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A Sense of Identity: Prolegomena to a Social Theory of Personal Identity
Abstract
A philosophical account of personal identity - in terms of the maintenance of fundamental beliefs, principles and commitments by spatiotemporally continuous particulars - is sketched, an account which is able to incorporate a social and relational conception of personal identity, and thus serve as the basis for a social psychological theory of personal identity - in terms of the pursuit of identity projects’within social collectives. Some implications of this theory are developed, concerning the relation between identity and individualism, responsibility and social labeling. The theory develops an account of the social constitution of personal identity that is consistent with a realist conception of social psychological theories of identity: as objective theoretical descriptions of the social dimensions of identity.
... It is similar to the social collectivities defined by Greenwood (1994:37) as " populations whose members are parties to sets of arrangements, conventions and agreements governing their behaviour " . Social collectivities are different from aggregate groups where no arrangements, conventions and agreements have been defined, because they specify rites of passage, specify status elevation and reversal, do provide possible and progressive routes for the management of reputation and self-worth, and do define situations that represent hazards to them (Greenwood 1994). Through such mechanisms social collectivities maintain themselves. ...
... Through such mechanisms social collectivities maintain themselves. Belonging to a social collectivity makes it possible for students to engage in their own identity project (Greenwood 1994), and the collective practice institutionalised in the social collectivity makes it possible for students to attach a meaning to their behaviour (Blumer 1969). This " advanced branding strategy " is best described as a sort of network based ambassador-strategy where current and former students help future members enact the university and help recruit future members of the brand community (university students). ...
In 2005 a Learning Strategy was formulated at Copenhagen Business School. The purpose was to place learning at the centre of all teaching activities. This article discusses the possibilities of a university to simultaneously use an internal tool for quality enhancement as an external tool for branding. The case and discussion is relevant to three primary audiences: 1) university management interested in strategic positioning and branding of their institution; 2) university administrators interested in branding their study programmes; 3) academics interested in quality enhancement, curriculum development, and branding of universities.
... In general, we see learning as an embedded process, affected by the learner's identity (Bramming, 2001; Greenwood, 1994; Wenger, 1998) and social position (Lawson, 1997) in ongoing systems of social relations (Granovetter, 1992). In our view, learning is intersubjective and takes place between embedded learners. ...
... Learning, as such, is a social process. The class is not just an aggregate group of students, it is a social collectivity in which sets of arrangements, conventions and agreements govern behaviour (Greenwood, 1994). As a curriculum developer, one has to take into account the fact that students engage in an identity project when High Educ (2008) 55:33–50 35 they go to university; that they are allocated (or fight for) a social position within the ongoing systems of social relations in which they are embedded, that they form social relations with other students and teachers, and that their learning process is affected by the outcomes of these social processes and interactions. ...
This article is written to inspire curriculum developers to centre their efforts on the learning processes of students. It This article is written to inspire curriculum developers to centre their efforts on the learning processes of students. It
presents a learning-based paradigm for higher education and demonstrates the close relationship between curriculum development presents a learning-based paradigm for higher education and demonstrates the close relationship between curriculum development
and students’ learning processes. The article has three sections: Section “The role of higher education (HE) institutions” and students’ learning processes. The article has three sections: Section “The role of higher education (HE) institutions”
presents a discussion of the role of higher education in the knowledge society. Section “Contextual learning” presents the presents a discussion of the role of higher education in the knowledge society. Section “Contextual learning” presents the
paradigm of contextual learning which we see as a useful foundation for curriculum development. Section “Curriculum development paradigm of contextual learning which we see as a useful foundation for curriculum development. Section “Curriculum development
in practice—the BETA course” shows how a particular course in Business Economic Theory and Analysis has been developed using in practice—the BETA course” shows how a particular course in Business Economic Theory and Analysis has been developed using
this paradigm. The article will be of interest to all academics interested in students’ learning processes but is especiallycesses but is especially
relevant to those responsible for curriculum development. relevant to those responsible for curriculum development.
... Theoretical arguments have suggested that personal identity, in turn, makes a critical contribution to employee creativity. Previous study suggests that personal identity is determined by the maintenance of sets of fundamental beliefs, principles and commitments and about self-worth that are arguably unique to a specific person (Greenwood, 1994). Identity plays a major role of intentional behavior (Ibarra & Barbulescu, 2010). ...
