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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BLACK TEA AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND ITS SYNERGISM WITH ANTIBIOTICS

  • April 2010
Authors:
Tahira Mughal at Lahore College for Women University
Tahira Mughal
Arifa Tahir at Head of environmental science department pakistan
Arifa Tahir
  • Head of environmental science department pakistan
Sadia Qureshi at Rashid Latif Medical College
Sadia Qureshi
Taha Nazir at Advanced Multiple Inc
Taha Nazir
  • Advanced Multiple Inc
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Tea is the most common beverage after it is extracted from the leaves of Camellia sinenesis. It is classified in to fermented tea (Black Tea) and non-fermented tea (green tea). Methanolic extract of tea diluted in methanol and ethanol, which were tested for antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Methanol was found to be best antimicrobial solvent. The MIC value of methanolic extracts of Black Tea diluted in ethanol was 0.1 mg/ml. Synergistic results of antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts (diluted in ethanol) were found poor. Synergistic activity of Black tea sample with antibiotics (Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Levofloxacin and Gentamycin) showed best response against most of the bacteria (0.1mg/ml).
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J App Pharm 2 (2) : 60-67 (2010) Tahira et al., 2010
Journal of Applied Pharmacy (ISSN 19204159)
17-3825 Luther Pl Saskatoon SK Canada S7H4B1
60
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BLACK TEA AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND
ITS SYNERGISM WITH ANTIBIOTICS
Tahira Mughal1, Arifa Tahir2, Sadia Qureshi3, Taha Nazir4, Mahwish Rasheed1
1. Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
2. Department of Environmental Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
3. Department of Biochemistry, Avicenna Medical College Lahore, Pakistan
4. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Tea is the most common beverage after it is extracted from the leaves of Camellia
sinenesis. It is classified in to fermented tea (Black Tea) and non-fermented tea (green
tea). Methanolic extract of tea diluted in methanol and ethanol, which were tested for
antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Methanol was found to be best
antimicrobial solvent. The MIC value of methanolic extracts of Black Tea diluted in
ethanol was 0.1 mg/ml. Synergistic results of antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts
(diluted in ethanol) were found poor. Synergistic activity of Black tea sample with
antibiotics (Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Levofloxacin and Gentamycin) showed best
response against most of the bacteria (0.1mg/ml).
Key words: Antibacterial activity, Black Tea, Streptococcus mutans, synergistic activity
Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tahira Mughal, Assistant Professor, Department of
Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
E-mail: ssass85@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
Tea is an infusion made by steeping processed leaves, buds or twigs of tea bush, camellia sinensis, in hot
water for several minutes after, which it is drunk. The term herbal tea usually refers to infusion or tisane of
fruit or herbs that contain no Camellia sinensis. Tea came into English language from Chinese word of tea
which is pronounced in “te” in the Min Nan spoken variant .The British English slang word “char “ for tea
arose from its mandarin “ Chinese pronunciation “cha “ with its spelling affected by British English erotic
dialect pronunciation (Macfarlane). (Chow.K and Kramer.L., 1990)
Tea is one of the most consumed beverages of the world. Presently, it is cultivated in at least 30countries
around the world. Approximately 76-78% of tea produced is consumed in the form of Black Tea, 20-22%
in form of green tea and less than 2% as oolong tea. Black Tea principally consumed in Europe north
America and North Africa. While green tea in drink in China, Japan Korea and Morocco (Wu C.D, Wei
GX .2002) (Zuo et.al, 2008)
J App Pharm 2 (2) : 60-67 (2010) Tahira et al., 2010
Journal of Applied Pharmacy (ISSN 19204159)
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The powerful antioxidant properties of the tea are generally attributed to its flavonoid components
theaflavins, bisflavanols and theaflavic acids. (Rice.E. C. 1999). The effect of Black tea on stomach cancer
has been studied. Out of 15 studies, five case-control studies showed a protective effect of tea on the risk of
stomach cancer (Ji B.T, et.al., in 1997)
Citral has been used for centuries for the treatment of various ailments. Citral helps to combats the
depression and bad mood and it used to treat fever cold and cough. A great remedy for stomachache
relaxes the stomach and intestine (Ming.L., et al 1996).
