empowered and gained confidence when trusting pediatric nurses, recognizing their importance, and accepting their help. The result highlights the essential nature of the mother’s trust in pediatric nurses, which in turn facilitated emotional support and empowerment for the mothers. Based on this study's insights into the unique experiences of trust from mothers of hospitalized children, pediatric nurses can explore strategies to facilitate trust-building. Based on these findings, pediatric nurses can develop trust-building strategies, tools to assess the level of trust, and interventions to facilitate trust-building.
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Surrogate decision maker (SDM)-health care professional (HCP) trust is vital to the provision of high-quality care in the adult intensive care unit setting. This concept analysis, using Walker and Avant's methodology, examines the concept of SDM-HCP trust and provides a conceptual definition conducive to instrument development and future quantitative research into this topic. Trust in the SDM-HCP relationship exists on a spectrum and involves the voluntary placement of oneself into a position of vulnerability in relation to another party who is believed to have integrity, be reliable, and hold beneficent intent toward the truster.
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The COVID-19 pandemic caused near immediate service delivery adaptation among social service and healthcare sectors. Findings from in-depth interviews with 45 senior leaders of social services and healthcare organizations serving older adults in Washington State elucidate the role of trust in service provision at the onset of the pandemic. First, a history of trust facilitated service adaptation. Intentional outreach, programs, and culturally responsive services sustained trust with service recipients. Providing services and information in an older adult’s preferred language built trust. Community networks facilitated and reflected trust between organizations and older adults. Finally, mistrust was prevalent for clients who perceived a high risk of experiencing negative consequences from accessing services. Our findings support the need for culturally and linguistically diverse services. To improve trust, the aging network should strengthen and expand partnerships with community-based organizations who have established trust through history, intentionality, and relevance to their service populations..
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After Independence in 1984, the Sultanate of Brunei declared Melayu Islam Beraja ( MIB ) as the official state ideology. Translated as “Malay Islamic Monarchy,” this ideology is primarily interpreted through the Islamic lens and encompasses all sectors of the society. Facing the COVID -19 crisis, the government took quick and Shari’a-driven measures to contain the further import and propagation of the virus. How did faith intertwine with healthcare policy amidst COVID -19? Our ethnographic survey traces the origin of the virus in the country and the major reactions of the Islamic government in time of emergency. This archaeology of COVID -19 in the Sultanate should not ignore both the disciplinary trust in place in Brunei as well as individual reactions and ways to rely on religious materials (such as self-care healing practices, expressions of piety or calamity-releasing prayers) to eradicate the virus or protect people from it.
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Honesty and deception have unique antecedents and consequences within the context of healthcare, relative to other social contexts. While modern professional standards emphasize honesty and avoidance of deception as paramount, empirical work from clinical practice settings reveal that deception remains widespread. This paper provides an overview of the current theoretical and scientific evidence regarding the use and potential consequences of deception of patients by clinicians. This includes the evolving professional standards and the roles of therapeutic dishonesty, collaborative deception, truth and trust in medicine, informed consent, and the outcomes of deception.
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Jackeline Felix de Souza. Análise do conceito de sistematização da assistência de enfermagem: perspectiva da utilidade pragmática. Rio de Janeiro, 2021. Tese (Doutorado em Enfermagem) - Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2021. Introdução: Conceitos essenciais para a prática profissional podem nem sempre estar claros o suficiente para o uso consistente, o que parece ser o caso da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem. Esse termo ganhou visibilidade normativa a partir da publicação da Resolução 272, publicada no ano 2002, pelo Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Por conta das semelhanças com o Processo de Enfermagem estabelecidas na mencionada Resolução, foram surgindo questões sobre as semelhanças e diferentes entre os dois conceitos. No ano de 2009, uma nova Resolução foi publicada para tratar