No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Abstract
Traditional remedies are part of the cultured and religious life in Palestine. In this project, herbal products used in folk medicine were investigated and recorded. A total of one hundred and eighty four different plant species were in use. Among these medicinal plants twenty one were used for their hypoglycemic effects, eleven were used for their hypotensive effects and forty were used for their diuretic effects. Reservation of endangered medicinal plant species as well as clinical investigation of these plants is required.
... Palestine is distinguished for its availability of medicinal plants because of the unique geographical location and biodiversity; these plants have been used for a long period of time to treat various illnesses [24][25][26]. ...
... Plant parts were collected and characterized by a botanist and the voucher numbers are kept at Al-Quds University Gardens (AQUG) and are available upon request. Plant parts were selected based on the recommended traditional reports [26][27][28][29]. The whole plant, flowers, fruits or seeds were collected and washed with distilled water, air dried in the shade for 20 days and powdered using an electric grinder. ...
Chlamydia spp. are intracellular pathogens of humans and animals that cause a wide range of diseases such as blinding trachoma and sexually transmitted infections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are more than 127 million new infections each year worldwide. Chlamydial urogenital infections can cause cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. From within an intracellular niche, termed an inclusion, the Chlamydiae complete their life cycle shielded from host defenses. The host cell defense response used to eliminate the pathogen must subvert this protective shield and is thought to involve the gamma interferon-inducible family of immunity related GTPase proteins and nitric oxide. Typically, azithromycin and doxycycline are the first line drugs for the treatment of chlamydial infections. Although C. trachomatis is sensitive to these antibiotics in vitro, currently, there is increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics including multidrug-resistant C. trachomatis, which have been described in many instances. Therefore, alternative drug candidates against Chlamydia should be assessed in vitro. In this study, we tested and quantified the activity of plant extracts against Chlamydia-infected HeLa cells with C. trachomatis inclusions. The in vitro results show that post-treatment with Artemisia inculta Delile extract significantly inhibits Chlamydia infection compared to DMSO-treated samples. In conclusion, plant extracts may contain active ingredients with antichlamydial activity potential and can be used as alternative drug candidates for treatment of Chlamydia infection which has significant socio-economic and medical impact.
... Most patients still have to go through surgery to relieve this painful disease. Plants and other natural substances have been used as the rich source of medicine (Prachi et al., 2009;Nidal, 2005). All traditional civilizations have recorded therapeutic uses of plant in their own ethnobotanical texts. ...
... Lists of plant drugs used in kidney stone, gall stone, urinary calculi(Prachi et al., 2009;Nidal, 2005) Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) Rosemary Leaves Relive menstrual cramps, increase, urine flow, and reduce kidney pain 68. Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) Madder or Indian Leaves, Roots Antidysentric, Antiseptic, Deobstruent Madder 69. ...
Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed across the world as an abundant source of therapeutic agents for prevention of various ailments. Today large number of population is suffering from urinary calculi, kidney stone and gall stone. Stone disease has gained increasing relevance as a consequence to changes in living conditions, due to malnutrition and industrialization. Changes in incidence and prevalence, the occurrence of stone types and stone location, and the way in which stone removal are explained. Therapeutic plants (Armoracia lopathifolia, Cassia fistula, Diospyros melaoxylon etc.) are being used from centuries because of its safety, efficacy, ethnical acceptability and less side effects when compared with synthetic drugs. The present review deals with options to be followed for the potential of medicinal plants in stone dissolving activity.
... have been utilized in the ethnomedicine as a sedative, anxiolytic, vulnerary, analgesic, expectorant, febrifuge, diaphoretic, diuretic, and also for the treatment of upper respiratory system infections [13]. Moreover, the extracts of E. angustifolium and other species of Echium plants have been widely utilized in traditional medicine for several therapeutic purposes, mainly to heal external wounds and ulcers [14,15]. ...
... ± 0.59 μg/mL], and aqueous fraction [IC 50 468.52 ± 0.75 μg/mL], while the IC 50 value of acetone fraction was not applicable because the highest concentration could not reach 50 % inhibition.Moreover, the acetone E. angustifolium fraction possessed the highest glycosidase inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 247.52 ± 5.02 μg/mL in comparison to the reference (Acarbose), which had an IC 50 value of 37.15 ± 0.33 μg/mL, followed by methanol fraction [IC 50 283.69 ± 2.58 μg/mL] and aqueous fraction [IC 50 278.37 ...
Introduction
Herbal medicine has been useful in the treatment of various diseases and has played a critical role in the discovery of new drugs. This study aimed to investigate the phytoconstituents, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiobesity activities of the traditional medicinal plant, Echium angustifolium Mill.
Methods
The constituents of E.angustifolium four solvents fractions were established utilizing conventional analytical methods. Antioxidant, antilipase, anti-glucosidase, and anti-α-amylase activities of E. angustifolium were conducted using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl α), p-nitrophenyl butyrate, P-NPG (4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside), and dinitrosalicylic acid procedures, respectively.
Results
The methanolic fraction of E. angustifolium displayed inherent antioxidant property with an IC50 value of 1.95 µg/ml. Moreover, the hexane fraction presented potential α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 92.89 µg/ml. Besides, the aqueous fraction has the highest antilipase activity with an IC50 value of 24.54 µg/ml.
Conclusion
It could be concluded that E. angustifolium has high potential to be developed as an alternative drug for oxidative stress, diabetes, and obesity diseases.
... In European countries, several parts of Cydonia oblonga have been used, such as the fruit, leaves, and seeds, in different preparations and processing methods, such as raw (uncooked), decocted, infused, fermented, fresh, dried, distilled, and pickled. Quince is prescribed for several medical uses, including treatment of colds and flu, bronchitis, asthma, as a diuretic, and for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases (Sõukand et al., 2015;Sargın et al., 2013), as an antiemetic, and for febrile conditions, diarrhea, gastric ulcers, respiratory tract diseases, sand and stones in the kidneys, and urinary bladder conditions ( Jari c et al., 2014), as an antispasmodic emollient, and for burns and hemorrhoids ( Jaradat, 2005). ...