In recent years, feeling lonely in the workplace has become a serious issue that has gained growing concern due to its complex outcomes. Limited research is available on workplace loneliness and empirical research on workplace loneliness is still in infancy. The purpose of this quantitative research study is to determine whether a positive relationship exists between workplace loneliness and employee creativity in the tourism industry of Maldives. I propose a moderated mediation model in which workplace loneliness foster employee creativity via personal identity and knowledge hiding hinders it, and this effect is moderated by team identification. Role transition and social identity theory are used as an explanatory framework for workplace loneliness and employee creativity. Results from a study of 204 individuals show that workplace loneliness is positively and significantly related to employee creativity. Further analysis identified that personal identity is positively and significantly related to the relationship between workplace loneliness and employee creativity. The discussion concludes that a subjective and personal experience; workplace loneliness can foster employee creativity. These results contribute to the literature on creativity and workplace loneliness by clarifying how and what influences of workplace loneliness are related to employee creativity. Recommendation for further research are give
... Additionally, Giddens (1991) stated that individuals must continually construct and reconstruct their identity in the modern world. Identity emerges and is forged in historical time and cultural place through the social actions of persons maintained and sustained by the reproduction of such actions (Greenwood, 1994). Thus, self is not a passive entity. ...
The purpose of this qualitative study was to illustrate how the identity of Chinese older adults who lost their only child changed after the traumatic event in the context of unique culture and policy settings. The individuals studied were 14 adults over the age of 50. Each respondent was interviewed concerning his or her post-loss experiences. Results indicated that these bereaved parents are not only deeply impacted by the loss of the most loved one, but are also stigmatized by the culture and victimized by the one-child policy. The collective identity as shiduer is defined not only by personal grief but also by cultural uniqueness and the unintended consequences of the one-child policy.
... One line of thought is that, because a sense of the self is culturally constructed, a homogenous social environment is required for its existence. Proponents of this view see personal identity as intrinsically social and founded on relations with others (Greenlaw, 1994 ). These theorists believe that the requisite cultural homogeneity is eroded by technologically facilitated exposure to other cultures and contexts. ...
... One line of thought is that, because a sense of self is culturally constructed, a homogenous social environment is required for its existence. Proponents of this view see personal identity as intrinsically social and founded on relations with others (Greenlaw, 1994). These theorists believe that the requisite cultural homogeneity is eroded by the technologically facilitated exposure to other cultures (whether religious or national) and contexts. ...
The self has come under considerable attack in postmodern times. Amidst many deconstructions and re-formulations of the self, various myths of self have lost their sustainability. This paper reviews a number of different theoretical perspectives on the self along with many postmodern challenges to the self. It is proposed that the self is a socially constructed entity which can be conceptualized from a variety of perspectives. We also propose that not all myths of self are equal. In particular, premodern and modern myths of self are inadequate for postmodern times. Building from an existential-integrative perspective, we propose Schneider's (1990) paradoxical self as a promising myth of self for postmodern times. The self maintained a secure, even sacred place throughout the history of Western thought. Despite widespread disagreement about what constituted the self and the essential nature of the self, few questioned its existence. Contemporary times challenged this privileged place of the self. Technology and pluralism brought metaphors of multiple selves. Postmodern analyses quickly followed questioning whether a singular, essential self was a healthy construction. The influence of Eastern thought, in particularly Buddhist philosophy, introduced the ideal of no-self. Cultural analyses provided examples of cultures which did not have a conception of the self. In the end, the necessity of a self conception, so basic to Western psychology, is now in question.
... One line of thought is that, because a sense of self is culturally constructed , a homogenous social environment is required for its existence. Proponents of this view see personal identity as intrinsically social and founded on relations with others (Greenlaw, 1994). These theorists believe that the requisite cultural homogeneity is eroded by technologically facilitated exposure to other cultures and contexts. ...
The self has come under considerable attack in postmodern times. Amidst many deconstructions and reformulations of the self, various myths of self have lost their sustainability. This article reviews various theoretical perspectives on the self along with many postmodern challenges to the self. It is proposed that the self is a socially constructed entity which can be conceptualized from a variety of perspectives; however, not all myths of self are equal. In particular, premodern and modern myths of self are inadequate for postmodern times. Building from an existential-integrative perspective, we propose Schneider's paradoxical self as a promising myth of self for postmodern times.
