Dirty electricity and electrical hypersensitivity: Five case studies

Abstract

Deteriorating power quality is becoming increasingly common in developed countries. Poor power quality, also known as dirty electricity, refers to a combination of harmonics and transients generated primarily by electronic devices and by non-linear loads. We have assumed, until recently, that this form of energy is not biologically active. However, when Graham/Stetzer™ filters were installed in homes and schools, symptoms associated with electrical hypersensitivity (such as chronic fatigue, depression, headaches, body aches and pains, ringing in the ears, dizziness, impaired sleep, memory loss, and confusion) were reduced. Five case studies are presented that include one healthy individual; one person with electrical hypersensitivity; another with diabetes; and a person with multiple sclerosis. Results for 18 teachers and their classes at a school in Toronto are also presented. These individuals experienced major to moderate improvements in their health and wellbeing after Graham/Stetzer filters improved power quality in their home or work environment. The results suggest that poor power quality may be contributing to electrical hypersensitivity and that as much as 50% of the population may be hypersensitive; children may be more sensitive than adults and dirty electricity in schools may be interfering with education and possibly contributing to disruptive behavior associated with attention deficit disorder (ADD); dirty electricity may elevate plasma glucose levels among diabetics, and exacerbate symptoms for those with multiple sclerosis and tinnitus. Graham/Stetzer filters and meters enable individuals to monitor and improve power quality in buildings and they provide scientists with a tool for studying the effects of dirty electricity. For the first time we can progress from simply documenting electrical hypersensitivity to alleviating some of the symptoms. These results are dramatic and warrant further investigation. If they are representative of what is happening worldwide, then dirty electricity is adversely affecting the lives of millions of people.

Full text

World Health Organization Workshop on Electrical Hypersensitivity, 25-26 October, 2004, Prague, Czech Republic.
1
Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity: Five Case Studies
Magda Havas1 and David Stetzer2
1Environmental & Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada; mhavas@trentu.ca
2Stetzer Electric Inc., 520 West Broadway St., Blair, WI 54616, USA; dave@stetzerelectric.com
Abstract
Deteriorating power quality is becoming increasingly common in developed countries. Poor
power quality, also known as dirty electricity, refers to a combination of harmonics and
transients generated primarily by electronic devices and by non-linear loads. We have
assumed, until recently, that this form of energy is not biologically active. However, when
Graham/Stetzer™ filters were installed in homes and schools, symptoms associated with
electrical hypersensitivity (such as chronic fatigue, depression, headaches, body aches and
pains, ringing in the ears, dizziness, impaired sleep, memory loss, and confusion) were
reduced. Five case studies are presented that include one healthy individual; one person with
electrical hypersensitivity; another with diabetes; and a person with multiple sclerosis.
Results for 18 teachers and their classes at a school in Toronto are also presented. These
individuals experienced major to moderate improvements in their health and wellbeing after
Graham/Stetzer filters improved power quality in their home or work environment. The
results suggest that poor power quality may be contributing to electrical hypersensitivity and
that as much as 50% of the population may be hypersensitive; children may be more sensitive
than adults and dirty electricity in schools may be interfering with education and possibly
contributing to disruptive behavior associated with attention deficit disorder (ADD); dirty
electricity may elevate plasma glucose levels among diabetics, and exacerbate symptoms for
those with multiple sclerosis and tinnitus. Graham/Stetzer filters and meters enable
individuals to monitor and improve power quality in buildings and they provide scientists
with a tool for studying the effects of dirty electricity. For the first time we can progress
from simply documenting electrical hypersensitivity to alleviating some of the symptoms.
These results are dramatic and warrant further investigation. If they are representative of
what is happening worldwide, then dirty electricity is adversely affecting the lives of millions
of people.
Key words: ADD, ADHD, electrical hypersensitivity, EHS, dirty electricity, diabetes,
Graham/Stetzer filter, multiple sclerosis, MS, power quality, tinnitus, Stetzerizer
Introduction
We are living in an increasingly complex electrical environment and are inundated daily with
electromagnetic frequencies ranging from less than 20 Hz (electric trains) to greater than 1
billion Hz (wireless telecommunication). Most of these frequencies are man-made and were
not present until the invention and subsequent commercialization of electricity (early 1900s),
radio (1920s), radar (1940s), television (1950s), computers (1970s), and cell phones (1980s).
Whether, and at what intensities, these frequencies have biological effects has been a subject
of scientific debate for decades.

