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An approach for energy conscious renovation of residential buildings in Istanbul by Trombe wall system
Abstract
Turkey has a great potential of solar energy, which is the primary source of renewable energy; however, sufficient benefit cannot be obtained from this clean energy source. In Turkey, 36% of the total energy consumed in buildings is used for heating. Due to the lack of regulations in encouraging the solar energy utilization in buildings, the heating energy consumption plays an important role in the energy economy of our country. Therefore, energy conservation methods become necessary. Energy conservation is important for the existing buildings as for the new buildings. In this study, the south facade of a flat in an existing building in Istanbul in Turkey is recommended to be renovated by the application of Trombe wall principle, which is a well-known indirect passive solar gain system. An approach is proposed for this application and the comparison of the existinsg facade with the renovated facades has been made according to thermal performances and hourly variations of wall interior temperatures. The results of this theoretical application study are given in this paper.
... Many researches have investigated the Trombe wall performance, mostly related to the heating application of the system [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. It was found out that a 20 cm thick concrete wall provides suitable indoor heating conditions (25°C) [3][4][5]. ...
... It was found out that a 20 cm thick concrete wall provides suitable indoor heating conditions (25°C) [3][4][5]. Furthermore, findings supported that that the Trombe wall can provide suitable indoor conditions, but it has some disadvantages such as heat loss from glasses to environment, the reverse thermo circulation during the night etc. that can be eliminated by certain solutions [6][7][8][9][10]. ...
... . 0 tot r Q Q Q = + (9) Therefore, the cooling efficiency of the system is taken the following form [32]: 0 0 r Q Q Q = + (10) Figure 11 illustrates the cooling efficiency of the system based on Eq. (10). According to the results, with the increase in the natural convection inside the channel, the cooling efficiency increases. ...
... Under Turkish climate, Yilmaz and Kundakci have developed an approach for renovation of an existing building's south facade with unvented Trombe wall; the results have shown that the application of a Trombe wall to the facade of the existing building plays a great role in energy conservation [14]. ...
... The observation proves that during the first three days, when the solar radiation exceeds 500 W/m 2 , the maximum of the external 14 finned Trombe wall temperature is from 4 • C to 6 • C less than the external unfinned wall temperature. During the second three days, this difference is relatively low and did not exceed 2 • C. ...
... So, the decreasing of the external wall temperature is due to the effect of the increasing of the heat transfer rate caused by the 14 Twall int with fins (°C) Twall int without fins (°C) Fig. 9. Evolution of the internal Trombe wall temperature. ...
... The results showed that in the southern part of the building the temperature in the test room increases 3-5°C more than that of the reference room. Briga-Sa et al. (2014), Soussi et al. (2013), Wang et al. (2013), Chel et al. (2008), Yilmaz and Basak Kundakci (2008), Hami et al. (2012) and Onbasioglu and Egrican (2002) studied the thermal performance of buildings equipped with Trombe walls. Their results showed that the Trombe wall provides suitable indoor conditions, but it also has disadvantages like heat losses from glasses to environment, the reverse thermo circulation during the night, etc. that can be eliminated by certain provisions. ...
... A disadvantage of the traditional Trombe walls is that they occupy all southern parts of the building and thus increase the implementation costs. In addition, they are able to receive solar intensity from just one direction (South) (Rabani et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2006;Yilmaz and Basak Kundakci, 2008;Hami et al., 2012;Onbasioglu and Egrican, 2002;Jaber and Ajib, 2011;Khalifa and Abbas, 2009). So, the present study is devoted to both numerically and experimentally investigate the thermal performance of a new designed Trombe wall which is attached to a test room in Yazd (Iran) in winter (January and February). ...
... The room direction for receiving the maximum solar intensity is based upon the recommendations available on open literatures (Rabani et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2006;Yilmaz and Basak Kundakci, 2008;Hami et al., 2012;Onbasioglu and Egrican, 2002;Jaber and Ajib, 2011;Khalifa and Abbas, 2009;Stazi et al., 2012;Kruger et al., 2013;Rabani, 2011;Kundakci Koyunbaba and Yilmaz, 2012). The maximum average annual solar intensity in Yazd (Iran) is toward the north-south direction (http:// yazdmet.ir/). ...
This paper presents an experimental study of a new designed Trombe wall, which is a part of the southern wall of a test room, in terms of energy performance and heating comfort during winter operation for Yazd city (Iran) desert climate. The area of the Trombe wall is 50% of that of the southern wall of the test room. Hence, it occupies less space and reduces the implementation costs. Contrary to the traditional Trombe walls in which the absorber receives solar radiation from one direction, this innovative design enables the absorber to receive solar radiation from three directions (East, South and West), therefore, the absorbing surface of the wall is subject to the solar irradiation during the all day time (from sunrise to sunset). The experimental results revealed that the range of room temperature on the coldest winter days and weeks in Yazd is kept within 15–30 �C, and this implies that the present Trombe wall design is able to provide a comfortable indoor temperature with lower difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures due to the increased stored energy of the Trombe wall. Furthermore, the present innovative design of the Trombe wall channel causes the absorber temperature to reach around 47 �C on the coldest winter days, indicating the highest possible solar intensity received by the absorber. Analysis of the hourly stored energy of the Trombe wall reveals that the more solar intensity leads to the more energy absorption and the higher Trombe wall back surface temperature, which in turn causes the hourly stored energy to reach to a maximum of 5800 kJ/h in February.
... channel) through the top opening by the natural buoyancy force, providing thermal comfort for occupants [1]. Besides providing warm air, the heated surface of the internal masonry wall transfers the heat to the living space [2]. ...
... Experiment #3 studies the effect of the high air temperature at the inflow during hour 8.00-18.00 on the surface and air (2) temperatures and on the air ventilation rate. The heat source of 300 watts in the horizontal air channel produces air temperature (T A, inflow ) of 31.5-41.5°C ...
... For high air temperature at the inflow in experiment #3 during daytime, the relationships between v 2 Fig. 11a. However, the linear relationships are found in experiment #3 between the v 2 and the absolute temperature differences (T A avg , abs -T A ambient, abs )/(T A outflow, abs + T A inflow, abs ) as shown in Fig. 11 b, where T A avg, abs is the absolute temperature of air in the vertical channel (K), and T A ambient, abs is the absolute temperature of the ambient temperature (K). ...
This study aims to experimentally investigate a solar chimney that integrates the cool air above the moist earth with the warm air in the chimney to enhance heat protection of a building. The exterior surface of a testing chimney exposed to the simulated moderate and high solar intensity of 10-700 W/m 2 and 80-980 W/m 2 gives a surface temperature of 30.2-63.2°C. Cool air of 26.0-27.8°C entering the high mass solar chimney reduces the surface temperature of the internal wall by 2.1-16.9°C with delay time of 1-3 hours compared to the exterior wall's temperature. The air temperature at the outflow is higher than that of the inflow by 10°C at 6:00 p.m. , corresponding to the highest air ventilation rate. With similar values of air temperature in the chimney, the surface temperatures with moving air are found to be less than that of the computed stationary air by 8.5-8.9°C during the nighttime. Therefore, the proposed solar chimney performs as an active insulator for both daytime and nighttime. The coefficient of discharge of 0.42-0.67 are derived from the relationships between the values of air velocity and the outflow-inflow temperature differences.
... Besides, as the air in the air space gets warmer, a full circulation begins through the vents into the room due to density changes. Glazing unit variations including single glazed (Yilmaz and Kundakci, 2018) and double glazed (Stazi et al., 2012) windows installed with Argon and Low-E coating were implemented in solar wall systems. It is noted that an appropriate glazing design can significantly reduce energy cost throughout all year under various climates. ...
