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... Many researchers considered individual characteristic to have an in°uence on the formation of PO (Kline and France, 1899;Ardrey, 1969;Pierce et al., 2001). Litwinski (1942Litwinski ( , 1947 suggested that the behaviour related to PO was instinct. According to preceding researches, PO can occur from both material objects and immaterial objects (Belk, 1988;Dittmar, 1992), and has an e®ect on individual behaviour (Isaacs, 1933). ...
... De¯nition and the related literature of each construct are shown in Table 2. A¯vepoint Likert-type scale (ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) was used for the measurements. (2003), Litwinski (1942Litwinski ( , 1947, Liu and Lin (2012), Pierce et al. (2001Pierce et al. ( , 2003Pierce et al. ( , 2004 (2003), Litwinski (1942Litwinski ( , 1947, Liu and Lin (2012), Pierce et al. (2001) Reputation (RPT) RPT1-RPT4 Important asset that can be used to maintain the status of an individual within a group Donath et al. (1999), Jones et al. (1997), Wasko and Faraj (2005) Reciprocity (RPC) RPC1-RPC3 Expectation by the person providing the bene¯t that the recipient will someday repay an equal amount Chen and Hung (2010), Furby (1978), Kolekofski Jr. and Heminger (2003) Enjoying Helping (EJH) EJH1-EJH4 Enjoys the challenge and grati¯cation derived from solving problems, and derives satisfaction by helping others Bandura (1977), Kollock (1999), Faraj (2000, 2005) ...
... De¯nition and the related literature of each construct are shown in Table 2. A¯vepoint Likert-type scale (ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) was used for the measurements. (2003), Litwinski (1942Litwinski ( , 1947, Liu and Lin (2012), Pierce et al. (2001Pierce et al. ( , 2003Pierce et al. ( , 2004 (2003), Litwinski (1942Litwinski ( , 1947, Liu and Lin (2012), Pierce et al. (2001) Reputation (RPT) RPT1-RPT4 Important asset that can be used to maintain the status of an individual within a group Donath et al. (1999), Jones et al. (1997), Wasko and Faraj (2005) Reciprocity (RPC) RPC1-RPC3 Expectation by the person providing the bene¯t that the recipient will someday repay an equal amount Chen and Hung (2010), Furby (1978), Kolekofski Jr. and Heminger (2003) Enjoying Helping (EJH) EJH1-EJH4 Enjoys the challenge and grati¯cation derived from solving problems, and derives satisfaction by helping others Bandura (1977), Kollock (1999), Faraj (2000, 2005) ...
The purpose of this paper is to define a model to examine information sharing behaviour from a psychological ownership perspective in an organisation. The importance of psychological ownership is emphasised in various researches as the cause of the attitude and behaviour of individuals within an organisation, and many researchers have developed and expanded the concept of psychological ownership. Despite its importance, research that examines information sharing behaviour from a psychological ownership perspective is lacking, and the results of each research show conflicting positive and negative results. In order to explain such results, this study examined the concept of psychological ownership by subdividing it into intuition-based information ownership (IBIO) and reasoning-based information ownership (RBIO) based on the prospect theory (PT). Also using the structural equation model, we examined and verified the types of information factors (cost, profits, expertise and hobbies) as leading factors. The main findings have confirmed that IBIO and RBIO have a significant related effect (i.e. the positive effect, however, RBIO has a negative effect on enjoying helping others) on information sharing motivations (reputation, controlling, enjoying helping others and reciprocity). This study supports and expands the theories of psychological ownership and information sharing to aid in the understanding of information sharing within an organisation, and provides practical insights into situations of conflicts of interest regarding information sharing.
... Building on the previous evidence for a strong desire to possess physical objects that influences human behavior, the emergence of ownership feelings towards digital service technologies should also be "spontaneously constituted as an internal need without any external influence" [28]. That is, in addition to the psychological processes connected to time and resource investment by the customer that eventually elicit proprietary feelings for a digital service, there should be an instinctive tendency of customers to hold onto such services. ...
... We posit that the differences in prevailing service characteristics (hedonic vs. utilitarian) are likely to influence the EE for digital services because the instantaneous formation of proprietary feelings for external objects is driven by people's foresight or expectations of the object's future use [28,49]. That is, people instantaneously develop proprietary feelings for an object after evaluating their future usage intentions. ...
A significant body of research has examined the importance of material possession attachment and its influence on consumer behavior. Critical questions, however, remain with regard to the extent to which, and if at all, consumers form instantaneous possession attachment in electronic commerce. In this research, we conducted one quasi- experimental field study and one scenario-based online experiment to examine the endowment effect (EE) for digital services. The current findings demonstrate that consumers become instantaneously attached to and are reluctant to give up digital services once they have obtained them. Two main explanations of the EE in electronic commerce are investigated. Critically, the results show that the psychological processes underlying the effect differ between utilitarian and hedonic digital services. Proprietary feelings towards utilitarian digital services occur due to loss aversion, whereas proprietary feelings towards hedonic digital services reflect the consumer’s conscious self- relatedness to the digital service.