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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The present paper is restricted to the electromagnetic spectrum associated with the
distribution of electricity and the poor power quality that results from electronic devices that
generate high frequencies and transients that ride on top of a normal 50/60 Hz sine wave.
Graham/Stetzer filters are able to improve power quality by reducing microsurges [refer to
website for definition, www.stetzerelectric.com] in the frequency range of 4 to 100 kHz on
electrical wiring. This paper documents the response of individuals to the removal of dirty
electricity in their home or work environment. Five case studies are presented. They include
a healthy individual; a person who has symptoms of electrical hypersensitivity; a person with
multiple sclerosis; one with diabetes; and the response of 18 teachers and their students to
improved power quality in their school.
Dirty Electricity
Since the introduction of electricity and the rapid growth in our use of electronic devices the
quality of electrical power flowing along conductors (wires) within the home and workplace
has been deteriorating. The public became aware of poor power quality, also known as dirty
electricity, when home computers became popular. These computers would periodically
“malfunction” and these malfunctions were associated with power surges on the electrical
wiring. Surge suppressors are now commonly used as a consequence of poor power quality
to protect sensitive electronic equipment.
In most homes today the 50 or 60 Hz sine wave, when viewed with an oscilloscope, is often
distorted by microsurges or high frequency harmonics and transients (Figure 1). Computers,
television, dimmer switches, and energy efficient lighting and appliances within the home
and arcing on distribution lines, caused by contact with tree branches, as well as non-linear
loads on power lines contribute to dirty electricity. Even the 25 MHz burst of energy every
1.5 seconds from strobe lights (without an RF choke) on cell phone towers has been
measured on the ground and on wires more than 5 km away.
We have learned to protect sensitive electronic equipment with surge suppressors and have
assumed, until recently, that this form of energy is not biologically active. Evidence suggests
otherwise.
Capacitors smooth out high frequency noise on electrical wires. Graham/Stetzer filters1 were
designed to reduce microsurges on indoor wiring and they work most effectively within the
frequency range of 4 to 100 kHz.
Various models have been designed to predict the flow of electromagnetic energy around and
through living organisms. According to the Cornell Cow Model (Reines et al. 2000), at
frequencies below 1 kHz 80% of the energy is dissipated on the skin and 20% is dissipated
internally; and at frequencies above 2 kHz all the energy is dissipated internally. A similar
human electrical model (Reilly 1992) predicts that 75% of the energy is dissipated internally
at lower frequencies and all is dissipated internally at higher frequencies. The frequency
transition points tend to vary based on the path of the current, the wetness of the skin etc.
The G/S filters, therefore, remove frequencies that are most likely to be internalized. The
Republic of Kazakhstan has Sanitary Norms that state that a person should not be exposed to
more than 25 V/m under 2 kHz and no more than 2.5 V/m between 2-400 kHz. The same is
1 G/S filters are capacitors that reduce the amplitude of harmonics and transients on indoor wiring.

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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true for the magnetic component, which goes from 250 nT to 25 nT for the same frequencies
(HSSP 2003)
(a) Before G/S filters were installed
(b) With G/S Filters installed
Figure 1. An oscilloscope waveform showing the 60-Hz (blue) sine wave (channel 1) and the
high frequency (pink) microsurges (channel 2) on indoor wiring at a school in Minnesota.
Top graph (a) is without Graham/Stetzer filters and bottom graph (b) is with Graham/Stetzer
filters installed.
It should be noted that high frequency currents tend to become ground currents (Hughes
2004) and an object that is in contact with the ground becomes part of the circuit, as shown in
Figure 2 for a man standing in his kitchen with EKG patches on his ankles. The 60-Hz sine
wave is distorted with high frequency microsurges that travel up one leg and down the other.
In summary, high frequency microsurges (dirty electricity), generated by, among other
things, electronic devices, travel along the electrical distribution grid (wires inside buildings
and between buildings) and along the ground. Conducting objects, including living
organisms, in contact with the ground become part of the circuit. Frequencies above 2 kHz
are likely to penetrate living organisms, while those below 1 kHz dissipate externally

