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Evaluation of surface characteristics of laminated flooring
Abstract
In this study, surface characteristics of commercially manufactured laminated flooring were evaluated. The surface roughness of samples consisting of high-density fiberboard (HDF) base and melamine resin saturated paper overlay was investigated. Here, 10 cm×10 cm samples of two types of panels were used for the experiments. A fine stylus technique was employed for the measurements. Three roughness parameters, namely average roughness (Ra), mean peak to valley height (Rz), and maximum roughness (Rmax) were considered to determine roughness of the flooring panels. It was found that statistically significant difference existed between two types of samples as well as values taken along and across the sandmarks of the HDF and overlaid panels. Average Ra, Rz, and Rmax values for HDF were found as 2.73, 26.04, and 27.27 μm, respectively. Overlaid samples resulted in 15.6%, 26.0%, and 21.0% lower values of above parameters than those of HDF panels.
... Flooring manufactured from solid wood is the most expensive and desired for interior applications among the other materials in residential buildings [1]. Homes with solid wood flooring would be expected to have higher resale value than comparable homes with non-wood floors. ...
... Typical engineered flooring panels consist of several thin layers of wood veneers of various species constructed similar to plywood being more functional and less expensive than solid wood flooring [1][2][3][4]. Dimensional movement of such flooring due to moisture content fluctuation in surrounding environment is very minimal having cross grain orientation of each ply in the member. ...
... Consequently they are more stable than solid wood flooring with minimum changes in their dimensions as their moisture content values change. Oak, maple, ash, birch, cherry, and beech are the most commonly used species to manufacture solid wood and engineered wood floorings [1,5]. ...
The objective of this work was to evaluate some of the mechanical and physical properties of the flooring materials manufactured from panels having magnesia substrate overlaid with oak veneer (Querqus alba) and linoleum sheets. Commercially manufactured panels were used in this work. Bending characteristics, internal bond strength, thickness swelling, and surface quality of the samples were evaluated. The highest modulus of elasticity (MOE) value of 4406 MPa for the sample type-A2 was loaded in the direction of the substrate followed by 3478 MPa for linoleum covered samples which were loaded in the same direction. Internal bond strength values of the panels did not show any significant differences from each other. Dimensional stability of the specimens in the form of thickness swelling for both 2-h and 24-h water soaking tests resulted in values ranging from 0.11 to 0.19%. The surface quality of the samples was not substantially influenced as a function of water exposure. Based on the results in this work magnesium substrate overlaid with oak veneer and linoleum panels could have potential to be used as flooring material with accepted properties.
... Laminated and overlaid particleboard (PB) and medium density fiberboard (MDF) have been commonly used manufacturing indoor cabinets in Europa and the United States of America (USA) for over 35 years [1,2]. Overlaid wood composites consisted of two main layers. ...
... Surface roughness and surface stability of different type of panels were also investigated another work [16,17]. In one of the recent studies, it was found that surface roughness of laminated high-density fiber board (HDF) did not affect the surface quality of samples [1,2]. that surface roughness of laminated high-density fiber board (HDF) did not affect the surface quality of samples [1,2]. ...
... In one of the recent studies, it was found that surface roughness of laminated high-density fiber board (HDF) did not affect the surface quality of samples [1,2]. that surface roughness of laminated high-density fiber board (HDF) did not affect the surface quality of samples [1,2]. ...
This paper describes a study of the quantify surface roughness of experimentally manufactured particleboards and sandwiched panels having fibers on the surface layers. Surface quality of specimens before and after being overlaid with thin melamine impregnated papers was determined by employing profilometer equipment. Roughness measurements and Janka hardness were carried out on the specimens conditioned at 60% and 95% relative humidity levels. Based on the findings in this work, surface roughness of the specimens that were exposed two relative humidity exposure showed significant differences from each others. Data determined in this study could be beneficial to understand behavior of such panels exposed different humidity levels.
... 920 million m 2 , laminate flooring is among the most important wood based panel products (EPLF 2007). During the past twenty years, laminate floorings have been especially widely used in Europe and attract increasing interest also in the American market (Kalaycioglu and Hiziroglu 2006). Basically, such flooring elements consist of (1) a carrier board, (2) a decorative paper, (3) a transparent protective overlay paper sheet and (4) a balance sheet. ...