... It is noted that an appropriate glazing design can significantly reduce energy cost throughout all year under various climates. Air channel which corresponds to the small space between glazing and thermal wall was also investigated (Yilmaz and Kundakci, 2018;Gan, 1998) based on different interspace values. According to the results, it is suggested that the effective length of the air space to be taken around 10 to 15 cm and increasing the interspace distance has only limited effect in thermal conditions. ...
Trombe duvarı, güneş enerjisinin depolanarak iç ortam sıcaklığının ilave enerji tüketimi gerektiren herhangi bir mekanik sisteme bağımlı kalmaksızın arttırılması için kullanılan pahalı olmayan bir pasif ısıtma sistemidir. Son zamanlarda ısı duvarının konfigürasyon ve enerji verimliliğine yönelik yapılan çalışmaların çoğu hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği yardımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunun sebeplerinden bir tanesi, bu programlarda cam ve akışkan alan çevresindeki yüzey sınır koşullarının temsil edildiği yarı geçirgen ve geçirimsiz duvarların kullanıcıya sağlanması ve enerjinin sadece yarı geçirgen duvarlar içerisinden geçebilmesine izin verilmesidir. Ancak, sonlu elemanlar metodu programlarında geçirimsiz duvar özelliklerine karşılık gelen ve enerjiyi ısı akışı şeklinde aktaran katı ve kabuk elemanlar kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, daha önce deneysel bir çalışma kapsamında inşa edilmiş Trombe duvarı sistemine ait sayısal ısı akışı analizi gerçekleştirilmiş olup deneysel sonuçlarla doğrulanmıştır. Simülasyon çalışmalarına göre, güneş ışığı alması beklenen yüzeylere geçirimlilik katsayısına bağlı olarak hesaplanacak ilave güneş enerjisi tanımlanması halinde elde edilen sonuçların deneysel çalışmalarla örtüştüğü görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, sayısal olarak doğrulanmış Trombe duvarı modelinin kullanılarak Türkiye’deki üç farklı iklim bölgesine ait konut yapılarındaki enerji tasarruf potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik bir çalışma yapılmıştır.
... Polovinu solarne energije akumulira zid, a druga polovina stvara prirodnu cirkgh 2/2017 kulaciju vazduha, kroz otvore (4) i (6), zbog efekta staklene bašte. S druge strane, Trombov zid zrači akumuliranu toplotu u željenu prostoriju (8). Da se Trombov zid ne bi noću hladio, ugrađuje se zavesa (9) između stakla i zida. ...
... Jilmaz i Kundakci[8] su izučavali mogućnosti renoviranja i ugradnje Trombovog zida na južnu fasadu, kako već postojećih stambenih zgrada u Istanbulu, tako i obaveznu ugradnju Trombovog zida u južnu fasadu novih stambenih zgrada, s obzirom na veliki broj sunčanih dana u Istanbulu.U ovom radu dati su rezultati uštede električne energije tokom cele godine, u kući neto nulte potrošnje energije sa Trombovim zidom u odnosu na kuću neto nulte potrošnje energije bez Trombovog zida. Električna energija se troši na grejanje, hlađenje, unutrašnju opremu i osvetljenje. ...
Ovaj rad se bavi izučavanjem uticaja Trombovog zida na grejanje i hlađenje kuće neto nulte potrošnje energije. Kuća neto nulte potrošnje energije sastoji se iz šest prostorija koje se greju i hlade i nalazi se na području Beograda. Trombov zid, kao pasivni solarni sistem, postavljen je na južnu vertikalnu stranu kuće, kao i na južni kosi deo krova. Osnovni model za simulaciju je kuća bez Trombovog zida. Simulacija je urađena i za modele kuće sa vertikalnim Trombovim zidom, za model kuće sa kosim Trombovim zidom i za model kuće sa oba ova Trombova zida. Kuće, kao i grejanje i hlađenje u njima, modeliraju se pomoću softvera EnergyPlus. Za grejanje i hlađenje koristi se električna energija. Radi uštede energije, na svakom grejnon telu i sobnom klimatizeru nalaze se termostatski ventili. Simulacija je urađena za celu godinu. Za sve kuće, kao i za odgovarajuće prostorije u njima, porede se temperature i utrošak energije. Simulacijom se dobija ušteda energije za grejanje i hlađenje oko 15% pri upotrebi Trombovog zida.
... The co-author of the patent, Jaques Michel, explained the main assumptions of the design of TW in a French journal devoted to modern architecture called Architecture d'Aujourd'hui in 1973 [50]. Since then, the wall, as potentially one of the cheapest passive heating systems, has been discussed in numerous research projects across the world and is subject to modifications to improve its thermal efficiency in terms of climatic conditions and functionality [51][52][53][54][55]. TW can be designed as a wall in new buildings [56,57] or as a supplementation to thermal upgrading systems in existing buildings [58][59][60][61][62]. The thermal efficiency of the classical variants of TW is determined by the properties of its components (glazing, wall, absorption layer or absorber, and other additional interacting devices and elements, e.g., movable insulation, shading, etc.). ...
The energy crisis, the risk of interruptions or irregular supplies of conventional energy carriers, and the need to protect the environment stimulate the search for new solutions to improve the heat balance of buildings with the use of solar energy. In this paper, direct and indirect solar gain systems integrated with the building envelope are discussed. In the context of the identified operational problems, the evolution of the classic Trombe wall was shown in the period 1967–2022. Modifications to the windows and Trombe wall proposed in the reviewed works can significantly reduce the risk of an insufficient supply of heat in the winter season. This review also indicates the impact of climate conditions on the decision-making process involved in the selection of the Trombe wall design with respect to energy–effects optimization. The insufficient thermal insulating capacity of Trombe walls has been diagnosed as the reason why they do not enjoy much popularity in cold and moderate climates. As the main directions of development of solar gains systems, the search for solutions that maximize solar gains while ensuring high standards of thermal insulation and the implementation of intelligent technologies were indicated.
... One of the significant ways to supply the building with solar energy is to use Trombe walls [46][47][48][49][50]. These walls are installed on the side where the most sunlight reaches the building and have the ability to create air conditioning as well as heating the building [51][52][53]. ...
In this paper, using a numerical method, a room with a Trombe Wall is studied in a period of 10 hours in the absence of sunlight. The room is 3 by 4 and 3 meters high, with a Trombe Wall on one side. There are 4 barriers on the wall, inside of which PCM is used. This study was performed for PCM discharge mode. This study was arranged for a change in wall thickness from 5 to 45 cm at two inlet air temperatures of 10 and 20 °C and PCM was used. COMSOL-Multiphysics software was used to run this simulation. The use of a thicker Trombe wall raises the average wall temperature throughout the night and also increases the solidification time of PCM within the barriers, according to the findings of this research. PCM solidifies within lower barriers sooner and their temperature is lower. Reducing the inlet temperature to the Trombe wall reduces the freezing time of all PCMs within the barriers and decreases the wall temperature sooner. The maximum operating time of the wall is observed for a wall thickness of 45 cm at 20 °C with inlet air temperature.
... Since a T-wall is a passive technology, its contribution to reducing energy consumption is also a research focus. Yilmaz et al. [16] found that applying this indirect passive solar energy gain system has a significant energy-saving effect, and will bring tremendous energy and economic benefits to Turkey. Using a TRNSYS simulation, Chel et al. [17] found that a T-wall could save 3312 kW·h of energy and reduce emissions by about 33 tons of CO 2 every year. ...