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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(heating the skin). Graham/Stetzer filters reduce the amplitude of microsurges on indoor
wiring and thus reduce the frequencies most likely to be biologically active.
Figure 2. Oscilloscope waveform on the ankles of a man standing in his kitchen in Ontario.
Case Studies:
Case #1: 51-year old female, no health complaints; Ontario, Canada
A healthy 51-year old female installed the G/S filters in her home and in her office at work.
She completed a wellness questionnaire daily for 1 week prior to installation of the filters and
for 4 weeks after filters were installed (Sept 6 to Oct 10, 2004). The rectifier, in light dimmer
switches, chops the sine wave and generates microsurges that travel along electrical wiring.
For this reason, readings2 of the dirty electricity were taken in her home with and without the
dimmers on (Table 1). The dirty electricity in her home reached a peak at 470 GS units (see
www.stetzerelectric.com for definition of GS units) with dimmer switches off and 1130 GS
units with them on. Graham/Stetzer filters reduced values from an average of 300 to 40 GS
units with dimmer switch off and from 440 to 70 GS units with dinner switch on. Values
should be less than 50 and, for optimum effectiveness, less than 30 GS units (HSSP 2003).
She also installed 4 filters in her office at work but was able to reduce the dirty electricity
from 400 to only 100 GS units since microsurges were coming from neighboring offices. In
situations like this, G/S filters need to be installed in neighboring offices as well. Ideally an
entire building should be filtered to optimize power quality. During the period of the study
she spent most of her time at home and approximately 6 hours at work each weekday.
Although this person considered herself healthy and ranked herself high on the wellness
questionnaire, she did notice changes after the filters were installed. Her sleep improved
immediately (this is a common response) and she began to have vivid dreams. If she woke
up in the middle of the night she would return to sleep quickly. Although she did not
2 Readings were taken with a Stetzerizer™ Microsurge Meter (Model GS-M300-A, www.stetzerizer.com).

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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consider herself anxious, she noticed that she was calmer and had more energy after the
filters were installed. She had less head “pressure”, stiffness, and muscle pain (Figure 3).
She also noticed that she no longer had cold extremities at night (see Case Study #4).
Table 1. Power quality in the home or workplace of each of the case studies.
Dirty Electricity (GS units)
Case
Details
Without Filters
With G/S Filters
Mean
Range
Mean
Range
#1: Healthy
Home: Dimmer Switches off
300
190-470
40
30-50
Home: Dimmer Switches on
440
190-1130
70
30-290
Office
400
100
#2: EHS1
Home
~900
300-1900
~20
13-30
#3: MS2
Home
170
30
#4: Diabetes
Home
800
160 - > 2000
13
10-15
#5: School3
School
23
13-101
13
8-24
1 EHS: electrical hypersensitivity
2 MS: multiple sclerosis
3 values for school are in mV (rms) for frequencies up to 20 kHz. Measurements were taken with a Fluke 79 III
meter connected to a Graham Ubiquitous Filter, which removes the 60-Hz sine wave.
She wanted to participate in this study because her recently deceased husband, who was
suffering from mercury poisoning, felt “discomfort” in certain rooms of the house. When we
measured the dirty electricity in her home, the high values corresponded to rooms in which
he felt unwell. She wanted to know if her wellbeing was affected by the poor power quality
in her home. These results suggest that it was and raise the question, “Is she electrically
hypersensitive?”
0
1
2
3
4
5
cold
extremities
head
"pressure"
stiffness pain headache anxiety fatigue
Rank
wk 0 pre-filter
wk 1 with filter
wk 2 with filter
wk 3 with filter
wk 4 with filter
severe
mild
major
moderate
very mild
none
Figure 3. The response of a healthy 51-year old female to G/S filters, Sept/Oct 2004
51-year old, healthy female
Case #2: 42-year old male; EHS symptoms include disturbed sleep, headaches, painful teeth
and gums, ringing in ears, fatigue and irritability; Barbados
A 42-year old male experienced ringing in his ears (tinnitus), painful teeth and gums, and
headaches behind his eyes for which he took over-the-counter medication weekly. He slept
poorly and was tired and irritable during the day. These symptoms are consistent with
electrical hypersensitivity (Levallois 2002), although he did not use this term. His symptoms