... Finally, there is a school of thought that takes the middle ground by recognising the role of innate needs that develop via social interaction (e.g., Dittmar, 1992). For instance, Litwinski (1942) states that, while acts of possession can be regarded as expressing an innate need, their magnitude and direction are influenced by the social environment. Whatever their conclusions as to the origins of possessive feelings, scholars have identified four distinct individual-level motives to answer the question of why an individual wants to experience a sense of ownership. ...
... According to the third school of thought, social environment (culture etc.) can determine the strength and direction of the development of psychological ownership (cf. Litwinski, 1942). This socio-biological view echoes the ontology of critical realism and represents the perspective applied in the dissertation. ...
Customer-owned insurance companies (mutuals) are prominent actors in the insurance industry and have significantly increased in market share in the relatively recent past. However, the discussion related to mutuals lacks a systematic and multidisciplinary literature review providing a comprehensive overview of current scientific knowledge. The purpose for the paper is threefold. It categorises the existing research by year of publication, scientific journal, type of article, and type of insurance considered. Secondly, it identifies approaches and themes that capture the nature and content of the research on mutual insurance companies. Finally, it analyses how the literature has defined mutual insurance. In the process, the work critically evaluates the current status of the research on mutuals and sets out the implications for future research and work by practitioners.
... Unlike legal ownership, which is defined by specified rights recognized by society and protected by the legal system, psychological ownership refers to the feeling of ownership held in the individual's mind. Although some scholars argue that the feeling of ownership is primarily driven by our innate genetic structure that produces a primitive need to possess (Ardrey, 1966;Litwinski, 1942;McDougall, 2015), a more consensual view is that social experiences play a more dominant role in determining people's sense of ownership (Rudmin 1990a(Rudmin , 1990b. ...
Previous literature has shown that consumers often see themselves as possessing the characteristics of products they own, referring to product‐to‐self judgment effect. For example, consumers perceive themselves as more innovative after owning an innovative product. The current research identifies and demonstrates a boundary condition for this effect, showing that product anthropomorphism lowers the tendency for consumers to judge themselves in assimilation with the traits and abilities of the product. We further demonstrate that this moderating effect arises because consumers are less likely to classify anthropomorphized product into the “Self” category, for they see the product as an entity like other people. Three experiments provide supportive evidence for this moderating effect and the underlying mechanism. Overall, our research contributes to the literature by uncovering the process of how product anthropomorphism may hinder consumers from using products to express themselves, thus providing implications for promoting products that focus on enhancing consumer self‐expression.
... Some writers view the genesis of possessive feelings as an innate condition [17], while others view it as the product of socialization practices [18][19][20]. Both views led Litwinsky [21] and Dittmar [4], among others, to suggest that psychological ownership is sociobiological in nature. The root variables in Pierce et al.'s [2] model were cast as the motives (needs) that give rise to people experiencing the emergence and existence of psychological ownership. ...
While there are many empirical studies of psychological ownership, there are few that examine the origins of it. Why do people develop feelings of ownership over various entities in their lives? In this investigation we empirically explore the role played by basic psychological needs as motives for the development of job-based psychological ownership. Specifically, we hypothesize that person-job fit is positively related to job-based psychological ownership through three major routes (experienced control, intimate knowing, and/or investment of the self). Further, based on extant theory but not previously studied, we hypothesized that self-identity needs and effectance motivation act as first stage moderators of these mediated relationships. Based on data from 308 employees in China, and employing a time-lagged design, we observed a significant positive relationship between person-job fit and psychological ownership through the three routes. Most of these mediated relationships were moderated by the need for self-identity and effectance motivation, such that the positive effects became stronger as the motivational needs strengthened. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
... Ce besoin peut s'expliquer dans un cadre biologique : en effet, le besoin de possession serait naturel et commun à tous les êtres vivants (Petrucci, 1905). Il trouverait même son origine dans la génétique et dans l'existence d'un « gène de la possession », une théorie avancée par Litwinski (1942). Le fait d'avoir ancre le soi par rapport à soi et le soi par rapport aux autres, tout en procurant plaisir et sécurité. ...
Le développement de la consommation digitale modifie les pratiques des consommateurs dans un processus de numérimorphose, sans pour autant faire disparaître la matérialité. Dès lors, deux types de consommation cohabitent, engendrant l’hybridation de pratiques. Adoptant une démarche qualitative, cette recherche a pour objectif de comprendre la façon dont se met en place cette hybridation entre consommation digitale et matérielle, en étudiant le cas de la consommation de livres. Nous proposons une grille de lecture de ces pratiques permettant une compréhension dialogique de la consommation de livre, afin de sortir de l’opposition dialectique traditionnelle entre livre numérique et imprimé. Des entretiens compréhensifs et par photo-élicitation nous ont permis de proposer une typologie des consommateurs de livres selon leur comportement à l’égard des pratiques de lecture et de l’objet livre. Ainsi, cette recherche favorise la compréhension de ces nouvelles pratiques pour les acteurs du marché, dans un contexte de développement du numérique.