Streptococcus mutans is a non-motile, non-spore forming coccoid shaped, gram positive facultative
anaerobic is a part normal bacteria flora of a mouth it is an alpha hemolytic streptococci. Bacterial cells
appear in a form of chains due to cellular division in one division and incomplete cytokinesis following
mitosis. It can thrive in temperature 18-40ºC and pH below 5.5. (Smith, T. J., Blackman, S. A. & S. J
Foster 2000).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Friedman (2007) studied that the tea leaves produce organic compounds that may be involved in the
defense of the plants against invading pathogens including insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These
metabolites include polyphenolic compounds, the six so-called catechins, and the methyl-xanthine alkaloids
caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. These substances impart the black color to Black Tea.
Sakanaka et .al, (2000) reported that the inhibitory action of tea polyphenols towards the development and
growth of bacterial spores of Bacillus bacteria, tea polyphenols showed antibacterial effects towards
Bacillus stearothermophilus, which is a thermophilic spore-forming bacterium. The heat resistance of B.
stearother-mophilus spores was reduced by the addition of tea polyphenols. Clostridium thermoaceticum,
an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium was reduced heat resistance of its spores in the presence of tea
polyphenols. Epigallocatechin gallate, which is the main component of tea polyphenols, showed strong
activity against both B. stearothermophilus and C. thermoaceticum. The heat resistance of these bacterial
spores was more rapidly decreased by the addition of tea polyphenols at high temperatures.
Kim et.al, (2001) concluded the antibacterial potential of the methanolic extracts petals of Camellia
japonica L., against food borne pathogens in microbiological media and food. The extract showed good
bactericidal response against the pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus.
J App Pharm 2 (2) : 60-67 (2010) Tahira et al., 2010
Journal of Applied Pharmacy (ISSN 19204159)
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Various components of Camellia sinensis either in the form of green or Black Tea are simple catechins,
which have anti-cariogenic properties in vitro. These include a direct bactericidal effect against
Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus; prevented the bacterial adherence to teeth; inhibition of glucosyl
transferase, thus limiting the biosynthesis of sticky glucan and inhibition of human and bacterial amylases
(Hamilton .miller.2001)
Lakenbrink ( 2000) conducted the research on the polyphenolic, flavonoid, and caffeine compositions of
four commercial tea bag products (typical of those used in the UK, US, continental Europe, and the Middle
East) and beverages prepared from them under a range of typical consumer use conditions have been
studied. Leaf composition was determined by extraction with aqueous methanol .The absolute
compositions of all four products were remarkably similar in terms of most phenolic compounds. The
flavonoids comprised the major proportion (93-94%) of the total phenolics estimated by the Folin-
Ciocalteu method.
Tiwari et.al, (2005) studied that the synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea and antibiotics against
enteropathogens. Antimicrobial activity of boiled water tea extract and organic solvent extract were studied
against Salmonella typhimurium 1402/84, S. typhi, S. typhi Ty2a, Shigella dysenteriae, Yersinia
enterocolitica C770, and Escherichia coli determining minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum
bactericidal concentration and death rate kinetics at MBC of tea extract in presence of sub inhibitory
concentration of antibiotic. Black Tea extracts effectively inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium 1402/84,
S. typhi, S. typhi Ty2a, S. dysenteriae, Y. enterocolitica C770, and E.coli. Based on death rate kinetics
results, S.typhi Ty2a appeared to be highly sensitive and Y. enterocolitica C770 the most resistant.
Chloramphenicol and tea extract in combination inhibited the growth of S.dysenteriae at 2.5 µg/ml
chloramphenicol (MIC 5 µg/ml) and 5.094 mg/ml Black Tea extract (MIC 9.089 mg/ml). Tea extract
showed synergistic activity with chloramphenicol and other antibiotics like gentamycin, methicillin and
nalidixic acid against test strains.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
All chemicals solvents were analytical grade (Merck). Mueller-Hinton agar was used. Microbial strain
Streptococcus mutans ATCC 20572 (S. mutans) was obtained from Dental plaque centre Railway Hospital
Lahore, Pakistan growing on MSB agar.