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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began 4 years ago and in May 2004 he installed G/S filters in his home. Readings in his
home dropped from an average of approximately 900 to 20 GS units (Table 1). His sleep
improved immediately (similar to Case #1) and all his other symptoms have disappeared
(Figure 4). Since the filters were installed (seven months ago) he can recall having only two
headaches.
Tinnitus, one of his symptoms, is the medical term for the perception of sound in one or both
ears or in the head when no external sound is present. It is often referred to as "ringing in the
ears," although some people hear buzzing, hissing, roaring, clicking, chirping or whistling.
Tinnitus can be intermittent or constant and its perceived volume can range from subtle to
shattering according to the American Tinnitus Association (2004).
An estimated 1 out of every 5 people experiences some degree of tinnitus. Of the more than
50 million Americans who experience tinnitus, 12 million seek medical attention, and two
million are so seriously debilitated that they cannot function on a "normal," day-to-day basis.
There is no known cure for tinnitus and treatments range from biofeedback, to drugs, to
cochlear implants. Family doctors may also refer patients, who have no obvious physical
damage, to psychiatrists.
Several individuals with tinnitus who have tested the G/S filters have reported a significant
reduction in the volume of the sound they hear. Some have noticed that when the buzzing is
loud, the dirty electricity in their home is high. If some tinnitus sufferers are able to
perceived dirty electricity as “noise” then the removal of the dirty electricity may help
alleviate their symptoms. The mechanism for this hearing is not known.
The human auditory response to pulses of radio frequency energy, referred to as RF hearing,
is well established for frequencies in the MHz range (2.4 –10,000 MHz) (Elder and Chou
2003). Evidence supports a heating effect, whereby audible sounds are produced by rapid
thermal expansion of tissue resulting in a clicking, buzzing, or chirping sound. For this
reason, the hearing phenomenon depends on the dimensions of the head and on the energy in
a single pulse and not on average power density. In our study, exposure was to frequencies in
the kHz range that are not associated with a heating phenomenon, so it is possible that some
other mechanism is involved in producing the sounds heard.
0
1
2
3
4
5
headaches painful teeth &
gums
ringing in ear poor sleep fatigue irritability
Rank
Pre-Filter
With Filter
severe
mild
major
moderate
very mild
none
42-year old male with symptoms of electromagnetic hypersensitivity
Figure 4. Response of a 42-year old male who was experiencing symptoms of
electromagnetic hypersensitivity to G/S filters, May to September 2004.