da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem estabelecendo uma diferenciação conceitual não suficientemente operacional. Nos anos subsequentes foram intensificados os debates para estabelecer com clareza os limites conceituais. Dada a clareza do conceito de Processo de Enfermagem, a inquietação primordial sobre os elementos conceituais é direcionada à Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem. Objetivo: Analisar o conceito de Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem a partir do método de análise do conceito da Utilidade Pragmática. Método: A pesquisadora desenvolveu a análise de conceito pela estratégia da Utilidade Pragmática para verificar a utilidade e obter novos insights sobre o conceito em estudo que se julga como parcialmente maduro. Os dados foram obtidos e analisados tendo por base questões analíticas, ampla revisão da literatura para extração dos dados e síntese dos resultados, por meio de reanálise da literatura. Os dados foram coletados de outubro de 2018 a dezembro de 2020 no Catálogo de Teses e dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, no Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, no Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online via PUBMED, EMBASE, na Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e no Sciverse Scopus. Foram excluídos os textos nos quais o conceito de SAE foi sinônimo de outros conceitos, e os que abordaram a temática, mas, não apresentaram definição ou características úteis à decomposição do conceito. Elaborou-se um quadro síntese composto por informações baseadas no referencial teórico-metodológico que possibilitaram graduar a maturidade do conceito. Questões de autoria foram garantidas com a menção às fontes utilizadas na pesquisa. Resultados: Quarenta e dois estudos foram analisados após aplicação dos critérios de seleção e exclusão. Foi confirmada a hipótese de que o conceito de Sistematização de Assistência de Enfermagem é um conceito científico parcialmente maduro. Frente ao princípio epistemológico, o conceito possui múltiplas definições e contém em seus atributos a ideia de organização, podendo ser este o que melhor representa o núcleo conceitual. No princípio pragmático, observou-se que se trata de conceito parcialmente operacionalizado. No princípio linguístico, verificou-se que se encontra parcialmente integrado ao contexto. Por fim, no princípio lógico, observou-se que ora o conceito se integra com outros conceitos sem sobreposição, e ora concorre com eles. Conclusão: a análise por utilidade pragmática foi capaz de identificar a maturidade parcial do conceito, verificar seus atributos e obter insight sobre a relação recursiva entre o Processo de Enfermagem e Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem.
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Objectives The experience of critical illness among patients is both complex and multifaceted. It can make patients vulnerable to long-term consequences such as impairment in cognition, mental health and physical functional ability which affects health related quality of life. This study aims to explore patients’ patterns of behaviour during the process from becoming critical ill to recovery at home. Design We used a classic grounded theory methodology to explore the main concern for intensive care patients. Thirteen participants were interviewed and seven different participants were observed. Setting Three general intensive care units in Sweden, consisting of a university hospital, a county hospital and a district hospital. Findings The theory Stabilizing life explains how patients’ main concern, being out of control, can be resolved. This theory involves two processes, recapturing life and recoding life, and one underlying strategy, emotional balancing that is used during the whole process. Conclusion The process from becoming critically ill until recovery home is perceived as a constant fight in actions and mind to achieve control and stabilize life. This theory can form the basis for further qualitative and quantitative research about interventions that promotes wellbeing during the whole process.
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The Covid-19 pandemic caused great damage to economies around the world when many countries stopped international trade and adopted social distance; but, this is also an opportunity for electronic commerce to boom. Many online businesses continued to thrive, even though, got better performance than before the pandemic happens. The biggest task of online sellers is to build customer trust in this non-person-to-person transaction. This research aims to synthesize the trustworthiness of online sellers through qualitative research. In-depth interviews were conducted with the participation of 16 respondents. As a result, four factors that belong to an online business are the premise of trust: integrity, competence, benevolence, and security on the electronic commerce website. Simultaneously, research also proposed some managerial implications for online businesses to increase customer trust and trustworthiness.