Tea samples:
Tea samples used in the present study is Black Tea and collected from different departmental store of
Lahore, Pakistan. All the material was in the branded form. The botanical name of black tea is Camellia
sinensis Linn; family Theaceae and the part of plant used were the Leaves (Post Fermented).
J App Pharm 2 (2) : 60-67 (2010) Tahira et al., 2010
Journal of Applied Pharmacy (ISSN 19204159)
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Extraction:
The purchased tea samples (Black Tea) was grinded to obtain fine powder. The sample powder were
triturated with redistilled methanol for 4-6 days by Soxhlet apparatus and process was repeated three times.
The solvent was removed in the rotary evaporator to yield the crude methanolic extracts stored at 4ºC. The
methanolic extract of all tea samples were diluted with solvent (Ethanol and Methanol) and with
combinations of different antibiotic (Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Levofloxacin and Gentamycin) with
different concentration (0.1,0.2,0.3, 0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9 and 1.0mg/ml).
Bioassay:
MIC and Bactericidal activity was determined by agar well diffusion method Norrel and Messley,
(1997). This test was performed in triplicate by spreading 18-24 hour old pathogenic bacterial
cultures containing approximately 106 -1010 colony forming units (CFU/ml) on the surface of
MSB agar medium (Mitis-Salivarius Bacitiracin Agar) plates. Wells (4 mm) were dug in the
media with the help of sterile metallic borer. Test samples of different concentrations
prepared in different solvents (Merck) were added (50 µl) in their respective wells. Pure
methanol was used as negative control (3 mm). Other wells were supplemented with reference
compound i. e. Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Levofloxacin and Gentamycin serving as positive
control. Synergistic activity against bacterial strain was determined by taking equal amounts (0.1mg/ml) of
antibiotics (Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Levofloxacin and Gentamycin)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
It is observed that methanol was the best solvent for extracting antimicrobial substances from tea samples
based on the number of organisms inhibited and the diameter of inhibitory zones produced. It could also be
seen that different extracts were different in their antimicrobial effectiveness depending on the extractive
solvent used. These results favor Oloke and Kolawole (Oloke and Kolawole, 1988) that bioactive
components of any medicinal plant may differ in their solubility depending on the extractive solvents used.
The water extract was least bactericidal as compared to other solvent extracts and showed medium activity
against S.mutans.
J App Pharm 2 (2) : 60-67 (2010) Tahira et al., 2010
Journal of Applied Pharmacy (ISSN 19204159)
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Table-1 Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract of black Tea samples (Dilution in Methanol)
Sr.
No
Concentration
mg/ml
Zone of inhibition (mm) Black Tea
Crude Methanol
Extract
Crude Ethanol
extract
Synergistic antimicrobial activity of crude
methanol extract (diluted in ethanol )
1 0.01 _ - 15
2 0.2 _ - 20
3 0.3 _ - 17
4 0.4 _ - 18
5 0.5 _ - 25
6 0.6 25 - 23
7 0.7 13 10 20
8 0.8 16 - 18
9 0.9 13 - 20
10 1.0 20 - 17
The crude methanolic extract of Black Tea showed full growth of bacteria between the concentrations 0.1-
0.5 mg/ml while it showed moderate activity at the concentrations of 0.6- 1.0mg/ml. The crude methanolic
extract of Black Tea, which was diluted in ethanol, showed good bactericidal activity nearly at all
concentrations. (Table 1)
J App Pharm 2 (2) : 60-67 (2010) Tahira et al., 2010
Journal of Applied Pharmacy (ISSN 19204159)
17-3825 Luther Pl Saskatoon SK Canada S7H4B1
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Table-2 Synergistic Antibacterial activity of crude methanol extract of black tea samples with
chloramphenicol, tetracycline, levofloxacin and gentamycin antibiotics
Sr.
No.