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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Case #3: 43-year old female with multiple sclerosis; Ontario, Canada
Graham/Stetzer filters were installed in the home of a 43-year old woman, who has had MS
for 8 years. She walked with a cane and did “wall-walking” in her home. “Wall-walking”
refers to a person using the wall or furniture to help maintain balance. Readings in her home
decreased from an average of 170 to 30 GS units after 13 filters were placed into receptacles
in various rooms of her house (Table 1).
Figure 5 shows her response during a 6-week period with the G/S filters installed and a 1-
week pre-filter period. Within 24 hours her sense of balance improved and she was able to
walk a short distance carrying objects in both hands without assistance (no cane or wall-
walking). Within 1 week joint stiffness, joint pain, and muscle weakness decreased
significantly and she had less difficulty walking (Figure 5). Within 2 weeks she was able to
walk without ankle support and was able to bend forward without losing her balance. She
had less muscle weakness and was not as dizzy (Figure 5). Swelling in her hands and feet
decreased and her extremities were not as cold (similar to Case #1). The quality of her sleep
improved and her level of fatigue decreased (data not shown). This subject is very sensitive
to changes in temperature and humidity. During weeks 3 to 6, this part of Ontario received
record precipitation and all of her symptoms worsened but were not as severe as her pre-filter
symptoms. This subject continues to improve, although her rate of improvement is not as
rapid as it was during the first two weeks after the filters were installed.
Symptoms of multiple sclerosis vary between individuals depending on what part of the
brain/nervous system is affected. Symptoms include cognitive dysfunction (including
problems with memory, attention, and problem-solving); dizziness and vertigo; difficulty
walking and/or balance or coordination problems; bladder and bowel dysfunction;
depression; fatigue; numbness in extremities; pain; vision problems; hearing loss; speech and
swallowing disorders (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2004).
0
1
2
3
4
5
joint stiffness joint pain difficulty
walking
muscle pain muscle
weakness
dizziness cold
extremities
swollen
hands/feet
Rank
week 0: (0)
week 1: (0)
week 2: (0)
week 3: (4)
week 4: (5)
week 5: (6)
week 6: (4)
with filter
severe
major
moderate
mild
very mild
none
week #: (days with rain)
rain
pre-filter
43-year old female with multiple sclerosis
Figure 5. Response of a 43-year old female with multiple sclerosis to Graham
Stetzer filters, June/July 2004.

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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Symptoms can change rapidly and unpredictably. Many people with MS are sensitive to hot
or cold conditions and to wet/humid weather. An exacerbation (also known as an attack, a
relapse, or a flare) is a sudden worsening of MS symptoms. Temporary improvements are
also known to occur and for this reason, one case study showing an improvement may simply
have coincided with a normal/temporary remission of this disease. So far, at least 5 people
with MS have reported improvements following the installation of G/S filters. More studies
are currently underway.
Case #4: 80-year old female with diabetes; Arizona, USA
Graham/Stetzer filters were installed in the home of an 80-year old female with diabetes on
June 12, 2004. Her home had very high values for dirty electricity (800 GS units on average
with values above 2000 in some rooms) and these dropped significantly to no greater than 15
GS units (Table 1). Because she was diabetic and taking insulin, she regularly monitored her
blood sugar levels. Before the filters were installed this subject’s fasting plasma glucose
(FPG) levels taken at 7 am each morning before breakfast ranged from 152 to 209 with a
average of 171 mg/dL (9.4 mmoles/L) (Figure 6). According to the America Diabetes
Association a person with a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher is considered
to be diabetic. A fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dL signals pre-
diabetes.
The day after filters were installed in her home, this subjects fasting plasma glucose was 87
mg/dL (well below the diabetic range) and she did not take her morning insulin (Figure 6).
During the first week her FPG ranged from 87 to 168 and averaged 119 mg/dL (6.5
mmoles/L). Her average daily insulin intake (Humlin 70/30) decreased from 36 to 9 units
within the first week. The filters had no effect on her plasma glucose measured at 5 pm. On
days that this subject visited shopping malls and casinos, places that are likely to have poor
power quality, her evening plasma glucose levels increased significantly (above 250 mg/dL
or 14 mmoles/L) (see Havas and Stetzer 2004 for details and more examples).