... It is used for different nutrient and medical purposes, including as an anti-inflammatory, depurative, digestive, and is also used to treat colds, constipation, fever, general weakness ( Kaval et al., 2014;Pieroni et al., 2015), heart problems (Sõukand and Pieroni, 2016), gingivitis, periodontitis, tooth decay, anxiety, gall bladder diseases, intestine infections, diarrhea, oligomenorrhea, febrile conditions, blood toxification, headache, insomnia, neck and back pains, rheumatism, cystitis, coughs, and sore throats. It is well known as a tonic, antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, antiemetic, bone strengthener, and for treating menstrual pain and rheumatism (Akg€ ul et al., 2016;Jari c et al., 2014;Jaradat, 2005;Kujawska et al., 2017). ...
Phytonutrients are classified into various classes based on their chemical structure and functional attributes. These commonly includes polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, lignins anthocyanins), alkaloids, steroids, carotenoids, terpenoids, and so forth
... In European countries, several parts of Cydonia oblonga have been used, such as the fruit, leaves, and seeds, in different preparations and processing methods, such as raw (uncooked), decocted, infused, fermented, fresh, dried, distilled, and pickled. Quince is prescribed for several medical uses, including treatment of colds and flu, bronchitis, asthma, as a diuretic, and for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases (Sõukand et al., 2015;Sargın et al., 2013), as an antiemetic, and for febrile conditions, diarrhea, gastric ulcers, respiratory tract diseases, sand and stones in the kidneys, and urinary bladder conditions ( Jari c et al., 2014), as an antispasmodic emollient, and for burns and hemorrhoids ( Jaradat, 2005). ...
... It is used for different nutrient and medical purposes, including as an anti-inflammatory, depurative, digestive, and is also used to treat colds, constipation, fever, general weakness (Kaval et al., 2014;Pieroni et al., 2015), heart problems (Sõukand and Pieroni, 2016), gingivitis, periodontitis, tooth decay, anxiety, gall bladder diseases, intestine infections, diarrhea, oligomenorrhea, febrile conditions, blood toxification, headache, insomnia, neck and back pains, rheumatism, cystitis, coughs, and sore throats. It is well known as a tonic, antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, antiemetic, bone strengthener, and for treating menstrual pain and rheumatism (Akg€ ul et al., 2016;Jari c et al., 2014;Jaradat, 2005;Kujawska et al., 2017). ...
Around the world, different cultures have developed their own ethnobotany systems, making use of their indigenous plants based on long-term empirical observations. Humans discovered the value of plants as agents for health promotion, disease prevention, and medicinal uses. In addition to offering nutritional value and the potential for development of new drugs, plants also offer extensive phytonutrients that provide health benefits. Regarding folkloric food consumption patterns, “treatment” and “prevention” concepts are greatly intertwined when we are referring to dietary herbs. In addition to nutritious herbal foods, traditional medicinal foods are made from dietary plants that can be used either as a single, or combined herbal formulation in various processed forms and preparations. This chapter looks at the main dietary phytonutrients and some of their main sources in brief. Important dietary plants will be introduced, and the traditional use of them as food or medicine in different regions of the world will be reviewed.
... Ethnopharmacological research is considered crucial in the development and discovery of new drugs from natural sources. [7] The rich countries can easily provide health care and quality pharmaceuticals whereas poor populations have wider opportunities in the practice of traditional medicine, which sometimes is the only source of affordable and accessible care in remote areas. [8] Many medicinal plant species worldwide are used in traditional medicine for treating different diseases. ...
... The emollient and astringent properties of Leaves from Plantago major and Urtica dioica have been cited. [7] Local use of Olea europaea treated with water and salt, prevents formation of blisters in burns. However, Sesamum indicum is applied alone on burns. ...
Burns are a common problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo and other many countries in the world. It management poses a difficult challenge. The purpose of this study was to investigate medicinal plants used in the Eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, especially in Rutshuru territory, used in management of burns. Ninety-three healers belonging were interviewed about the plant species used in traditional medicine for the management of burns in Rutshuru area. The name of the plants, the plant parts, the modes of preparation and the modes of administration of recipes were recorded. Cited plants were collected and identified at herbarium of the Laboratory of Ecology and Plants Resource Management, Faculty of Sciences, Official University of Bukavu. The plants ecological status was also determined. Twenty-seven species of plants belonging to nineteen botanical families were identified. The main habitat preference of species is cultivated (81.4%), annual herb constituted 29.9% of morphological type while 29.9% of biological types are microphanerophytes. The topical application was the main mode administration. Leaves constituted sixty percent of plant organs used for drug preparation. Some plant species cited (70.3%) are known in the literature to treat burns. Further studies should be undertaken to investigate effectiveness of other plants that have not yet been studied and to determine their pharmacological properties.
... J. regia is generally known as English or white walnut. It is used to treat diabetes and asthma in Palestine [15]. It is also used in folk medicine to treat gastric and prostate cancer, liver damage, malaria, arthritis, toothache, and dermal inflammation [16]. ...
Juglans regia (J. regia) has been used traditionally to treat cough and asthma. The present study evaluates the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential of J. regia against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma. Intraperitoneal sensitization proceeded by intranasal challenge with OVA was used to induce allergic asthma. BALB/c mice were treated with methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts of J. regia and methylprednisolone one week after 2nd sensitization with OVA and continued for 7 days. mRNA expression levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, AQP-1, AQP-5 TNF-α, TGF-β, and NF-kB were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acidic-Schiff stains were used for histopathological studies of lung tissues. The data presented all three extracts of J. regia significantly ameliorated airway inflammation by reducing expression levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and TNF-α in OVA-treated mice. The suppression of goblet cells hyperplasia and inflammatory cells infiltration by J. regia involved low TGF-β and NF-kB levels. Pretreatment with J. regia also increased the AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression levels in mice treated with OVA. This study supported the traditional use of J. regia and proposed that J. regia ameliorated allergic asthma by suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and elevation of AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression levels.
... F. latex is used in some traditional folk medicine in treating wounds [104] . The process of wound healing involves blood clotting, which heals the wound site (Haemostasis) [105] . ...