This chapter presents the final stage of the Equivalence Thesis (C). It argues that fictitious other impersonation is equivalent to fictitious self impersonation (pretending to be a different kind of person). Accordingly, such impersonation is impermissible and s. 76(2)(b) of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 should be read to include it. The substance of the argument is analysis of what counts as fictitious self impersonation. It thus presents the Substantial Difference Argument to support the claim that deception about individual traits, seemingly insufficient, can amount to wholesale impersonation. It builds on previous chapters analysing identity as complex and dynamic, with socio-relational constitutive features. The analysis draws on social, relational, and communitarian/collective conceptions of identity to argue that rather than viewing identity as fixed and immutable, we should view it as a continuum. Objections are addressed.
Should we look at the concept of identity through a broader lens for the purpose of s. 76(2)(b) (the impersonation provision) of the Sexual Offences Act 2003? This chapter answers that question in the affirmative. In positing a richer conception of the person, we can reflect selves as they actually are, capture what matters about identity deception, and justify expanding the scope of the impersonation provision. Accordingly, this chapter endorses a socio-relational conception of the person, or self. This foregrounds the alternative analytical-theoretical framework to be presented in Chap. 9, in which the final stage of the equivalence thesis is set out.
This chapter surveys the literature (theoretical, philosophical and empirical) on the concept of identity in its personal, social and relational dimensions. It engages with self and identity theory within the larger branch of sociological study to comprehensively anchor the discussion to follow in Part III. The literature review reveals that the concept of personal identity is dynamic, complex, and indeterminate, with multiple criteria and concepts in use. However, it identifies an overlapping consensus in which psychological continuity, while a necessary condition, is not sufficient to account for what matters to people in particular contexts. This chapter, therefore, sets up the socio-relational account to follow in Chap. 6.
This research is aimed at the assessment of the factors that determine the Patronage of Islamic Crescent Cooperative Society. Survey research design was used and primary data was obtained using structured questionnaire. The study adopted the purposive technique with 170 sample size in an attempt to achieve the study objectives. The data was presented and analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, as well as, the minimum and maximum values) and inferential statistics (using Multiple Regression).The study found that level of knowledge and religiosity contributed significantly in the patronage of Islamic finance and investment products of Islamic crescent cooperative society whereby, attitude does not significantly contributed in patronage of Islamic finance and investment products of Islamic crescent cooperative society. The study recommended that Islamic Crescent Cooperative Society's management should ensure that they sustain and continue to offer accurate services to their members to serve them better and support their patronage.
This research is aimed at the assessment of the factors that determine the Patronage of Islamic Crescent Cooperative Society. Survey research design was used and primary data was obtained using structured questionnaire. The study adopted the purposive technique with 170 sample size in an attempt to achieve the study objectives. The data was presented and analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, as well as, the minimum and maximum values) and inferential statistics (using Multiple Regression).The study found that level of knowledge and religiosity contributed significantly in the patronage of Islamic finance and investment products of Islamic crescent cooperative society whereby, attitude does not significantly contributed in patronage of Islamic finance and investment products of Islamic crescent cooperative society. The study recommended that Islamic Crescent Cooperative Society's management should ensure that they sustain and continue to offer accurate services to their members to serve them better and support their patronage.
Uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde Avrupa ile ilgili konular her zaman dikkat çekmektedir. Avrupa kavramı genellikle Avrupa Birliğiyle (AB) özdeşleşmiştir. Avrupa Birliği ise bölgesel olarak bütünleşmeyi öngören bireylerin, toplulukların ve devletlerin ortak özlemidir. Doğal olarak bu amaca ulaşmak çok çaba gerektirmektedir ve bunun için ortak değerlere dair farkındalığın oluşturulması ve geliştirilmesi de temel hedef olmaktadır. Özellikle bireylerin değişen kimliksel aidiyetleri AB’ye olan aidiyetlerini de etkilemektedir. Çalışmamızda bireylerin uluslarına ve AB’ye karşı olan aidiyet durumu Sosyal Kimlik Teorisi ve İnşacı Teori çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Bu teorilerin benimsenmesinin temel nedeni ise gerek bireylerin gerekse de kurumsal üst yapı hakkındaki karşılıklı değerlendirmelerde en iyi sonucu vermelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada geniş bir literatür taraması neticesinde elde edilen verilerden bireylerin AB kimlik aidiyetine dair bakış açılarında; özellikle AB’nin büyük genişlemesi, Avro Bölgesi krizi ve Brexit süreçlerine rağmen dikkate değer bir artış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Avrupa Birliğinin bütünleşme süreci zorlu olaylarla sınanmasına rağmen halen güçlü bir şekilde desteklenmektedir.