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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In addition to Case #4, we have worked with individuals who have both type 1 and type 2
diabetes and those who are pre-diabetic and have found that blood sugar levels can change
rapidly (within a matter of 20 minutes or so for some individuals) as they move from an
environment that is electrically dirty to one that is electrically clean (and back again). The
percentage of the diabetic population that responds to dirty electricity and to RFR needs to be
determined.
Diabetes is on the increase. According to the World Health Organization (2004) in 1985
there were 30 million diabetics worldwide; by 1995 the number increased to 135 million and
by 2000 to 177 million. The WHO estimates that by 2025 there will be 300 million diabetics
globally. Four million deaths each year (9% of the global total) are attributed to diabetes.
Lifestyle (lack of exercise) as well as genetics and environmental factors play a role.
Three types of diabetes have been diagnosed: Type 1 diabetes (also known as childhood
onset diabetes) results from the body's failure to produce insulin. This is the common form
for children and accounts for 5 to 10% of all diabetics. Type 2 diabetes (adult onset diabetes)
results from insulin resistance (a condition in which the body fails to properly use insulin),
combined with relative insulin deficiency and is usually diagnosed in adults. Type 2 diabetes
accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetics. Gestational diabetes is a temporary condition that
affects approximately 4% of pregnant woman and accounts for 135, 000 cases in the US each
year. A forth classification is pre-diabetes, a condition that occurs when a person's blood
glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
An estimated 41 million Americans are likely to be pre-diabetic, in addition to the 18 million
(6% of the population) with diabetes of which only 13 million have been diagnosed with this
disease (American Diabetic Association, 2004).
Based on our studies we would like to suggest that, in addition to Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes,
there is a Type 3 diabetes that may be attributed to poor power quality. This form of
pollution may be contributing to the rapid growth of this disease and affecting the large
number of people who have difficulty controlling their blood sugar with medication (brittle
diabetics) and the increasing number who are classified as “pre-diabetic” according to the
American Diabetes Association and.
Case #5: Willow Wood School, Toronto, Canada
A study conducted at Willow Wood School in Toronto (January/March 2003) demonstrated
that teachers and students responded to improved power quality. This was a single blind
study that lasted 6 weeks (3 weeks with filters and 3 weeks without) (see Havas et al. 2004
for details). The Stetzerizer™ microsurge meter was not yet available when this study was
done so the power quality was measured with a Fluke 79 III meter connected to a Graham
Ubiquitous Filter (to remove 60-Hz frequencies) and values are expressed as mV (rms) rather
than GS units (Table 1). The fluke meter measures frequencies up to 20 kHz while the G/S
filter removes frequencies up to 100 kHz, hence the Fluke meter underestimates what was
actually removed.
Fifty filters were installed in Willow Wood School and the dirty electricity (for frequencies
up to 20 kHz) was reduced by 43% from 23 mV (range 13-101 mV) to 13 mV (range 8-24
mV) (Table 1). A school of this size requires 150 filters or more to reduce the microsurges

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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produced by computers, photocopy machines, fluorescent lightly etc. Even though values
were not as low as recommended, significant improvements were noted among teachers and
in some classes.
While G/S filters were installed at Willow Wood School, teachers were less tired, less
frustrated, less irritable (Figure 7). They had less pain and fewer headaches. They had a
greater sense of satisfaction and accomplishment. If these improvements are a sign of
electrical hypersensitivity, then 55% of the teachers at WW School may be electrically
hypersensitive. This is a much larger percentage than the two percent for self-reported EHS
as documented by Hillert et al. (2002). Our results are similar to those reported by Arnetz et
al. (1997, as cited in Levallois 1999) for 133 employees of an insurance company who all
worked in the same building. More than 50% of those who worked with computers reported
that they had health symptoms induced by VDU-related work. The checklist of symptoms
were typical of EHS and included musculoskeletal, respiratory, dermatological,
gastrointestinal, neurological and memory problems.
If teaches in Willow Wood School were asked if they were electrically hypersensitive, very
few would have answered in the affirmative. Indeed, after the study when we presented our
results to the teachers, we learned that the concept of electrical hypersensitive was new to
them.
Student behavior at Willow Wood School also improved while the filters were installed,
especially in grades 1 to 6 as compared with middle school (grades 7-9) and high school
(grades 10-12) (see Havas et al. 2004). Students were more active and were better able to
focus on their lessons (Figure 8). There was less “inappropriate” classroom noise and class
time was used more productively. Teaches spent less time dealing with disruptions or
repeating instructions.
Figure 7. Teacher response to G/S Filters in Willow Wood School. Results are based on 18
teachers, 10 females and 8 males.
Teacher Response to Graham/Stetzer Filters at Willow Wood School
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
frustration
fatigue
health
irritable
mood
unfocussed
energy
satisfaction
headache
coughing
accomplishment
well-being
pain
medication
asthma
flu
Percentage of Teachers
significantly better
slightly better
no change
slightly worse
signficantly worse