... In this study, psychological ownership (Avey et al. 2009) is used as a conceptual framework to explain what it means when team members say they have ownership. The concept of psychological ownership originates from work in economic psychology (Litwinski 1942) and social psychology (Furby 1991) and is typically used as an explanatory framework for understanding such things as workplace outcomes, such as entrepreneurial behavior, job satisfaction (Mustafa, Martin, and Hughes 2016), work attitudes, and performance (Pierce, Kostova, and Dirks 2003). The construct is comprised of several others that include: (a) accountability-the expectation that one may be asked to justify one's beliefs, feelings and actions, (b) self-efficacy-the idea that people's beliefs facilitate or constrain success as they attempt to implement action or complete a task, (c) selfidentification-extension of self that creates feelings of meaningfulness and connectedness, and (d) belongingness-the psychological need individuals have for feeling as if they have a home or place. ...
Learning to assume responsibility or "ownership" for patient care is an important aspect of learning what it means to be a physician. To date, most of the research on patient ownership has focused on residents' understanding of what it means to own patients. This exploratory study explored third- and fourth-year students', residents, and attending physicians' understanding of the phrase "taking ownership of a patient." Data included participant observations and interviews that expanded over a five month period. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using psychological ownership as an analytical lens and latent content analysis as a method. Third-year students primarily understood the phrase to mean communicating with patients and their immediate team. Fourth-year students indicated it was an expectation to contribute to the management of patient care. Residents and faculty thought patient ownership included an emotional investment in patients. The phrase taking ownership of patients is understood differently depending on where participants are in their development, even though it is assumed there is a shared understanding across team members. Given the variability in understanding, educators should have explicit discussions with learners about commonly used concepts to help them develop sophisticated understandings and monitor their own development.
... Concepts of property and ownership are ubiquitous in most contemporary societies (Snare, 1972). Human beings are driven toward possession by powerful instinctual and macrosocial forces (Jussila, Tarkiainen, Sarstedt, & Hair, 2015;Litwinski, 1942), although recent research has noted the cognitive and emotional burdens of this attachment to material ownership (Rudmin, 2016). As a result, the landscape of the marketplace has undergone a major movement toward access to goods and services without ownership (Bardhi & Eckhardt, 2012;Eckhardt & Bardhi, 2016). ...
The word “sharing” has been adopted by marketing practitioners and academics to explain a variety of market-based phenomena, leading to confusion around its meaning. Across four studies, the current research systematically investigates what sharing means from a novel perspective: the consumer. The results of the first two studies (1 and 2) suggest that consumers hold a unified conceptualization of sharing distinct from formal academic conceptualizations. Study 3 explores what the core features of this consumer conceptualization might be, and study 4 confirms these features while connecting perceived sharing to consumers’ intentions to join a “sharing” service.
... Other authors concentrate on socialization practices as the origin of psychological ownership. Litwinski (1942) talks about the influence of parents in the development of the feeling of ownership. Children interact with parents, who tend to ask children to bring their toys or belongings. ...
... This effect has a biological foundation. Starting from a young age, control and ownership are intrinsically linked: the act of asserting ownership through control appears very early (Litwinski, 1942) and is present in all human societies (Ellis, 1985). But a strong social foundation also exists. ...
In this thesis I introduce and validate a new fundamental explanation on why we form opinions about others much faster and are more harshly on the internet.
Many current scientific opinions on our moral behavior on the internet point to how we feel more anonymous when communicating through the internet. This sense of anonymity also ensures we can't see the people we are talking to, or the effect our words and actions have on them. There's often a mob mentality online, and it's easy to disparage others when you don't need to worry about it turning physical.
However, besides these statements, another explanation can also play a role. Many of today's online environments provide personalisation options and the perception of high control over the environment. Everyone feels at home in their own environment, and many social media platforms allow users to personalise their environment according to their preferences. We can upload our own photos as backgrounds, change the language, adjust the look and feel of the environment down to the fonts used, and choose who we do and do not communicate with. This creates a new reality in how people meet each other. It is unique to the online domain that two strangers can meet in a place which they both perceive as their personal place in which they have full control.
My dissertation provides empirical proof for this theory through journal research and three experiments. In my experiments, I found that participants who were asked to personalise an online environment were quicker to form negative judgements about others who did not meet their standards. These participants allowed their own interests to play a role in their choices more than the participants who were not able to personalize their environment. On the other hand, those who personalised their environments were also more amicable towards the friends they had in that environment. To conclude, when using personalised online environments, we judge others who do not meet our standards more harshly, we put our own interests first, and we are kinder to our friends.
... It is a psychological bond that an individual develops with a target object. The concept has been defined by scholars as having two core aspects: a possessive feeling towards an object and attachment of that object to the self (e.g., Furby, 1991;Litwinski, 1942;Snare, 1972). Accordingly, objects that are perceived as one's own become part of one's selfidentity. ...