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This descriptive study aimed to increase knowledge of the influence of trust that Alzheimer's patients place in the practitioner in art therapy through the care process. Persons diagnosed with Alzheimer's neurodegenerative diseases may use a non-pharmacological supportive activity in healthcare to increase self-esteem and decrease anxiety. French modern art therapy has been developed for this purpose as a sensory stimulation intervention giving an increase in feeling pleasurable sensations. This therapy requires from such patients a trust-based relationship with the therapist in order to better commit to the activity. This case study is an attempt to examine the importance of interpersonal trust built into the therapeutic relationship. Based on the person-centred approach developed by Carl Rogers, the aim of this paper is to explore how the empathic-based therapist's behaviour can help the patient to develop self-confidence from trust he placed in this therapist in order to better commit to the activity. An observational grid established from a model using love of self, self-confidence, assertiveness and trust. Field observations showed that trust represented about 40% of the variability in the self-esteem model. An empathic-based approach can considerably help the patient to develop trust. Thus, built trust between severe-stage Alzheimer's patients and the art therapist is regarded as essential in the context of this study. Trust reactivates self-confidence, which provokes a physical engagement in the art making, engagement regarded as key for art-therapeutic activity because the art making ultimately will lead to a decrease in anxiety. This is particularly noticeable at the beginning of the process at least during the first sessions (five in average in this study for elderly women diagnosed with Alzheimers) when the built interpersonal trust strengthens the therapeutic relationship. For the art therapists working with Alzheimer's disease people, this study recommends first increasing the empathic approach of practitioners to help the patient to develop trust. It also suggests better efficiency in the healthcare process when using a person-centred approach such as that established by Carl Rogers. The Rogers approach, as well as his dynamics of change theory, can apply to severe-stage neurodegenerative disease people and help the reactivation of patients’ self-confidence. Such an approach is recommended at the beginning of the care process, and then must be released when the patients express assertiveness. Empathy as well as absence of judgment facilitate aesthetic expression and creativity.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations among depressive symptoms, trust of healthcare provider, and health behavior in adolescents who live in a rural area. Two hundred twenty-four adolescents aged 14–19 years old attending public high school in the Midwestern United States were surveyed. Results showed a diagnosis of depression, trust of healthcare provider, health awareness, and stress management predicted depressive symptoms in adolescents living in a rural area. Healthcare providers should take extra care to promote trust in the healthcare provider-patient relationship with adolescents and to follow guidelines for annual screening of adolescents for depressive symptoms. Nursing implications include adolescent psychoeducation to improve health awareness and stress management.
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Three studies were undertaken to investigate the relation between loneliness ant interpersonal trust. Study 1 revealed that college students' loneliness was negatively correlated with trust beliefs on Rotter's Interpersonal Trust scale. Also, students who scored low on loneliness displayed an increase in trusting behavior across reciprocated trials in a Prisoner's Dilemma game whereas students scoring high in loneliness did not display a similar increase in trusting behavior. Study 2 revealed that students' loneliness was negatively correlated with their: (a) emotional trust and reliability trust in close peers; (b) belief that they were trusted, in terms of disclosure receptivity and social responsibility, by their close peers; and (c) ratings of the trusting and quality of relationships with close peers
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Context Few data are available regarding how patients view the role of primary care physicians as "gatekeepers" in managed care systems.Objective To determine the extent to which patients value the role of their primary care physicians as first-contact care providers and coordinators of referrals, whether patients perceive that their primary care physicians impede access to specialists, and whether problems in gaining access to specialists are associated with a reduction in patients' trust and confidence in their primary care physicians.Design, Setting, and Patients Cross-sectional survey mailed in the fall of 1997 to 12,707 adult patients who were members of managed care plans and received care from 10 large physician groups in California. The response rate among eligible patients was 71%. A total of 7718 patients (mean age, 66.7 years; 32% female) were eligible for analysis.Main Outcome Measures Questionnaire items addressed 3 main topics: (1) patient attitudes toward the first-contact and coordinating role of their primary care physicians, (2) patients' ratings of their primary care physicians (trust and confidence in and satisfaction with), and (3) patient perceptions of barriers to specialty referrals. Referral barriers were analyzed as predictors of patients' ratings of their physicians.Results Almost all patients valued the role of a primary care physician as a source of first-contact care (94%) and coordinator of referrals (89%). Depending on the specific medical problem, 75% to 91% of patients preferred to seek care initially from their primary care physicians rather than specialists. Twenty-three percent reported that their primary care physicians or medical groups interfered with their ability to see specialists. Patients who had difficulty obtaining referrals were more likely to report low trust (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-3.5), low confidence (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-2.9), and low satisfaction (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.6-4.2 ) with their primary care physicians.Conclusions Patients value the first-contact and coordinating role of primary care physicians. However, managed care policies that emphasize primary care physicians as gatekeepers impeding access to specialists undermine patients' trust and confidence in their primary care physicians. Figures in this Article High-quality primary care is the foundation of effective and efficient health care systems. Essential elements of the practice of primary care include accessibility as the first-contact point of entry to the health care system, continuity, comprehensiveness, coordination of referrals, and understanding of the family and community context of health.1- 6 Managed care organizations in the United States have tended to emphasize 2 of these tasks: providing first-contact care and coordinating referrals. Physicians performing these tasks are often referred to as "gatekeepers."7- 8 This term frequently has pejorative connotations in the United States due to concerns that the cost-containment imperatives of managed care encourage primary care physicians to restrict rather than