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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Figure 8. Student response to G/S Filters at Willow Wood School, January/March 2003.
Results are based on 25 classes.
Our results suggest that dirty electricity may be interfering with teacher performance and
student education. Other schools that have installed G/S filters have also reported
improvements among their students and staff. At one school, Melrose-Mindoro in
Wisconsin, the District Nurse (Char Sbraggia, R.N.) reported that after the G/S filters were
installed teachers were less tired and students also seemed to have more energy. Several staff
with allergies were taking less medication since they were experiencing fewer symptoms.
But perhaps the most striking result was for students with asthma. Of the 37 students using
inhalers, only three continue to use them and only for exercise-induced asthma before their
physical education classes (www.electricalpollution.com). At Willow Wood School we had
no reported cases of asthma among teachers and did not obtain health information about
students.
More and more children are being diagnosed with and medicated for attention deficit disorder
(ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADD is the most commonly
diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood. Estimates of its prevalence range from 2% to
18% of school-aged children depending on type of diagnosed (University of Maryland
Medicine 2002). In the US, the diagnosis of ADHD in children increased from 950 thousand
children in 1990 to 2.4 million by 1996. Attention Deficit Disorder is a neurobiological
condition characterized by developmentally inappropriate level of attention, concentration,
activity, distractibility, and impulsivity (University of Maryland Medicine 2002).
Some of the symptoms associated with these disabilities (such as inability to focus, disruptive
classroom behavior, need for repeated instructions, inability to actively participate in lessons)
are the symptoms that were reduced after the G/S filters were installed, which raises
questions about the relationship between ADD and power quality. Children are exposed to
more dirty electricity because they are now spending more time then ever in front of
computers (at home and at school) and television sets and have, for the first time, ready
access to cell phones (radio frequency radiation). Both computers and television sets
Grades 1 to 12
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
time dealing with
distruptions
need to repeat instructions
active student
participation
students' ability to focus
unproductive time/class
(min)
classroom noise
time to start class
late for class (# students)
Class Response to G/S Filters (n=25)
significantly better
slightly better
no change
slightly worse
significantly worse

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
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generate electromagnetic frequencies within the kHz and MHz range and these frequencies
are not filtered at the set and thus travel along electrical wiring3. Studies testing the
relationship between ADD/ADHD and dirty electricity (and radio frequency radiation) are
urgently needed.
Conclusions
In this study we demonstrate that Graham/Stetzer filters can improve power quality by
reducing the amplitude of harmonics and transients on electrical wiring in buildings; that
dirty electricity flows along the ground and interacts with conducting objects (including
people) in contact with the ground; and that when this form of energy is removed some
symptoms that have been classified as electrical hypersensitivity can be alleviated.
Furthermore we demonstrate that symptoms for diseases, not normally associated with
electrical hypersensitivity such as multiple sclerosis and diabetes, can also be reduced when
power quality is improved.
Instead of just documenting the symptoms of electrical hypersensitivity we now have a
method by which these symptoms can be alleviated. Graham/Stetzer filters and microsurge
meters enable individuals to monitor and improve power quality in buildings and they
provide scientists with a tool for studying the effects of dirty electricity.
These results bring into question the definition of “electrical hypersensitivity”. Is a person
electrically hypersensitive if his/her health improves when dirty electricity is removed? We
suggest that individuals are electrically hypersensitive if their symptoms change when some
component of the electromagnetic environment is either increased (provocation studies) or
decreased (hygiene studies). What components of the electromagnetic spectrum are bioactive
and at what intensities remains to be tested. Our results strongly suggest that transients are
biologically active within the frequency range of 4 to 100 kHz and at intensities currently
found in homes and schools.
We present five dissimilar cases studies, but we have data for an additional six diabetics and
are currently studying the response of more than 20 subjects with MS. To date we have had
only one person with MS has not improved after installation of G/S filters.
The results from the cases studies are so dramatic that they warrant further investigation.
They suggest that: (1) poor power quality may be contributing to electrical hypersensitivity;
(2) a much larger population than originally assumed may be electrically hypersensitive (50%
vs. 2%); (3) children may be more sensitive than adults; (4) dirty electricity in schools may
be interfering with education and (5) possibly contributing to disruptive behavior associated
with attention deficit disorder (ADD); (6) dirty electricity may elevate plasma glucose levels
among some diabetics and it may exacerbate the symptoms for those suffering from (8)
tinnitus and (9) multiple sclerosis. If these results are representative of what is happening in
countries worldwide, then dirty electricity is adversely affecting the lives of millions of
people.
3 The microsurges generated by a TV or computer in one room have been measured with the Stetzerizer™
microsurge meter at the electrical receptacle that is on the same circuit in another room.