The Trombe wall (T-wall) system is one of the most effective systems for passive solar energy utilization technology, which is of great significance for the alleviation of the energy crisis and the protection of the environment. Taking as an example Tibetan dwellings in the Sichuan–Tibet alpine valley which have installed T-walls for heating, the effects of the length of the room (Factor A), the width of the room (Factor B), the width of the opening on the north wall of the room (Factor C), and the distance from the lower edge of the opening to the floor (Factor D) on the indoor air temperature and room energy consumption are studied by orthogonal experiment and numerical simulation. Results show that the four factors all have a significant effect on the two analysis indicators. The rankings of the factors are consistent for their impact on the two analysis indicators, as, in both cases, Factor A > Factor B > Factor C > Factor D. Therefore, the influence of room configuration cannot be ignored in the optimization of T-wall design. Additionally, the optimal parameter combination for the highest indoor temperature and low energy consumption in winter is also proposed. This research can further improve the study of T-walls, and provide a reference for the thermal environment design of buildings.
... Energy storage, for example, may increase the efficiency of power-producing facilities by altering the load, resulting in improved efficiency, energy conservation, and cost savings. One of the most important parts of the world with high ENC is building section [37][38][39][40]. Buildings with educational, commercial, and office applications have a large share of ENC in the world [41][42][43][44][45]. Providing heating and cooling energy to buildings is very important to create welfare conditions for human beings inside [46,47]. ...
This paper analyses an air conditioning system (ACS) of a building using phase change materials (PCMs) numerically. PCMs of CaCl2.6H2O are placed inside the tubes in the ACS. The tubes are linearly arranged in 10 rows, with 17 tubes in each row. The freezing time of PCM is estimated by changing the diameter of the tubes in the range of 1–3 cm, the inlet temperature (Tinlet) of 285–295 K, and Re of 100–1000. The main focus is on the PCM discharging process at night on hot days of the year to damp additional heat entering the building. Therefore, the natural ACS's contribution to the total energy required for cooling a residential unit in cold and dry weather is studied. ANSYS-FLUENT 19 software is employed for the simulations and Carrier software is used to estimate the heat load of the residential unit. The results showed that an increment in the diameter of PCM tubes enhances the freezing time of PCM so that increasing the diameter of the tube from 1 to 3 cm more than doubles the freezing time. In addition, it was found that increasing the Re reduces the freezing time, especially at low Re. The use of a thicker tube enhances the energy supply from the ACS. In the hottest month of the year, it is possible to provide up to 34% of the required energy of cooling from this system by using a 3 cm tube at Re of 1000.
... (2008) [19] A comparison was made between the current facade and the renovated facades using the Trombe Wall Concept in an existing building in Istanbul, Turkey, to investigate thermal performance and hourly variations of wall interior temperatures. ...
Given the current substantial need to utilize solar energy as a clean and renewable alternative for traditional non-renewable fossil fuel resources, the application of efficient passive solar measures in the building sector is becoming more and more significant. Trombe wall, as one of the most common passive solar heating systems, has received considerable attention in recent years and, as a result, a number of concepts, methods and experiences have been developed during the related research. Although some studies have been conducted on this subject in the form of review articles, taking into account the large number of publications, there is still a call for some review papers dealing with the potential of Trombe wall and providing a brief report on their efficiency based on existing literature. On this account, the present review paper, as a qualitative documentary study, aimed at providing a succinct elaboration of general characteristics, operating mechanism, influencing factors on thermal performance, various types and configurations of Trombe walls, as well as a brief report on energy efficiency, and also the advantages and drawbacks of this passive solar measure have been highlighted. To do so, taking Science Direct as one of the key databases in this field, the required data has been collected with a focus on the most relevant publication in the last two decades. The authors believe that this type of review paper could set the stage for further development of the Trombe wall technology and also promote passive solar design.
... Minimal insulation is essential. x The wall is buried partially underground: The ground is usually at a higher temperate than the outside air, so less insulation is required x The wall is external and east, west or south-oriented: In this case, the wall must be carefully insulated [12]. x Wall Design: An insulated wall is consisting of three layers: ...
The studies aimed to evaluate a Trombe wall, a solar wall, which is a critical component of passive solar strategies in energy usage. It is a very compact wall and can be south-facing or north-facing, which is painted black and made of exclusive material that absorbs a lot of heat. The main advantage of the Trombe wall is that they are often easily built from locally obtainable materials, very dependable, and having less repair, maintenance, and operation costs. In this study, a BASECASE model were simulate with “Design Builder” software based on “Energy Plus” with the passive solar technique of Trombe wall in Egypt of a model of residential building with two façade alternative base case. The research has shown that Trombe wall has the possibility of providing acceptable internal thermal comfort through “Mixed-Mode” ventilation strategy in hot climate, this is important in determining the possibility of Trombe wall in incorporating “Mixed-Mode” ventilation reducing energy usage in cooling demands. The conclusion of this research that Trombe walls can reduce the cooling load by 75% compared to the base case with annual energy savings.
... Zerrin proved that changing the main material of the envelope does not significantly affect inside air and inner surface temperatures. He also concluded that changing the wall material and the inter-space distance does not significantly affect overall envelope system performance [8]. This study considered the effects of several design parameters, including orientation, window design, in terms of glass type, window area and shading, HVAC system alternatives, construction materials, thicknesses of walls and roofs, and the presence of PV solar systems on the rooftops, on thermal performance and energy consumption. ...
Due to increasing environmental awareness in the era of global warming, thermal performance and architectural sustainable design standards have become targets for many architects. The need for such standards is even more pronounced when designing for hot and harsh desert countries. This study explores the impacts of different design factors on the sustainability performance of housing units in arid climates and analyzes the thermal performance of five semi-attached housing units located on the campus of Umm Al-Qura University in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. To achieve the study objectives, 3-dimensional models of these five housing units were constructed to be used as simulations. Appropriate construction materials, mechanical and electrical systems were included. The orientations were unified for all the selected units. A simulation run to predict the thermal performance of each unit was conducted and results were analyzed. The impacts of different design factors on the environmental performance of these residential units was tested. These factors include: outer shell area to volume ratio, percentage of windows to wall areas, window shading percentage, window orientations, presence of courtyards, wall thicknesses, materials and insulation types used, and mechanical and electric systems. The impact of each of these factors on the thermal performance of the housing units was tested separately. General guidelines to achieve sustainable architectural designs in terms of reduced energy consumption and better thermal performance in arid climates were formulated and introduced and modifications to improve the performances of existing buildings were mentioned.
... Piyachart et al. [64] undertook a full-scale field experimental investigation of a Bio-Climatic House under a tropical climate in Thailand. Yilmaza and Kundakci [65] also renovated a building on its south facades with a T-wall in Istanbul. Su arez et al. [66] changed the wall of a gallery in northern Spain to a T-wall and evaluated the related thermal energy. ...