facilitate access to specialists and other referral services. In 1997, almost half of all privately insured patients in major metropolitan regions throughout the United States were in "gatekeeping arrangements in which their primary care physician controls their access to specialists."9 The role of managed care gatekeepers in the United States has been especially contentious because of the use of economic incentives that may financially reward primary care physicians for thrifty use of referral and hospital services.10- 11 A recent study found that dissatisfaction with access to specialty care was the strongest predictor of patients' intention to leave managed care plans.12 Concern about restricted access to specialists and other referral services has contributed to a mounting public backlash against managed care.13- 14 Public confidence in primary care physicians in the United States may become a casualty of this backlash if patients come to view primary care physicians as mere instruments for impeding access to specialists. Some managed care plans have reacted to the backlash by offering policies that allow patients direct access to specialists. Legislative proposals at both the national and state levels, commonly referred to as patient bills of rights, often feature regulations to permit patients to circumvent their primary care physicians when seeking specialty services.13,15 Critics of these proposals worry that direct access measures may undermine the beneficial aspects of primary care physicians as coordinators of specialty services. Limited research suggests that primary care physicians themselves have considerable ambivalence about their role as gatekeepers in managed care systems.16- 20 However, little is known about how patients view the role of primary care physicians as coordinators of care. We investigated patient attitudes toward the involvement of their primary care physicians in access to specialty care. Our specific objectives were to determine the extent to which patients valued the role of their primary care physicians as first-contact providers and coordinators of referral services, whether patients perceived that their primary care physicians or medical groups impeded access to specialty care in managed care systems, and whether problems in gaining access to specialty care were associated with a reduction in patients' trust and confidence in their primary care physicians.
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This study addressed the nature and functioning of relationships of interpersonal trust among managers and professionals in organizations, the factors influencing trust's development, and the implications of trust for behavior and performance. Theoretical foundations were drawn from the sociological literature on trust and the social-psychological literature on trust in close relationships. An initial test of the proposed theoretical framework was conducted in a field setting with 194 managers and professionals.
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in this chapter we will examine the development and impact of trust in the context of close relationships we will begin with a definition of trust and a discussion of its roots in individuals' interpersonal histories we will go on to explore the development of trust in intimate relationships, emphasizing how its foundations are colored by the seminal experiences that mark different stages of interdependence we will then consider the various states of trust that can evolve and their consequences for people's emotions and perceptions in established relationships (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Tested a theoretical model of interpersonal trust in close relationships with 47 dating, cohabiting, or married couples (mean ages were 31 yrs for males and 29 yrs for females). The validity of the model's 3 dimensions of trust—predictability, dependability, and faith—was examined. Ss completed scales designed to measure liking and loving, trust, and motivation for maintaining the relationship. An analysis of the instrument measuring trust was consistent with the notion that the predictability, dependability, and faith components represent distinct and coherent dimensions. The perception of intrinsic motives in a partner emerged as a dimension, as did instrumental and extrinsic motives. As expected, love and happiness were closely tied to feelings of faith and the attribution of intrinsic motivation to both self and partner. Women appeared to have more integrated, complex views of their relationships than men: All 3 forms of trust were strongly related, and attributions of instrumental motives in their partners seemed to be self-affirming. There was a tendency for Ss to view their own motives as less self-centered and more exclusively intrinsic than their partner's motives. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Developed scales to assess one individual's trust in another in meaningful interpersonal relationships. For males, the scale included factors of reliableness, emotional trust, and general trust. For females, similar but not identical reliableness and emotional trust factors emerged. The scales demonstrated adequate reliability and were discriminable from the related constructs of liking and love. In Exp I, 435 undergraduates' responses on the Reliableness subscale varied appropriately as a function of the reliable or nonreliable behavior of the target person. In Exp II, 84 undergraduates' responses on the Emotional Trust subscale varied appropriately when the target person either betrayed or did not betray a confidence. In both experiments, the appropriate subscale was more sensitive to experimental manipulations than were the other trust subscales, attesting to the discriminant validity of the trust factors. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Describes results of a program of research on interpersonal trust, defined as belief in social communications. Construction of a scale for measuring individual differences, construct validity studies, and investigations of antecedents of trust, correlates of trust, and changes of college student trust are included. The evidence supports the hypothesis of (a) stable individual differences in a generalized expectancy for interpersonal trust, and (b) the feasibility of studying such trust under a variety of conditions. (29 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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While the cooperate vs. defect choice in the prisoner's dilemma is not an appropriate paradigm for the study of trust and trusting behavior, the play vs. not play choiceis. We show that femalesas a category are more trusted to cooperate — by both male and female judges — than males. Yet neither male nor female judges use gender to predict cooperation from particular individuals (trust) or as a criterion for choosing to play (trusting behavior) when they have the option of not playing particular prisoner's dilemma games. Further, in our experimental context, female and male did not differ in their cooperation rates. We speculate (a) that subjects' generalized expectations are a response to gender-based role differences outside the laboratory, (b) that subjects' failure to make individual-by-individual discriminations by gender is a response to the fact that the experimental context made such natural-world roles irrelevant, and (c) that our findings about the irrelevance of genderper se in trusting relationships will be true for other social categoriesper se.