... All papers are impregnated with MF resin and pressed onto the boards in one step short-cycle presses without additional glue. For laminate floorings, the surface properties of such composites are very important quality criteria (Kalaycioglu and Hiziroglu 2006). Major requirements are high abrasion (Bauch et al. 2008a) and wear resistance (Emmler 2007) of the surface, a brilliant appearance of the décor (Bauer and Kandelbauer 2004), good sound damping (Plinke and Schlüter 2004) and antistatic (Bauch et al. 2008b) properties as well as appealing haptic feel (Berger 2006). ...
Impregnated papers are widely used as decorative, protective and balance sheets in decorative laminates
for the furniture, flooring and building industries. One important property of such composites is their
warping behaviour. Especially for laminate flooring, warping of the lamellae is undesirable. In the present
study the influence of important process parameters in the manufacturing of impregnated papers is quantitatively
analyzed based on an industrial experiment carried out at an Austrian impregnation plant. Catalyst concentration,
moisture content, resin loading and base paper supplier were varied according to an experimental design.
The thermal properties of the impregnated papers and the warping behaviour of the corresponding boards were
evaluated using response surface methodology. The resulting models allowed quantifying the relative importance
of single factors on composite warp and defining the useful working range. Determination of the thermal
properties of impregnated papers using DSC and TMA was not sufficient to predict laminate warp.
... However, when the literature has been reviewed, the limited number of studies that evaluate the influence of these layers' properties on laminate flooring products has been discovered, and the following are some of the recent studies [1,3,9,10,12,14,17,19,21,22]. The surface roughness of laminate flooring product (melamine resin-saturated paper overlay) has been determined by Kalaycıoğlu and Hızıroğlu [11]. Nemli [15] has evaluated the influence of surface coating types (varnish and overlaying materials) on the abrasion resistance of particleboards. ...
Laminate flooring products are among the essential construction and building materials not only because of their aesthetics, but also their ability to provide energy saving, sound insulation, prevent surface scratches, and minimize maintenance such as periodic varnishing in the case of solid wood flooring, etc. Even though the laminate flooring products are scratch-resistant and easy to install, they must meet the standard requirements. Therefore, optimizing the production parameters of laminate flooring products is of interest in research and development to obtain cost-effective products that not only compete in the market but also represent scientific communities’ studies. In this sense, production parameters such as paper properties, core material type and properties, resin utilization, pressing conditions (pressure, duration, and temperature), etc. come to the forefront. From this point of view, the effect of décor (105, 115, and 125 g/m²) and overlay (90 and 95 g/m²) paper mass on the surface abrasion (SA), abrasion resistance (AR), impact resistance (IR) and cure properties of laminate floor products which have been industrially produced has been figured out. According to the results, SA, AR, IR, and cure values ranged from 3,600–4,800 revolutions, 4.5–5.0, 110–130 N, and class 5, respectively. According to BS-EN 13329 and BS-EN 14323, products meet the requirements. However, the effect of paper masses on properties has been found to be unstable due to oscillations and no changes observed. In the literature, there are scarcely any studies that figure out these parameters and the authors think that the results of this study may provide valuable data for the comparison.
... The top layer can be produced from the log by a rotary peeling or slicing process, simpler and cheaper than traditional production. All producers in Europe use high-density fiberboard (HDF) as the inner core, with a specific gravity > 850 kg·m −3 , and claim that the resistance to impact is better than that of normal parquet made with a 3 mm wear layer [15,16]. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that the technical lifespan of the product is reduced, with entailed limitations in terms of re-coating of varnish or re-sanding of the top layer. ...
Hardness is a key mechanical property of flooring materials. In this study, the performance of veneer floorings (with a top layer thickness of 0.6 mm) was investigated by dynamic hardness tests, comparing it with those of traditional engineered wood floorings (with a top layer thickness of 3 mm) and solid wood floorings. Two hardwoods commonly used on wood flooring, viz. Quercus robur L. and Hymenaea courbaril L., and two fast-growing hardwoods, Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, were tested as top layers. To compare their usage properties, a dynamic impact hardness test involving steel balls with three diameters and five different drop heights was carried out, measuring the footprint diameter (FD) and the indentation depth (ID). The data from 4800 impacts, corresponding to 180 different individual groups (4 hardwood species × 3 ball diameters × 5 drop heights × 3 floor types) were analyzed. The results showed that the general response in terms of both FD and ID was better in the engineered wood floorings than in solid wood floorings, and that the veneer floorings (0.6 mm) showed better behavior than traditional engineered wood floorings (3.0 mm). Furthermore, for the veneer floorings, the two fast-growing hardwood species tested, which have significantly different densities, showed similar behavior to traditional hardwoods, suggesting that they would be suitable for valorization in the wood flooring industry.