Trombe wall (also called T-Wall) as a reliable renewable energy system has attracted increasing attention from both academics and engineers under the current energy crisis. This study then focused on a Tibetan dwelling retrofitting in the Sichuan-Tibet Alpine Valley, adopting T-wall as a passive heating solution. We investigated a classic T-wall in the target building based on field measurement, orthogonal experiment, and numerical simulation methods. It was known that the maximum average indoor temperature of the master room can reach 18.87 °C in the coldest month (January) of the Sichuan-Tibet Alpine Valley. Six key influencing factors were analyzed accordingly, including the south T-wall-to-wall ratio, inlet/outlet height, glazing inclination angle, storage wall thickness, storage wall material and cavity gap. Among those analyzed factors, it was obtained that the highly significant factors are the south T-wall-to-wall ratio and glazing inclination angle. The larger the proportion of the south T-wall-to-wall ratio, the better the indoor temperature is. The best glazing inclination angle was obtained as 10⁰ for the target residential building under the local conditions. Solar passive technology as a cost-effective solution can improve the indoor thermal environment of the Tibetan dwellings in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The total annual energy consumption of the Tibetan dwelling using the optimal combination can be reduced by about 72% compared to that of the existing Tibetan houses. The research outcomes can provide a practical guide on the future design of passive solar technologies.
... Zerrin proved that changing the main material of the envelope does not significantly affect inside air and inner surface temperatures. He also concluded that changing the wall material and the inter-space distance does not significantly affect overall envelope system performance [8]. This study considered the effects of several design parameters, including orientation, window design, in terms of glass type, window area and shading, HVAC system alternatives, construction materials, thicknesses of walls and roofs, and the presence of PV solar systems on the rooftops, on thermal performance and energy consumption. ...
Due to increasing environmental awareness in the era of global warming, thermal performance and architectural sustainable design standards have become targets for many architects. The need for such standards is even more pronounced when designing for hot and harsh desert countries. This study explores the impacts of different design factors on the sustainability performance of housing units in arid climates and analyzes the thermal performance of five semi-attached housing units located on the campus of Umm Al-Qura University in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. To achieve the study objectives, 3-dimensional models of these five housing units were constructed to be used as simulations. Appropriate construction materials, mechanical and electrical systems were included. The orientations were unified for all the selected units. A simulation run to predict the thermal performance of each unit was conducted and results were analyzed. The impacts of different design factors on the environmental performance of these residential units was tested. These factors include: outer shell area to volume ratio, percentage of windows to wall areas, window shading percentage, window orientations, presence of courtyards, wall thicknesses, materials and insulation types used, and mechanical and electric systems. The impact of each of these factors on the thermal performance of the housing units was tested separately. General guidelines to achieve sustainable architectural designs in terms of reduced energy consumption and better thermal performance in arid climates were formulated and introduced and modifications to improve the performances of existing buildings were mentioned.
... The numerical findings of these authors revealed that the optimal ratio of channel depth to height was approximately 1/10. On the other hand, Yilmaz and Kundakci [34] theoretically investigated the effect of renovating an existing building by installing a passive Trombe wall with three different air gaps (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 m). They reported that the indoor air temperature was influenced slightly when the dimensions of the channel depth were changed. ...
... [15]. Turkey has a great potential of solar energy, and the application of the trombe wall which is one of the efficient ways of using solar energy is studied in an existing building in Istanbul, Turkey [16]. A theoretical comparison study has been made for the south facade of a flat in an existing building with renovated facade according to the thermal performances and hourly variations of wall interior temperatures. ...
Tendency towards sustainable energy resources is increasing and leading engineers and architects make joint efforts. Renewable energy potential present in nature can be used more efficiently so that while energy consumption is reducing, rate of energy gain, on the other hand, increases by architectural design methods. A sailing club in Gölbaşı, Ankara is designed as a low carbon building for optimum usage of solar and wind energy. It can be concluded using an energy efficient architectural design for a building before its construction makes it possible to meet the electrical and heat energy requirements at minimum cost and environmental friendly.
... The energy used for heating, cooling and air conditioning of buildings should be minimized with some design based precautions. Thus (Yilmaz et al., 2008) proposed that special systems like the Tromb wall system might be used to decrease energy consumption in buildings. (Zamora et al., 2009) indicated that theTromb wall system uses solar energy to heat, ventilate and provide thermal comfort in buildings. ...
... They found that the optimum ratio was 37%, which reduced life cycle cost (LCC) by 2.4% and CO 2 by 445 kg annually. Yilmaz et al. [20] presented a study on an existing building with Trombe walls in Istanbul. They investigated inter-space distances (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 m) between the existing exterior wall and glass and concluded that the inter-space distance does not affect the performance of the Trombe wall system. ...
This paper presents a double-layer Trombe wall assisted by a temperature-controlled direct current (DC) fan. THERB for HAM, a dynamic thermal load calculation software, was used to estimate the heating ability of a double-layer Trombe wall for an office building. We designed a new double-layer Trombe wall that has two ventilated air cavities installed on the south facade of the office building, and a pipe with a temperature-controlled DC fan used to control thermo-circulation. The office building was located in Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan. The temperature of the ventilated air cavity of the double-layer Trombe wall and the indoor temperature were simulated. It was more efficient for the DC fan to start when the ventilated air cavity temperature was 19 °C and the operative temperature of indoor was maintained at 20 °C. The results showed that the double-layer Trombe wall with a temperature-controlled DC fan can reduce yearly heating needs by nearly 0.6 kWh/m³ and improve the performance of a double-layer Trombe wall up to 5.6% (22.7% in November, 8.56% in December, 1.04% in January, 3.77% in February, and 3.89% in March), compared to the double-layer Trombe wall without an air supply. The ventilated (all day) double-layer Trombe wall performed better than the unventilated double-layer Trombe wall in November, December, February, and March. Thus, the potential of a double-layer Trombe wall can be improved with the assistance of a temperature-controlled DC fan.
... Yilmaz Basak and Kundakci studied the south facade of a building and investigated the effect of the Trombe wall on the energy saving of the building in Istanbul-Turkey. Their results showed that the effect of changing the main materials of the envelope on the inside air and inner surface temperatures is much lower than the renovating of the envelope with the Trombe wall system [4]. Duan et al. compared the thermal performance of two different types of Trombe wall: one with the absorber plate placed on the thermal storage wall and the other with the absorber plate placed between the glass cover and the thermal storage wall. ...
Building integrated ETFE foils are used as the absorbing structure in the solar energy targeted applications. These foils as a building transparent material have been drawing much more attention for the past decades. In addition, integration of amorphous photovoltaic cells with these ETFE foils is taken into account due to the low production cost and its resistance to high operating temperatures. In the present study, a Building integrated Photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) ETFE cushion roof was numerically modeled and the thermal and electrical performances of this system were obtained in two cases: the cushion with the steady state mass flow and the cushion with the air pressure regulator system. Verification of the modeling was performed by comparing the model’s results with the available experimental data in the literature. The main strength of the present modeling is consideration of the air pressure regulator system in the modeling process which has not been studied yet. The result of the present study showed that the present model predicts the BIPV/T ETFE cushion performance with a reasonable accuracy and can predict the system performance under different operating conditions. The results also showed that in case of the cushion with the steady state mass flow, the power generation is 15% higher than that of the cushion with the pressure regulator system. However, the cushion with the steady state mass flow has a low net output power due to the high consumed power of the blower.
... It seems that the impact of channel depth on an unvented Trombe wall is not significantly effective. Yilmaz et al. conducted a study on an existing building that was renovated by the combination of unvented Trombe walls with direct gain windows [70]. They investigated three different inter-space distances between the existing exterior wall and glass, which were 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 m. ...