Emerging interest in psychological ownership in the domain of marketing calls for better understanding of situations wherein the customers are also the owners of the company. Accordingly, psychological ownership has been proposed to capture the intimate link between customer-owners and the cooperative. However, empirical research has found a diluted relationship between customer-owners and cooperatives in practice. The paper examines empirical data from customer-owners of a Finnish retail cooperative for insight into the factors that prevent feelings of psychological ownership from emerging. By means of thematic analysis, the study identified nine challenges and several distinct reasons for them.
... 124) which they called psychological ownership. It is clear that this work was enabled by our ability to "'stand' on the shoulders of giants" (e.g., Beaglehole, 1932;Dittmar, 1991Dittmar, , 1992Duncan, 1981;Furby, 1976Furby, , 1980Furby, , 1991James, 1890;Litwinski, 1942Litwinski, , 1947Sartre, 1943, among others) who proceeded us in their thought about the psychology of possession, property, and mine. Furby (1976Furby ( , 1991, for example, in her discussion of the sense of ownership emphasized the use of the possessive pronoun. ...
This chapter is about the history of the construct psychological ownership and its migration into consumer psychology. The emergence of the construct in the organizational sciences is largely one of “serendipity” followed by our ability to “stand upon the shoulders of giants” whose prior reflections on the concept of ownership, and especially its manifestation as a psychological phenomenon, were extremely illuminating. We start with comments on what we believe to be the origins of the construct psychological ownership. This is followed by an overview of the theory of psychological ownership as both an individual and collective phenomenon. Finally, we conclude this chapter with a discussion of the emergence of the construct into the realm of consumer psychology.
... Based on social identity theory, organization members often recognize themselves as part of a collective (i.e., "us") when they work on certain tasks together (Albert et al., 2000), and people who experience psychological ownership about their organizations often seek opportunities to express their self-identification with their organizations (Avey et al., 2009). This means that it reflects the relationship between individual and organization as objects, and individuals with psychological ownership experience greater intimacy with the organization (Furby, 1978;Litwinski, 1942;Wilpert, 1991). Given that psychological ownership implies that individuals feel that the objects of their perceived ownership are part of themselves (Pierce, Kostova, & Dirks, 2001), we might therefore infer a positive causal relationship between psychological ownership of the organization and organizational identification. ...
This study focuses on examining the role of psychological ownership in internal marketing. Specifically, this study explores the relationships between psychological ownership, organizational identification, and turnover intention. Two hundred forty-six employees participated in this study. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the two components of psychological ownership were associated with increased organizational identification and reduced turnover intention. These findings indicate that psychological ownership might be a positive precedent factor for employees’ organizational identification. Furthermore, organizational identification felt by employees plays an important role in decreasing overall turnover intention. The study contributes to our understanding of employees’ psychology and behavior in their workplace and suggests ways to successfully conduct internal marketing and manage human resources.
... Psychological ownership helps understand the relationship between an individual and both material and immaterial objects. Self and the object have a close connection (Furby, 1978a, 1978b: Litwinski, 1942Wilpert, 1991), because of which it tends to become a part of the 'extended self' (Belk, 1988;Dittmar, 1992). ...
Feelings of ownership for the organization have gained great importance by scholars and researchers. In the current study, efforts have been made to understand and look at the relationship between psychological ownership and various attitudes and behaviors at work. 70 managers constituted the total sample that included 35 male and 35 female managers from various banks. The study was based on a correlation design. Data was collected using different scales. The analysis of result involved analysis of Mean, S.D and Correlation. Psychological ownership and various employee attitudes had a positive effect on each other. However psychological ownership and work behaviors did not seem to have any significant relationship.
... For instance, numerous studies have reported that there were noteworthy associations among self-esteem, employee enthusiasm and job satisfaction; however, these studies have ignored to inspect two potentially key predictors of job satisfaction-emotional intelligence and trust (Dormann & Zapf, 2001). Psychological ownership reflects an affiliation connecting an individual and an object in which the object is experienced as having a secure connection with the self (Litwinski, 1942) becoming part of the 'extended self' (Belk, 1988; Dittmar, 1992). It is suggested by the conventional wisdom that people will take good care of, and struggle to continue and foster the belongings they own. ...
... Psychological ownership reflects an affiliation connecting an individual and an object in which the object is experienced as having a secure connection with the self (Litwinski, 1942) becoming part of the 'extended self' (Belk, 1988;Dittmar, 1992). It is suggested by the conventional wisdom that people will take good care of, and struggle to continue and foster the belongings they own. ...
Emotional Intelligence is the most important construct of Industrial Psychology, which can affect organizational outcomes employees' performance; psychological ownership and job satisfaction. This study investigates the impact of emotional intelligence (EI) on job satisfaction and psychological ownership among employees of different public and private organizations. The randomly selected sample consisted of 175 employees, 100 from public and 75 from private organizations. Emotional Intelligence (EI) scale (Saima Cheema, 2005), Psychological Ownership scale (James, Bruce, Craig and Fred, 2009), and job satisfaction scale (Hackman & Oldham, 1975) were used. Results of the study indicate that emotional intelligence has significant impact on job satisfaction, and psychological ownership. Income level differences were significant that indicate job satisfaction and psychological ownership is high among employees with high level of income but emotional intelligence does not vary in terms of income level of employees. Research findings suggest that employees should be motivated and encouraged by improving coworker relationships, healthy communication through social skill trainings, conducting seminars, fulfilling their needs and dealing their concerns.