... In one of those studies, it was found that the stylus method can distinguish any irregularities on flooring material manufactured from high-density fiberboard as a function of water exposure [24]. The surface roughness of both commercially and experimentally manufactured particleboard and medium-density fiberboard were evaluated using the stylus technique [25]. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the surface quality of experimentally manufactured wood plastic composite (WPC) samples exposed to water soaking. Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), which is one of the invasive species in Oklahoma, USA, and recycled plastic were used to manufacture WPC samples. Three types of samples, namely with 0%, 3% and 6% nano-clay were soaked in water for up to one month. Stylus-type equipment was employed to evaluate their surface roughness as a function of water exposure. Two accepted roughness parameters, average roughness (Ra) and mean peak-to-valley (Rz), were used to determine changes in the surface quality of the specimens due to water exposure. Average roughness values of 1.5 µm and 4.1 µm were determined for the samples with no clay in dry conditions and those soaked for one month in water, respectively. Corresponding values were lower in the case of those with clay in their content. Based on the findings in this work, it appears that the stylus technique can be successfully applied to such samples to quantitatively evaluate their surface quality when they are exposed to water for an extended time span. It is expected that data from this work could help to produce a better understanding of the behavior of WPCs under environmental conditions.
... Laminated and overlaid particleboard and MDF panels are commonly used in the furniture industry because they provide durable and decorative surfaces [13,14]. ...
The objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of laminated wood-based composite panels as a function of exposure to high relative humidity (RH). All samples were conditioned in a room having a temperature of 20 °C and a relative humidity of 65% before the tests were carried out. Surface roughness, Janka hardness and mass change rate of the raw and overlaid samples were determined before and after humidity exposure. The surface of the overlaid samples was also investigated by SEM. The stylus method was used to determine the fluctuations of the surface quality of the raw and overlaid composites. The surface quality and hardness of the samples were influenced by increases of the RH level and exposure time. The mass rate change was higher for the raw samples compared with the overlaid ones. The findings of this study can be applied to improve production techniques in furniture manufacturing and to enhance the use of overlaid composite panels.
... The substrate or core of panel is made of high density fibreboard (HDF) having a density above 850 kg/mm 3 . Surface layer of the substrate usually are made of wear resistant decorative paper while a backing paper is put on the back of the panel [2]. Laminated floor panel is one of the products in wood based industry in Malaysia, however, limited resources of wood supply becomes one of the challenges faced by the industry. ...
This paper investigated the effect of density and thickness on flexural strength and dimensional stability of laminated floor panel. The focus of this research is to acknowledge the suitability of Kenaf fibres as raw material for floor panel. The evaluated floor panel samples consist of high density fibreboard as a core of floor panel and resin impregnated paper as lamination. The core was made up from Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) bast fibres that were used to fabricate dry-formed fibreboard at three different board densities (850, 960 and 1000 kg/mʒ) with the thickness of 8mm and 12mm for each board. Bending modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) were measured for each panel in accordance to BS EN standard. The overall result showed increasing density and thickness increased were MOE, MOR, TS and WA. Density and thickness were significantly affecting all the panels’ properties except for MOR, TS and WA.
... This happens due to higher cost and limited resources [1]. Generally laminated floor panel consisted of high density fibreboard (HDF) as core, decorative paper as surface layer and balancing layer as backing [2]. Durability of laminated floor panel has influenced its service life and becomes one of the most important properties for the panel [1].Impact strength plays one of the important roles in manufacturing laminated floor panel. ...
This study provides a better understanding of the effect of density and thickness on impact strength of laminated floor panel from Kenaf high density fibreboard (KHDF). The objective of this study was therefore to determine the role of density and thickness on the impact strength of laminated floor panel. Laminated floor panels consisted of high density fibreboard (HDF) as core and decorative paper as surface layer and backing. Kenaf bast fibres were used for HDF with three different densities (850, 960 and 1000 kg/m³) with thickness of 8mm and 12mm for each panel. Energy (J) value was evaluated to determine the impact strength of all various floor panels. It was found that thickness has affected statistically on impact strength while there was no significantly difference existed on density of laminated floor panel on impact strength.
