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Ethnopharmacology of Mangifera indica L. Bark and Pharmacological Studies of its Main C-Glucosylxanthone, Mangiferin

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This review details the vernacular names, origin, distribution, taxonomy and variety of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), a medicinal plant traditionally used in tropical regions. Mangiferin, a major C-glucosylxanthone from M. indica stem bark, leaves, heartwood, roots and fruits occurs widely among different angiosperm families and ferns. The reported pharmacological activities of mangiferin include antioxidant, radioprotective, antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, lipolytic, antibone resorption, monoamine oxidase inhibiting, antiviral, antifungal antibacterial and antiparasitic properties, which may support the numerous traditional uses of the plant.
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... It is a large, perennial, evergreen tree and is a native of tropical Asia. However, now it has been found to be naturalised in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Wauthoz et al. 2007). Worldwide approximately 3.7 million hectares of land is used for its cultivation. ...
... It has the potential to be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes as well as cardiac problems. Mangiferin has also exhibited antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities (Wauthoz et al. 2007;Feng et al. 2019;Mittal et al. 2020;Morozkina et al. 2021;Zhang et al. 2021). Also, various food supplements and nutraceuticals use plant extracts rich in mangiferin as an essential ingredient (Mwaurah et al. 2020;Marçal and Pintado 2021;Mei et al. 2021). ...
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Mangifera indica L. (Mango), native of tropical Asia, has enormous genetic diversity. Comparative phytochemical analysis of leaves of five varieties of Mangifera indica viz. Dashahri, Chausa, Langra, Lucknow Safeda and Gola grown in North India was carried out. Mangiferin content (using HPLC) was found to vary from 0.96 g to 3.00 g per 100 g of dry leaves. Essential oil composition (through GC-MS) showed the major components of all the five varieties to be caryophyllene (4.14-46.26%), humulene (3.19-30.45%), caryophyllene oxide (2.98-17.23%) and humulene epoxide 2 (1.56-4.73%). Results indicated that there was a direct relationship between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Our studies indicate that M. indica leaves, which are a form of biomass waste, could be used as an economical and renewable source of antidiabetic compound mangiferin as well as other biologically active phytoconstituents having nutraceutical as well as pharmaceutical applications.
... The glucosyl-xanthone mangiferin, one of the most abundant and bioactive phytochemicals in mango leaves (36.9-67.2 mg/g, favoring young leaves) [8,9], is a wellknown polyphenolic compound that has been extensively investigated for its pleiotropic effects and remarkable pharmacological properties, which include potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, analgesic, antimalarial, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and ergogenic activities [10][11][12][13]. ...
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Mangiferin, a glucosyl xanthone, is a plant metabolite with promising nootropic and ergogenic properties. However, its poor and inconsistent systemic bioavailability limits its therapeutic potential. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics of mangiferin from mango leaf extract formulations remain uncharacterized in humans. This study validated a UHPLC-MS/MS method and conducted a human pharmacokinetic study approved by an ethics committee. The bioavailability of mangiferin and its monosodium salt was assessed from two standardized mango leaf extracts: MLE60, standardized to 60% mangiferin but practically insoluble in water, and MLES, the water-soluble monosodium salt form, also standardized to 60%. Twelve participants (six females) received oral doses of each extract in a crossover design with a 7-day washout period. Plasma analysis showed significantly higher AUC and Cmax values with MLES than MLE60, while Tmax and T1/2 were similar. MLES demonstrated a 2.44-fold increase in AUC0–24h compared to MLE60 (p = 0.0029 **), indicating improved bioavailability. This study highlights the salification method as a simple strategy to enhance mangiferin bioavailability, enabling broader applications in beverages and other products where solubility is a limitation.
... Around 1000 plant species are being utilized in folk medicine for the control of diabetes, including Magnifara indica (9,11), Capsicum spp. (12), Citrullus lanatus (13), Vernonia amygdalina (8), Telfairia occidentalis (14), and Nephrolepis unduranta (1,2), among others (2,7,15). ...
