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Extraction of safflower seed oil by supercritical CO2
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Safflower seed oil extraction with supercritical CO2 at series operational parameters of pressure, temperature, flow rate and particle size was investigated in a bench scale apparatus. The results show that the extraction yields plotted as a function of time are significantly affected by the extraction pressure, flow rate and particle size, but extraction yields plotted versus CO2 used are scarcely affected by flow rate. Extraction temperature has a slight effect on the extraction curves. In order to describe the extraction process, the Sovova’s extended Lack’s Model (SLM) was used and the experimental data were well fitted by it. The extraction was scaled up to pilot plant and the computed values of SLM are in good agreement with the pilot plant data. Additionally, the quality of safflower seed oil obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction is superior to that of oil obtained by traditional methods. It is noted that a new method of changing flow rate was proposed to improve the process efficiency and proved to be valuable by experiment.
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... FAME was procured when the solvent evaporated and then thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to confirm the formation of methyl esters. The obtained FAME was kept in a low-temperature nitrogen atmosphere for further analysis [21]. Thus, the quantitative analysis of the FAME obtained was scrutinise by HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) and GC-FID (Gas Chromatography with Flame-Ionization Detector). ...
Brassica campestris is an annual, erect and branched plant of the Brassicaceae family and a significant oil seed crop that plays a vital role in the agricultural sector. It is being consumed in enormous quantities across the world due to its nutritious values. Heavy metals impair crop growth and yield by interfering with other essential nutrients and impeding their uptake in plants. For our study, an industrially contaminated region in western Rajasthan was selected to collect seeds during the rabi season. Brassica campestris seed oil was extracted using an appropriate petroleum ether solvent in a Soxhlet extractor and then digestion of the seed oil was performed. Physicochemical characteristics such as percentage content of oil 39.32%, moisture 4.78%, ash content 3.88%, unsaponifiable matter 0.95%, saponification value 168.35 mg KOH/g, acid value 1.14 mg KOH/g and iodine value 107.27 g of I2/100g of the seed oil were analysed. An Agilent 4210 MP-AES was used for the analysis of the concentration of heavy metals in the liquid digested Brassica campestris seed oil sample at different wavelengths. The transesterification process was used to prepare FAME and then GC-FID was used to scrutinise the quantitative analysis of the fatty acid methyl ester compositions. Seven major fatty acids were identified in Brassica campestris seeds oil which are erucic acid 45.28%, oleic acid 13.95%, α-linolenic acid 12.46%, linoleic acid 11.20%, eicosenoic acid 6.04%, palmitic acid 4.88% and stearic acid 1.35%. Erucic acid and oleic acid were the predominant fatty acids in it, so it can be utilised in lubricants, surfactants and a healthy human diet, but high and prolonged intakes of erucic acid may have a toxic effect on the heart.
... Safflower seeds produce 32-40 % of the oil. Safflower seed oil is rich in vitamin E. Safflower seed oil is effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and it also improves microcirculation [129]. Safflower oil is one of the richest oils in linoleic acid and linolenic acid [130]. ...
Vegetable oil is best known among consumer oils because they are fabulous for our health, beauty
and well-being. Vegetable oils are frequently used by the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries because
they are made from natural products using reliable methods. However, they are degraded when exposed to
environmental pressures such as oxygen, temperature and light, etc. The encapsulation method is used to
prevent instability and improve the stability and bioavailability of vegetable oils. In this review, we have
discussed vegetable oils and their major fatty acid compounds, the coating materials known to encapsulate
vegetable oils and finally, we have highlighted the different encapsulation methods
... Recently, attention has been increasingly attracted to safflower seed oil as an excellent healthcare product, because it is effective for the treatment of hyperlipaemia, arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease and it can enhance microcirculation". Han et al. [10]. "Safflower oil is also known to protect body tissues and protect interior organs". ...