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Theoretical writings on trust and interorganizational collaboration have neglected the measurement aspects of trust. Defining trust as an individual′s behavioral reliance on another person under a condition of risk, we developed and tested the construct validity of a questionnaire measure that assessed trust between the individuals who provide the linking mechanism across organizational boundaries, namely, boundary role persons (BRPs). The measure′s hypothesized multidimensionality was examined. The measure was tested in relation to a nomological network comprised of individual-level correlates based on Ajzen and Fishbein′s (1980) theory of reasoned action and dyad-level correlates regarding the longevity of the relationship between BRPs, the anticipated future longevity of their relationship, and their ability to manage conflict. Survey and archival data were used. Support for the measure′s construct validity came from individual-level confirmatory factor analyses. Further support came from analyses of individual-level and dyad-level correlates. Implications for the measure′s use in future theory testing on BRP trust and interorganizational collaboration are discussed.
Article
Numerous researchers have proposed that trust is essential for understanding interpersonal and group behavior, managerial effectiveness, economic exchange and social or political stability, yet according to a majority of these scholars, this concept has never been precisely defined. This article reviews definitions from various approaches within organizational theory, examines the consistencies and differences, and proposes that trust is based upon an underlying assumption of an implicit moral duty. This moral duty—an anomaly in much of organizational theory—has made a precise definition problematic. Trust also is examined from philosophical ethics, and a synthesis of the organizational and philosophical definitions that emphasizes an explicit sense of moral duty and is based upon accepted ethical principles of analysis is proposed. This new definition has the potential to combine research from the two fields of study in important areas of inquiry.
Article
Although trust is an underdeveloped concept in sociology, promising theoretical formulations are available in the recent work of Luhmann and Barber. This sociological version complements the psychological and attitudinal conceptualizations of experimental and survey researchers. Trust is seen to include both emotional and cognitive dimensions and to function as a deep assumption underwriting social order. Contemporary examples such as lying, family exchange, monetary attitudes, and litigation illustrate the centrality of trust as a sociological reality.
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Social trust in health care organizations and interpersonal trust in physicians may be mutually supportive, but they also diverge in important ways. The success of medical care depends most importantly on patients' trust that their physicians are competent, take appropriate responsibility and control, and give their patients' welfare the highest priority. Utilization review and structural arrangements in managed care potentially challenge trust in physicians by restricting choice, contradicting medical decisions and control, and restricting open communication with patients. Gatekeeping and incentives to limit care also raise serious trust issues. We argue that managed care plans rather than physicians should be required to disclose financial arrangements, that limits be placed on incentives that put physicians at financial risk, and that professional norms and public policies should encourage clear separation of interests of physicians from health plan organization and finance.(JAMA. 1996;275:1693-1697)
Article
Context.— Trust is the cornerstone of the patient-physician relationship. Payment methods that place physicians at financial risk have raised concerns about patients' trust in physicians to act in patients' best interests.Objective.— To evaluate the extent to which methods of physician payment are related to patient trust.Design.— Cross-sectional telephone interview survey done between January and June 1997.Setting.— Health plans of a large national insurer in Atlanta, Ga, the Baltimore, Md–Washington, DC, area, and Orlando, Fla.Participants.— A total of 2086 adult managed care and indemnity patients.Main Outcome Measure.— A 10-item scale (α=.94) assessing patients' trust in physicians.Results.— More fee-for-service (FFS) indemnity patients (94%) completely or mostly trust their physicians to "put their health and well-being above keeping down the health plan's costs" than salary (77%), capitated (83%), or FFS managed care patients (85%) (P<.001 for pairwise comparisons). In multivariate analyses that adjusted for potentially confounding factors, FFS indemnity patients also had higher scores on the 10-item trust scale than salary (P<.001), capitated (P<.001), or FFS managed care patients (P<.01). The effects of payment method on patient trust were reduced when a measure based on patients' reports about physician behavior (eg, Does your physician take enough time to answer your questions?) was included in the regression analyses, but the differences remained statistically significant, except for the comparison between FFS managed care and FFS indemnity patients (P=.08). Patients' perceptions of how their physicians were paid were not independently associated with trust, but the 37.7% who said they did not know how their physicians were paid had higher levels of trust than other patients (P<.01). A total of 30.2% of patients were incorrect about their physicians' method of payment.Conclusions.— Most patients trusted their physicians, but FFS indemnity patients have higher levels of trust than salary, capitated, or FFS managed care patients. Patients' reports of physician behavior accounted for part of the variation in patients' trust in physicians who are paid differently. The impact of payment methods on patient trust may be mediated partly by physician behavior.