Concentrations mg/ ml Zone of inhibition (mm) of black tea with antibiotics
Chloramphenicol Tetracycline Levofloxacin Gentamycin
1 0.1 12 25 18 18
2 0.2 _ 28 18 18
3 0.3 _ 26 12 12
4 0.4 _ 27 17 17
5 0.5 13 20 19 19
6 0.6 12 25 15 15
7 0.7 15 20 18 18
8 0.8 15 25 20 20
9 0.9 14 25 20 20
10 1.0 17 28 18 18
Synergistic activity with different antibiotics:
The crude methanolic extract of black tea mixed with chloramphenicol in same ratio (1:1) diluted in
ethanol showed good activity against S. mutans at all concentrations. Mixing of extracts with
chloramphenicol enhance the activities of tea samples. (Table-4)
The crude methanolic extract of Black Tea when mixed with tetracycline showed moderate results at the
concentrations of 0.5-1.0 mg/ml but it gave poor results at other concentrations. The synergistic activity of
crude methanolic extract of Black Tea and Levofloxcin diluted in ethanol showed best activity against
S.mutans at all concentrations. The synergistic combination showed better result as compared to the black
tea alone. (Table-1& 4)
J App Pharm 2 (2) : 60-67 (2010) Tahira et al., 2010
Journal of Applied Pharmacy (ISSN 19204159)
17-3825 Luther Pl Saskatoon SK Canada S7H4B1
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Table 3- MIC values and Statistical analysis of Methanolic extract of Tea samples
Sr.
No
Tea samples MIC values in
mg/ml
*Statistical analysis
at 0.5mg/ml
1 Black Tea(Methanolic extract diluted in methanol) 0.6 -
2 Black Tea(Methanolic extract diluted in ethanol) 0.1 22 (±0.5)
*Good activity > 22, Moderate activity > 15 and Poor activity < 15
Table 4- MIC values and Statistical analysis of Methanolic extract of Black Tea samples (Diluted in
Ethanol) in synergism (With tea samples and antibiotics)
Sr.
No
Tea samples MIC values in mg/ml *Statistical analysis
1 Black Tea+ Chloramphenicol 0.1 22 (±0.5)
2 Black Tea+ Tetracycline 0.5 18 (±0.5)
3 Black Tea+ Levofloxacin 0.1 18 (±0.5)
4 Black Tea+ Gentamycin 0.1 15 (±0.5)
*Good activity > 22, Moderate activity > 15, Poor activity < 15
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that methanol was the best solvent for extracting antimicrobial substances from Black tea
samples. The synergistic activity of all methanolic extracts Black tea samples diluted in ethanol showed
good activity against S.mutans at all concentrations. In synergism, the Black Tea activity was enhanced
with Chloramphenicol, Levofloxacin and Gentamycin. It is suggested that Black tea samples used in the
study could be explored for possible antimicrobial agents for various infections of the oral cavity.
J App Pharm 2 (2) : 60-67 (2010) Tahira et al., 2010
Journal of Applied Pharmacy (ISSN 19204159)
17-3825 Luther Pl Saskatoon SK Canada S7H4B1
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... The extract showed good bactericidal response against pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Mughal et al. (2010), while observing antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, demonstrated that the crude methanolic extract of black tea showed full growth of bacteria between the concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL, while the moderate activity was recorded at the concentrations of 0.6-1.0 mg/mL. ...
... Several solvents were reported for the extraction of tea, and their efficacy varies according to their nature. Mughal et al. (2010) observed that different extracts (methanolic and ethanolic) were different in their antimicrobial effectiveness, depending on the extracting solvent used. Methanol was the best solvent for extracting antimicrobial substances from tea samples based on the number of organisms inhibited and the diameter of inhibitory zones produced. ...
... Tea extract showed synergistic activity with chloramphenicol and other antibiotics such as gentamycin, methicillin, and nalidixic acid against test strains. Mughal et al. (2010) observed synergistic activity of black tea extract against bacterial strain (Streptococcus mutans) by taking equal amounts (0.1 mg/mL) of antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and gentamycin). The crude methanolic extract when mixed with tetracycline showed moderate results in the concentration of 0.5-1.0 ...