... our items (cf. Furby, 1978Furby, , 1991Litwinski, 1942Litwinski, , 1947Pierce et al., 2001). ...
... These feelings arise from control, intimate knowledge, and investing the self in the object. The theory of ownership emphasizes that feelings of ownership fulfill basic (possibly innate) psychological needs and drives (Dittmar, 1992;Porteous, 1976;Litwinski, 1942) and that these motivations explain why people strive for psychological ownership. Pierce and Jussila (2011) identify four such needs. ...
A growing body of research has demonstrated that feelings of possession influence the valuation of personal possessions. Psychological theories of ownership suggest that a special bond between a person and his/her possession arises in response to the innate motivation for effectance, self-identity and need for home. However, current empirical support is insufficient to make a causal link between these psychological needs and feelings of ownership. In four studies (total N > 800), we manipulated people's basic needs by inducing feelings of ostracism, which threatens the needs for belonging, self-esteem, control, and belief in a meaningful existence. Despite the fact that these social needs are closely related to the putative antecedents of feelings of ownership, the ostracism manipulation did not significantly affect participants’ feelings of ownership, or their valuations of their possessions, whether measured by willingness to accept or willingness to pay. These results suggest that the special bond that people have with their belongings is not readily used to restore basic psychological needs following the experience of social exclusion.
... Psychological ownership thus answers the question: " What do I feel is mine? " Secondly, psychological ownership reflects a relationship between an individual and a target (for example objects which are both material, such as work or tools, and immaterial in nature, such as workspace and ideas) in which the object is experienced as having a close connection with the self (Furby, 1978; Litwinski, 1942) and becomes part of the " extended self " (Belk, 1988). Isaacs ( 1933 reports: " … what is mine becomes a part of me " . ...
Many scholars, consultants and practitioners have recently focused their attention on 'ownership' as a psychological, rather than just a business phenomenon. Psychological ownership is defined as a state in which individuals feel as though the target of ownership or a piece of it is 'theirs' (that is 'It is mine!'). It suggests that, the presence of psychological ownership among employees can have a positive effect on organisational effectiveness. The main aim of this paper is to introduce and describe a new kind of ownership, known as 'psychological ownership' that could be a valuable managerial construct for improving talent retention and organisational effectiveness within the South African work environment. The research methodology followed an extensive literature review in order to compile the construct for psychological ownership, which was then validated by a panel of nine scholarly subject-matter experts by applying Lawshe's quantitative approach to content validity. The study resulted in a multi-dimensional construct for psychological ownership with high content validity, consisting of a promotion-orientated and prevention-orientated dimension. Promotion-orientated psychological ownership consists of six theory-driven components: Self-efficacy, sense of belonging, self-identity, accountability, autonomy and responsibility. Territoriality, the seventh dimension, was identified as a preventative form of psychological ownership. The particular relevance of this paper is the introduction of a positively oriented psychological ownership construct that can be utilised by managers and human resource professionals as a potential guideline to facilitating talent retention and productivity in the current work environment.
... These functions are strongly intertwined and more often than not occur jointly. Litwinski (1942;1947) emphasizes that unlike the notion of property rights in an object, possessions are not a random and coincidental act but are acquired and maintained by the owner in order to serve future anticipated problems. Thus, psychological ownership differs from legal ownership in that it focuses on the reasons for acquiring and maintaining rather than the mode of exchange of objects. ...
Shareholder activism is traditionally rooted in agency theory and based on financial incentives. We argue that economic approaches to corporate ownership provide only a partial explanation for shareholder activism and a more cognitive approach is necessary for a more complete understanding. We propose that shareholders holding varying levels of legal and psychological ownership develop disparate relationships with the organization, place emphasis on different objectives and, thus, use different forms of activism (exit, voice, loyalty).
... Scholars from various disciplines have long explored the psychological aspects of ownership (e.g. Etzioni, 1991;Furby, 1991;Heider, 1958;Litwinski, 1942). However, Pierce and colleagues (Pierce et al., 2003) were the first to develop a comprehensive theory of psychological ownership. ...
