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Wing venation pattern of Plecoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)
Abstract and Figures
Some consider the order Plecoptera as the sister-group of all neopterous insects. Hence the interpretation of Plecoptera wing venation has critical implications for character polarization among basal neopterous taxa, i.e. polyneopterous insects, and especially for fossil taxa, mainly known after isolated wings. However, no consensus ever emerged from the previous interpretations, partly contradicting. This study provides a detailed morphological comparative study of the wing venation of the order Plecoptera, based on modern taxa. It reveals that 1) the arculus is not a posterior branch of the media but a secondarily strengthened cross-vein, always present in hind wings and very generally in forewings; 2) the media is primitively two-branched in both wing pairs; 3) in hind wings the stems of the radius and the media are basally distinct, but a fusion of the posterior radius (RP) with the media (M) occurs distal to the wing base, both branches diverging further; and 4) the vannus is composed of branches belonging to the anterior analis sector (AA) only (i.e. the analis posterior and jugal areas are lacking). A new nomenclature is proposed for describing the branches of AA2. Character states presence of an arculus in both fore-and hind wings, media two-branched, and in hind wings, presence of fusion of RP with M are diagnostic of the order, based on outgroup comparison with other polyneopterous insects. Similarities are noticed between most basal Archaeorthoptera (i.e. insects close related to Orthoptera) and Plecoptera concerning the organization of the anal area, although an AP area is retained in the former and absent in the latter. Additionally, wing characters susceptible of being informative for the resolution of the inner phylogeny of the Plecoptera are proposed throughout the paper.
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... Wing venation terminology following Béthoux (2005) for the Plecoptera, adapted for the postcubital vein PCu1 (= AA1 sensu Béthoux 2005) and of PCu2 (= anterior-most branch of AA2 sensu Béthoux 2005) and the posteriormost branch of AA2 sensu Béthoux being the anal vein (Schubnel et al. 2020: fig. 1 Diagnosis. Wings infuscate; hind wing ra-rp crossvein located slightly basad to fork of RP; cerci without visible expansion, sternite IX elongate but relatively short, not extending below the male genitalia. ...
... Wing venation terminology following Béthoux (2005) for the Plecoptera, adapted for the postcubital vein PCu1 (= AA1 sensu Béthoux 2005) and of PCu2 (= anterior-most branch of AA2 sensu Béthoux 2005) and the posteriormost branch of AA2 sensu Béthoux being the anal vein (Schubnel et al. 2020: fig. 1 Diagnosis. Wings infuscate; hind wing ra-rp crossvein located slightly basad to fork of RP; cerci without visible expansion, sternite IX elongate but relatively short, not extending below the male genitalia. ...
... Wing venation terminology following Béthoux (2005) for the Plecoptera, adapted for the postcubital vein PCu1 (= AA1 sensu Béthoux 2005) and of PCu2 (= anterior-most branch of AA2 sensu Béthoux 2005) and the posteriormost branch of AA2 sensu Béthoux being the anal vein (Schubnel et al. 2020: fig. 1 Diagnosis. Wings infuscate; hind wing ra-rp crossvein located slightly basad to fork of RP; cerci without visible expansion, sternite IX elongate but relatively short, not extending below the male genitalia. ...
The leuctrid stonefly Perlomyia cantalensis sp. nov. and the berothid lacewing Isoscelipteron bertrandi sp. nov. are described from the Upper Miocene (ca. 5.60 ± 0.3 Ma) Konservat-Laggerstätte of Sainte-Reine (Cantal, France). They represent the first fossil representatives of their respective genera. Perlomyia Banks, 1906 is currently distributed in the Eastern Palearctic and the Western Nearctic coasts and islands. All extant Perlomyia spp. are known to live in streams, rivers and creeks, suggesting the presence of rivers connected to the maar paleolake of Sainte-Reine. The genus Perlomyia was much more widely distributed during the Miocene than today and probably disappeared in Europe due to the Quaternary glaciations. The genus Isoscelipteron Costa, 1863 is currently distributed in the Nearctic, Eastern Palaearctic, Indomalaysia, and Australasia regions, together with two relictual Mediterranean species. These two examples show that the study of the entomofauna from the diatomite outcrops of the Miocene of center of France helps to calibrate the history and origin of modern Palearctic insects.
... We will mention the reason in regards to the pressure shortly. The last example shows an elongated shape of wings in Eustheniidae [45], which can be also found in dragonfly. The wing margin shapes of those insects appear more or less anterior-posteriorly symmetric. ...