Ficus carica tree produces a white sap that is traditionally used for the treatment of skin conditions, such as warts. Ficus carica latex is considered a rich source of proteins and metabolites that have various pharmacological activities. Most of the latex pharmacological activities are attributed to its phenolic content, such as anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, hepatoprotective, and wound-healing activities. Moreover, Ficus carica latex contains proteases that are involved in the treatments of skin conditions, such as warts, and display antiparasitic activity. Additionally, chitinase enzymes and coumarins are isolated from Ficus carica latex and involved in the antimicrobial activities of latex.
... الخولنجا و نفل القر و اإلهليلج و هندي التمر و الصندل و اك السو و اوند الر و افة الجو و األسود الفلفل و الجنسينغ و الحناء و الطيب ة وجوز الكركديه و ن نجبيل الز و فون يز الز و الكاكاو و (Jaradat, 2005 ...
The study included identification and classification of 52 imported medicinal plants belonging to 36 plant families, and used in traditional medicine in Aleppo city to treat many diseases and disorders. The samples were collected from the herbalist shops, and the data were collected from the herbalists and from the related references. The list of plants was arranged alphabetically by scientific name, recorded next to each plant, the plant part used, and the uses of each species in traditional medicine.
The most representative families were Zingiberaceae and Fabaceae, with 5 plants (9.61%) each, followed by Lauraceae with 3 plants (5.77%). The most vegetative parts used were fruits from 16 plants (30.77%), followed by gums and oils from 8 plants (15.38%), then seeds from 6 plants (11.54%). The most common uses were the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in 27 plants (51.92%), followed by skin and hair, cardiovascular diseases and sexual problems in 10 plants (19.23%) each.
Plants were classified According to the source as 22 plants from India (42.31%), 12 from China (23.08%), and 6 from Sudan (11.54%).
The medicinal plants were still used in traditional medicine in the city of Aleppo, despite the availability of prescribed chemical drugs, and the documentation of this medical knowledge is very important.
Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Herbalists, Scientific Name, Plant Family.
... Lavender aromatherapy was applied during labor and demonstrated positive effects in terms of pain relief and anxiety reduction (31)(32)(33)(34)(35). Based on previous evidence, those certain non-pharmacological methods (e.g., lavender aromatherapy) may improve labor outcomes although there is a need for a systematic look at the findings of published studies in this field. ...
Background: Controlling labor pains is now an essential part of midwifery care, and aromatherapy is a well-known medicinal treatment for easing labor pains. The aim of this research was to evaluate and analyze the most recent clinical trial results on the effects of lavender aromatherapy on labor pain management. Methods: Several keywords were searched in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, including lavender, Lavandula, childbirth, labor, pregnancy, labor pain, aromatherapy, and delivery. Two authors extracted the data, and the Cochran quality management tool was used to assess the consistency of each study. Results: In general, 7 studies were reviewed after checking the titles and abstracts of the studies and eliminating obsolete or low-quality studies. Two studies were conducted in Egypt and Indonesia, and five studies were conducted in Iran. There were a wide variety of qualities in the studies, which could render more quantitative synthesis impractical. Massage aromatherapy was employed in three trials, and inhalation was applied in four studies. All findings suggested that lavender aromatherapy in both methods could reduce active phase labor pain. Conclusion: Although the results of this study showed that lavender aromatherapy suppressed labor pain, more detailed randomized clinical trials with higher precision are needed to achieve an accurate outcome for data generalization regarding the use of labor pain management.
... (anise) used as kidney stone treatment. [6] P. anisum L. is an aromatic plant which related to the family of Apiaceae. ...
Background: Lead poisoning may induce nephrotoxicity, a result of several renal function disorders in animals and humans. Pimpinella anisum L, thus. The medicinal results and the kidney are more properly understood. Aim of the Study: an estimation of the therapeutic effects of P. anisum L oral administration on rats with lead toxicity. Materials and methods: 0.2% of the lead of conception and lactation has been exposed to the young rats. In weaning, aqueous extract P. anisum L was treated orally. Fifteen days (500-750 mg/kg). The evaluation of renal activity was conducted with the calculation of some biochemical indicators, such as creatnine, uric acid, urea such as complete proteins, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and catalase. Results: Lead cause elevation of amount of Biochemical markers were observed (Urea, creatinine, acid uric). P. anisum L oral administration causing decrease in the levels of these parameters in addition to GGT and protein, also the kidney weight was decreased significantly after treatment with P. anisum.
... (anise) used as kidney stone treatment. [6] P. anisum L. is an aromatic plant which related to the family of Apiaceae. ...
Background: Lead poisoning may induce nephrotoxicity, a result of several renal function disorders in animals and humans. Pimpinella anisum L, thus. The medicinal results and the kidney are more properly understood. Aim of the Study: an estimation of the therapeutic effects of P. anisum L oral administration on rats with lead toxicity. Materials and methods: 0.2% of the lead of conception and lactation has been exposed to the young rats. In weaning, aqueous extract P. anisum L was treated orally. Fifteen days (500-750 mg/kg). The evaluation of renal activity was conducted with the calculation of some biochemical indicators, such as creatnine, uric acid, urea such as complete proteins, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and catalase. Results: Lead cause elevation of amount of Biochemical markers were observed (Urea, creatinine, acid uric). P. anisum L oral administration causing decrease in the levels of these parameters in addition to GGT and protein, also the kidney weight was decreased significantly after treatment with P. anisum.
... In the current study, the results showed that the (AJ) EO exhibited weak lipase inhibitory potential at the tested concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 µg/mL, with inhibition in a dose-dependent manner and an IC 50 value of 51.41 ± 0.91 µg/mL; although, the anti-lipase IC 50 potential of the positive control (orlistat) was 0.13 ± 0.86 µg/mL. Among many ethnomedicinal plants, many Artemisia species are traditionally utilized for the treatment of diabetes in several folk medicine systems [43,44]. Therefore, the current investigation was focused on assessing the ability of the (AJ) EO to inhibit the target carbohydrate metabolic enzyme inhibitors, including α-amylase and α-glucosidase. ...