A major portion of the total primary energy consumed by today’s buildings is used in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC). Conventional heating and cooling systems are having an impact on operational cost, energy requirement and carbon dioxide emission. In this regard, Trombe walls are receiving considerable attention because of their potential ability for addressing the environmental and energy crisis. This paper reviews the most pertinent contents of studies on Trombe walls that have been carried out in the recent 15 years. According to utilizing functions of Trombe walls, they are divided into two major types: a heating-based type and a cooling-based type. In terms of content, we emphasize the introduction of three groups of parameters that be considered when designing Trombe walls: the ‘Trombe wall’ parameters, the ‘building’ parameters and the ‘site’ parameters. Then different evaluation indicators on Trombe walls have been summarized from three points of view: energy, environment and economic. We hope that this review is useful to academic researchers and can provide a reference for architects or related engineering designers in the field of passive design.
... In addition, we found that the effect of air gap width on the heating/cooling performance for the VBTW was similar to other types of Trombe wall, such as classic Trombe wall [30], PV Trombe wall [31]. ...
Using a Trombe wall with venetian blinds (VBTW) as a cooling system in an office building with split-type air conditioner and simultaneously considering the requirements of outdoor air supply are few investigated. A dynamic model on the VBTW was presented and validated by the experiment in this paper. The influence of three parameters in combination with two set-point temperatures 24 °C and 26 °C on the cooling load were investigated: blind tilt angles from the horizontal (15°, 45°, 60°, 75°), air gap width (5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm), core layer materials (red brick 1760, red brick 1120, concrete block 1440 and concrete 2210) together with different thickness. The results indicated that by increasing the air gap width, the cooling load was increased a little. However, variations of the blind tilt angle have a significant effect on the cooling load. Bigger blind tilt angle (closing) yielded lower heat flux across the VBTW. Finally, the use of low instead of high density materials in the core may reduce the cooling load. The heat-transfer rate through the wall depended on the compared thermal conductivity and their thermal capacity. The afore-mentioned findings are helpful for the energy saving design of the solar utilization.
... Other aspects of the design development are considered, for example the air gap and the wall thickness. A study on Trombe wall use for passive heating proved that the air gap width does not have a major effect on the thermal performance of the Trombe wall (Yilmaz and Basak Kundakci, 2008). For this reason, we kept the standard width of 6 cm. ...
In the coming years, it is anticipated that if we continue with the same pace of energy consumption, communities will continue to face three major challenges; a mounting increase in energy demands, pollution, and global warming. On a local scale, Egypt is experiencing one of its most serious energy crises in decades. The energy consumed in indoor cooling and heating is the biggest portion of total energy consumption in residential buildings. This paper is an experimental simulation study for building retrofitting in off-grid settlements in semi-arid climates, using Trombe wall as a low-tech passive heating and cooling solution. In this study, we made developments to the conventional classic Trombe wall using occupant-centered design and living lab experimental methods. The thermal efficiency of the proposed Trombe wall design is simulated during winter and summer peaks. In the proposed design we used gray paint instead of typical black paint in addition to 15 cm reversible natural wool insulation and two 3 mm thick roll-up wool curtains. The new design reduced the heating load by 94% and reduced the cooling load by 73% compared to the base case with an annual energy savings of 53,631 kW h and a reduction in CO 2 emissions of 144,267 kg of CO 2. The living lab test proved that the proposed design of the Trombe wall is economically viable and the payback time is 7 months. It is recommended that the proposed design be monitored for a whole year to have an accurate assessment of its efficiency. A post occupancy evaluation is also needed to measure local residents' acceptance and perceived comfort after retrofitting.
... In this regard, Agrawal and Tiwari from India have suggested the 30-40 cm thick concrete solar wall to get the optimum results [5]. Normal solar walls posses a low thermal resistance and during off-sun time, loses a lot of heat [33,34]. In hot seasons and particularly in well-insulated buildings, solar walls might function as a source of undesired heat gain and overheating phenomena due to the reverse heat transfer [7]. ...
Despite emphasising on the role of buildings in reducing energy consumption of the world and emphasising on green accessories of buildings, there is not much information on solar walls. Solar wall system, as a passive technology, is regarded a lucrative solution to tackle energy crisis by contributing to buildings' heating and building's ventilation. This study targets to provide literature for solar walls and its application in buildings. Hence, solar walls configurations, and solar walls technologies are discussed accordingly. The benefits and challenges of this green architectural component are debated. 1. Introduction Building accounts for 33% of the total greenhouse gas emissions of the world [1]. In building industry, the significance of solar energy is more sensible when the role of architecture, use of renewable energy and climatic design are taken into account. Those strategies are the main guide lines of energy conservation in building sector [2]. There are various types of architectural appliances such as solar chimneys, solar roofs, solar walls, windcatchers[3], etc that are used in the building sector. Those are devised to diminish environmental degradation and combat green gas house emission [4]. Solar wall system is an important type of green architectural feature that assists ventilation, heating and, surprisingly, cooling of a building. This aims to provide a comprehensive and criticized source of information for other passive designers. 2. Composition of solar walls Solar wall system functions on the absorption of solar rays and conservation of the energy. It conserves the energy during the peak time and transmits it by delay when the occupants
... Recently, passive solar building envelopes can be achieved by using solar system which can maximize solar heating gains in heating seasons and minimize heating gains in cooling seasons. Passive solar heating is a well-established concept in cold climates, which mainly includes solar chimney [17], solar room [18], Trombe wall [19], etc. However, both passive insulated walls and solar walls have disadvantages: (1) passive insulation cannot effectively control the heat flux and may have a negative influence on building energy consumption in summer [20]. ...
... Recently, passive solar building envelopes can be achieved by using solar system which can maximize solar heating gains in heating seasons and minimize heating gains in cooling seasons. Passive solar heating is a well-established concept in cold climates, which mainly includes solar chimney [17], solar room [18], Trombe wall [19], etc. However, both passive insulated walls and solar walls have disadvantages: (1) passive insulation cannot effectively control the heat flux and may have a negative influence on building energy consumption in summer [20]. ...
Energy crisis and global warming have become more and more serious with the social development. Since buildings account for a significant proportion of the total energy consumption and carbon emissions, it is very necessary and urgent to decrease building energy consumption. Minimizing the need for energy use in buildings through energy-efficient measures and adopting renewable energy are the basic strategies. Zero energy buildings, which only consume solar energy and other renewable energies, have been considered as one solution and have drawn more and more attention in recent years. Solar thermoelectric cooling technologies can be powered directly by a photovoltaic (PV) and cause no harm to the environment, which fully fulfill the demand of ZEBs. This paper reviews solar thermoelectric cooling technologies and proposes a technical route of solar thermoelectric cooling technologies for use in Zero energy buildings. It can be seen that solar thermoelectric cooling systems can minimize the energy demands, increase energy effectiveness and reduce fossil energy consumption in buildings. With the thermoelectric and PV industry‘s development along with the advent of new materials, the solar thermoelectric cooling technologies for use in zero energy buildings are promising.
... Briga-Sa et al. [8], Soussi et al. [9], Chen et al. [10], Yilmaz and Basak Kundakci [11], Hami et al. [12], Onbasioglu and Egrican [13], and Kundakci Koyunbaba and Yilmaz [14] studied the Trombe wall performance in buildings. Their results showed that the Trombe wall provides suitable indoor conditions, but it also has disadvantages like heat losses from glasses to environment, the reverse thermo circulation during the night and etc. that can be eliminated by certain solutions. ...