Fatty acid profiling is a process of analyzing the composition and quantity of different fatty acids. Fatty acids are organic molecules that are essential for a variety of biological processes in the body, including energy storage and membrane function. Safflower seed contains major four fatty acids viz. linoleic acid, Oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. The analysis of fatty acid profiles is important for understanding the nutritional quality of the oil and products derived from it. According to hull types of seeds, the seed oil content ranges from 20 % to 45 %. Fatty acid profiling of safflower involves analyzing the types and quantities of fatty acids present in safflower oil. This can provide insights into its nutritional value, stability, and potential health benefits from the oil derived from each genotype. This research is conducted to know the content of saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acid in safflower oil from selected genotypes. The major four fatty acid composition of safflower genotypes reveals palmitic acid content ranges from 5.09% (GMU-2969) to 6.93% (GMU-3929). The stearic acid content ranged between 1.69% (GMU-2969) to 3.55% (GMU-3780). The oleic acid content ranged from 12.88% (GMU-2749) to 20.69% (GMI-3177) and the percent linoleic acid content ranged from 71.31 (GMU-3177) to 78.44% (GMU-2749).
... In 2010, studies were conducted by Kartika I.A., regarding the application of a one step pressing technology in oil extraction from sun flower seeds [11,12,13]. The method was successfully applied to achieve the desired objectives through thermal treatment, pressing and solvent extraction in a single step [14,15,16,17]. Details regarding the operation and conditions of work have been published [18,19,20,21,22,23]. ...
There is a variety of methods that are employed to extract oil from seeds. Many of these methods are based either on physical processes or on chemical processes. Traditional extraction methods such as mechanical pressing were compared with more modern extraction methods such as supercritical extraction method. Various options that are available for the extraction of oil from many different seeds were discussed. These extraction processes depend on a number of factors for product yield, safety and other considerations. For health, safety and environmental issues, recent developments in oil extraction procedures have seen the adoption of supercritical fluids in order to produce cleaner and greener extracts with high yields.
Bu çalışma, 2022-23 yıllarında farklı ekim zamanı uygulamaları bakımından bazı aspir çeşitlerinin agronomik faktörlerini incelemek amacıyla tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, 4 farklı ekim zamanı (1 Kasım, 15 Kasım, 30 Kasım, 15 Aralık) ve 2 farklı aspir çeşidi (dinçer ve safir) kullanılmıştır. Denemede; bitki boyu, bitkide yan dal sayısı, ilk dal yüksekliği, gövde çapı, tabla sayısı, tabla çapı, dekara tohum verimi ve yağ oranı gibi parametreler incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucuna göre tüm parametrelerde birinci ekim zamanının (1 Kasım) en uygun ekim zamanı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dekara tohum verimi en fazla 89,48 kg ile 1. ekim zamanı (1 Kasım), en az ise 40,89 kg ile 4. ekim zamanı (15 Aralık) uygulamasından tespit edilmiştir. Yağ oranı en fazla 24,23 ile 1. ekim zamanı (1 Kasım), en az ise %19,11 ile 4. ekim zamanı (15 Aralık) uygulamasından saptanmıştır.
Compressed n-propane extraction (CPE) was applied to umari fruit (Poraqueiba sericea Tul.) pulp to obtain an oil rich in high added-value components. CPE was performed at different temperatures and flow rate, which was compared to conventional extraction (Soxhlet). The oils were analyzed for global yields, fatty acid composition, β-carotene content, antioxidant activity, total phenolics content (TPC) total flavonoids (TF), and thermal behavior. The highest extraction yield (29.2 wt%) was obtained with CPE at 80 °C and 3 mL.min−1, being higher than that obtained by Soxhlet. The flow rate variation had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the oil extraction yield, while the temperature had a negative effect. The umari oil obtained by CPE emerges as a rich source of oleic acid (omega-9) and β-carotene (vitamin A precursor), with potential to be applied in various industrial segments and inserted into the Amazon bioeconomy scenario.
