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Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 346
Sea Water Air Conditioning [SWAC]: A Cost Effective Alternative
A.F. Elsafty aelsafty@aast.edu
Associate professor-College of Engineering
and Technology/Mechanical Engineering Department
Arab Academy for Science, Technology
and Maritime Transport- AASTMT
Alexandria, POBox: 1029, EGYPT –
http://www.aast.edu
L.A. Saeid loai_Saeid@natgas.com.eg
GIS, Design Section head,
National Gas Company,
Alexandria,
EGYPT - http://www.natgas.com.eg
Abstract
The energy demand for air conditioning is quite extensive due to the hot and
humid summer climate in Egypt. The rapid increase in non industrial electricity
consumption is due to the rural electrification and the presence of many buildings
air conditioned in summer using electricity.
Deep cold ocean and seawater is a valuable natural resource that can be used
for energy production, cooling, desalination, aquaculture and agriculture. The
most economically viable use of this deep water is to air-condition buildings
through a Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) system.
This study reports the results of a technical and economical assessment of the
potential for using (SWAC) other than conventional vapor compression systems
to air condition hotels at a new tourists resort called “Sahl-Hasheesh”,18km south
of Hurghada, Egypt.
This study analyzed and sized the major components of the Sea Water Air
Conditioning (SWAC) system, determined the operational performance, and
estimated the probable costs. The economic analysis was based on two different
methods, the simple pay back and the net present value (NPV) method.
The results showed that the SWAC system is the preferred option for its short
payback period as well as the minimum net present value when being applied at
Sahl-Hasheesh area. Large energy savings approaching 80% compared to
conventional. This is in addition to the low greenhouse gas emissions.
Keywords:
Seawater, HVAC, Sahl-Hasheesh, Economical Study.
Nomenclatures
Symbol Description S.I
Units
Symbol Description S.I
Units
CW Chilled water - i Interest rate -
Dep C Depreciation Coefficient -
IC
Initial cost -
Dep K
Depreciation at the year K - L Pipe length m
HDPE High Density Polyethylene - m
o
Mass flow rate kg/s
NPV Net Present Value - NOx Mono nitrogen oxides -
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 347
PLC Programmable logic
controller
- SOx
Sulphur oxides
-
QA/C Air conditioning load kW SW Seawater -
RC
Running Cost - VAS Vapor Absorption System -
SDR Standard Dimension Ratio - VCS Vapor Compression System -
TOR Ton Of Refrigeration
1. INTRODUCTION
All current air conditioning systems depend mainly on electricity or heat source to operate their
various components, the two main known types of air conditioning are the vapor compression
system (electric operated) and the absorption system (Heat operated).
A growing number of scientists and engineers have become concerned about global climate
change. This phenomenon shows a strong correlation to human use of fossil fuels. Exponential
growth in the build-up of combustion products trapped within Earth’s atmosphere is implicated as
the primary cause of the “Greenhouse Effect”. [1]
The amount of greenhouse gas emissions is expressed in tons of "carbon dioxide equivalents".
CO2 has the largest warming potential and as such is used as an index for other greenhouse
gases. Egypt ranked the 27th over the world in producing CO
2
emissions year 2006 [2].
Furthermore, one of the main fossil fuels, petroleum, is a finite resource and has been a focus of
international conflict. This may be considered as another main reason for searching for new and
renewable energy sources or lowering the power consumption.
In order to make a reasonable assessment of the technical and economic feasibility of deep sea
water air conditioning, three options were investigated in the economical study.
The first is the use of a conventional air conditioning system. This option provides a baseline for
the other options being investigated. The second option is the use of deep seawater only and the
third option involves the use of a hybrid system using both a sea water air conditioning and a
conventional chiller in series where part of the AC demand will be held by the SWAC and the rest
of the demand by the chiller.
Additionally, this study introduces a new air conditioning technique in the Middle East region
known as Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) system utilizing a renewable energy source to
reduce the electricity consumption. The reduction of the greenhouse gases was estimated.
2. CASE STUDY
SITE (LOCATION)
SAHL HASHEESH [SH] (located 18km south of Hurghada - Upper Egypt) is to be a Resort
Community project of a scale and scope that is unprecedented in the region. The project
promises to become an Integrated Resort destination of world-class standards.
The typical meteorological year database for Sahl-Hasheesh was used to estimate the gross
cooling load for the hotels. HVAC Load Explorer program [3] was used to calculate the air
conditioning demands of the on duty hotels and the results were checked manually.