... This signal is amplified before it is converted into digital information (Hiziroglu and Iyengar 1996). Different types of surface roughness parameters such as average roughness (Ra), mean peak-to-valley height (Rz), and maximum roughness (Rmax) can be calculated when digital information is transferred to a computer (Kalaycioglu and Hiziroglu 2006). Ten random measurements were taken from the surface of five samples of varnished and unvarnished walnut overlaid samples conditioned at 55% relative humidity. ...
This paper presents some of the properties of commercially manufactured laminated flooring having magnesium oxide substrate. Laminated flooring samples with thin veneer of walnut wood and linoleum were tested for their bending characteristics, internal bonding strength, thickness swelling, and surface roughness. The highest modulus of elasticity value of 583,000 psi was found for the samples loaded in the direction of wood veneer overlay. Linoleum overlaid samples resulted in 461,000 psi for the corresponding value. Wood overlaid samples also showed 8% lower internal bond strength values than those of linoleum laminated specimens. Based on the roughness evaluation of the samples conditioned at 55% and 95% relative humidity levels employing a stylus type equipment, no significant adverse effect of high humidity exposure on their surface quality was determined. It appears that magnesium panels overlaid with solid wood and linoleum veneer sheets could serve as value-added flooring with acceptable properties.
... The decorative layer is located in the core with wood composite panel substrate such as chipboard or medium density fibreboard (MDF). The wear-resistant overlay layer usually doped with aluminum oxide, and the balance layer are on the top of the decorative layer and on the back of the panel, respectively [25]. Each barrier layer is a paper impregnated with melamine resin and helps to enhance the aesthetic effect and durability of the panels, which are commonly used in the wood-based panel industry for its short production cycle and low cost [26]. ...
Barrier layers on the surface of building materials play an important role in reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but there is little data about their transport properties such as the solid-phase diffusion coefficient (D) and the solid/air partition coefficient (K). This paper develops a dynamic—static chamber (DSC) method for determining the D and K for VOCs in barrier layers. The developed method has the following advantages: (1) it can simultaneously but separately determine D and K for a VOC mixture with controllable concentration in a single test and (2) it requires a relatively shorter experimental time (e.g., less than 1 h for the testing of VOCs in the barrier layers). Using this method, the two key parameters for formaldehyde in three commonly used barrier layers were measured. The uncertainty and sensitivity of the measured parameters were analysed. The results indicated the feasibility of simultaneous estimation of the two parameters (D and K) by the present method. Finally, the impact of the tested barrier layers on VOC emissions from building materials was investigated based on a multilayer mass transfer model. It is found that barrier layers can greatly reduce the indoor VOC concentration. The measured D and K values of barrier layers are useful for predicting VOC emissions from building materials and in the design of low-emission building materials.
... A balancing backing is bonded to the underside of the core. On the top there is a clear cap sheet of aluminum oxide, which provides protection and stain resistance [5]. In addition, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was added as a replacement for MF resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system to reduce the FE from the adhesives used between PLW and fancy veneers [6]. ...
... Each paper is impregnated with melamine-papers pressed at about 200 @BULLET C. A clear cap sheet made of an aluminum oxide saturated film (overlay paper) and a balancing backing are also put on the top of deco paper and on the back of the panel, respectively. The main purpose of the alu minum oxide film is to protect the surface against any stain [17]. Finally, the product is processed on the sides and edge with the tenoner. ...
This paper assesses the reproducibility of testing formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior from wood flooring composites bonded by urea-formaldehyde resin at various manufacturing steps for surface finishing materials. The surface adhesion step of laminate flooring for this research was divided into two steps; HDF only and HDF with LPMs. In the case of engineered flooring, the manufacturing steps were divided into three steps; plywood only, fancy veneer bonded on plywood and UV coated on fancy veneer with plywood. Formaldehyde and VOCs emission decreased at the process of final surface finishing materials; LPMs were applied on the surface of HDF for laminate flooring. Although emissions increased when fancy veneer was bonded onto plywood in the case of engineered flooring, emission was dramatically reduced up to similar level with plywood only when final surface finishing; UV-curable coating was applied on fancy veneer. This study suggests that formaldehyde and VOCs emission from floorings can be controlled at manufacturing steps for surface finishing.
Barrier layers on the surface of building materials play an important role in reducing the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) source emission, which suffers a lack of data about their transport properties such as diffusion coefficient (D) and partition coefficient (K). This paper deals with a method that aims to simultaneously determine the VOCs diffusion and partition coefficients in barrier layers. Pilot experiments were run on a kind of barrier layer used as decorative layer over the wood-based panels with formaldehyde as the target VOC. Results showed the values of D and K of formaldehyde in the decorative layer were 7.7±0.8×10-12 m2/s and 272 ± 36, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated the feasibility of simultaneous estimation of D and K by the present method. In addition, the measured values were used to predict their impact on the VOCs emission from building materials based on a multi-layer mass transfer model.