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Tea has recently received the attention of the pharmaceutical and scientific communities due to the plethora of natural therapeutic compounds. As a result, numerous researches published in a bid to validate their biological activity. Moreover, major attention has been drawn to antimicrobial activities of tea. Being rich in phenolic compounds, tea has the preventive potential of colon, esophageal, and lung cancers, as well as urinary infections and dental caries, amongst others. The venture of this review was to illustrate the emerging findings on the antimicrobial properties of different teas and tea extracts, which have been obtained from the several in vitro studies investigating the effects of these extracts against different microorganisms. Resistance to antimicrobial agents has become an increasingly important and urgent global problem. The extracts of tea origin as antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of resistance would serve an alternative way of antimicrobial chemotherapy targeting the inhibition of microbial growth and the spread of antibiotic resistance with potential use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries.
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Full-text available
  • Nov 2011
Tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) is the second most consumed beverages in the world, next to water in terms of worldwide popularity. The chemical components of green tea chiefly include polyphenols, caffeine, and amino acids. Green tea is rich in catechins, of which (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate is the most abundant. As described in literature, green tea and its polyphenols are beneficial in curing a wide variety of diseases like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, etc. It also has antimicrobial activity, protects from solar radiations, and possesses neuroprotective properties. The current review article focuses on pharmacological profile associated with Green tea and its polyphenols. We hope that this review will expose areas for further study and encourage research on important public health issue.
Safety and Efficacy of Black Tea Extract in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis: A Rabbit Model
Article
Purpose: To determine the safety and efficacy of black tea extract in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis in a rabbit model and compare it with that of gatifloxacin drops. Methods: Black tea extract was tested in vitro on bacterial cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Forty-two rabbit eyes were cultured with either MRSA (n=21) or P. aeruginosa (n=21) and further divided into a control group (n=5), a tea group (n=8) treated with black tea extract, and a gatifloxacin group (n=8) treated with 0.3% gatifloxacin eye drops. Conjunctival swabs were collected on the third and fifth days. Results: The tea extract successfully inhibited the growth of both organisms at a concentration of 400 mg/mL. Rabbits in the treatment groups showed a reduction in the clinical index on day 2 (P<0.01), unlike the control group (P=0.1), for both organisms. Resolution of conjunctivitis was achieved on days 4 and 5 in the tea and gatifloxacin groups, respectively. On days 3 and 5, while the control group still showed considerable bacterial growth, the tea and gatifloxacin groups showed its inhibition. Conclusion: Tea extract has antimicrobial effects similar to those of gatifloxacin in a rabbit model of conjunctivitis.
The Antibacterial Activity of Natural Product Black Tea Theaflavins On Streptococcus Mutans
Article
  • Oct 2019
Objective The aim of the study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of the black tea theaflavins (TFs) on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) which cause the dentin caries. Methods (1) Broth dilution method was used for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). (2) Mixed bacterial suspension with three different concentrations of TFs and recorded pH values before and after anaerobic incubation. (3) Scanning electron microscopy was used for observing bacteria morphology. Results (1) The MIC and MBC were 0.5mg/ml and 1.0mg/ml respectively. (2) With the increasing concentration of TFs, the ability of bacteria to produce acid gradually decreased. (3) TFs changed the shape of S. mutans. Conclusions Theaflavins inhibits S. mutans effectively.
Anti-cariogenic properties of tea (Camellia sinensis)
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2001
Various components in green and black tea, the beverages made by infusing appropriately processed dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, notably simple catechins, have properties in vitro that suggest an anti-cariogenic activity. These include: a direct bactericidal effect against Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus; prevention of bacterial adherence to teeth; inhibition of glucosyl transferase, thus limiting the biosynthesis of sticky glucan; inhibition of human and bacterial amylases. Studies in animal models show that these in-vitro effects can translate into caries prevention. A limited number of clinical trials in man suggest that regular tea drinking may reduce the incidence and severity of caries. If substantiated, this could offer a very economical public health intervention.