This paper presents an experimental study of a new designed Trombe wall in combination with solar chimney and water spraying system in a test room under Yazd (Iran) desert climate. The Trombe wall area is 50% of that of the southern wall of the building that occupies less space and reduces the implementation costs. The new design of the channel has caused the absorber to receive the solar radiation from three directions. Based on the results, the optimum mass flow rate and the nozzle diameter of the water spraying system has been obtained 10l/h and 30 μ, respectively. The results indicate that the water spraying system decreases indoor temperature and increases indoor relative humidity by about 8 °C and 17%, respectively. The most effect of outdoor relative humidity variation is on indoor relative humidity, rather than indoor temperature. When outdoor temperature increases, both indoor relative humidity and the difference between indoor and outdoor relative humidity decreases. The results also showed that the stored energy of the Trombe wall plays important role in the air ventilation during non-sunny periods. Lastly, the water spraying system enhances thermal efficiency by approximately 30%.
... These problems have not been well addressed in traditional studies that tend to select a single suit of "clothes" for buildings [63e66]. The key problem with these studies is that the external wall is made from materials that have constant thermophysical properties, so that the thermal resistance and/or thermal capacity cannot change according to the outdoor temperature [67]. ...
Geçmişten bugüne gelen geleneksel zemin kaplamaları sağladıkları büyük avantajlar nedeni ile günümüzde yerini hafif zemin kaplamalarına bırakmaya başlamıştır. Burada etken olan en temel faktör ise sanayide kullanılan üretim metod ve yöntemlerinin gelişmesidir. Araştırma –GEliştirmenin artması ile birlikte zemin kaplamalarındaki ürün yelpazesi de genişlemiştir.
Çalışmada aynI üretim parametrelerinden oluşmuş, atkı ipliği olarak farklı kesit şekillerine ve farklı filament sayısına sahip polyester iplikler ile dokunmuş 2D dokuma zemin kaplamalarına (hafif zemin kaplamalarına) sıkıştırılabilirlik ve rezilyans tayini, dinamik yük altında kalınlık kaybının tayini, uzun süreli statik yüklemeden sonra kalınlık kaybının tayini, aşınma dayanımı tayini ve kopma mukavemeti tayini uygulanarak seçilen üretim parametrelerinin toplam etkisinin tespiti hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda grafik alanlar oluşturularak multi eksenli grafikler çizilmiştir. Grafik alanlardan yola çıkarak; özdeş zemin kaplamaları örnekleri içerisinde lif kesitinin trilobal (üçgen) seçilmesi ile birlikte polyester 2d dokuma zemin kaplamasının performansının round (dairesel) kesitli dokuma zemin kaplamasına nazaran daha iyi olduğu söylenebilmektedir. Atkı ipliği olarak farklı filanment sayilari ile dokunan özdeş zemin kaplamalarında ise iplik içerisindeki filament sayısı 96 filament sayısından 384 filament sayısına doğru arttıkça dokunun mekanik performansının azaldığı görülmüştür.
Due to the air flow channel's “C”-shaped structure with asymmetric thermal boundary conditions, the structural and operating parameters have unique intrinsic impacts on overall performance of Trombe wall. In order to match the engineering practice well, under laboratory conditions, an experimental research platform with adjustable channel width and fans was established to reveal the effects of aspect ratio and inlet wind velocity on thermal characteristics of air flow channel under different ventilation strategies. The results show that under natural ventilation strategy, the air flow channel's thermal performance has an extremum when the aspect ratio is about 0.05. Under forced ventilation strategy, with the growth of inlet wind velocity, the comprehensive average convective heat transfer coefficient rises while thermal efficiency shows different trends under various heat fluxes and reaches the maximum when heat flux is greater than 360W/m² and inlet wind velocity is 0.6m/s. A larger aspect ratio leads to a lower comprehensive convective heat transfer coefficient and a smaller thermal efficiency. Compared with the natural ventilation strategy, except for the air temperature rise, the air flow channel's thermal performance is improved to a certain extent under forced ventilation strategy. The improvement of thermal efficiency is particularly significant when the heat flux is small, indicating that forced ventilation strategy has high application potential in areas with low solar radiation intensity. Finally, the Nusselt number correlations reflecting comprehensive average convective heat transfer performance of Trombe wall channel under two ventilation strategies were obtained for engineering design and performance evaluation of Trombe wall.
This paper aims to analyze the heat transfer in an unvented Trombe wall. The wall exchanges by convection and radiation with two internal and external environments. During winter, it absorbs a variable solar flux through its outer surface, while during summer, it absorbs solar radiation via the glazing thanks to a thin black film. The conservation equations governing the problem were discretized by the control volume method and solved by the SIMPLE algorithm. The radiosity method was applied to evaluate the radiative fluxes exchanged by the lateral surfaces of the air layer. These numerical approaches were implemented in a numerical solver, which is validated against the findings of a similar study. Indeed, the differences recorded between the results do not exceed 7 %. In this work, the authors studied the thermal performance of the Trombe wall considering different building materials (fired clay, sand-lime, concrete, and fly ash) and different working fluids (air, helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon). The results are presented in terms of hourly variations of the incoming and outgoing fluxes and some metrics measuring the thermal performance of the studied system.
In this paper, a small building with a Trombe wall with a blade made of phase change material is simulated. This numerical study was performed by changing the stoutness of the blades in the range of 5–25 cm. This building has also been compared to a similar building without a Trombe wall in terms of fuel consumption and CO2 production. This evaluation is conducted in a frigid climate during several months of the year. The Energy Plus program is utilized to calculate the needed heat and fuel load, while the COMSOL software is used to solve the PCM melting front. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that using bigger blades leads in a higher nighttime wall temperature and longer wall function. The use of a 25 cm blade leaves more molten PCM at different times so that the use of this blade stoutness has caused the molten PCM to still be on the wall for more than 8 hours. The effect of Trombe wall on reducing fuel consumption has been greater in the hot months of the year. The highest CO2 production occurred in the cold months of the year. The use of a Trombe wall has reduced CO2 production. This decrease was greater in the warmer months of the year.
In this paper, a building air conditioning channel was simulated. In the channel, a number of rods made of phase-change material with triangular arrangement were placed. The air flow in the channel melts the phase change material during the day. During the night, the energy stored in the phase change material was used to heat the building. For this purpose, a building was designed and the amount of energy required was estimated using carrier software. This study investigated the effect of PCM rod diameter at different hours on the air outlet temperature as well as the amount of molten PCM. The effect of Reynolds number change was also studied. Fluent software is used for simulation. The results of this study showed that increasing the pipe diameter increases the PCM melting time thus requiring more time for the PCM charge. The effect of changing the inlet temperature on the melting time of PCM in diameter 30 mm is more than other diameters. Changing Reynolds from 200 to 1000 reduces the melting time of PCM in 10 mm diameter rod by 71%. Increasing the inlet temperature but decreasing the PCM melting time and increasing the PCM average temperature. It is possible to use up to 49% of the home heating energy from that system by using the 30 mm pipe in Reynolds 1000 in February, and this amount can be saved in energy consumption.
This work is devoted to studying steady-state flow and heat transfer coupled by conduction, convection, and surface radiation in an unvented Trombe wall subjected to solar flux. The lateral surfaces exchange heat with the indoor and outdoor environments, while the horizontal surfaces are assumed to be adiabatic. The finite volume method was used to solve the conservation equations. The radiative transfer was determined by the radiosity method. The effects of some relevant control parameters are investigated. Namely: the emissivities of the lateral air layer surfaces and the thicknesses of the glazing and the air gap. The results obtained show that the emissivities affect the useful and lost fluxes. However, the thicknesses of the glazing and the air layer do not alter these quantities.