SH is planned to contain 24 hotels at the seaside. Survey has been taken for the site's hotels. Air
conditioning load was calculated for “Pyramisa hotel” (on duty hotel) using the (HVAC Load
Explorer program) [3] and based on the area of each hotel and the numbers of rooms, the air
conditioning load for the other hotels was estimated according to ASHRAE [4,5].
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 348
It turns that the sum of all the loads was estimated to be 26,500 TOR. Figure 1 shows the AC
load map for Sahl-Hasheesh.
FIGURE 1: Sahl-Hasheesh Master Plan & Load Map
SWAC SYSTEM
A Sea Water Air Conditioning district cooling system consists of a cold seawater supply line, a
heat exchanger (at the shoreline), and a closed cycle fresh water distribution system, all with
appropriate pumps as shown in Figure 2.
FIGURE 2: SWAC Schematic diagram
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 349
Cold seawater is drawn from 600 meters deep at a temperature of 7°C. It follows a long pipeline
that lies along the seabed about 500 meters from shore. Pump station delivers the water into a
cold water distribution pipe buried under the beach then after getting warmed from the heat
exchange.
It is well known that the discharge of thermal heat into seawater imposes an environmental and
biological impact on the marine life. This impact is called “Cold shock”. Hence, the seawater is
then pumped back to the sea through an effluent pipe at 200 meters depth to avoid biological
effect. On the other side the chilled distribution closed loop exchange heat with the air to be
conditioned.
For air conditioning hotels in SH, 9-10°C water is needed to circulate inside the buildings based
on Pyramisa hotel request [6], taking into consideration the low relative humidity in SH resulting in
low latent cooling load.
To obtain this low temperature for the fresh water, a lower temperature of 7°C shall be drawn out
of the sea circulating through the heat exchanger.
For this purpose an approximate temperature depth profile at SH shown in Figure 3 was obtained
for the red sea from the navy forces [7].
Local Bathymetry
From Figure 3, a depth of about 600 m is determined to achieve the desired water temperature
(7°C). The SWAC system technical evaluation method begins by outlining coastal regions where
the 600 m bathymetric contour (7°C) lies within the minimum distance from shore. For this
purpose, bathymetry map for Sahl-Hasheesh area was obtained from the (Egyptian naval forces).
By the aid of this map and after the site visit, a pipeline schematic was designed starting from the
point at depth 600 m up to the shore at the pump station.
Temperature-De pth profile
0
5
10
15
20
25
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Depth (m)
Subsea Temperature (deg C)
FIGURE 3: Sahl-Hasheesh Temperature-Depth profile
Seawater Pipe
A primary concern regarding pipeline placement is the impact upon SH marine preserve. Two
possible pipeline paths have been investigated in this study. Both routes A and B are shown in
Figure 4.
Route A is the most direct path between the distribution system onshore and the offshore source,
requires the shorter tunneling, not far away from the marine preserve area, and has a landing at
the north end of the distribution system. Route B provides cold water to the center of the SH
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 350
distribution system, thus splitting the seawater flow onshore and allowing smaller pipelines in
addition not supplying all the hotels from a single line. Route B provides an alternate pipe landing
and an alternative pump station location based on the site visit.
HDPE 1000mm (40"), SDR 11 (Standard Dimension Ratio refers to the outside diameter divided
by the wall thickness of the pipe with thickness above 76mm (3'') is used to withstand the external
pressure on the pipe.
FIGURE 4: Seawater Pipe Route scenarios
Distribution Network
The pump station shall be located halfway of the distribution network in order to decrease the
pipe diameters and to secure the availability of AC at least for half of the hotels.
The two lines shown in Figure 5 represent the distribution network feeding the customers where
the (North pipeline) represents a pipeline feeding 12,250 TOR and the (South pipeline)
represents a pipeline feeding 14,250 TOR of the total expected air conditioning demands in SH.
FIGURE 5: Distribution network pass
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 351
Each pipe of the above two pipes is divided into two sections with determined lengths and known
flow rates feeding the hotels in order to design the network.
Based on the required flow rates and the recommended velocity in pipes, a set range of
diameters was chosen from 400mm (16'') up to 760mm (30'') to be the interest in this study.
Head losses were calculated for each section after determining the flow type and Reynolds's
number and the friction factor , hence the corresponding pumping power was estimated and the
optimum network diameter was established to be 760 mm. [8].
3. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Technical Analysis
A piping schematic is constructed connecting the district loads and the cold-water supply pipe via
a heat exchanger.
Computer program is used to optimize the piping network for best ratios of capital expenditure
versus displaced electricity, which is the driving variable.
The head losses in all distribution, deep seawater supply, and return pipelines are determined
based on optimal pipe sizes that are staggered throughout the system. The required pressures
are set for each user and total system pressure is computed to provide all customers the
minimum desired pressure differential. The cold water intake pipe is sized based on flow and
allowable suction pressure and pump station elevation limitations. The wall thickness of the intake
pipe is set to prevent collapse and, if necessary, stiffeners are added to the pipelines. Finally, the
pumps are sized based on total fresh water and seawater flows and the total heads for these
systems.
Most of the deep seawater intake pipelines designed for by (Makai, 1994) use polyethylene as
the pipeline material [9]. Polyethylene has significant advantages for these pipelines in that it is
inert and will neither corrode nor contaminate the water. Polyethylene lengths are heat fused
together to form a long, continuous pipeline with joints that are as strong as the pipeline itself.
Polyethylene has excellent strength and flexibility and is buoyant in water. For the distribution
network material, a comparison between the polyethylene, Steel and PVC pipes was done.
For the (SWAC) system, the best choice of heat exchanger is a modular titanium plate heat
exchanger with gasket joints in a counter-flow configuration.
SWAC System Summary
Table 1 summarizes the contents of the SWAC system in Sahl-Hasheesh
Distance from shore to the point of the desired depth (m) 520
SW pipe diameter (mm/inches) 1000/40
SW pipe length (m) 10,000
SW velocity in pipe (m/sec) 5
SW pumping power (MW) 4.12
Distribution network (length in meter / diameter in mm (inches)) 8900/760(30)
CW pumping power (MW) 5.32
TABLE 1: SWAC system summary.
Economical Analysis
The costs associated with the proposed SWAC system are primarily related to the initial capital
expenditure. This, in turn, is related to the distance to the cold water, the temperature of that
water, the extent and location of the onshore distribution loop, and the sizes of all pipelines.
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 352
Operating costs are related to amount of pumping power required. This is related to the amount
of water to be pumped and the size and length of the pipelines.
Initial Costs
Item Cost ($)
Seawater Pipe 29,200,347
Effluent Pipe 10,220,121
Distribution Network 4,458,900
SW Pump and Sump 27,176,074
Heat Exchanger 13,894,500
CW Pump 1,250,323
20% Contingency 17,240,053
Total 103,440,318
TABLE 2: SWAC system initial costs in US$
The costs of the conventional systems are estimated according to "An Introduction to Absorption
Cooling" by Harwell, 1999.
The initial cost of the distribution network ($ 4,458,900) shall be added to the vapor compression
system as added to the SWAC system.
INITIAL COST
Single-Effect VAS
Double-Effect VAS
VCS
Vapor Absorption System VAS &Vapor Compression System VCS
Machine Capacity (TOR) 26500
Cost $ / TOR 684 936 504
Total Cost ($) 18,126,000 24,804,000 13,356,000
Life Time (yr) 16 16 8
Heat Rejection Equipment
Cost $ / TOR 227 205 151
Total cost ($) 6,015,500 5,432,500 4,001,500
Life Time (yr) 16 16 16
TABLE 3: Conventional Systems Initial Costs in US$
Running Costs
Tables 4 and 5 show the SWAC and conventional running costs respectively. For the vapor
absorption system, knowing that it is a heat operated system and a large amount of fuel (Solar
energy, Natural gas) has to be located continuously at SH which is hard to obtain because there
is no source for such a fuel there in addition applying a solar system is beyond the scope of this
study and would be inapplicable due to the very high initial costs required.
Economical comparison was based on two methods: Simple Pay Back and the Net Present
Value.