In the discipline of international relations, European issues always attract attention. The concept of Europe is generally associated with the European Union (EU). The European Union, on the other hand, is the common longing of individuals, communities, and states that envision regional integration. Naturally, achieving this goal requires a lot of effort and for this, creating and developing awareness of common values is the main goal. Especially the changing identity of individuals affects their belonging to the EU. In our study, the state of belonging of individuals towards their nations and the EU was examined within the framework of Social Identity Theory and Constructivist Theory. The main reason for the adoption of these theories is that they give the best results in mutual evaluations of both individuals and the institutional superstructure. From the data obtained as a result of a wide literature review in the study, in the perspectives of individuals regarding the EU identity belonging; It has been determined that it has shown a remarkable increase especially despite the large enlargement of the EU, the Eurozone crisis and Brexit processes. Although the European Union's integration process has been challenged, it is still strongly supported.
While becoming a member of the international community on the one side, and insisting on preserving values and norms of Hobbesian culture on the other side, sovereigns face an intricate dilemma from within domestic inhibitions in conducting integration with the norms from outside. The dichotomy in interest formation with respect to foreign policy relations with the others reveals the fact that no mature international collective identity is possible since there already exists a serious problem, or paradox, in identity formulation from within, considering the complex interdependence feature of globalization and sub-nation identity in contradiction with state identity within the Westphalian territory. The underlying cause of problems in Lockean interest formation in foreign policy is the polarizing domination of Hobbesian culture in domestic politics. Holding constant the unit of analysis as state, interest and identity are the dependable variables, the interaction (socialization) is independent variable in this article. Theoretically, such a strong argument based upon Wendt's approach to the relations of behaviour, interest and identity in respective; States organize their actions by some interests defined by their identity. We will try to come to the conclusion by defending the importance of the phenomenon of identity in the process in which global powers have a voice in the economy and that the powers that do not have international organizations can never have an economic hegemonic measure.
La educación superior está experimentando un cambio radical de una enseñanza local y frontal, centrada en el profesor, hacia otra en línea y centrada en el estudiante, donde se contemplan cursos híbridos impartidos por universidades a nivel internacional. La tradicional entrega de conocimiento va siendo complementada y sustituida por modelos de educación digital. La proliferación de información en la web, la proliferación de proveedores de sistemas de instrucción, y la carga que supone para el profesorado el diseño de cursos híbridos conllevan un riesgo para la calidad del aprendizaje digital. En este estudio se examinarán las publicaciones relevantes sobre la calidad de la enseñanza y la pedagogía relativas al e-learning y a la educación a distancia. Asimismo se harán unas recomendaciones con el fin de simplificar el léxico de la educación híbrida y para utilizar taxonomías establecidas de modelos educativos digitales de modo que se pueda mejorar la formación del profesorado en el rediseño de los cursos y en el apoyo institucional para fomentar el desarrollo de una educación moderna de calidad.
In an effort to carve a distinct place for social facts without lapsing into a holistic ontology, John Greenwood has sought to define social phenomena solely in terms of the attitudes held by the actor(s) in question. I argue that his proposal allows for the possibility of a "lone collectivity" that is (1) unpalatable in its own right and (2) incompatible with the claim that sociology is autonomous from psychology. As such, I conclude that the relevant beliefs need to be held by more than one person.
The caterpillar’s question is the question Wonderland’s caterpillar posed to Alice: Who are you? This is a question Alice finds she cannot answer. According to postmodernist anti‐humanism, Alice cannot answer the question because there is no coherent Alice there to answer it, no unitary subject of consciousness.
This paper contests the anti‐humanist denial of a coherent subject of experience. While it is conceded that phenomenologically, we may have difficulty today identifying who we are essentially, it is argued that, conceptually, we cannot do without the ontological category of the person as a unified center of consciousness.