Artemisia jordanica (AJ) is one of the folkloric medicinal plants and grows in the arid condition used by Palestinian Bedouins in the Al-Naqab desert for the treatment of diabetes and gastrointestinal infections. The current investigation aimed, for the first time, to characterize the (AJ) essential oil (EO) components and evaluate EO’s antioxidant, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique was utilized to characterize the chemical ingredients of (AJ) EO, while validated biochemical approaches were utilized to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-obesity and antidiabetic. The microbicidal efficacy of (AJ) EO was measured utilizing the broth microdilution assay. Besides, the cytotoxic activity was estimated utilizing the (MTS) procedure. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity was measured utilizing a COX inhibitory screening test kit. The analytical investigation revealed the presence of 19 molecules in the (AJ) EO. Oxygenated terpenoids, including bornyl acetate (63.40%) and endo-borneol (17.75%) presented as major components of the (AJ) EO. The EO exhibited potent antioxidant activity compared with Trolox, while it showed a weak anti-lipase effect compared with orlistat. In addition, the tested EO displayed a potent α-amylase suppressing effect compared with the positive control acarbose. Notably, the (AJ) EO exhibited strong α-glucosidase inhibitory potential compared with the positive control acarbose. The EO had has a cytotoxic effect against all the screened tumor cells. In fact, (AJ) EO showed potent antimicrobial properties. Besides, the EO inhibited the enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, compared with the anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen. The (AJ) EO has strong antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-α-amylase, anti-α-glucosidase, and COX inhibitory effects which could be a favorite candidate for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases caused by harmful free radicals, microbial resistance, diabetes, and inflammations. Further in-depth investigations are urgently crucial to explore the importance of such medicinal plants in pharmaceutical production.
... (anise) used as kidney stone treatment. [6] P. anisum L. is an aromatic plant which related to the family of Apiaceae. ...
Background: Lead poisoning may induce nephrotoxicity, a result of several renal function disorders in animals and humans. Pimpinella anisum L, thus. The medicinal results and the kidney are more properly understood. Aim of the Study: an estimation of the therapeutic effects of P. anisum L oral administration on rats with lead toxicity. Materials and methods: 0.2% of the lead of conception and lactation has been exposed to the young rats. In weaning, aqueous extract P. anisum L was treated orally. Fifteen days (500-750 mg/kg). The evaluation of renal activity was conducted with the calculation of some biochemical indicators, such as creatnine, uric acid, urea such as complete proteins, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and catalase. Results: Lead cause elevation of amount of Biochemical markers were observed (Urea, creatinine, acid uric). P. anisum L oral administration causing decrease in the levels of these parameters in addition to GGT and protein, also the kidney weight was decreased significantly after treatment with P. anisum.
... Radishes are good for patients who are suffering from piles, liver problems and jaundice. In medical field, it is used for treatments of respiratory illnesses and liver disorders, it consists of mainly vitamins, sugar, protein and other important nutrients ( Jaradat, 2005). The leaves are cooked as a greens which are famous for rich source of minerals and vitamins A and C (Haq et al., 2012). ...
... The leaves of walnut are popular in complementary and alternative therapy as antimicrobial, depurative, keratolytic, antidiarrheal, carminative, anthelmintic, astringent, tonic, hypoglycaemic and for the treatment of sinusitis, cold and stomachache (Warrier et al., 1994 ; Gîrzu et al., 1998), to alleviate fever and to reduce rheumatismal pain (Fujita et al., 1995 ;Qamar et al., 2011) They are used in the treatment of colitis diabetes, cardiac disease and inflammatory conditions, skin diseases , toothache and to promote hair growth and healing wounds (Kunwar et al., 2005 ;Jaradat, 2005 ;Kaileh et al., 2007 ;Tagarelli et al., 2010 ;Rahimipanah et al., 2010 ;Torres-González et al., 2011), as well as to improve vascular and prostate health in elderly males (Spaccarotella et al., 2008).The list of illnesses treated with walnut parts goes on, also including the treatment of gastric, liver and lung cancer (Liu et al., 2004).The ethnobotanical study, carried out in Algeria Blida region, revealed the importance ...
As a part of the valorisation of medicinal plants of the Algerian flora, we have undertaken a study of plant extract (Juglans regia L.) growing in the Blida region, Algeria. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the in vivo pharmacological effects, namely the antiinflammatory, antispasmodic and healing effects of common walnuts’s leaves aqueous extracts and ointment. The Carrageenan-induced paw edema test is used for screening of anti-inflammatory activity on 4 batches of mice (control batch, treated batch with Diclofenac®, treated batches with the aqueous extract at 5 and 10%), the analgesic effect was conducted using Acetic acid-induced endogenous spasm test, and the healing effect was conducted on rabbits. The anti-inflammatory test performed on laboratory mice, revealed a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous extract comparing with chosen standard pharmaceutical molecule (Diclofenac®), with a reduction percentage of 25 and 31.72 % for the aqueous extract and Diclofenac® respectively. The results for the analgesic effect was revealed to be significant comparing with those obtained with the reference product Spasfon. Finally, the healing effect was performed on rabbits, revealing high healing power comparing with those obtained with pharmaceutical healing paste ‘MADICASSOL” used as a reference. The ointment prepared using walnut leaves has shown more effectiveness with delay of healing less than a week compared to the ointment of reference which took almost 10 days for total healing effect. The obtained results confirm some information obtained during the ethnobotanical survey in a previous study; and that Juglans regia L. is endowed with an anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and healing properties.
... The leaves of walnut are popular in complementary and alternative therapy as antimicrobial, depurative, keratolytic, antidiarrheal, carminative, anthelmintic, astringent, tonic, hypoglycaemic and for the treatment of sinusitis, cold and stomachache (Warrier et al., 1994 ; Gîrzu et al., 1998), to alleviate fever and to reduce rheumatismal pain (Fujita et al., 1995 ;Qamar et al., 2011) They are used in the treatment of colitis diabetes, cardiac disease and inflammatory conditions, skin diseases , toothache and to promote hair growth and healing wounds (Kunwar et al., 2005 ;Jaradat, 2005 ;Kaileh et al., 2007 ;Tagarelli et al., 2010 ;Rahimipanah et al., 2010 ;Torres-González et al., 2011), as well as to improve vascular and prostate health in elderly males (Spaccarotella et al., 2008).The list of illnesses treated with walnut parts goes on, also including the treatment of gastric, liver and lung cancer (Liu et al., 2004).The ethnobotanical study, carried out in Algeria Blida region, revealed the importance ...