Antibacterial Effect of Water-Soluble Tea Extracts on Foodborne Pathogens in Laboratory Medium and in a Food Model
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2004
The microbial inhibition of foodborne pathogens was determined in brain heart infusion broth with 10% (wt/vol) water-soluble extracts of green, jasmine, black, dungglre, and oolong tea against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The mixed culture (approximately 6.0 log CFU/ml), which was composed of the four pathogens, was inoculated into brain heart infusion broth with and without tea extracts. After incubation at 35 degrees C for 0, 1, 3, and 5 days, proper dilution of each sample was spiral plated on each selective agar. Viable cell counts were performed after incubation at 35 degrees C for 24 to 36 h. Green, jasmine, and black tea exhibited an approximately 5.0 log suppression of S. aureus compared with the control from days 1 to 5. Green and jasmine tea also suppressed the growth of L. monocytogenes by approximately 3.0 log CFU/ml on day 5. In contrast, no tea extracts inactivated E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis. Based on the result in liquid medium, green and jasmine teas of 0.1% (vol/wt) were individually evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus in a food model (ground beef) stored at 7 degrees C for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Viable cell counts of total bacteria, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus in ground beef were not significantly different among green and jasmine tea and the control.
Implications of the Mechanisms of Action of Tea Polyphenols as Antioxidants in vitro for Chemoprevention in Humans
Article
Considerable evidence points to the health benefits of the phytochemical constituents of fruit, vegetables, beverages, and grains in protection against cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. This may be accounted for through contributions from their constituent antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, β-carotene, other carotenoids and the non-nutrient flavonoids, ubiquitous phytochemical components of the diet), as well as through other anticarcinogenic and cardioprotective effects independently of their antioxidant effects. Indeed, the epidemiological evidence for a risk-reducing role of vitamin C for cancer is not as strong as that for fruit and vegetables (1).Dietary components may contribute to antioxidant function in several ways that relate to their structural chemistry (2): i) by directly scavenging free radicals through hydrogen/electron donation, depending on their reducing properties, or reduction potentials; ii) by intercepting the propagatory chain reactions of lipid peroxidation and scavengin...
Antimicrobial Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols on Thermophilic Spore-Forming Bacteria.
Article
  • Jul 2000
The inhibitory action of tea polyphenols towards the development and growth of bacterial spores was examined. Among the tested Bacillus bacteria, tea polyphenols showed antibacterial effects towards Bacillus stearothermophilus, which is a thermophilic spore-forming bacterium. The heat resistance of B. stearothermophilus spores was reduced by the addition of tea polyphenols. Clostridium thermoaceticum, an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium, also exhibited reduced heat resistance of its spores in the presence of tea polyphenols. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate, which is the main component of tea polyphenols, showed strong activity against both B. stearothermophilus and C. thermoaceticum. The heat resistance of these bacterial spores was more rapidly decreased by the addition of tea polyphenols at high temperatures.
Green tea consumption and the risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancers
Article
  • Jan 1997
The effect of green tea drinking in reducing human cancer risk is unclear, though a protective effect has been reported in numerous animal studies and several epidemiologic investigations. Herein the hypothesis that green tea consumption may reduce the risk of cancers of the colon, rectum and pancreas is examined in a large population-based case-control study conducted in Shanghai, China. Newly diagnosed cancer cases (931 colon, 884 rectum and 451 pancreas) during 1990-1993 among residents 30-74 years of age were included. Controls (n = 1,552) were selected among Shanghai residents and frequency-matched to cases by gender and age. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each cancer associated with green tea consumption were derived after adjustment for age, income, education and cigarette smoking. Additional adjustment for dietary items and body size was found to have minimal impact. An inverse association with each cancer was observed with increasing amount of green tea consumption, with the strongest trends for rectal and pancreatic cancers. For men, compared with non-regular tea drinkers, ORs among those in the highest tea consumption category (> or = 300 g/month) were 0.82 for colon cancer, 0.72 for rectal cancer and 0.63 for pancreatic cancer, with p values for trend being 0.38, 0.04 and 0.04, respectively. For women, the respective ORs for the highest consumption category (> or = 200 g/month) were 0.67, 0.57 and 0.53, with the respective p values for trend being 0.07, 0.001 and 0.008. Our findings provide further evidence that green tea drinking may lower the risk of colorectal and pancreatic cancers.