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Introduction: The market for herbal medicines with anti-diabetic qualities is still quite considerable on a global scale. The current study examines the actions of a few biomarkers in adult male Wistar rats fed with Cissampelos owarien-sis fractionated leaf extract in methanol. Materials and methods: Fresh C. owariensis leaf was stitched, dried, and fractionated using chloroform, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate solvents after being air-dried, crushed, and submerged in methanol for 72 hours. Thirty (30) mature male Wistar rats weighing 130-160 grams were divided into six (6) groups of five rats (n=5) each. Streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally once to cause diabetes. Groups 1 and 2 serve as normal and diabetic control rats, respectively, while Group 3 diabetic rats received 50 mg/kg/day of metformin and Groups 4, 5, and 6 received 250 mg/kg/day of C. owariensis fractions for 21 days before being eu-thanized to harvest the kidney, liver, small intestine, brain, and pancreas for biochemical study. Groups 1 and 2 are used as the diabetic and normal control groups of rats, respectively. The generated data was examined with the aid of the SPSS program, and the results were presented as mean SEM. Results: The results of the investigation showed that diabetic rats' increased blood glucose levels were significantly lower than control groups, indicating that the ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest hypoglycemic potential of the fractions. Alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly inhibited by C. owariensis fractions whereas Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity were significantly boosted in diabetic rats. Conclusion: In conclusion, C. owarien-sis fractions showed strong anti-diabetic and pancreatic-protecting activities in animal models.
... The component in A. Vera Lectin juice inhibit acid secretion and also reported a beneficial effect in consumption and relief of digestive related problems such as irritable bowel syndrome, heartburn, reduce vasoconstriction and improves healing of ulcer healing. [43] Azadirachta indica, family: Meliaceae commonly named Neem which is a native tree of India and found in many Asian countries and tropical regions of the western hemisphere. A. indica reported a significantly inhibition of gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin and also acts through histamine H2 receptor. ...
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There are few different types of ulcer have different causes such as common ulcer sickness which is erosion in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Others pressure ulcers is a localized injury range in severity from reddening occurs to the skin to severe, deep craters with exposed muscle or bone which also called bedsores or pressure sores of the skin. The predominant reasons in the Countries are contamination with Helicobacter pylori and use of non�steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) drugs; gastric ulcerate is comprehensively acid secretion with average or low while poor mucosal defense in mucus and bicarbonate secretion plays a greater role; multifactorial interactions between mucosal, neuro-humoral factors and the autonomic nervous system plays a pivotal role causes stress ulcer; rises incidence of ulcer due to more consumption of alcohol; genetic factors and other diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary/airways disease, asymptomatic bowel syndrome, chronic pancreatitis and crohn's disease have pathogenesis associated with ulcer. Hence we explore the possibility classification of the revolutionary treatment of ulcer disease by decrease of gastric acid secretion, H+/K+ ATPase Inhibitor, muscarinic receptor antagonists, mucosal coating agents, etc. and also some herbal medicines and their constituents used in treatment or prevention of ulcer. The aim of present study was to review on various pathogenetic factors, its multifactorial treatment with proper diagnosis, herbal medicines in treating ulcer in world and modulation management of pressure ulcer by occupational therapist through pressure mapping technique under the International Standards Organization (ISO) protocol.
... The plant is mainly cultivated in tropical areas, especially in India, for its rhizomes, which are used as a mild ginger spice and also have medicinal uses (Huxley, 1992;Chevallier, 1996). Mangiferin is a phytochemical found in mango ginger, and has been shown to have antiinflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-HIV, and antioxidant properties (Wauthoz et al., 2007;Padmapriya et al., 2012). In addition, the plant is said to have antiobesity (Nissankara-Rao et al., 2021), antitumor (Ramachandran et al., 2017), and antibacterial (Divyashri et al., 2021) effects. ...
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Field trials were conducted in the early cropping seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Teaching and Research Farm of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07° 20' N, 3° 23' E 159 m above sea level) in the forest-savanna transition zone of southwestern Nigeria to evaluate the response of mango ginger to plant population and different weed control methods. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement and replicated three times. The main plot consisted of two plant populations: 444,444 plants/ha and 250,000 plants/ha, while the sub-plots consisted of ten weed control methods. The collected data on growth and yield of mango ginger plant, and weed biomass were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means of the treatments were separated using the least significant difference (LSD at p ≤ 0.05). Planting mango ginger at 444,444 plants/ha resulted in a 43.1% increase in rhizome yield compared to 250,000 plants/ha. Different weed control methods gave significantly higher crop vigor score, yield and yield components than the weedy check. Relative to the highest value in both years, uncontrolled weed infestation resulted in a 91.4% reduction in rhizome yield. There was a 60.7% increase in mango ginger rhizome yield when post-emergence weed control followed pre-emergence weed control. Our study has revealed that mango ginger, as a perennial crop with initially slow growth, requires a weed-free period beyond the first 12 weeks after planting (WAP) for acceptable weed control and optimum rhizome yield. Hence, a pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen at a dosage of 0.24 kg a.iha-1 and a post-emergence hoe weeding are recommended.
... Its pleasant aroma and unique flavour made it popular among the consumers (Ke et al., 2022). It belongs to Anacardiaceae family and is an evergreen and long living tree, which originates from Asia (Wauthoz et al., 2007). ...