By dry crystallization, concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds can be increased in olein and super-olein fractions in vegetable oils. Among all sources of vegetable oils, safflower oil (SO) possesses the maximum linoleic acid content. To boost the industrial applications of SO, two variants were produced by single- and two-stage crystallization. This study aimed to determine the fatty acid compositions, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and oxidative stability of fractionated olein (OF) and double-fractionated olein (DFO) produced by dry crystallization. For this, SO was cooled to −45 °C and filtered, the filtrate was denoted as single-fractionated olein (OF), and 40% of this section was taken for analytical purposes, while the remaining 60% was again cooled to −70 °C and filtered, and the filtrate was denoted as double-fractionated olein (DFO). Unfractionated safflower (SO) was used as a control, filled in amber glass bottles, and stored at 20–25 °C for 90 days. Fatty acid compositions and phytosterols were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phenolic compounds and induction periods were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Rancimat. GC-MS analysis revealed that the C18:2 contents of SO, OF, and DFO were 77.63 ± 0.82, 81.57 ± 0.44, and 89.26 ± 0.48 mg/100 g (p < 0.05), respectively. The C18:1 contents of SO, OF, and DFO were 6.38 ± 0.19, 7.36 ± 0.24, and 9.74 ± 0.32 mg/100 g (p < 0.05), respectively. HPLC analysis showed that phenolic compounds were concentrated in the low-melting-point fractions. In DFO, concentrations of tyrosol, rutin, vanillin, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid were 57.36 ± 0.12, 129.45 ± 0.38, 165.11 ± 0.55, 183.61 ± 0.15, 65.94 ± 0.11, and 221.75 ± 0.29 mg/100 g, respectively. In SO, concentrations of tyrosol, rutin, vanillin, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid were 24.79 ± 0.08, 78.93 ± 0.25, 115.67 ± 0.41, 34.89 ± 0.51, and 137.26 ± 0.08 mg/100 g, respectively. In OF, concentrations of tyrosol, rutin, vanillin, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid were 35.96 ± 0.20, 98.69 ± 0.64, 149.14 ± 0.13, 57.53 ± 0.74, and 188.28 ± 0.82 mg/100 g, respectively. The highest concentrations of brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, avenasterol, stigmastenol, and avenasterol were noted in DFO followed by OF and SO. The total antioxidant capacities of SO, OF, and DFO were 54.78 ± 0.12, 71.36 ± 0.58, and 86.44 ± 0.28%, respectively. After the end of the storage time, the peroxide values (POVs) of SO, OF, and DFO stored for 3 months were 0.68, 0.85, and 1.16 mequiv O2/kg, respectively, with no difference in the free fatty acid content.
A feed-forward multi-layer neural network with Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm was developed to predict yield for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of black pepper essential oil. Since yield of extraction strongly depends on five independent variables including residence time, supercritical carbon dioxide temperature and pressure, particle size and supercritical carbon dioxide mass flux per unit mass of substratum, these five inputs were devoted to the network. Different networks were trained and tested with different network parameters using training and testing data sets. Using validating data set the network having the highest regression coefficient (r2) and the lowest mean square error was selected. To confirm the network generalization, an independent data set was used and the predictability of the network was statistically assessed. Statistical analyses showed that the neural network predictions had an excellent agreement (r2 = 0.9698) with experimental data. Furthermore, a mass transfer based mathematical model was developed for constant rate period and diffusion-controlled regime of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The proposed model was numerically solved using modified Euler's and finite difference methods. Comparing predicted results of the neural network model and the mathematical model to experimental data indicated that the neural network model had better predictability than the mathematical model.
A feed-forward multi-layer neural network with Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm was developed to predict yield for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of black pepper essential oil. Since yield of extraction strongly depends on five independent variables including residence time, supercritical carbon dioxide temperature and pressure, particle size and supercritical carbon dioxide mass flux per unit mass of substratum, these five inputs were devoted to the network. Different networks were trained and tested with different network parameters using training and testing data sets. Using validating data set the network having the highest regression coefficient (r2) and the lowest mean square error was selected. To confirm the network generalization, an independent data set was used and the predictability of the network was statistically assessed. Statistical analyses showed that the neural network predictions had an excellent agreement (r2 = 0.9698) with experimental data. Furthermore, a mass transfer based mathematical model was developed for constant rate period and diffusion-controlled regime of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The proposed model was numerically solved using modified Euler's and finite difference methods. Comparing predicted results of the neural network model and the mathematical model to experimental data indicated that the neural network model had better predictability than the mathematical model.
Tomato seed oil was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide in a semibatch-flow extraction apparatus. The effect of milling of seeds and solvent flow rate on the extraction behavior was studied. The extraction rate increased as solvent flow rate increased. Milling the seeds,prior to extraction enhanced the extraction rate. During extraction from milled seeds, the solute from the cells opened by milling was extracted fast, and the solute inside the cell walls was extracted slowly. Mathematical models based on two distinct extraction periods with different extraction rate were applied to analyze the experimental data. The models simulated the extraction behavior satisfactorily.