Taking into account a share of 42.4% of total energy usage for buildings, utilizing of energy reduction techniques in this sector will be effective. In this article, transient energetic analysis along with the exergetic study of an air handling unit (AHU) equipped with a heat recovery unit (HRU) were examined. The transient analysis was performed in July by developing a program based on the energy/exergy balance equations. The results showed that owing to using the phase change material (PCM), heat exchange diminished by 545 kWhJuly (8.6% reduction). Owing to using of a heat recovery unit, the cooling load energy demand lowered by 4043 kWhJuly (10% reduction). Although the irreversibility through the cooling experienced a 20% reduction due to the addition of an HRU, but the total irreversibility decreased by only 0.4%. Integrating the solar system with AHU + HRU led to energy-saving by 1832 kWh (11.6% reduction). Moreover, the total irreversibility reduced by 9% due to using the solar system. Finally, it was found that the solar system accounts for 83.62% of the total irreversibility.
The present paper explores the feasibility of developing a demand-side management (DSM) strategy with the purpose of making advantage of the shifted solar energy use of Trombe wall (TW) systems to the evening hours while both the electric utility and its customers enjoy economic benefits. In many countries the winter peak hours coincide with the early evening hours and therefore replacing the electric heaters with TW systems during these hours would facilitate the peak clipping strategy in DSM. The aim of the current work is to offer means of overcoming the difficulties concerned with the implementation of such a DSM program and developing a comprehensive method to determine whether the outlined DSM program can be economically justifiable. The proposed method is examined under the North Cyprus (NC) conditions. According to the simulations performed for a 35 m² room, integrated with a TW, an estimated 355.35 kWh of electricity is saved in each house participating in the program during the peak hours in winter. A peak clipping of 17.5-MW is expected to be achieved with 6842 houses. If a rebate of 1588.25 EUR is invested by the utility per house, a net present value of 5,031,514 EUR is estimated over a life time of 20 years. The life cycle cost indicators under different conditions and risks that might befall during the project implementation are also investigated. In all considered possibilities the savings-to-investment ratio of the DSM program is greater than 1.0, implying that there is economic feasibility.
A version improving the efficiency of the Trombe-type assembly is proposed in this study. It consists in equipping the wall with a series of inclined fins forming open cavities of parallelogram section affecting the aerodynamics of the active cavity. The natural convective flow leads to an increase in natural convective heat transfer and improves the overall performance of the assembly. The experimental study is performed with a 0.2 scale assembly. The wall generates a heat flux in a wide range corresponding to the solar radiation while the glass cover is maintained isothermal at cold temperature. The distance between the hot and cold walls compared to the height of the cavity leads to three aspect ratio values (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3). The study performed for a Rayleigh number ranging from 2.81 × 10⁸ to 4.14 × 10⁹ confirms the effectiveness of the new version proposed in this work. With the finned wall, the average natural convective heat transfer increases from 7 to 23% compared to the conventional version without fins, according to the considered configuration. The average Nusselt number is determined for all the tested configurations with a maximum uncertainty of 5%, taking into account the uncertainties of the measured physical parameters. A Nusselt-Rayleigh type correlation is proposed, obtained by means of the least squares optimization method.
The thermal efficiency of the modified Trombe-wall system proposed in this work is improved compared to its conventional version thanks to the adjunction of a porous material to the absorber wall. Thermal measurements were made in a wide Rayleigh number range, with high values reaching 4.52 × 10⁹. The ratio between the matrix’s thermal conductivity of the porous material and that of the air varies between 1 (without porous medium, conventional Trombe-wall system) and about 1888. Moreover, the aspect ratio of the active cavity varies in the 0.1–0.3 range. Influence of these physical parameters on the free convective heat transfer occurring in the active cavity are quantified for this new assembly and compared to the conventional one. The results show that the average convective heat transfer systematically increases with the ratio of thermal conductivities for any Rayleigh number and cavity’s aspect ratio. Furthermore, the simple modification makes it possible to increase the overall thermal efficiency between 4% and 23% on average. This work complements and confirms the numerical results of recent studies realized by means of the control volume method.
This numerical study quantifies the natural convective heat transfer occurring in an elongated rectangular cavity whose hot vertical wall generates a constant heat flux while the opposite one is kept isothermal at cold temperature. The study shows that when a layer of porous material is affixed to the hot wall, the aerodynamic phenomena are modified and increase the natural convective transfer. Several configurations were processed, obtained by varying the matrix’s thermal conductivity of the layer, the aspect ratio of the cavity and the Rayleigh number in wide ranges. The numerical solution is obtained by means of the control volume method based on the SIMPLE algorithm. A correlation of the Nusselt–Rayleigh type is proposed, allowing determination of the convective heat transfer for any combination of these physical parameters. It can be applied in various engineering fields including passive heating in building which can be improved by the simple and easy-to-implement assembly version discussed here.
A renewed interest in bioclimatic strategies for building retrofitting is noticed due to the fact that more than 40% of the total annual world energy consumption is used in buildings. In Chile, existing social housing stock is composed of more than 5,5 million units built with government subsidies. Thermal regulations improvement started in 2000, but solar passive strategies are still not present on the immediate retrofitting agenda. The Bioclimatic Prosthesis Project aims designing and developing prefabricated small scale passive solar systems to reduce energy use in social housing. The systems should moreover be affordable and easy to build and install. This paper focuses on one of these systems: an adaptable and low-cost prefabricated Trombe Wall (TW) with a vertical storage system. Also testing mobile insulation during winter nights and external shading during summer. The system was built and installed in a test cell designed to represent the most used area of a social housing unit in the region. Thermal efficiency of the TW was monitored using sensors and compared to a similar test cell situated on the same site without the component. Two different microclimate scenarios in a coastal city and in the interior valley were tested. The study shows that this addable TW can reduce energy demands and winter firewood consumption by nearly 33%, increasing indoor temperature with 5℃ in the better cases measured. It was moreover noticed that the developed component also reduces cooling demands during summer, overheating problems can be solved completely adding optimized external shading element.
This experimental work shows that the natural convective heat transfer in the active enclosure of a conventional Trombe wall assembly is enhanced by the interposition of transparent and vertical partitions. Quantification of the average Nusselt number corresponding to both versions with and without partitions was carried out by means of a 1/5 scale assembly. The glass cover is maintained isothermal at cold temperature while the active wall generates a variable heat flux simulating the incident solar radiation. The distance between the two active and parallel walls is variable. Four ratios between this distance and the height of the wall are considered, associated with a wide range of Rayleigh number reaching 4.1 × 10⁹. An error calculation is carried out for all the processed configurations, taking into account the experimental uncertainties of the measured physical parameters. The maximum error found on the average Nusselt number is low, of about 5%. Measurements made by means of an interstitial medium without partitions are consistent with the results of other work carried out by experimental and numerical approaches in specific ranges of Rayleigh number. This study reveals the partitions effectiveness, since the natural convective heat transfer's increase lies between 10.0% and 14.4% according to the considered configuration. Correlations are proposed in the present work in order to calculate the average natural convective Nusselt number for the conventional Trombe wall without partitions and for its improved version, for any aspect ratio and in the whole range of the considered Rayleigh number. They contribute to the optimization of the thermal design of this interesting assembly.
It has been nowadays recognized that addressing energy use in buildings can reduce the fossil fuels usage and CO2 emission. Trombe wall is a widely applicable passive solar design option that can significantly reduce the fossil fuel consumption in buildings. This paper experimentally dealt with the effect of applying vertical thermal fin on the absorber of Trombe wall with new design. Three types of aluminum, brass and copper fins were investigated. The experiments were carried out at arid climate of Yazd, Iran. The results showed that when the thermal fin is used the performance efficiency of the Trombe wall increases up to 3% in terms of stored energy within the Trombe wall and 6% in terms of natural convection heat transfer rate inside the channel. However, adopting more thermal fins on the absorber could not ensure higher heating efficiency in terms of stored energy for all cases. Furthermore, copper fin led to maximum heating efficiency and highest average room temperature among three fin types.