... (a1-e1) A photograph (a1) and drawings (b1-e1) of wings of different insects. A veinless mutant of D. melanogaster (adapted from[43]) (a1), Zygaenidae (adapted from[1]) (b1), Tortricidae (adapted from[1]) (c1), Crambidae (adapted from[1]) (d1), Eustheniidae (adapted from[45]) (e1). (a2-e2) Simulated wing margin shapes with different distributions of the bending stiffness κ(s). ...
The wings in different insect species are morphologically distinct with regards to their size, outer contour (margin) shape, venation, and pigmentation. The basis of the diversity of wing margin shapes remains unknown, despite the fact that gene networks governing the Drosophila wing development have been well characterised. Among the different types of wing margin shapes, smoothly curved contour is the most frequently found and implies the existence of a highly organised, multicellular mechanical structure. Here, we developed a mechanical model for diversified insect wing margin shapes, in which non-uniform bending stiffness of the wing margin is considered. We showed that a variety of spatial distribution of the bending stiffness could reproduce diverse wing margin shapes. Moreover, the inference of the distribution of the bending stiffness from experimental images indicates a common spatial profile among insects tested. We further studied the effect of the intrinsic tension of the wing blade on the margin shape and on the inferred bending stiffness. Finally, we implemented the bending stiffness of the wing margin in the cell vertex model of the wing blade, and confirmed that the hybrid model retains the essential feature of the margin model. We propose that in addition to morphogenetic processes in the wing blade, the spatial profile of the bending stiffness in the wing margin can play a pivotal role in shaping insect wings.
... The map was constructed from geographic occurrence data compiled from literature, supplemented by material obtained from museums, and new collections gathered during our study. We followed Froehlich (1993,1998) for morphological nomenclature and used Béthoux (2005) for wing venation nomenclature. ...
The family Gripopterygidae occurs in the Austral Hemisphere and comprises about 330 species within 57 genera. About 110 species belonging to 28 genera are native to South America. Some are endemic to the Andean Region, while others reside in the Neotropical Region. In this latter region, Gripopterygidae has primarily been documented in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, inland areas, and specific regions in northeastern Argentina, southern Paraguay, and Uruguay. Our research involved examining specimens from diverse Brazilian locations and compiling data sourced from the Plecoptera literature of the Neotropical Region. In this study, we present a comprehensive list of 62 Gripopterygidae species across four genera documented in Neotropical Region: 1) Gripopteryx Pictet, comprising 18 described species; 2) Guaranyperla Froehlich, comprising three species; 3) Paragripopteryx Enderlein, which includes 15 species, and 4) Tupiperla Froehlich, with 26 species. Additionally, we have morphologically characterized a specimen of Gripopteryx elisae Illies collected in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. We provide detailed information about the life stages associated with each species, documented records by administrative and natural areas, and information about the institutions housing the type series of Neotropical gripopterygids.
Anacroneuriini is a tribe of stoneflies within Perlidae which displays diagnostic characteristics in their
male genitalia. As researchers are often focused on a few taxonomic characters of each particular genus,
they rarely consider the morphological terminology of the tribe as a whole. As such, over time many
different names for the same morphological structures have been coined, making it difficult to describe
new species and semaphoronts accurately in a standardized way. Systematics may also struggle in
determining primary homologies from the lack of comparable vocabulary between species and genera.
The objective of this work is to provide a morphological atlas of Anacroneuriini, disclosing standardized
names of each external morphological trait of the four different genera of the tribe. Specimens from
Museu de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFVB) were analyzed, photographed and
illustrated. Terminology primarily followed morphological accuracy based on homologies, while name
recurrence in recent literature was used as secondary criteria. The resulting atlas is the first to gather
detailed information on all body regions of all genera of Anacroneuriini. The atlas is useful as a resource
both for beginners in Anacroneuriini research and experienced researchers alike, providing standard
terminology with clear illustrations for species description, identification and general taxonomic work
The adult and larval life stages of the Nearctic species of Oemopteryx Klapálek, 1902 (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae) are reviewed using color images, scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs, variation in the barcode region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, and distributional information. Two new species are described from the southeast Nearctic region. Adult and larval keys to Oemopteryx species are presented in addition to revised keys to genera for Nearctic Taeniopterygidae. (click the DOI link for open access)
A new species of the perlodid genus Neofilchneria Zwick, 1973, N. cheni sp. nov. from Hubei Province of central China, is described, illustrated, and compared with related congeners. Neofilchneria wanglanga Chen, 2019 is newly recorded from Yunnan Province. The hitherto unknown aedeagus of N. wanglanga is described for the first time.