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With the expansion of the mango consumer market, exports of the product have increased. The harvest time effects quality characteristics, which identify the quality and consequently the price of the product. Greece is very close to the European markets, so mango fruits can be transferred at a ready-to-eat stage and minimize the distance between harvest maturity and edibility. On this research we studied the characteristics of twelve mango cultivars (‘Carrie’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Kensington’, ‘Kent’, ‘Lippens’, ‘Osteen’, ‘Palmer’, ‘Sabre’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘Van Dyke’ and ‘Zill’) in Greece. The parameters measured were the harvest time, fruit weight and size, fruit firmness, juice pH, soluble solid components, dry matter, ascorbic acid, total sugars and acidity. The first fruits were harvested ready-to-eat, at the first days of August. Fruit firmness was from 4.28 K/cm2 (‘Sensation’), to 1.55 (‘Lippens’). The pH level ranged from 3.64 (‘Van Dyke’) to 4.52 (‘Osteen’). Total soluble solids were 19.84% Brix in ‘Kent’, different from ‘Osteen’ (16.33%). ‘Kent’ had the highest dry matter concentration (25.3%). The higher amount of ascorbic acid (Vit C) was measured in ‘Palmer’ (82.79 mg/100 g juice). Total sugar was the highest in ‘Tommy Atkins’ (24.82 g glucose/100 g juice) and the lowest in ‘Palmer’ (6.51 g glucose/100 g juice). The lowest acidity was observed in ‘Lippens’ (0.16%). Our results indicate that Greece can offer fruit production of high quality, at the ready-to-eat stage. Our results are the first data of mango cultivation in Greece, a region of Europe where mango crop is gaining ground on the market.
... It is known to possess antioxidant, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial properties. [8][9][10] Neem as a mouthwash has been shown to have significant effects on both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, which include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, and Salmonella. Extracts from Neem inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and used in periodontitis. ...
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Background Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times; oral rinse of Nimba ( Azardirachta indica A. Juss , locally known as the Neem) and curry leaves ( Murraya Koenigii (L.) Spreng., locally known as the Meethi Neem) is one of them for maintaining better oral hygiene. Aim The study aimed at determining the effect of indigenously prepared two herbal and 0.2% chlorhexidine (control group) mouthwashes on dental plaque, Streptococcus mutans count and gingival health in school-going children. Material and methods Trial design was parallel with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1. Total 120 included children aged 8–14 years were randomized into three groups, namely, Neem leaves ( n = 40), curry leaves ( n = 40), and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash ( n = 40) group. At the baseline examination, plaque and gingival scores were recorded and plaque samples were taken for S. mutans count estimation. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analysis was performed using statistical software “SPSS-22.” Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were applied for evaluation. Tukey’s post hoc test was used to evaluate the difference between the pairs of mouthwashes. Results Statistically significant differences were found between CHX and Neem and curry leaves in plaque index, S. mutans count, and gingival index at 14 and 21 days from baseline. Neem and curry leaves were equally effective as CHX. Conclusion Neem and curry leaves mouthwashes are equally effective as antiplaque and anti-gingivitis agents as that of CHX mouthwash.
... One of the antioxidants in Coffea arabica L. leaves is mangiferin (MGF). MGF is a natural xanthonoid with various biological activities they are antioxidant (2,3), anti-inflammatory (4,5), radioprotective, immunomodulatory (4), hypouricaemic (6), antimicrobial (7), anticancer (8), and antidiabetic (9,10,11). MGF has been isolated from various parts of Mangifera indica, but in 2008, a report that mangiferin was isolated from leaves of a wild Coffea arabica L., Coffea pseudozanguebariae (11,12). ...
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Mangiferin is one of the antioxidants in Coffea arabica L. leaves that has many pharmacological effects. The content of secondary metabolites in the leaves including mangiferin can be affected by age. A Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method for the quantitative analysis of mangiferin in Coffea arabica L. leaves extract was developed and validated. The method was developed using a mobile phase prepared with analytical grade solvents: ethyl acetate, methanol, formic acid, and deionized water (8:2:1:1 v/v/v/v). Regression functions were established over the 199.98-600.00 ng/spot range with r=0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 13.87 and 41.61 ng, respectively. The method was selective with a resolution value of more than 1.5 and specific with the spectra correlation value for purity and identity check of more than 0.99. The percentage RSD was found to be 2.43% for repeatability precision and 2.05% for intermediate precision. The method's accuracy was determined through the standard addition method by adding known quantities of standard mangiferin to the pre-analyzed test solution and the mean recovery was 101.69± 1,21%. This TLC Densitometry method was linear, sensitive, selective and specific, precise, accurate, and can be used for routine analysis of mangiferin. On the young Coffea arabica L. leaves, the concentration of mangiferin ± RSD was 0.830 ± 1.71% w/w, and on the old Coffea arabica L. leaves was 1.128± 1.59% w/w.