Surface characteristics, wettability and surface roughness, and surface hardness of medium density fiberboards containing cone flour of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) at various ratios (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%) based on the oven-dry weight of wood fiber were evaluated. Contact angle measurements were obtained by using a goniometer connected with a digital camera and computer system. Roughness measurements were taken from the sanded specimens along and across the sandmarks using a fine stylus tracing technique. The results revealed that the surface quality of the panels and surface hardness reduced with the increasing cone flour content. The samples made from 100% wood fiber had the lowest contact angle value with 88.8° and average roughness (Ra) with 5.2 m while the highest contact angle and surface roughness were found for the samples containing 50% cone flour having value of 114.4° and 9.6 m, respectively. Although panel type A made from 100% wood fibers had the best roughness and wettability, panel type B containing 50% cone flour had similar values to panel type A. This study revealed that value-added MDF panels containing 10% the cone flour can be used to manufacture laminated flooring and overlaid panels for the furniture industry.
The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of two amino resins, N-methylol melamine (NMM) and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), on the intrafiber and interfiber strengths and water absorption of two types of waste paper categories, office paper (OP), and old corrugated containers (OCCs). The tensile strength of individual fibers measured at zero span was reduced by increases in the resin concentrations. The dry tensile strengths of the recovered handsheets measured at a finite span were enhanced with increases in the weight percentage gain of the resins. The increasing of the resin concentration also significantly improved the intrabonding of the OP and OCCs in moist measuring conditions. The water absorption of the handsheets considerably decreased at the higher concentration of the thermosetting resins, especially with NMM. The results are promising for the use of NMM- and DMDHEU-treated recovered fibers as an alternative fiber resource for the production of laminated paper and also for the use of DMDHEU as a new N-methylol compound for laminated paper. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41290.
The environmental chamber method is used to determine the area specific emission factor of VOCs emitted from building products, which is calculated from the small emission test chamber concentration by considering the passing air flow rate and surface area at 23–28 °C. Although indoor air temperatures are generally between 17 and 28 °C, floor heating can create exceptional conditions in flooring materials.To determine the effect of temperature, the emission of VOCs and carbonyl compounds from engineered flooring and laminate flooring were measured using a thermal extractor (TE), which was applied at 25, 35 and 45 °C for 30 min.At 35 °C, the level of TVOC emission was more than double that at 25 °C. At 35 °C and 45 °C, the level of formaldehyde emission was more than two and five times of that at 25 °C, respectively. Therefore, this TE method of VOCs and formaldehyde emission analysis will be a good alternative to the traditional chamber method for determining the VOC emission levels from flooring products. In conclusion, some wooden flooring may contribute to the contamination of indoor air with the use of floor heating.
Papers impregnated with melamine formaldehyde based resins are widely used in decorative surface finishing of engineered wood based panels for indoor and outdoor applications. For cost-effective production of high-quality impregnated papers it is of great importance to understand the complex interplay between manufacturing conditions and technological property profile. In the present study, three raw papers from different suppliers were impregnated with melamine formaldehyde resin in an industrial scale experiment to study the influence of some important manufacturing variables on the processability of impregnated papers. As numerical factors the resin loading, the final moisture content and the amount of curing catalyst were systematically varied according to a statistical central composite design. The model papers were analyzed for their rheological and thermal properties using the dynamic mechanical method developed by Golombek. As target values flow time, cure time, curing rate and flexibility were used to calculate quantitative models for the processability of the impregnated papers using response surface methodology. It is shown that the relevant rheological and thermal paper parameters are significantly influenced by the supplier of the raw paper as well as the manufacturing variables.
This paper presents the results of a study to use virgin wood and OCC fiber for particleboard production. Three-layer boards, with wood and OCC fiber on the surface, were fabricated. The type of applied furnishes at surface layers, moisture, and adhesive content were considered as variables, and their effects on roughness of manufactured particleboards were examined. The panels were produced with 10% and 12% urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive at 10% and 14% moisture content. The surface characteristics were investigated. The results indicated that wood and OCC fiber utilization on the surface layer gave smoother surfaces than a control board with fine wood particles on its surface. The surface roughness decreased as adhesive and moisture content increased.