The present work investigates the impact of online self-presentation on the self-concept. Online self-presentation is the goal-directed activity of publishing information on the Internet in order to influence the impressions formed by an online community about oneself. Web-based applications such as personal homepages, blogs, and social network sites facilitate online self- presentation. Prior studies found that the content of one’s online self-presentation is influenced by various internal and external demands. Moreover, research has shown that self-presentation in non-mediated, face-to-face environments, can change one’s self-concept. In this context, the present work addresses the following questions: How does the way one presents oneself online affect one’s self-concept? Under what circumstances is a person’s online self-presentation likely to lead to a self-concept change? What are the potential consequences of an altered self-concept? I develop a theoretical model based on self-identification theory, which suggests that self-presentation impacts the self-concept through a process of inference and spreading memory activation. I propose that the impact of online self-presentation on the self-concept is moderated by system factors (i.e. visibility, identifiability, and restrictiveness), online community factors (i.e. size and importance), and user factors (i.e. self-monitoring and self-concept clarity). In three sequential experiments (total N = 969), I test the proposed relationships by inducing participants to present themselves online as a risk-seeker while manipulating system and online community factors. Subsequently, I measure participants’ risk self-concept using self-report, behavioral, and social perception measures. Results suggest that online self-presentation can change one’s domain-specific self-concept -- an outcome referred to as carryover effect -- if people are led to recall and share specific memories relating to a particular content domain. Moreover, I found that system, online community, and user factors do not significantly influence the carryover effect. Lastly, my findings suggest that the self-concept has domain-specific consequences for one’s behavior as well as for one’s social perception. However, these consequences are greatly influenced by the characteristics of a given sample. Given the nascent stream of research on online self-presentation, the present work makes significant theoretical and practical contributions while opening multiple avenues for future research.
... 466). This view is consistent with Heider (1958) who indicated that it is common for people to have attitudes of ownership for things that are within the self-region, whereas economic-psychologist Leon Litwinski (1942) and social-psychologist Lita Furby (1991) offered the thesis that there is a "psychology of mine" that provides another view on possession, property, and ownership. ...
The theoretical and empirical linkages between employee ownership and performance are reviewed. In response to the inconsistent and inconclusive findings of a simple ownership-performance relationship, the authors revisit the conceptualization of ownership and ask how does ownership produce its performance effects. The study offers a “psychology of ownership” perspective on employee ownership, suggesting that ownership be thought of as a dual creation—part an objective and part a psychological state. In response to the question “how” does ownership produce its performance effects, a detailed model is presented that depicts a within-individual, self-esteem-based motivational effect explanation for the ownership-performance relationship.
... As suggested by James (1890) there is a fine and almost indistinguishable line between that which an individual calls ''me'' and that which is experienced as ''mine.'' In addition, parental instructions (e.g., ''not yours, don't touch,'' ''go and get your tricycle'') go a long way instilling a sense of possession (Litwinski, 1942). ...
The construct collective psychological ownership is introduced. Reflecting the psychology of “us” and “ours,” collective psychological ownership emerges through interactive dynamics whereby individuals come to a single and shared mind-set as it relates to a sense of ownership for a particular object. After providing a conceptual definition for the construct, we turn our attention to a detailed elaboration of the construct, offering comments on its genesis, emergent context, underlying motives, and a discussion of what can and cannot be owned. We also provide a discussion of the dynamics associated with its formation, highlighting the paths down which groups travel that influence the emergence of this psychological state. Next, we turn our attention to the emergence of collective psychological ownership within the organizational and teamwork context paying particular attention to the role of work environment structure. We conclude with a discussion of a set of work-related attitudinal, motivational, behavioral, and stress-related outcomes that stem from this psychological state. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... our items (cf. Furby, 1978Furby, , 1991Litwinski, 1942Litwinski, , 1947Pierce et al., 2001). ...
An increasing number of scholars and practitioners have emphasized the importance of ‘feelings of ownership’ for the organization (even when employees are not legal owners). In this exploratory study, we examine the relationships of psychological ownership with work attitudes and work behaviors. We start by developing hypotheses based on the psychology of possession and psychological ownership literatures. We then test these hypotheses with data from three field samples, using responses from over 800 employees, as well as manager and peer observations of employee behavior. Results demonstrate positive links between psychological ownership for the organization and employee attitudes (organizational commitment, job satisfaction, organization-based self-esteem), and work behavior (performance and organizational citizenship). More important, psychological ownership increased explained variance in organization-based self-esteem and organizational citizenship behavior (both peer and supervisor observations of citizenship), over and above the effects of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Contrary to prior theoretical work on psychological ownership, results, however, fail to show an incremental value of psychological ownership in predicting employee performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... The bird claims the nest and even the whole tree as its own, and the dog defends its kennel with its life." Quoted in Litwinski, 1942, p36. 285 Beaglehole, 1931Dittmar, 1992. ...
What are moral values and where do they come from? David Hume argued that moral values were the product of a range of passions, inherent to human nature, that aim at the common good of society. Recent developments in game theory, evolutionary biology, animal behaviour, psychology and neuroscience suggest that Hume was right to suppose that humans have such passions. This dissertation reviews these developments, and considers their implications for moral philosophy. I first explain what Darwinian adaptations are, and how they generate behaviour. I then explain that, contrary to the Hobbesian caricature of life in the state of nature, evolutionary theory leads us to expect that organisms will be social, cooperative and even altruistic under certain circumstances. I introduce four main types of cooperation – kin altruism, coordination to mutual advantage, reciprocity and conflict resolution –and provide examples of ‘adaptations for cooperation’ from nonhuman species. I then review the evidence for equivalent adaptations for cooperation in humans. Next, I show how this Humean-Darwinian account of the moral sentiments can be used to make sense of traditional positions in meta-ethics; how it provides a rich deductive framework in which to locate and make sense of a wide variety of apparently contradictory positions in traditional normative ethics; and how it clearly demarcates the problems of applied ethics. I defend this version of ethical naturalism against the charge that it commits ‘the naturalistic fallacy’. I conclude that evolutionary theory provides the best account yet of the origins and status of moral values, and that moral philosophy should be thought of as a branch of natural history.