Item Cost ($)
Seawater Pump 975,785
Chilled water pump 1,258,622
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 353
Maintenance & Labor cost 400,000
Total
2,634,407
TABLE 4: SWAC System Running Costs in US$
RUNNING COSTS
Price of kWh ($/kWh) 0.045
VAS& VCS machines Single-Effect
VAS Double-Effect VAS VCS
kWh/TOR/yr 108 108 6224
Total Use (kWh/yr.) 2,862,000 2,862,000 164,954,550
Annual cost $ 128,790 128,790 7,422,955
Cooling Water Pump
Cooling Water Pump motor
Efficiency 0.68
kWh/TOR/yr 739 506 493
Total Use (kWh/yr.) 19,599,400 13,409,000 13,064,500
Annual Cost $ 881,973 603,405 587,903
Cooling Tower Fans
Fans Efficiency 0.6
Fan partial use factor 0.4
kWh/TOR/yr 588 480 392
Total Use (kWh/yr.) 15,582,000 12,720,000 10,388,000
Annual Cost $ 701,190 572,400 467,460
Natural gas consumption
NG m3/hr 8,480 8,480 0
m3 / year 44,570,880 44,570,880 0
Gas unit cost $/ m3 0.045454545 0.045454545 0
Annual Gas cost $ 2,025,949 2,025,949 0
Total Annual Operating
Cost $ 3,737,902 3,330,544 8,478,317
TABLE 5: Conventional Systems Running Costs in US$
SIMPLE PAY BACK
An energy investment simple payback period is the amount of time it will take to recover the initial
investment in energy savings, dividing initial installed cost by the annual energy cost savings and
is calculated according to the following equation: [10]
Pay Back Period = Difference in initial cost / Saving in Running Cost (1)
Difference in initial cost = 81,623,918 $
Saving in Running Cost (1st year) = 5,843,910 $
Pay Back Period = 11 years
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 354
NET PRESENT VALUE TECHNIQUE [ NPV ] [11]
The NPV method determines the worth of a project over time, in today’s dollars. Unlike the
payback method, NPV also accounts for the savings that occur after the payback period. To
calculate the NPV, The following factors were taken into consideration. [10,11]
It is also important to note that if the cold seawater pipeline were to fail, than cooling for the hotel
would not be available until the pipeline could be restored. Of course no one would pay top dollar
to stay in a hot and humid hotel room, so the loss of the pipeline can result in significant losses in
revenue. Emergency portable vapor compression units could be rented while the pipelines are
repaired; however, these costs were not included in this study.
Dep C = 1)1(
)1(
−+
×+
n
n
i
ii ' Depreciation coefficient' (2)
Where i is the interest rate and is taken as 0.1
DEPRECIATION=INITIAL COST* Dep C (3)
Dep K=DEPRECIATION+RUNNING COST (4)
But ;
Net Present Value=Dep K*((1+i)
-k
) (5)
Where: n is the number of years [life period] and is taken as 15 years, k is the current year
Total Net Present Value is the accumulated NPV throughout the life period of the project or i.e., it
is the sum of NPV of all 30 years.
The results show that although the SWAC system requires high initial costs nearly about seven
times that for the CCS, its running cost is 15% of that for the CCS.
In Addition to the less maintenance needed for running this system either than the conventional
systems and the thermal energy storage that can be utilized from the effluent cold seawater.
SWAC VCS
IC
103,440,318 21,365,500
RC (1st Year)
2,634,407 8,478,317
NPV (30 Years)
143,078,436 193,002,429
TABLE 6: NPV for SWAC and VCS systems
Environmental Analysis
Greenhouse gas emissions from power production will be reduced by the following quantities
shown in Table 7. [1]
Pollutant Name
kg/kWh
kWh Savings
Reduction in Tons
CO2
0.714 99,070
CO
0.000365
51
CH4
0.00168 233
NOX
0.00125 173
N2O
0.0000169
2
SOx
0.00379 526
Solid Waste
0.0863
138,753,559
11,974
TABLE 7: Greenhouse Gases Emissions Reductions
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 355
Hybrid System
This study was based on the temperature-depth profile shown in Figure 3. There may be
unfavorable temperature variations at the intake site; if the SWAC system fails to provide this 7°C
seawater to the heat exchanger, the temperature of the chilled fresh water exiting the heat
exchanger will rise up and further chilling through an auxiliary chiller should be needed. This may
be solved by implementing a Hybrid system in which part of the air conditioning load should be
provided by the SWAC system and the rest part by an auxiliary chiller which will be automatically
operated by a programmable logic controller (PLC) taking a signal from a temperature sensor.
Figure 6 shows the result NPV for different scenarios of the Hybrid system where the
percentages are changed among the system.