Article
This concept analysis includes the definition, characteristics, boundaries, preconditions, and outcomes of the concept of trust between the family and health care provider. Based on the results of this concept analysis, trust between the family and health care provider is defined as a process, consisting of varying levels, that evolves over time and is based on mutual intention, reciprocity, and expectations. These six characteristics of trust between family and health care provider were identified regardless of patient age, patient condition, health care provider, health care situation, and health care setting. Trust between family and health care provider is important as its development and attainment has significant effects on the family and health care provider relationship, family and health care provider communication, family involvement and support of treatment recommendations, and patient and family benefits. Further research is needed to strengthen our understanding of trust between family and health care provider.
Article
Aim The aim of this study was to understand how people evaluate and make sense of their experience of hospital care. Method Narrative interviews were conducted with 18 patients between 4–6 weeks after an episode of inpatient care or day surgery. Participants were deliberately sampled from a population who participated in a hospital-wide audit which took place during 1 week in June 1995. Sampling criteria ensured a mix of age, gender, type of, and reason for, admission. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using grounded theory. Findings Three categories: ‘feeling informed’, ‘valued as an individual’, and ‘at home’ contributed to a core category: ‘building confidence, faith and trust’. Notably, confidence and trust were determined as much by observations of the care given to other people, as the care the participants themselves had received. Conclusions More attention needs to be given to understanding the complex social and reflective process which underpin patient judgements about quality of care.
Article
The advent of AIDS has had such a deep-reaching effect on the international haemophilia community that one can make a reasonable distinction between a pre-AIDS and a post-AIDS era in haemophilia management. In the context of counselling, however, talking about a ‘before’ and an ‘after’ in haemophilia does not (and, in our opinion, should not) necessarily imply a separation of the past from the present. Dealing with the psycho-social implications of haemophilia and HIV infection does not mean focusing exclusively on HIV-generated problems at the expense of haemophilia-related issues. Since the HIV crisis, counselling has posed the multiple challenge of: (a) assessing and alleviating the more immediate emotional effects of HIV infection; (b) paying due attention to the underlying influence of haemophilia on reaction, defence and coping; (c) formulating a flexible approach that is based on close cooperation with the medical staff and effective interpersonal communication with the counsellees.† In practice, the flexibility and effectiveness of the counselling model are promoted by means of: (a) ongoing counselling, (b) multiple counselling sites (i.e. the Haemophilia Centre and other appropriate locations), (c) interdisciplinary team-work, (d) respect for individual/ ethnic values, (e) maintenance of exo-empathy (i.e. neutrality), and (f) transfer of coping skills. The above framework can help maximize the effectiveness of counselling sessions through a personalized rapport of mutual trust and confidence between the counselling team and the counsellees.
Article
The nature and quality of parent-professional relationships in two contrasting illness situations was explored in this study. Results are based on a secondary analysis of 32 families in which a child had diabetes and 20families in which a child had life-threatening illness. Data analysis revealed three patterns of decision making across parents in the two illness situations: dependent, independent, and collaborative. These patterns varied in terms of the nature and amount of reliance on health care professionals. In addition, parental expectations of providers, placement of trust, and information exchange also varied and served to further define group differences.