Extracted terms and phrases that refer to relatively stable physical and psychological traits from Theodore Dreiser's A Gallery of Women. A measure of trait cooccurrence for each pair of traits, based on the proportion of times the 2 traits were attributed to the same character, was used as input for clustering and multidimensional scaling. The resulting structures are interpreted in terms of selected, independently measured properties of the traits. The most relevant properties for interpreting these trait structures are (a) sex of character, (b) conformity, (c) evaluation, and (d) potency (hard-soft). The 1st property is discussed in terms of Dreiser's involvements with women, and the 2nd in terms of his intense struggles with conformity pressures. Evaluation (which was not orthogonal to potency in this study) was relatively weak by contrast with the usual finding reported in the literature. Biographical data indicate that Dreiser was extremely evaluative in his personal life, and the weakness of this property in this book may simply reflect a novelistic style that attempts to avoid polarized impressions of the characters. Implications of these findings for identifying general dimensions of person perception are discussed. (24 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The generally held notion that "misery loves company" was tested on college students. Ss were exposed to an anxiety-producing situation, i.e., a recording of an apparently nerve-wracking procedure going on in the "next room" to which they soon would be exposed. 3 experimental conditions were employed; after exposure to the anxiety producing stimulus S was: (a) left alone, (b) put with other Ss and allowed to talk, or (c) put with others but not allowed to talk. Effect of group on experience of anxiety was measured. Being with others was effective in reducing anxiety only in Ss who were first-born children, and there was an effect on S's experience of anxiety when allowed to communicate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
This paper examines two potential determinants of identity salience utilizing a structural symbolic interactionist (or identity theory) approach. Data from 378 college undergraduates are examined concerning identity salience, commitment (to role) and role evaluation for the roles of student, friend, son/daughter, worker, athlete, religious person and dating person. Two hypotheses are tested and supported: identity salience is positively affected by (1) the degree of commitment ot its respective role (Stryker, 1968; 1980) and (2) the degree to which its respective role is positively evaluated with regard to one's performance (proposed here). The implications of the results and the utility of a structural version of symbolic interactionism are discussed.
On Social Facts (1989/1992) offers a general characterization of the social domain of human life. It arrives at this characterization by means of detailed discussions of a number of central social phenomena, including: acting together, social groups, social convention, group belief, and group languages. In discussing these phenomena the author draws on the writings of the founders of sociology----in particular Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, and Max Weber---and the work of philosophers including Saul Kripke, David Lewis, Peter Winch, and Wittgenstein. Discussion of the specific social phenomena in question leads to a single overarching thesis: that the core social phenomena among human beings are "plural subject" phenomena involving the "joint commitment" of the people in question.
This article attempts to characterize scientific realism as a viable alternative metatheory for psychological science that is superior to traditional empiricism. It is suggested that scientific realism provides a richer conception of psychological theory than traditional empiricism, and enables the theoretical psychologist to acknowledge the respects in which human actions and psychological states may be said to be social in nature, without abandoning the traditional scientific virtues of linguistic and epistemological objectivity that have been rejected by social constructionist and relativist theorists.
Many social theories of the function and labelling of emotion also purport to be social theories of the nature of emotion. It is argued that such theories only furnish social theories of emotion by employing unreasonable philosophical assumptions concerning the constitution of emotion by socially learned representations of emotion. A number of significant respects in which emotions may be said to be socially constituted are described and their implications discussed.
As a concept with a tradition in both social and personality psychology, identity lends itself to a variety of interpretations. In the present analysis, identity refers to social categories in which an individual claims membership as well as the personal meaning associated with those categories. Four key issues for research are discussed: (a) the structure and interrelationships among multiple identities, (b) the several functions that identities serve, (c) the importance of context to the development and enactment of identities, and (d) the need for longitudinal studies of identity change.
In this paper it is argued that we would not be logically obliged or rationally inclined to reject the ontology of contentful psychological states postulated by folk psychology even if the explanations advanced by folk psychology turned out to be generally inaccurate or inadequate. Moreover, it is argued that eliminativists such as Paul Churchland do not establish that folk psychological explanations are, or are likely to prove, generally inaccurate or inadequate. Most of Churchland's arguments—based upon developments within connectionist neuroscience—only cast doubt upon the adequacy of ‘sentential’ theories of cognitive processing, not upon scientifically developed forms of folk psychological explanation of behavior, such as those offered by contemporary social psychology. Finally, it is noted that Churchland's brand of eliminativism rests upon a crude reductive criterion of theoretical adequacy that has little to recommend it, and suggested that the recognized theoretical limitations of contemporary social psychology may be precisely due to its historical commitment to this reductive criterion.
Presents a series of papers, originally developed for a closed working conference, which explore interrelationships between philosophical analyses of several concepts related to self (e.g., self-knowledge, self-control, and self-development) and empirical studies in psychology of the development and manifestations of self-control and self-knowledge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A method is presented to explore, empirically, patterns of social and personal identity: the social identity inventory (SII). The SII is based on free associations describing a person's principal group memberships (first order data). The responses obtained are used as stimuli to generate ‘second order data’ through focused introspection.
The results reveal patterns of relationship between self-representation and group representation, the differential probability of different group memberships to elicit self-representations, and the cognitive processes underlying the natural represen-tations of group memberships.
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