... Fearing for the safety of the child and passing along their own possession or ownership values, adults send strong messages about what is and what is not to be played with and controlled by the child (e.g., the mother instructs her child to " go and look for your ball, and bring back your bucket which the little boy has stolen from you " [Litwinski, 1942, p. 34]). It is through such direct experiences and socialization practices that a boundary gets constructed around possessions, along with the beliefs and feelings associated with the control of possessions. ...
Current theorists on the psychology of possession highlight control as an important route in the development of feelings of ownership. In the present article, the authors hypothesized that the extent to which individuals experience control over their job and work environment is positively associated with feelings of ownership for their job and the organization. The authors used supervisory report data on work environment structure and self-reports on experienced control and psychological ownership to test for the mediating effects of experienced control in the relationship between the work environment structure and psychological ownership. The authors found that experienced control mediates the relationship between 3 sources of work environment structure--technology, autonomy, and participative decision making--and psychological ownership of the job and (to a lesser extent) the organization. The authors proposed implications of the findings and directions of further research.
Ownership is universal and ubiquitous in human societies, yet the psychology underpinning ownership intuitions is generally not described in a coherent and computationally tractable manner. Ownership intuitions are commonly assumed to derive from culturally transmitted social norms, or from a mentally represented implicit theory. While the social norms account is entirely ad hoc, the mental theory requires prior assumptions about possession and ownership that must be explained. Here I propose such an explanation, arguing that the intuitions result from the interaction of two cognitive systems. One of these handles competitive interactions for the possession of resources observed in many species including humans. The other handles mutually beneficial cooperation between agents, as observed in communal sharing, collective action and trade. Together, these systems attend to specific cues in the environment, and produce definite intuitions such as "this is hers", "that is not mine". This computational model provides an explanation for ownership intuitions, not just in straightforward cases of property, but also in disputed ownership (squatters, indigenous rights), historical changes (abolition of slavery), as well as apparently marginal cases, such as the questions, whether people own their seats on the bus, or their places in a queue, and how people understand "cultural appropriation" and slavery. In contrast to some previous theories, the model is empirically testable and free of ad hoc stipulations.
Most Circular Economy (CE) research to date has focused on supply-side factors such as the design, implementation, and monitoring of Circular business models, with comparatively little attention given to the role consumers and consumer psychology are likely to play in CE transition. A key driver of the CE framework is widespread public engagement in non-ownership or “access-based” consumption. In the absence of legally established property rights, the extent to which consumers experience a subjective sense of ownership over accessed (i.e., rented or shared) goods and services will be important in both understanding and fostering CE development. This paper introduces the construct and theory of psychological ownership (PO), discussing empirical evidence for its role in access-based consumption, primarily consumers’ use of product-service systems (PSSs). Overall, there is reasonable evidence that PSS users can and do develop a sense of psychological ownership for rented items with, by implication, accessed goods and services activating at least one behavioural pathway or “route” to its development. Once attained, PO tends to have a positive—often mediating—impact on users’ perceptions, attitudes, intentions, and behaviour towards rented product-services, with stronger PO having greater influence. A conceptual application of Psychological Ownership Theory to access-based consumption—hence the Circular Economic framework—is forwarded, with potential frustrations to PO development, plus implications for marketers and CE strategists, also discussed. With relevant literature, still sparse various directions for future research are also suggested.
Representing the belief that material objects are important and valuable, materialism indicates to what extent individuals or groups attach importance to material assets. People exhibit high materialistic behavior if material assets are significant for them, and low materialistic behavior if they are insignificant. In materialism, consumer behavior is regarded as a multifaceted phenomenon that covers various scientific fields such as marketing, psychology, economics, advertising, and social sciences. Today, the materialistic values and the concepts of cognitive buying and post-purchase behavior have an undeniable focus on the consumers' shopping behaviors. These concepts are significant due to the relationship between themselves and their mutual effect.
The main purpose of the research is to examine the effect of materialistic values on cognitive buying and post-purchase behavior. The material values, cognitive buying, and post-purchase behavior scales were used within the scope of the research. The research covers 1034 consumers in the provinces of Edirne, Tekirdağ, and Kırklareli. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software package and the structural equation model was analyzed using the AMOS 24 statistical software.
According to the findings, the variables of success, centrality, and happiness, which are the sub-dimensions of the material values scale, were found to have a direct effect on the rationality variable, a sub-dimension of the cognitive buying scale. Success and centrality variables, which are sub-dimensions of the material values scale, were found to have a direct effect on the wisdom of purchase and concern over deal, which are sub-dimensions of the post-purchase cognitive dissonance scale.