Supercritical fluids are being used to develop new extraction and cleaning systems. In this work, common cycles used in extraction cycles are analyzed in detail with respect to energy requirements and exergy losses. First, cycles that operate between the saturation region and supercritical region are considered. From the exergy analysis for pump cycles, it can be seen that there is an optimum extraction pressure that provides a minimum in exergy loss for a given extraction temperature and separation pressure. The minimum exergy losses are described by parametric equations in terms of extraction temperature, pressure and separation pressure. A similar set of equations is provided in terms of extraction temperature, density and separation pressure. Compressor cycles are also analyzed and it was found that selection between pump and compressor cycles can be made by determination of equal exergy loss points. These points are presented graphically and also in terms of parametric equations for extraction pressure or extraction density in terms of extraction temperature and separation pressure. Cycles that operate solely in the supercritical region were studied. The cycle proposed by de Swaan Arons (4th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, May 11–15, 1997, Japan) was found to provide very low exergy losses for a given change in extraction and separation density. It was also found that, while supercritical region cycles can provide lower exergy losses than cycles operating between the saturation and supercritical region, for some cases of high density difference, pump or compressor cycles can be competitive with the supercritical region cycles.
A continuous process for the extraction of sunflower oil using supercritical CO2, featuring multiple extractors, one oil separator and three cascaded CO2 recovery vessels operating at different pressures, was devised and studied. For every single equipment of the plant making up the process a mathematical model was built. Experimental tests—consisting in measurements of oil solubility in supercritical CO2—were carried out in a laboratory-scale apparatus to characterise the behaviour of sunflower oil in the separation from the supercritical fluid. The mathematical model of the whole process was coded in the commercial gPROMS process modelling environment where both its simulation and optimisation—this latter assuming the overall oil production cost as the objective function—were carried out. The process- and economics-related results are discussed and compared with those obtained with traditional and cold-pressing extraction.
Extraction of oil from crushed sunflower seeds with supercritical CO2 was performed at 280 bar and 40 °C on a laboratory apparatus of 0.15 × 10-3 m3 volume and on a pilot plant of 1.5 × 10-3 m3 volume. CO2 flow rate ranged between 5 and 45 kg h-1. To study the influence of the vegetable matrix on the extraction rate, a re-extraction experiment on the extraction product was also performed on the pilot scale apparatus. A mathematical model of the supercritical extraction process was developed on the basis of the experimental evidence. The equilibrium between the solids and the fluid phase appeared to be the controlling step during the extraction process. A simplified form of a sigmoidal-shaped equilibrium curve was adopted to fit the experimental data in the whole range of CO2 flow rates explored. The meaning of this nonlinear equilibrium relationship was also discussed.
During the extraction from milled vegetable material, the easily accessible solute from the cells opened by milling is extracted first, and the slower extraction of the solute protected by the cell walls follows. Mathematical models based on the assumption of plug flow of supercritical solvent through a fixed bed of milled material were published for both extraction periods. A new model with analytical solution was developed on the basis of these models. Extraction parameters can be evaluated by comparison of extraction curves calculated by the model with experimental data.
Parsley seed oil extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide at pressures of 10 and 15 MPa, temperatures of 308 and 318 K, flow rates of 0.7, 1.1 and 2 kg/h and mean particle sizes of 293 and 495 μm was investigated in a bench-scale apparatus. For the correlation of the experimental data, a mass balance model coupled with various assumptions—including those of the Lack’s plug flow model—was employed. Comparison of the results demonstrated that best fit is obtained when the model takes into account the equilibrium as well as the mass transfer phenomena, that control the extraction process.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from fixed beds (4.8 mm, 24.5 and 12.7 mm I.D.) of crushed canola seeds is
described. Experiments were performed to obtain equilibrium data and extraction rates at 55 C, 36 MPa using solvent velocities
ranging from 0.04 to 2.8 mm/s. A one-dimensional, unsteady state mathematical model was used to obtain the oil concentration
profiles in both the solvent and solid phases, and to determine the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients. The calculated
concentrations and extraction rates are in good agreement with experimental results. The overall volumetric mass transfer
coefficient for the initial, constant rate extraction was correlated with interstitial velocity.