Havas & Stetzer Dirty Electricity and Electrical Hypersensitivity
Page 13
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the people who participated in the studies. We would also like to
thank Art Hughes for providing technical information and Martin Graham for designing the
Graham/Stetzer filter and the Stetzerizer™ microsurge meter.
References
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American Tinnitus Association. 2004 [www.ata.org]
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modern offices. Arch Environ Health 52: 63-67.
Elder, J.A. and C.K. Chou. 2003. Auditory Response to Pulsed Radiofrequency Energy
Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S162-S173
Havas, M., M. Illiatovitch, and C. Proctor. 2004. Teacher and student response to the removal of
dirty electricity by the Graham/Stetzer filter at Willow Wood School in Toronto, Canada. 3rd
International Workshop on the Biological Effects of Electromagneti Fields, 4-8 October 2004,
Kos, Greece.
Havas, M. and D. Stetzer. 2004. Graham/Stetzer Filters Improve Power Quality in Homes and
Schools, Reduce Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetics, Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms, and Headaches.
International Scientific Conference on Childhood Leukaemia, London, 6th –10th September, 2004.
Hillert, L., N. Berglind, B.B. Arnetz, and T. Bellander. 2002. Prevalence of self-reported
hypersensitivity to electric magnetic fields in a population-based questionnaire survey. Scand. J.
Work Environ Health 28 (1): 33-41.
HSSP 2003. Permissible levels of high-frequency electromagnetic pollutions’ voltage in a wire of
industrial frequency alternating current. Sanitary-epidemiologic norms. Confirmed by the Order
of the Head State Sanitary Physician of the Republic Kazakhstan, November 28, 2003.
Hughes, A. 2004. Personal Communication.
Levallois, P. 1999. Study Review of Hypersensitivity of Human Subjects to Environmental Electric
and Magnetic Field Exposure. Report to The Public Health Institute and the California
Department of Health Services.
Levallois, P. 2002. Hypersensitivity of human subjects to environmental electric and magnetic field
exposure: A review of the literature. Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 110:613-618.
National Multiple Sclerosis Society. 2004 [www.nationalmssociety.org]
Reilly, J.P. 1992. Applied Bioelectricity: From Electrical Stimulation to Electropathology,
Cambridge University Press.
Reines, R.S., M. A. Cook, J.D. Loock. 2000. Cornell Cow Model, White Paper, Public Service of
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[www.umm.edu/ency/article/001551.htm]
World Health Organization. 2004. www.who.int/media centre/facts sheets/
www.electricalpollution.com, provides other references dealing with power quality issues and
provides information about the Graham/Stetzer filters and the Stetzerizer™ meter.
www.stetzerelectric.com provides definitions and more details of the meters and filters.