... It neutralizes the effect of free radicals to protect against oxidative stress. It also lowers lipid peroxidation, level of glycosylated proteins and glucose in the serum to stimulate glucose metabolism [22,23] 15 ...
Mustard seeds commonly called as Rai, Sarso etc is scientifically known by the name of Brassica Juncea. Different varieties of mustard seeds have
been cultivated in countries like Asia, India, United States, Eastern Meditarrian, Hungary, Britain, Europe, Greece, Rome, Canada and in the Middle East.
Besides being used in culinary it was once considered as an important natural remedy for gastric discomforts. With the passage of time numerous health
benefits of mustard seeds have been explored which will be valuable for the development of novel drugs.
... There are about thirteen genera exist in Pakistan that includes both natives and cultivated (Ali et al., 1979 Convolvulaceae is divided into two groups Psiloconiae and Echinoconieae (Sengupta, 1972). Genus convolvulus was placed in Psiloconiace, Convolvulus arvensis L. bindweeds and Convolvulus prostatus (soft bindweed) are the most important medicinal weeds (Jaradat, 2005). Convolvulus arvensis is a perennial vine, persistent, spread by rhizome and seeds, having a cylindrical and branched stem. ...
Background:
Palyno-morphological and foliar epidermal studies plays a very important role in the correct identification and differentiation of two weeds of genus convolvulus.
Objective:
The aim of the study is to determine the medicinal uses of the two important weeds for correct systematic identification.
Methods:
Both the qualitative and quantitative features were measured with the help of Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Results:
Variations were observed in both the weeds, i.e Convolvulus arvensis (bindweeds) and Convolvulus prostatus (soft bindweed) in epidermal cells, stomatal size and number, guard cell shape and size, subsidiary cell and diversity of trichomes. Paracytic type of stomata was found in both the weed species. Stomata shape in Convolvulus arvensis is elliptical and oval to oval oblong in Convolvulus prostratus. Weed species have a difference in size, shape, polarity and exine ornamentation. Tricolporate pollen type was observed. The shape of pollen grains is Prolate, Perforate. By using these Palyno-morphological characteristics a taxonomic key is prepared for the identification of these weed plants.
Conclusions:
High fertility rate i.e Convolvulus arvensis 96% and in Convolvulus prostatus is 90 % shows the weed species are well adapted in the area. Systematics studies of the weed play a very important role not only incorrect identification but also differentiation with other weed plants and subsequently for the conservation purposes.
... skin diseases (Jaradat, 2005;Lev and Amar, 2002). While its leaves and flowers infusions are utilized in traditional medicine against coughs and for the treatment of diphtheria and leucorrhoea (Al-Qura'n, 2009;Al-Qura'n, 2015). ...
... [3] The bioactive materials isolation concept from natural wild plants was based on the consumption of many medicinal plants in traditional medicine. Therefore, the herbal medicine market has spread and became prosperous in pharmacies against many types of bacteria, [4] The development of new antimicrobial agents for the treatment of many infections is an urgent demand in recent years due to the cumulative bacterial resistance against common antibiotics. ...
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of invasive diseases such as pneumoniae, meningitis and sepsis. Furthermore the emergency of multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae has been focused worldwide. One of the most important bacterial pathogens that affect respiratory system. The occurrence of multidrug resistant strains of S. pneumoniae necessitates the discovery of new classes of anti-pneumonia drugs. As some of the medicinal plants and their extracts have antibacterial activity, we aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of four Indian medicinal plants including D.elata, S.Campanulata, Phoenix dactylifera L., and Pteruspermum Canescens against multidrug-resistant strain of S. pneumoniae, which was screened for its antibiotic resistance profile showing 50% resistance of the tested antibiotics. In this research micro-broth dilution method was used to study the inhibitory activity of ethanol, distilled water and Zamzam water extracts of all plants under investigation. The obtained results showed that all Zamzam extracts of the four studied plant species inhibited the growth of S.pneumoniae. It was clearly noticed that there was a difference in the antibacterial activity between distilled water and Zamzam water extracts recording higher activity in the Zamzam water extract of some of the studied plant species. Pteruspermum Canescens distilled water extract was the most effective one with MIC equal to 0.391 mg/ml. In general, both water extracts were more bioactive than the ethanol extracts for all the examined plants. These results confirmed the possibility of using these plant species in medicine and pharmaceutical industry of new drugs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae.
... (1) [10] β-Carotene 0.4 1.40-1.48 (2) [11] α-Carotene [12] Decoction made with 0.5 l water, five dried fruits, four Laurus nobilis leaves, and a peeled apple Antiseptic for urinary tract [13] Decoction made with dried fruits, lemon peel, and Laurus nobilis leaves Regulates blood stream [13] Decoction of boiled fruits is taken orally Cough [14] Decoction of fruit Hepatitis [15] Decoction of fruit with honey fruit and latex Cough [13] Decoction with dried fruits and unpeeled almond ...
... The use of medicinal plants in the management and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other diseases has been well documented (Chukwuma et al., 2019;Jaradat, 2005;Mashour et al., 1998). This has been attributed to their phytochemical and nutritional constituents (Chukwuma et al., 2019). ...
... In Palestine, herbal medicine is considered an integral part of Palestinian culture and plays an important role in current public healthcare. The Palestinian hills and mountains are covered with more than 2600 plant species of which about 700 of them are of known medical uses [4]. ...
Background
Herbal medicine is widely used for the prevention and treatment of diseases worldwide including Palestine and may require long term usage. The level of some heavy metals and microbial contaminants in some of these medicinal plants consumed by Palestinians were studied in order to evaluate their quality.
Methodology
The level of metals including: Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper were quantified by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Moreover, the bacterial and fungal contaminations were tested for some of the selected plants in Palestine. The procedures of microbial and elemental testing of the plants followed USP.
Results
The result of the heavy metals testing showed that copper and cadmium were above the allowable limits in all the tested plants. Zinc metal was above the allowable limit in 78.9% of the tested samples. The microbiological results of the tested plants showed that 63.2% of the tested plants were contaminated by bacteria and 89.5% were contaminated by yeast.