Article
A new conceptualization of trust is presented, drawing from the game theory, credibility, and sensitivity training literatures. It is argued that trust occurs only in interpersonal relationships having specified characteristics and that the cognitive state of trust must be differentiated from trusting behaviors. An individual's cognitive state of trust involves his perceiving another person as knowledgeable of the nature of the contingency between them, competent to perform his intended acts, and motivated to prevent the trusting person from receiving unacceptably negative outcomes in their relationship. Trusting behaviors occur in a variety of forms but share the characteristics of increasing the individual's vulnerability to the other.
Article
Ten conditions of trust were suggested by 84 interviews of managers, and two previous studies of managerial trust. Statements made in the interviews and the studies were used to develop a content theory of trust conditions and derive scales measuring them. The scales were generated with an iterative procedure using a total of 1531 management students. The scales were assessed for homogeneity, reliability, and validity with several samples: 180 managers and 173 of their subordinates, 111 machine operators, and four different samples of management students (n = 380, n = 129, n = 290, and n = 132). Construct validity was supported by showing that the scale measures behaved as hypothesized with respect to measures of other variables, a manipulation of expectations, and the reciprocity of trust in vertical dyads.
Article
Numerous researchers have proposed that trust is essential for understanding interpersonal and group behavior, managerial effectiveness, economic exchange and social or political stability, yet according to a majority of these scholars, this concept has never been precisely defined. This article reviews definitions from various approaches within organizational theory, examines the consistencies and differences, and proposes that trust is based upon an underlying assumption of an implicit moral duty. This moral duty-an anomaly in much of organizational theory-has made a precise definition problematic. Trust also is examined from philosophical ethics, and a synthesis of the organizational and philosophical definitions that emphasizes an explicit sense of moral duty and is based upon accepted ethical principles of analysis is proposed. This new definition has the potential to combine research from the two fields of study in important areas of inquiry.
Article
Scholars in various disciplines have considered the causes, nature, and effects of trust. Prior approaches to studying trust are considered, including characteristics of the trustor, the trustee, and the role of risk. A definition of trust and a model of its antecedents and outcomes are presented, which integrate research from multiple disciplines and differentiate trust from similar constructs. Several research propositions based on the model are presented.
Article
Determined whether interpersonal trust moderates effects of life stress. 170 undergraduates were administered the Life Experiences Survey, Interpersonal Trust Scale, and Cornell Medical Index. Results show that Ss scoring low in trust had higher stress scores and reported more emotional and physical distress. Feelings of trust were related to feelings of control over one's own life and interpersonal affairs. It is concluded that the restoration of a sense of trust, the goal of most schools of psychotherapy, is justified. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Objectives. To further validate and assess the reliability and validity of the Trust in Physician Scale. Methods. Consecutive adult patients (n = 414) from 20 community-based, primary care practices were enrolled in a prospective, 6-month study. At enrollment, subjects completed the 11-item Trust in Physician Scale plus measures of demographics, preferences for care, and satisfaction with care received from the physician. Continuity, satisfaction with care, and self-reported adherence to treatment were measured at 6 months. Reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity were assessed using correlation coefficients and analysis of variance techniques. Results. The Trust in Physician Scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .89) and good 1-month test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .77). As expected, trust increased with the length of the relationship and was higher among patients who actively chose their physician, who preferred more physician involvement, and who expected their physician to care for a larger proportion of their problems (P < 0.001 for all associations). Baseline trust predicted continuity with the physician, self-reported adherence to medication, and satisfaction at 6 months after adjustment for gender, age, education, length of the relationship, active choice of the physician, and preferences for care. After additional adjustment for baseline satisfaction with physician care, trust remained a significant predictor of continuity, adherence, and satisfaction. Conclusions. The Trust in Physician Scale has desirable psychometric characteristics and demonstrates construct and predictive validity. It appears to be related to, but still distinct from, patient satisfaction with the physician and, thus, provides a valuable additional measure for assessment of the quality of the patient-physician relationship.
Article
This study examined the relationship of trust to self-disclosure. A measure of individualized trust was developed and used in conjunction with a multidimensional measure of disclosure to reassess the relationship between the two. A modest, linear relationship between individualized trust and various dimensions of self-disclosure was discovered. Moreover, a higher level of trust (as opposed to lesser trust as well as distrust) was found to be associated with more consciously intended disclosure and a greater amount of disclosure.