The study presents an initial evaluation of the psychometrics properties of the Escala de Padrões de Posse-EPP (Ownership Patterns Scale), a self-report instrument, designed to measure ownership. Ownership is conceived as behavior patterns of conquering and/or maintenance of an ownership figure: people, pets, things, places, and goods in general. Its function is the regulation of provision of goods to the usufruct of the individual and his or her offspring , as well as, to preserve the species. Participants were 296 undergraduate (140 male and 156 female). Items were developed to assess four patterns of ownership - secure, anxious, jealous and reactive ownership -, and two patterns of "non-ownership" - detachment and envious. Results pointed to acceptable temporal stability for some patterns and satisfactory internal consistence. A factorial structure study suggested that ownership is better represented by the following dimensions: Security of Ownership of People and Security of Ownership of Things.
Principal Ownership of an Instructional Initiative: Advancing a Conceptual Framework for the Study of Leadership
Abigail Gray
There is a need for unified theory as to how and why principals' engagement with instructional initiatives does or does not develop, and how that engagement manifests, both in specific leadership behaviors and in changes in teacher practice. Such theory could inform policy decision-making by shedding light on the mechanisms that may facilitate principals' engagement with reform initiatives, and by clarifying what that engagement might ultimately produce. This study seeks to advance a new theoretical perspective on principal behavior in the context of instructional reform by examining the implementation of a literacy intervention through the lens of principal ownership. Using structural equation modeling and targeted qualitative inquiry, the study tests a hypothesized conceptual framework for principal ownership which posits that three antecedents (control, knowledge, and self-investment) contribute to principals' engagement in ownership behavior relative to an instructional initiative. The framework further posits that this ownership behavior--specifically, change promotion relative to the initiative--leads to changes in teacher collaboration around the reform, and ultimately influences classroom practice. This framework builds upon extant theory regarding school leadership, the processes around school change, and psychological ownership. While further research is needed to confirm these findings, the results of this exploratory study suggest that the hypothesized relationships are plausible. Significant pathways are found between the antecedents and the ownership behavior, and between the behavior and teacher collaboration. Mediational analysis of the pathways between principals' ownership behavior and the reform's reported influence on classroom instruction reveals that both the direct pathway and the indirect pathway (mediated by teacher collaboration) are significant. The findings of case-study research focused on three schools largely support the SEM study's conclusions and the hypothesized relationships. Viewed together, the quantitative and qualitative findings highlight lingering questions and directions for future research.
This discussant’s response to the collected articles on the consumer behavior of sharing draws on a 1983–99 record of research on the psychology of ownership and property. The major recommendations here are: (1) that sharing be defined as the simultaneous or sequential use of an object (e.g., car), a space (e.g., living room), or an intangible (e.g., identity) by more than one individual; (2) that sharing be better described and analyzed by the naive phenomenology methods used by Ichheiser, Heider, and Goffman; (3) that sharing arising from shared ownership be distinguished from sharing arising from an owner’s prerogative to share; (4) that ownership be defined as social and legal protection of possessions for future utility in order to allow owners, as Litwinski theorized, to have relaxed expectations, in French, attente dans la détente; (5) that shopping and purchasing are inventory behaviors that are distinct from, and prior to, consumers’ use of inventory; (6) that distributed inventory accessed by digitally mediated sharing (e.g., Uber) be examined as alternative inventory behavior; (7) that scholarship on the “sharing economy” better explore and exploit the literatures in the subfields of (a) ownership theory, (b) child development, (c) inventory management, and (d) competition theory.
Online innovation community can be defined as a digital space where like-minded people have active and ongoing communication. The members share innovative ideas with one another, even build and maintain online or offline personal social ties, but have to comply with the community norms. A few years ago, real name policy was implemented in one country, while it was abolished in another country. The online community environment has changed.
This study attempts to find out whether the interpersonal trust, community norms, belongingness, liberalism and ownership have a positive effect on innovative behavior intention. But, for unidentified users, the factors of interpersonal trust and liberalism do not affect the intention of innovative behaviors. In addition, identified users who are more liberal are more willing to participate in the internet-based innovation.
Psychological ownership as a phenomenon and construct attracts an increasing number of scholars in a variety of fields. This volume presents a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the psychological ownership literature with particular attention paid to the theory, research evidence, and comments on managerial applications.
People develop feelings of ownership for a variety of objects, material and immaterial in nature. We refer to this state as psychological ownership. Building on and extending previous scholarship, the authors offer a conceptual examination of this construct. After defining psychological ownership, they address "why" it exists and "how" it comes into being. They propose that this state finds its roots in a set of intraindividual motives (efficacy and effectance, self-identity, and having a place to dwell). In addition, they discuss the experiences that give rise to psychological ownership and propose several positive and negative consequences of this state. The authors' work provides a foundation for the development of a comprehensive theory of psychological ownership and the conceptual underpinnings for empirical testing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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