Flavonoids and Other Polyphenols in Consumer Brews of Tea and Other Caffeinated Beverages †
Article
  • Aug 2000
The polyphenolic, flavonoid, and caffeine compositions of four commercial tea bag products (typical of those used in the UK, US, continental Europe, and the Middle East) and beverages prepared from them under a range of typical consumer use conditions have been studied. Leaf composition was determined by extraction with aqueous methanol: the absolute compositions of all four products were remarkably similar in terms of most phenolic compounds. The flavonoids comprised the major proportion (93-94%) of the total phenolics estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. At brew times up to 2 min the composition of the brew solids was for each product practically independent of brew time, with flavonoids again comprising the major proportion (86-88%) of the total phenolics. The efficiency of extraction in brewing of total phenolics, total flavonoids, catechins, and theaflavins was up to 35-55% of the total available in the leaf, whereas the flavonol and flavone glycosides and caffeine were more efficiently extracted (up to 55-90%). The contribution of tea to the UK adult average total dietary intake of flavonols and flavones was calculated to be up to 80% depending on brewing conditions.
Tea as a functional food for oral health
Article
Tea, an infusion prepared from leaves of Camellia sinensis, has long been considered a beverage with functional properties, owing to its medicinal, health promoting and disease prevention properties in humans. Since oral diseases exert a significant impact on a person's overall health, investigation into how tea may benefit oral health is important. This chapter represents an updated review of the available literature on the in vitro, in vivo, animal and human studies demonstrating the effects of tea and tea polyphenols on oral pathogens associated with oral/dental diseases and the implications of tea and tea polyphenols in the prevention of these diseases.
Synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea & antibiotics
Article
Tea leaves are known for its antibacterial activity against many microorganisms. In this study we attempted to describe the synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea and antibiotics against enteropathogens. Antimicrobial activity of boiled water tea extract and organic solvent extract were studied against Salmonella typhimurium 1402/84, S. typhi, S. typhi Ty2a, Shigella dysenteriae, Yersinia enterocolitica C770, and Escherichia coli (EPEC P2 1265) determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and death rate kinetics at MBC of tea extract in presence of subinhibitory concentration of antibiotic. Both green tea or black tea extracts effectively inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium 1402/84, S. typhi, S. typhi Ty2a, S. dysenteriae, Y. enterocolitica C770, and E.coli (EPEC P2 1265). However, the growth inhibitory concentration of tea extract was lower for green tea as compared to black tea extract. Antimicrobial activity of green tea tea methanol: water extract tea was better as compared to boiled water tea extract of green tea. Based on death rate kinetics results, S.typhi Ty2a appeared to be highly sensitive and Y. enterocolitica C770 the most resistant. Chloramphenicol and tea extract in combination inhibited the growth of S.dysenteriae at 2.5 microg/ml chloramphenicol (MIC 5 microg/ml) and 5.094 mg/ml black tea extract (MIC 9.089 mg/ml). Tea extract showed synergistic activity with chloramphenicol and other antibiotics like gentamycin, methicillin and nalidixic acid against test strains.
Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas
Article
  • Jan 2007
Tea leaves produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading pathogens including insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These metabolites include polyphenolic compounds, the six so-called catechins, and the methyl-xanthine alkaloids caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. Postharvest inactivation of phenol oxidases in green tea leaves prevents oxidation of the catechins, whereas postharvest enzyme-catalyzed oxidation (fermentation) of catechins in tea leaves results in the formation of four theaflavins as well as polymeric thearubigins. These substances impart the black color to black teas. Black and partly fermented oolong teas contain both classes of phenolic compounds. A need exists to develop a better understanding of the roles of polyphenolic tea compounds in food and medical microbiology. This overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of activities of tea flavonoids and teas against foodborne and other pathogenic bacteria, virulent protein toxins produced by some of the bacteria, virulent bacteriophages, pathogenic viruses and fungi. Also covered are synergistic, mechanistic, and bioavailability aspects of the antimicrobial effects. Further research is suggested for each of these categories. The herein described findings are not only of fundamental interest, but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and animal and human health.
Yield of essential oil and citral (D.C)
  • 555-559
  • L Ming
  • R Figueiredo
  • S Machado
  • R Andrede
Ming .L., Figueiredo,R., Machado,S. and andrede,R.1996.Yield of essential oil and citral (D.C). Proceedings of international symposium on medicinal and aromatic plants .ISHS .555-559