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Electrophysiological investigation of sleep in shift workers exposed to emotional stress due to work
... Overall it can be concluded that sleep tends to be more fragmented after stress exposure which is reflected in higher number of awakenings, decreased TST and decreased sleep efficiency. Concerning REM parameters, the results are highly contradictory with studies indicating REM increases (Goncharenko 1979;Cartwright and Wood 1991;Engdahl, Eberly et al. 2000) as well as decreases (Lavie, Hefez et al. 1979;Hefez, Metz et al. 1987;Aber, Block et al. 1989;Vitiello, Larsen et al. 1996;Prinz, Bailey et al. 2001;Scholle, Scholle et al. 2003) following emotional stress. Furthermore, shortened (Goncharenko 1979;Cartwright and Wood 1991) as well as prolonged (Kupfer, McPartland et al. 1974;Lavie, Hefez et al. 1979;Hefez, Metz et al. 1987) latency to the first REM episode during sleep has been reported. ...
... Concerning REM parameters, the results are highly contradictory with studies indicating REM increases (Goncharenko 1979;Cartwright and Wood 1991;Engdahl, Eberly et al. 2000) as well as decreases (Lavie, Hefez et al. 1979;Hefez, Metz et al. 1987;Aber, Block et al. 1989;Vitiello, Larsen et al. 1996;Prinz, Bailey et al. 2001;Scholle, Scholle et al. 2003) following emotional stress. Furthermore, shortened (Goncharenko 1979;Cartwright and Wood 1991) as well as prolonged (Kupfer, McPartland et al. 1974;Lavie, Hefez et al. 1979;Hefez, Metz et al. 1987) latency to the first REM episode during sleep has been reported. ...
... In particular, marital separation in non-depressed persons resulted in the reduction of time spent in NREM sleep and the increase of the time spent in REM sleep, accompanied by a decreased of REM sleep latency (Cartwright and Wood, 1991). Similarly, studies on shift workers reported that these subjects had longer NREM sleep latency, decreased amount of NREM sleep, increased amount of REM sleep, and shorter REM sleep latency, compared to students (Goncharenko, 1979). A reduction of time spent in NREM sleep was also recorded in those subjects worried about going to work the next morning (Kecklund and Akerstedt, 2004;Soderstrom et al., 2004). ...
Stress is an adaptative response aimed at restoring body homeostasis. The classical neuroendocrine stress response involving the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis modulates many physiological aspects, such as the wake-sleep cycle. In the present review, we will first report a series of human and rodent studies showing that each actor of the HPA axis has the potential to interfere with sleep homeostasis and, then, we will highlight how acute or chronic stress differently modulates the wake-sleep cycle. Moreover, we will present new and interesting studies dealing with the relationship between sleep and stress on a different (longer) time scale. Particularly, we will discuss how the exposure to perinatal stress, probably through epigenetic modulations, is sufficient to cause persistent sleep derangements during adult life. In light of this evidence, the main message of the present review is that the complex relationship between sleep and stress changes dramatically on the basis of the time scale considered and, consequently, "time" should be considered as a critical factor when facing this topic.
... 16 Evidence indicates that emotional distress is associated with changes in sleep architecture, total sleep time, sleep quality, sleep efficiency, rapid eye movement sleep, sleep onset latency, and slow wave sleep. 10,17,18 Moreover, both short and long sleep durations are associated with mental health outcomes 19 such as depression, 20 anxiety, 21 and suicidal behavior; 22 it is believed that these mental health-related factors might explain the relationship between unhealthy sleep durations and chronic diseases. 1 The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between emotional distress and unhealthy sleep duration (,7 or .8 ...
Objective
The objective of the study was to examine the independent association of emotional distress with unhealthy sleep duration (defined as <7 or >8 hours).
Methods
Data from the 2009 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a cross-sectional household survey, were analyzed to investigate the associations of emotional distress with unhealthy sleep durations, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, health risks, and chronic diseases through hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis.
Participants
A total of 27,731 participants (age range 18–85 years) from the NHIS 2009 dataset were interviewed.
Measures
Unhealthy sleep duration is defined as sleep duration <7 or >8 hours, whereas healthy sleep is defined as sleep duration lasting for 7–8 hours. Emotional distress is based on the Kessler 6 Non-Specific Distress Battery, which assesses the frequency of feeling sad, nervous, restless, hopeless, worthless, and burdened, over a 30-day period.
Results
Of the sample, 51.7% were female; 83.1% were white and 16.9% were black. Eleven percent experienced emotional distress and 37.6% reported unhealthy sleep. Adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with emotional distress had 55% greater odds of reporting unhealthy sleep (odds ratio [OR] =1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.42, 1.68, P<0.001).
Conclusion
Emotional distress, an important proxy for poor psychological health, was a significant predictor of unhealthy sleep, independent of the influences of several factors including demographic (age, education, sex, race/ethnicity, and family income), health risks (alcohol consumption and smoking status), and chronic diseases/conditions (diabetes, obesity, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, and arthritis).
... The interpretation of some of these studies is difficult because they include factors such as shift work with its effects on chronobiology, superimposed on sleep. Goncharenko (1979; see Table 1) reported that shift workers manifested long SL, decrease in SWS, increase in REM sleep, and shorter REML, as compared to students. Kecklund and Akerstedt (2004a) reported that worry about going to work the next morning resulted in a reduction of SWS. ...
This systematic review examines the effect of diverse psychosocial stressors on polysomnographic measures of sleep. Sixty-three articles were located and categorized in terms of the types of stressors imposed. Experimental stress resulted in fairly consistent changes: decreases in slow wave sleep, REM sleep, and sleep efficiency (SE), as well as increases in awakenings. Data were limited in terms of response to non-experimental stressors, except for the case of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on sleep, where a number of reports suggest that PTSD patients have increased awakenings and decreased SE. Future research needs to define stress more precisely in terms of duration and severity and to measure its impacts on sleep in populations that differ in terms of age, comorbid illness, gender, and so forth. Without such fine-grained analyses, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions about this important area.
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