NPV for Hybrid system
143.08
160.40
173.26
186.31
198.98
211.84
224.70
239.21
250.43
263.29
193.45
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
100% SWAC
- 0 % VCS
90% SWAC
- 10 % VCS
80% SWAC
- 20 % VCS
70% SWAC
- 30 % VCS
60% SWAC
- 40 % VCS
50% SWAC
- 50 % VCS
40% SWAC
- 60 % VCS
30% SWAC
- 70 % VCS
20% SWAC
- 80 % VCS
10% SWAC
- 90 % VCS
0% SWAC -
100 % VCS
Million $
NPV
FIGURE 6: Hybrid system for Sahl-Hasheesh
At the end of the economic analysis the impact of the electricity unit rate and the life time of the
project were studied.
Economic Sensitivity: Impact of electricity rate and project life time
Electricity rate is a major factor in determining the profitability of a SWAC system. For
this study 0.25 Egyptian pounds (0.045$) was assumed as a cost for the kWh based on
year 2007 costs. Any variation in the electricity unit cost will result in
changes in the
results.
Figure 7 illustrates the impact of the electricity rates on the net present values for the
SWAC and VCS systems. Thirty years was chosen as a project life time for the air
conditioning system at SH and which the author assumed that the life time shall exceeds
this value since SH is a very huge project and shall always require air conditioning for the
hotels.
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 356
FIGURE 7: Impact of electricity rate on NPV
Increasing the project life time shall result in more economical SWAC system than VCS
as illustrated in Figure 8.
FIGURE 8:
Impact of life time on NPV
4. CONSLUSIONS
Sea water air conditioning is an established technology being applied in an innovative
way. The cold sea water air conditioning has merit over conventional vapor
compression air conditioning systems. This merit is for hotels located in regions of
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 357
the world where access to cold seawater is at a minimum and there is year-round high
humidity.
This study dealt with the design and economical investigation for the Sea Water Air
Conditioning (SWAC) System for a very high cooling load area [Sahl-Hashish,
Egypt]. It is concluded that:
• SWAC is technically feasible in Sahl-Hasheesh. On the other hand, cold sea
water air conditioning is not considered economically feasible for tropical
cooling loads less than 5000 TOR.
• The major challenge is crossing the Marine Preserve.
• If water below 8°C is required, the flattening bathymetry suggests that
auxiliary chillers would be more cost-effective.
• Bathymetry and site specific temperatures need to be collected; differences
from the values assumed could introduce unexpected challenges.
• Greater Independence from Energy Price Escalation - In a world of rapidly
increasing energy prices, SWAC costs (which are capital dominated) are
relatively flat compared to that of energy intensive conventional AC systems.
Users will have a known and relatively flat future AC cost.
• Short economic payback period.
• Reduction of electricity use. The SWAC system reduces the annual electric
energy usage with 75% compared to on-site chillers. At a peak demand of
26,500 tons of refrigeration (TOR) in SH and 60% as a utilization factor the
SWAC system will reduce the electric energy usage by 138,745 MWh per
year.
• Reduction of air pollution due to greenhouse gases emissions reduction.
5. REFERENCES
1. Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres, 2001, “Global, Regional, and National CO2
Emissions.” In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide
Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy,
Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
2. EIA, April 2008; ’Energy information administration, official energy statistics from the US
government. (http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=EG)
3. McQuiston, F.C., J.D. Parker, and J.D. Spitler.2005. “Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning Analysis and Design”, “HVAC Load Explorer”, Software Guide, Sixth Edition.
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
4. ASHRAE, 1997. ASHRAE handbook-Fundamentals, Atlanta: American Society of Heating
Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers, Inc.
5. ASHRAE, 1999. ASHRAE handbook-HVAC Applications, Atlanta: American Society of
Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers, Inc.
6. Elkader Hany, 2007, Pyramisa hotel maintenance engineer, Sahl-Hasheesh, Personal
communications.
7. Abdelmoneem Y., 2006; Hydrographic - Navy forces, Personal Communication
Elsafty, A. F. & Saeid, L.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (3) : Issue (3) 358
8. Haaland, S.E. March 1983, “Simple and explicit formulas for the friction factor in turbulent
pipe flow,” Fluids Eng., as referenced in White, Frank. Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed. McGraw Hill.
New York, 1994, p317
9. MOE, 1994. Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc.. “Sea Water Air Conditioning for Hawaii Phase 1:
West Beach, Oahu”, The State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development
and Tourism, Energy Division, Honolulu
10. DeGarmo E. P., Sullivan W. G. and Bontadelli J. A., 1993; "Engineering Economy,"9th ed.,
MacMillan Publishing Company, New York
11. Harwell, Didcot and Oxford shire, 1999, "Good practice guide – An introduction to absorption
cooling".