Conclusions
Herbal medicine used in the Palestinian markets doesn’t meet the international requirement for heavy metal and microbiological limits. Therefore, urgent action has to be taken by the responsible authorities including the Ministry of health to implement importation and registration requirements and perform regular quality checks of sold and imported herbal medicines. Pharmacists as expert professionals must take an active role in selling and advising consumers about the quality and efficacy of the sold plants.
... The use of medicinal plants in the management and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other diseases has been well documented (Chukwuma et al., 2019;Jaradat, 2005;Mashour et al., 1998). This has been attributed to their phytochemical and nutritional constituents (Chukwuma et al., 2019). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Buddleja saligna Willd (Loganiaceae), mostly indigenous to South Africa is traditionally used in the treatment cardio-dysfunctional related ailments amongst other diseases.
Aims:
The cardio-protective effect of B. saligna was investigated in ferric-induced oxidative cardiopathy.
Methods:
Hearts harvested from healthy male SD rats were incubated with 0.1 mM FeSO4 to induce oxidative damage and co-incubated with B. saligna extract. Reaction mixtures without the extract served as negative control, while tissues without the extract or standard antioxidant (gallic acid) and pro-oxidant served as the normal control. The tissues were analyzed for levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide as well as cholinergic, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), lipase, and purinergic enzymes activities, lipid profiles, fatty acid metabolic pathways and metabolites.
Results:
Induction of oxidative damage significantly (p < 0.05) depleted the levels of GSH, SOD, catalase, and ENTPDase activities, while concomitantly elevating the levels of MDA, NO, ACE, acetylcholinesterase, lipase and ATPase activities. These levels and activities were significantly reversed on treatment with B. saligna. Treatment with B. saligna also led to depletion of cardiac cholesterol and LDL-c levels, while elevating triglyceride and HDL-c level. It also depleted oxidative-induced lipid metabolites with concomitant generation of thirteen other metabolites. B. saligna also inactivated oxidative-induced pathways for beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, glycerolipid metabolism, and fatty acid elongation in mitochondria.
Conclusion:
These results suggest that B. saligna protects against ferric-induced oxidative cardiopathy by mitigating oxidative stress, while concomitantly inhibiting ACE, acetylcholinesterase and lipase activities, and modulating lipid spectrum and dysregulated metabolic pathways.
... Carob podis used fortreatment of cough, moreover, its styptic and bark are useful remedy for diarrhea [3]. Pulp of Ceratonia has been prepared to curethe patients with elevated serum cholesterol [4], as well as, for curingof mouth inflammation [5]. Additionally, the seeds of C. siliquaare beneficial in management and improvement the symptoms of diabetic disease and this attributed to presence of fibers, phytosterols and tocopherol in their contents [6,7]. ...
Assessment of the proposed antidiabetic properties of either of cold and hot hydrous extracts of Ceratonia siliqua plant, on fasting serum glucose levels and serum lipids profile levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were studied. Both, hot hydrous and cold aqueous extract of the herb leaves of Ceratonia siliqua elicited a significant anti diabetic activity with a dose of 250 mg/kg p.o. The corresponding histological pictures of the pancreases of rats that were formerly degenerated by "alloxan" revealed their restoration after treatment with hot and cold aqueous extracts.
... It has also been used in the treatment of reproductive system-related disorders such as menstrual cramps and uterine haemorrhage (Daur, 2012;Kim Sooi and Lean Keng, 2013;Shah et al., 2014) and is also claimed to be beneficial in antepartum care (Law et al., 2009). Others use it as an alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus, gastric disorder (Shah et al., 2014), epilepsy, arthritis, malaria, mental depression, mouth ulcers, bronchial asthma and as an analgesic (Daur, 2012;Eman et al., 2011;Jaradat, 2005;Kim Sooi and Lean Keng, 2013). Some of the claimed medicinal benefits and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-microbial, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic properties are supported by scientific studies (Mohamed et al., 2010;Shaban et al., 2011). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Anastatica hierochuntica (A. hierochuntica) is a plant consumed in folk medicine for the treatment of reproductive system related problems and metabolic disorders. It is of concern that the herb is commonly consumed by pregnant women towards the end of pregnancy to ease the process of labour, despite the lack of studies evaluating its safety.
Aim of this study:
This study aimed to investigate the potential toxicity effects of A. hierochuntica in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and their developing foetuses.
Materials and methods:
Experiments were conducted in accordance to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline 414. Animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 females per group): negative control (received the vehicle only), experimental animals received 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg A. hierochuntica aqueous extracts (AHAE), respectively. Treatment was administered daily by oral gavage from gestational day (GD) 6-20, and caesarian section performed on GD21.
Results:
There were significant reduction in the corrected maternal weight gain of dams and body weight of foetuses in the lowest and highest dose of AHAE-treated animals compared to the control. These findings were associated with the increase in anogenital distance index and multiple congenital anomalies observed in some of the offspring. On the other hand, rats treated with 500 mg/kg showed higher embryonic survival rate with absence of significant treatment-related effect.
Conclusion:
Findings showed that highest and lowest doses of AHAE have prenatal toxicity effects in SD rats. Therefore, AHAE is potentially harmful to the developing foetuses especially when consumed during the period of implantation and organogenesis. As for the rats treated with 500 mg/kg AHAE, there was no significant treatment-related effect. Hence, we postulate that this finding suggests that the disruption on the hormonal regulation could have been compensated by negative feedback response. The compensated effects of AHAE at 500 mg/kg and the presence of lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) at 250 mg/kg has resulted in a non-monotonous dose response curve (NMDRC), which complicates the determination of the value of no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL).
... More than 315,000 tons of carob fruit are produced annually throughout the world (Boublenza et al., 2017). People have been using carob for 4,000 years for its medicinal properties as an antiulcer, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, phlegm-clearing, and stomach-strengthening agent, purgative, tonic, and more (Ben Hsouna et al., 2012;Çakilcioğlu and Türkoğlu, 2007;Jaradat, 2005;Kivçak et al., 2002;Lev and Amar, 2002). Additionally, due to their nutritional importance, dried or roasted crushed carob pods can be used in powder form to prepare beverages, syrups, and compotes, or as a cocoa substitute (Ayaz et al., 2009). ...