The objective of this study was to evaluate a noncontact method of measuring veneer surface roughness using image analysis by correlating it with stylus tracing and visual classification techniques. Approximately 3,000 pieces of veneer (12 in. by 12 in. ) were visually classified into three roughness classes (rough, intermediate, and smooth). The speed of the measurement is constrained by the complexity of the computing algorithm, however the relatively crude algorithms used in this study accurately described the veneer surface in real time. The correlation coefficients of image analysis with stylus tracing and visual classification were 0. 88 and 0. 99, respectively. The variation unaccounted for between the image analysis and stylus tracing techniques is probably due to the two-dimensional nature of the stylus tracing measurement.
The objective of this study was to determine if there is any relationship between surface roughness of particleboard and press cycle parameters. Surface characteristics of commercially manufactured boards with various out-of-press thicknesses and press closing times were evaluated. A fine stylus instrument was employed for roughness measurements. Six surface roughness parameters were used to quantify the surface roughness of the samples: average roughness (R a), mean peak-to-valley height (R z), maximum peak-to-valley height (R max), core roughness depth (R k), reduced peak height (R pk), and reduced valley depth (R vk). A total of 120 roughness measurements were taken from the surface of boards manufactured by using two different press closing times and two out-of-press thicknesses. It was determined that the boards made by using a 45-second press closing time with the same out-of-press thickness resulted in rougher surfaces than those made by using a 36-second press closing time based on R z and Rmax values. Boards with a 0.707-inch (17.9-mm) out-of-press thickness had also rougher surfaces in comparison to the boards with a 0.717-inch (18.2 mm) out-of-press thickness. Other parameters considered in this study followed a similar trend. The stylus method is able to detect differences in surface roughness that can occur due to press cycle changes.
This study is an attempt to investigate the use of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) in a whole-tree chipping process to manufacture a commercial single-layer particleboard. Redcedar chips with and without foliage were used to manufacture 36 experimental particleboard panels with two density levels. The panels were tested for mechanical strength and dimensional stability properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D-1037. Average modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture values for static bending, internal bond strength, and thickness swelling tests were found to be comparable to those of commercial particleboards manufactured from different species. Panel properties, with the exception of internal bond strength, from the two types of chips were not statistically different at the 95 percent confidence level. Panels made with foliage had 13 percent lower internal bond strength values than those of panels made without foliage. Based on the findings in this study, it appears that whole-tree chipped eastern redcedar can be used to manufacture particleboard without having any adverse influence on panel properties.
The surface roughness of hardboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF) were measured with a fine stylus technique. These composite samples were evaluated for surface roughness as well as surface stability after exposure to one relative humidity cycle. Three surface roughness parameters, average roughness (Ra), mean peak-to- valley height (Rz), and maximum individual peak-to-valley height (Rmax) obtained from 15 board surfaces were used for the analysis. It was found that board density had an effect on surface smoothness of hardboard samples. Hardboard also showed better surface stability compared to MDF. Visual inspection of scanning electron microscope photographs taken of the board surfaces did not show a direct relationship to quantitative surface roughness values obtained from the stylus technique.
In this study, surface absorption, surface roughness, and formaldehyde emission of commercially manufactured medium density fiberboard from furnishes of oak (Querqus ithaburensis), beech (Fagus orientalis), pine (Pinus nigra), and a mixture of these species were investigated. Surface absorption and surface roughness of the samples were determined based on the European Standard EN 382-1 (1) and by using a fine stylus profilometer, respectively. It was found that the specimens made from oak furnish had the least surface absorption value (179.07 mm) while panels made from mixed furnish were the least absorbent. Surface roughness measurements based on three roughness parameters (average roughness (R-a), mean peak-to-valley height (R-z), and maximum roughness (R-max)) supported the above findings as the panels made from oak furnish had the roughest surface. Results revealed that as roughness of the samples increased, surface absorption characteristics decreased. Formaldehyde emission of the panels made from various species was also determined and species was not found to be a significant factor on formaldehyde emission values of the panels.
The objective of this study is to evaluate surface characteristics of commercially manufactured particleboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels in Thailand. The surface roughness of both type of panels were measured using a fine stylus technique. Average roughness (Ra), mean peak-to-valley height (Rz), and maximum roughness (Rmax) were used to evaluate quantitatively surface characteristics of the specimens. Roughness measurements were taken from both sides of the specimens along and across the sandmarks. It was found that no statistically (p
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