In this paper, a novel passive heating design approach—On-top Sunspace (OS)—is proposed to solve the problem of rural heating in the severely cold regions of the northern China. Passive strategies for heating should be applied before considering mechanical equipment. The framework of ‘‘Passive–Simulation–Optimization–Active” was adopted in the study. The OS was first built on the roof of a building. The simulation was completed using the Design Builder software. Based on this foundation, a solar hot water system was installed at the northern wall to further reduce the building energy consumption. The results revealed that the lowest building energy consumption can be achieved when the angles of the roofs are 28° and the glass-to-roof ratios of the front and rear roofs are 0.5 and 0.6, respectively. The daylight could also satisfy two criteria based on the useful-daylight-illuminance (UDI 100-2000 ≥ 80%)and median daylight factor (DF ≥ 2.1%). Moreover, the ultimate average temperature of the building reached 14.75 °C after installation of the solar hot water system, which may have a significant impact on the studies of the indoor thermal environment.
This paper is dedicated to numerically appraise the passive cooling performance of the new designed and normal Trombe walls combined with solar chimney and water spraying system (WSS) in a test room under Yazd (Iran) desert climate. The new designed Trombe wall expands the indoor space and decreases the implementation cost of the Trombe wall. Furthermore, it can receive the solar intensity from three directions while the normal Trombe wall can only receive it from one direction. The numerical simulation of the new designed Trombe wall was validated by the previous experimental study. The present numerical results indicate that in the morning the average room temperature in the new designed Trombe wall is lower than the normal type since the new designed Trombe wall generates higher natural air ventilation compared with the normal type. But, in the late hour of the day due to the more expansive area of normal Trombe wall and its higher capability to store the solar thermal energy, the average room temperature decreases to a greater extent in the normal type. Moreover, the cooling efficiency analysis demonstrates that the daily average cooling efficiency of the new designed Trombe wall surpasses the normal type by around 8.63%.
In this paper a numerical comparison has been made between the heating performance of the new designed and normal Trombe wall under Yazd (Iran) desert climate. The new designed Trombe wall increases the indoor space and decreases the implementation cost of the Trombe wall. In addition, it can receive solar intensity from three directions while the normal Trombe wall can only receive the solar intensity from one direction. The numerical simulation shows that the new designed Trombe wall causes the all parts temperature to increase about 10 °C in comparison with the normal Trombe wall. The velocity through the vents and the channel in the new designed Trombe wall is about 0.03 and 0.01 m/s more than that of the normal Trombe wall respectively. Comparison of two systems shows that the maximum hourly stored energy of the new designed Trombe wall is about 1600 kJ/h more than that of the normal system. Also, the new designed Trombe wall improves the average daily heating efficiency about 27 %.
Offices and retail outlets represent the most intensive energy consumers in the non-residential building sector and have been estimated to account for more than 50% of a building’s energy usage. Accurate predictions of office building energy usage can provide potential energy savings and significantly enhance the efficient energy management of office buildings. This paper proposes a method that applies multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict energy consumption based on weather conditions and occupancy; thus, enabling a comparison of the use of these two types of modelling methods In this study, four models of office sites at research institutions in different New Zealand regions were developed to investigate the ability of simple models to reduce margins of error in energy auditing projects. The models were developed based on the monthly average outside temperature and the number of full-time employees (FTEs). A comparison of the actual and predicted energy usage revealed that the models can predict energy usage within an acceptable error range. The results also demonstrated that each building should be investigated as an individual unit.
The aim of this research is to apply the eQuest model to investigate the energy conservation in a multifamily building located in Dayton, Ohio by using a Trombe wall and an ammonia ground source heat pump (R-717 GSHP). Integration of the Trombe wall into the building is the first retrofitting measure in this study. Trombe wall as a passive solar system, has a simple structure which may reduce the heating demand of buildings significantly. Utilization of ground source heat pump is an effective approach where conventional air source heat pump doesn`t have an efficient performance, especially in cold climates. Furthermore, the type of refrigerant in the heat pumps has a substantial effect on energy efficiency. Natural refrigerant, ammonia (R-717), which has a high performance and no negative impacts on the environment, could be the best choice for using in heat pumps. After implementing the eQUEST model in the said multifamily building, the total annual energy consumption with a conventional R-717 air-source-heat-pump (ASHP) system was estimated as the baseline model. The baseline model results were compared to those of the following scenarios: using R-717 GSHP, R410a GSHP and integration of the Trombe wall into the building. The Results specified that, compared to the baseline model, applying the R-717 GSHP and Trombe wall, led to 20% and 9% of energy conservation in the building, respectively. In addition, it was noticed that by using R-410a instead of R-717 in the GSHP, the energy demand increased by 14%.
The paper reflects the work of COST Action TU1403 Workgroup 3/Task group 1. The aim is to identity research needs from a review of the state of the art of three aspects related to adaptive façade systems: (1) dynamic performance requirements; (2) façade design under stochastic boundary conditions and (3) experiences with adaptive façade systems and market needs.
Many cities in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River have not installed special heating system, and the traditional air-conditioning heating will increase energy consumption of the building. So it is of great value to make use of solar energy for heating the building. This paper presents a novel kind of solar house-porous solar wall heating room (PSWHR), the core part of which is that the porous solar wall is constituted by the porous ceramic. In this paper, there are some experimental study about heating performance of the PSWHR in the clear winter, the research focuses on heating performance and Thermal energy storage performance of the heating room in different external environment (mainly refers to the solar irradiance and ambient temperature). The results shows that: the PSWHR has a good heating effect during the day, and a small temperature difference in the heating room, PSWHR also has a good heat storage performance. With an example of experiment data on one day in January Wuhan, the maximum temperature rise of the heating room is 19.9°C compared to the ambient temperature. From 7 o'clock to 16 o'clock the average temperature rise of the heating room is 11.5°C. From 16 o'clock to 18 o'clock the average temperature rise of the heating room is only 6.6°C because of weak radiation. During the whole day, the maximum temperature difference in the heating room is 1.37°C in 12:40.
As is known double skin façade applications have an important role on passive solar strategies. In this paper, heat losses of a single skin and a double skin façade office buildings were compared to show the effect of double skin on building energy demand for winter period in Istanbul. Calculations have been carried out for the January, which is assumed as the representative month of winter period in Istanbul considering Istanbul's climatic conditions. However there is no any double skin façade application in Istanbul, the thermal effect of the double skin has been theoretically analysed to show the effect of double skin façade on heat losses if this technology would be applied by the construction industry in Turkey. In this study a new method is used in double skin façade's heat losses calculations. The realization of the proposed method is composed of two main steps. The first step is formed from the modification of a previous method, which is proposed by Todorovic, to calculate inter-space temperature. For the second step inter-space temperatures calculated in the first step have been accepted as outdoor air temperature and time dependent heat transfer through the inner skin of the envelope has been calculated by using finite difference numerical approach. It has been assumed that the space between two skins is closed since the calculations have been made for the winter period. It has been concluded that heating energy consumption is significantly reduced in double skin façade building for winter conditions in Istanbul.
Evaluation of built environment from the thermal comfort viewpoint
- Yilmaz
An approach for energy conscious renovation of existent building envelopes by indirect solar gain systems
- B Kundakci