Spray-drying is a suitable method for drying carob juice, a popular drink, without a significant loss in beneficial nutritional properties or powder wetting behaviour. Maltodextrin (MD) was used as a wall material at different concentrations, namely 5, 10, 20 and 30% (MD dry solids/100 g feed mixture dry solids). Physical properties including moisture content, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and colour parameters were studied for the feed samples as well as the samples reconstituted after spray-drying. Moreover, the product yield, bulk density, and powder particle solubility were evaluated, as were their morphology and extent of nonenzymatic browning based on furfural content by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). The increment in MD content increased the yield, solubility, and moisture, and decreased the bulk density of the spray-dried powder. Simultaneously, MD addition caused a decrease in pH values with an increase in the total soluble solids and titratable acidity of the reconstituted samples in comparison to the feed ones. As the MD to juice ratio increased, the lightness of the powders increased (L*), while both colour parameters a* and b* decreased. Furfural extraction using SPME, followed by GC-MS analysis, showed a decrease in furfural concentration with the addition of MD. The presence of MD as the main carrier agent at a concentration of 20-30% enabled the formation of more homogeneous capsules with a better spherical shape and smoother surface, as observed under SEM. Therefore, MD can be successfully used at a 20-30% concentration to spray-dry carob juice and formulate an instant drink without any drawbacks.
... Reported usage in ethnomedicine in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province) [25], Iran [12], Italy [41] and Palestine [42]. ...
Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most life-threatening chronic metabolic disorders and is considered a global health problem due to its prevalence and incidence. In Morocco, several herbal preparations are utilized to treat this disease. For this reason, the current study aimed to identify and to collect data about the medicinal plants utilized in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in the Beni Mellal region of Morocco.
Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among 400 herbalists, competent villagers and traditional healers from the Beni Mellal region through direct interviews using a semistructured questionnaire.
Results: Forty-five medicinal plants belonging to 25 families were identified for their use in diabetes treatment. Interview results showed that the most frequently used plants were Olea europaea, Salvia officinalis, Allium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum, with a relative frequency of citation values of 24.3%, 23.0%, 22.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Moreover, in this study, the Fabaceae family was the most commonly reported plant family, and the leaves and roots were the most commonly used parts, for the treatment of diabetes.
Conclusion: The Beni Mellal region of Morocco has an important floristic biodiversity of plants used to treat diabetes in traditional medicinal practice. This result provides a good database for pharmacological screenings in the search for plant-based antidiabetic medications.
... It is also used for pain relief after surgery [8,[13][14][15]. Its freshly prepared decoction is commonly used as local disinfectant, to ease childbirth, as liver tonic, to stop vomiting, to treat mouth ulcers, and provide cure against stomach cancer [16,17]. All parts of the plant were reported to possess antimicrobial activity [18]. ...
... Esters prevent muscle spasms and reduce tension and depression [40] . Findings of a study conducted by Jaradat showed that lavender is a common medicinal herb that has traditionally been applied to treat a cough, eczema, rheumatism, and migraine, and has been used as a diuretic, anti-flatulence, antispasmodic, and sedative herb [41] . Although some studies have suggested conducting aromatherapy with lavender for reducing labor pain and anxiety [42][43][44] , the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical therapies, such as aromatherapy with lavender, on labor outcomes is ...
... The kernel of J. regia has been used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in Iranian traditional medicine (Kim et al., 2006). In Palestine, it is used for treatment of diabetes and asthma (Jaradat, 2005;Kaileh et al., 2007) and to treat prostate and vascular disturbance (Spaccarotella et al., 2008). The plant is used as a topical remedy for dermal inflammation and excessive perspiration of the hands and feet. ...
... Carob podis used fortreatment of cough, moreover, its styptic and bark are useful remedy for diarrhea [3]. Pulp of Ceratonia has been prepared to curethe patients with elevated serum cholesterol [4], as well as, for curingof mouth inflammation [5]. Additionally, the seeds of C. siliquaare beneficial in management and improvement the symptoms of diabetic disease and this attributed to presence of fibers, phytosterols and tocopherol in their contents [6,7]. ...
... Carob powder is also used as a food stabilizer and as a darkening agent. Ceratonia pulp is prepared for treatment of hypercholesterolemia [19], as well as treating mouth inflammation [20]. Similarly, Ceratonia siliqua seeds is useful to treat and improve diabetes symptoms because it has compounds such as fibers, phytosterols and tocopherol [21]. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Allium cepa L. (A. cepa) is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. A. cepa has been used in traditional folk medicine to treat inflammatory disease in several regions, such as Palestine and Serbia. A. cepa peel has a higher content of flavonoids, such as quercetin, than the edible parts. These flavonoids alleviate inflammatory diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of A. cepa peel extract-obtained using various extraction methods-and their underlying mechanisms require further investigation.
Aim of the study:
Although research to find safe anti-inflammatory substances in various natural products has been actively conducted for many years, it is important to continue identifying potential anti-inflammatory effects in natural materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ethnopharmacological properties of the A. cepa peel extract, whose efficacy when obtained through different extraction methods and underlying action mechanisms is not well known. The present study specifically aimed to observe the anti-inflammatory effects of the A. cepa peel extracts obtained using various extraction methods and the related detailed mechanisms of A. cepa peel extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells.
Materials and methods:
The total flavonoid content of the A. cepa peel extracts was determined the diethylene glycol colorimetric method and measured using a calibration curve prepared using quercetin as a standard solution. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ABTS assay, and cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay. NO production was measured using Griess reagent. Protein levels were measured by western blotting, and mRNA expression was measured by RT-qPCR. Secreted cytokines were analyzed using ELISA or cytokine arrays. In the GSE160086 dataset, we calculated Z-scores for individual genes of interest and displayed using a heat map.
Results:
Of the three A. cepa peel extracts obtained using different extraction methods, the A. cepa peel 50% EtOH extract (AP50E) was the most effective at inhibiting LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, AP50E significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammation cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-27. Additionally, AP50E directly inhibited the Janus kinase-signaling transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway.