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New terms such as oxidative stress, antioxidant products or pro-oxidant risks are becoming familiar and an increasing number of international scientific conferences and the publication of thousands of scientific articles is an indication of the growing interest that the subject awakens. The most publicized example is perhaps the French paradox, based on the apparent compatibility of a high fat diet with a low incidence of coronary atherosclerosis attributed to the regular consumption, by the French, of red wine and/or grape juice. Flavonoids, and other phenolic substances contained in red wine, are assigned with antioxidant properties, which lower the oxidation of low density lipoproteins and consequently, the risk of atherogenic diseases. Other examples are the aging process and its correlation with an increase of free radicals, and the correlation between the initiation and promotion of cancer and tissue injury by free radicals, which has induced the intake of antioxidant products as chemical factors that prevent the onset of the disease. Currently, the incidence of oxidative stress on the onset and evolution of more than 100 diseases is claimed by several researchers. All these are "realities", which on the other hand, are lacking of more clinical evidence, are considered by both physicians and health regulatory bodies, either as "myths" or of "secondary" importance. In the attempts to destroy those myths, results of chemical, preclinical, and clinical works with a crude extract of mango (Mangifera indica L.) stem bark, which has been developed in Cuba, are reviewed, with a strong experimental evidence of its antioxidant, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.
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Prostaglandins are lipid mediators produced by cyclooxygenases from arachidonic acid, which serve pivotal functions in inflammation and pain. Inhibition of their production is the major analgesic mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-but also the source of most of their unwanted effects. While the development of selective inhibitors of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (so called coxibs) has greatly reduced gastrointestinal side effects, the recent disappointment about a potential cardiovascular toxicity of COX-2-selective inhibitors has boosted interest in alternative targets. The discovery of several prostaglandin synthases and of distinct prostaglandin receptors has unraveled an unforeseen diversity within the prostanoid synthetic pathway. Behavioral and electrophysiological work in particular with genetically engineered mice meanwhile provides new clues to the role of different prostaglandins, prostaglandin synthases and prostaglandin receptors in pain pathways.
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Mangiferin, C19H18O11, has been isolated from the leaves, heartwood and stem-bark of Mangifera indica. Its properties indicate that it is a stable C-glycoside of the xanthone group. Reductive hydrolysis with hydriodic acid and oxidation with ferric chloride yield 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone and glucose respectively indicating that it is a glucoside of the former and oxidation with periodic acid reveals that the sugar is in the pyranose form. The position of linkage has been shown to be 2 by oxidizing mangiferin tri and tetra methyl ethers with periodate to the corresponding α-hydroxyacetaldehydes of trimethoxy and tetramethoxyxanthones and comparing them with synthetic samples obtained from the appropriate 2-allylxanthones. This has been further supported by oxidation of mangiferin tetra methyl ether and 2-allyl-1,3,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone with permanganate yielding 1,3,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone-2-carboxylic acid.
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Mangiferin, three catechins, and two catechin dimers were isolated from the roots of Salacia reticulata (SRE), and examined their inhibitory activities against several carbohydrate metabolize enzymes (sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, (alpha -amylase, and aldose reductase). Among them, mangiferin was found to inhibit sucrase, isomaltase, and aldose reductase from rat with IC50 values of 87, 216 and 1.4 mug/ml, respectively. The inhibitory activities of mangiferin are competitive for sucrase and isomaltase with inhibitor constant (K-i) 55 mug/ml and 70 mug/ml, respectively. In order to determine the mangiferin contents in the water extracts from the roots of S. reticulata, a quantitative analytical method by means of HPLC was developed and the mangiferin contents in SRE were determined to be in the range of 0.9-2.3% by the application of this method. A high linear correlation (r=0.934) was observed between the mangiferin contents and the sucrase inhibitory activity. In addition, this analytical procedure of mangiferin was found to be applicable for other Salacia species (S. oblonga, S. chinensis, and S. prinoides). Thus, the quantitative HPLC analysis of mangiferin was supposed to be suitable for the quality control of Salacia species and its products.
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The occurrence of xanthone O- and C-glycosides in ferns is reviewed. The C-glycosides have a restricted distribution within four families: Hymenophyllaceae, Aspleniaceae s.l., Davalliaceae and Marsileaceae. The compounds are of little taxonomic value at higher levels because they appear to have evolved on several separate occasions and are, therefore, an interesting example of the parallel evolution of a chemical feature. Their major value appears to be in the identification of allopolyploidy.