The extent to which the sequence and timing of important events on Earth have influenced biological evolution through geological time is a matter of ongoing debate. In this context, the phylogenetic history of aquatic insects remains largely elusive, and our understanding of their chronology is fragmentary and incomplete at best. Here, after gathering a comprehensive data matrix of 3125 targeted rRNA and protein-coding gene sequences from nine independent gene portions, we built a well-supported time-calibrated phylogenetic tree comprising almost 1200 genera that represent a large proportion of extant families of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera). We reviewed the main evolutionary and historical scenarios for each aquatic insect lineage as revealed by our best-scoring molecular tree topology, major ancient radiations, calibrated divergence estimates, and important events in geological history related to the spatial arrangement of land masses, continental drift, and mass extinctions. Molecular dating using the birth-death model of speciation, with a lognormal-relaxed model of sequence evolution informed by transcriptomic constraints, suggested that (i) dragonflies and damselflies first radiated approximately 220 million years (Ma) ago and most extant lineages thrived independently after the Triassic–Jurassic (Tr–J) extinction event; (ii) mayflies underwent bursts of diversification during the Cretaceous; (iii) ancestral divergence separating the stonefly suborders Arctoperlaria and Antarctoperlaria was consistent with geographical isolation after vicariant fragmentation and tectonic splitting of the supercontinent Pangaea around 170 Ma ago; and (iv) the most recent common ancestors of caddisflies extended back to the time of Pangaea, supporting the earliest offshoot of the ‘retreat-making’ Annulipalpia and a sister relationship between the predatory free-living Rhyacophilidae and Hydrobiosidae. Our ‘Tree of Life’ of aquatic insects also resolved shallow phylogenetic relationships related to key evolutionary innovations, such as the convergent evolution of exophytic oviposition in dragonflies or the Jurassic origins of the burrowing lifestyle in mayflies. In this study, we also illustrate how our time-calibrated phylogeny can help to integrate phylogenetic aspects in biogeographical and ecological research across the world. To do so, we used three empirical datasets of stream insects from subarctic Finland, northeastern Spain, and southeastern Tibet as exemplary cases. These examples of application tested ecogeographical mechanisms related to (i) the responses of size structural resemblances to phylogenetic constraints, and patterns of (ii) phylogenetic relatedness and (iii) phylogenetic uniqueness along elevational and flow-intermittence gradients, respectively. We emphasise how specific details capturing different aspects of phylogenetic variation are dependent on the geological, geographical, and environmental contexts in different drainage basins. We finally highlight potential venues for future research, including evaluations of geographical patterns of phylogenetic diversity in space and time, evolution of ecological characters in relation to palaeoclimatic variation, and development of complementary algorithms for conservation prioritisation of evolutionarily valuable bioregions for aquatic insects. Overall, we hope that this work will stimulate multidisciplinary research efforts among different areas of the biogeosciences towards safeguarding the phylogenetic heritage of extant aquatic insects across the world.
A new species of Gripopteryginae stonefly, Tupiperla claudius sp. nov. (holotype male deposited in DZUP: Brazil, Paraná State, Piraquara municipality, Pico do Marumbi State Park), is described and diagnosed based on seven adult males. The new species differs from its congeners by the long T10 extension, dorsally with straight lateral margins and tip truncated, protruding into a pair of short downward teeth in lateral view; paraproct long, surpassing the T10 extension dorsally, with a basal membranous-like area and a row of minute spines on the middle of the appendage length dorsally. Specimens of T. claudius sp. nov. from the Protected Area Mananciais da Serra in the Serra do Mar represent the very first gripopterygids recorded in the state of Paraná and are also a remarkable record for the genus for the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
Keywords:
Antarctoperlaria; Aquatic Insects; Neotropical; Systematics; Taxonomy
Six new species of Dictyogenus Klapálek, 1904, from the Austrian, Italian, Slovenian, and Swiss Alps, are described and illustrated from adults and nymphs. The species Dictyogenus alpinum (Pictet, 1841) and topotypical Dictyogenus fontium (Ris, 1896) are re-described
Insects are not dinosaurs – and they probably pose us more strange ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS puzzles and unexpected questions. A million extant species, that is sev- For A. P. Rasnitsyn, preparing of various parts of this book was s- eral times more than all other living taxa together, is still a very c- ported in part by grants: by the International Science Foundation, by servative estimate, and their real number is for sure many times more. the Leverhulme Trust to D. L. J. Quicke and M. G. Fitton; by the Royal They are incomparably diverse in terms of their size, structure and way Society Joint Project with the FSU to APR and E. A. Jarzembowski; by of life – and yet they are all small – by our standard at least – why? And ESF Project ‘Fossil Insects Network’; by RFFI grants 95-04-11105, they practically ignore the cradle of life, the sea – again, why? Of 98-04-48518; by the Smithsonian Institution and California Academy course, some survive and even reproduce in salt water, but nevertheless of Sciences; and by various help, including sharing unpublished very few of them are specialised for marine life.