Article
This paper draws upon sociological theory to demonstrate that the manufacture and deployment of trust is an integral part of the function of complex systems such as health care. The discussion begins by identifying the error within the nursing literature which arises from a rather technical conceptualization of trust. This tends to limit the dimensions to trust which is established, and fails to recognize that trust may be subject to competition and conflict. The paper continues by drawing upon the work of two theorists, Niklas Luhmann and Susan P. Shapiro, to demonstrate how trust functions within systems such as health care and the mechanisms through which it is controlled. The title of this paper, ‘Towards a politics of trust’, identifies that this is merely the first stage in the analysis. Further stages are necessary which analyse the ways in which power is exercised in the conflict for control within discrete elements of the system.
Article
In the nursing literature trust has been identified as a foundation for a therapeutic relationship between nurse and health care consumer. It is through such a relationship that nurses can help effect needed changes in an individual's patterns of health behaviour. Several authors have described when trust is occurring, but few have attempted to define trust. In this paper trust is analysed, its critical attributes identified, and a theoretical definition given. Model, borderline, related, contrary, and illegitimate cases of trust are constructed. Antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents are also presented. The writer also makes recommendations regarding further study.
Article
One of the roles of qualitative enquiry is the utilization of qualitative methods for the development, refinement or modification of concepts Yet, to date, there are no criteria for evaluating the adequacy of a concept In this paper, the anatomy of a concept is presented, methods of concept analysis critiqued, and criteria for evaluation of the level of maturity of a concept suggested Evaluation of criteria include assessment of the definition of the concept, the characteristics of the concept, the conceptual preconditions and outcomes, and the conceptual boundaries The authors argue that evaluation of a concept must necessarily precede concept development research (using a Wilsoman-derived method, a critical analysis of the literature, or qualitative enquiry) and precede more formal research procedures (such as operationalization or identification of the variables)
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This paper examines the phenomenon of trust in health care relationships from a new perspective, that of the recipients of care for chronic illness. The authors argue that reciprocal trust is a necessary component of satisfying, effective health care relationships when the illness is of an ongoing nature. From the patient's perspective, reciprocal trust has a significant impact on the experience of being a receiver of health care and on the development of competency with illness management. Because of this, the authors claim that it is imperative for health care professionals to alter their traditional beliefs with regard to sick role and trust. With a new perspective, they may then develop the specific skills necessary to enact the caring aspect of the service they offer. The authors offer a number of suggestions for actualizing this reciprocal trust in clinical practice.
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How do societies control trust relationships that are not embedded in structures of personal relations? This paper discusses the guardians of impersonal trust and discovers that, in the quest for agent fidelity, they create new problems. The resulting collection of procedural norms, structural constraints, entry restrictions, policing mechanisms, social-control specialists, and insurance-like arrangements increases the opportunities for abuse while it encourages less acceptable trustee performance. Moreover, this system sometimes leads people to throw good "money" after bad; they protect trust and respond to its failures by conferring even more trust. The paper explores the sources and consequences of the paradox that the guardians of trust are themselves trustees.
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The nurse-family relationship in the intensive care unit (ICU) may replace the traditional nurse-patient relationship due to the patient's compromised state. As a result, the nurse-family relationship becomes extremely important. Nurses and families may develop a relationship in which they work together to benefit the patient, or an inadequate relationship may develop. In this study, strategies used by nurses and families to either develop or inhibit the development of the nurse-family relationship were identified. Using unstructured interviews with ICU nurses and family members of ICU patients, categories of strategies were identified and behaviors described. Nurses and families perceived that they each displayed only positive behaviors yet identified inhibiting behaviors of the other. Once the behaviors were shown to nurses as secondary informants, they were able to identify with their negative behaviors. An understanding of these strategies will help nurses to reevaluate their practice and enhance their understanding of the behaviors of family members.
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The specific purpose of a study that examined interpersonal communication in ongoing nurse-nurse dyads was to ascertain the nature of the relationship between interpersonal trust and empathy in nurse-nurse interaction. Analysis of questionnaire data collected from a sample of 36 diploma school nursing instructors indicated slight correlations between specific trust and general trust and between general trust and empathy. A strong negative correlation was found between specific trust and empathy. Discussion centered on an explanation for the inverse relationship between specific trust and empathy and a proposed model for how trust functions in ongoing nurse-nurse dyads.