Conclusions:
These results showed that AP50E exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophages by directly inhibiting JAK-STAT signaling. Based on these findings, we propose AP50E as a potential candidate for the development of preventive or therapeutic agents against inflammatory diseases.
Pain is a common undertreated worldwide complaint. The need to explore the antinociceptive potential of alternative herbal products is essential. Although used as a mild sedative, limited evidence focused on the potential antinociceptive effect of valerian and hops combination. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vivo anti-nociceptive effect of the valerian-hops combination to justify its use as an effective and safe analgesic agent. Anti-nociceptive effects of valerian-hops combination (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were assessed in swiss albino mice for performing the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the paw licking test using formalin, the paw licking test using glutamate, and the tail immersion test. The effects were compared to those of diclofenac or morphine in the presence or absence of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Valerian-hops” extract of 100 and 200 mg/kg demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of writhing episodes induced by acetic acid compared to the control (p
Ethnopharmacological knowledge
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is not only a widely known vegetable but also a valuable medicinal plant. Cabbage's pharmacological properties were described already in antiquity. Numerous reports, published in recent years, confirm cabbage's healing properties, leading to a deeper analysis of its applications in the traditional healing practices of Polish rural communities.
Aim of the study
The study aimed to analyze the exploiting of cabbage in Polish folk medicine from 16th to 20th century. The elaboration bases mainly on Polish-language bibliography, from which a little number of papers was published online, so the presented review has the particular value to make available this unique knowledge to an international readership. In addition, the analysis created a basis for the future research of pharmacological application of cabbage and its processed products, especially lacto-fermented, commonly used to preserve this vegetable for winter months in the Polish climatic zone.
Materials and methods
The analysis of the therapeutic use of cabbage in Polish folk medicine was carried out on the basis of Polish-language historical sources dating to the period from the first written evidence till the end of the 20th century, covering the areas inhabited by Polish population. With the perspective of a comprehensive analysis of the medicinal use of cabbage, the information is presented against the background of its benefits in the folk medicine of other ethnic communities.
Results
Polish folk communities diffusely exploit all parts of cabbage plants, and its preparations, including leaves, stems, seeds, sauerkraut, and the sauerkraut's juice as a natural medicine. The mentioned raw materials were applied in the treatment of numerous ailments, especially of the digestive tract, skin, burns, frostbites, to relieve pain, fight parasites, and of gynecological disorders related to childbirth and children feeding. Cabbage pharmacological applications covered the therapy of tuberculosis, measles, and jaundice. Cabbage and its by-products were used in the cure of farm animals, especially in the perinatal period, parasite and microbial infections, or to improve the resistance against diseases and the overall fitness.
Conclusions
The healing properties of raw materials and products of lactic acid fermentation of white cabbage are confirmed by historical documents. Ethnographic sources indicate their wide application in Polish folk medicine and show the perception and classification of disease entities by Polish rural communities in the analyzed period. The collected data constitute background for further research on the phytochemical use of this plant in modern medicine.
More than half of the population in developing nations depends on natural medication for treatment of different sicknesses and problems. Among them, Achillea millefolium from Asteraceae family is one restoratively significant plant called as “yarrow” and revealed as being utilized in folklore medication for sicknesses, for example, skin irritations, convulsive, hepatobiliary, and gastrointestinal issues. Monoterpenes are the most delegate metabolites, establishing 90% of the fundamental oils comparable to the sesquiterpenes, and a wide scope of chemical compounds have likewise been found. Distinctive pharmacological examinations in numerous in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the capability of A. millefolium with anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticancer activities, and so forth loaning help to the reasoning behind various of its conventional uses. Because of the essential pharmacological activities, A. millefolium will be a superior alternative for new medication discovery. Our chapter extensively gathers late phytochemical and pharmacological activities of A. millefolium, and should, accordingly, act as an appropriate reference for future investigation into the plant’s phytochemical profiling and by and large pharmacological assessment.Keywords
Achillea millefolium
PhytochemistryTherapeutic usesPharmacologyConstituents
Objective
This review documents the folk medicinal plants used worldwide for the management of hypercholesterolemia.
Methods
An exhaustive bibliographic research was done using scientific engines and databases including Science direct, Medline/PubMed, and Google Scholar.
Results
174 surveys were obtained which dated from 2001 to 2020. A total of 390 plants species belonging to 109 families and 294 genera were recorded in 37 countries. The main families reported were Compositae (Genera= 27; Species= 37), Lamiaceae (Genera= 18; Species= 32), and Leguminosae (Genera= 27; Species= 31). As for species, Allium sativum L., Juglans regia L., Olea europaea L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb, Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, and Linum usitatissimum L. were mostly reported. Pharmacological studies have indeed provided evidence of the biological properties of these species. In addidion, leaves (29%) and fruits (15%) were mostly used and infusion (32%) was the most reported method of preparation. Turkey (Species= 97), Argentina (Species= 87), and Brazil (Species= 67) were the countries with the most number of reported species.
Conclusion
Our findings could serve as a scientific baseline data to advocate further laboratory and clinical investigations on the antihypercholesterolemic potential of these folk plants.
Nearly one-third of the population faces impaired voice problems (glottis disorders) at some point in their lives (Clouser 2005; Schwartz et al. 2009). This condition is more prevalent in teachers and elderly people, but all age groups and genders get affected. It affects both our health and quality of life (QOL) (Coyle and Thorson 2001). The hoarseness (dysphonia) is defined as a disorder characterized by altered vocal quality, pitch, loudness, or vocal effort impairing communication or reducing voice-related QOL, because impaired communication means decreased or limited ability to interact vocally with others. It leads to frequent health care visits and several billion dollars loss on yearly basis from work absentees (Ramig and Verdolini 1998; Schwartz et al. 2009). It is often caused by benign or self-limited conditions, but may also present the symptom of a more serious or progressive condition requiring prompt diagnosis and management (Rancati et al. 2010).
The brain is vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high oxygen consumption. This Study investigate the effects of cadmium on the lateral geniculate body of developing male wistar rats and ameliorative potential of Moringa oleifera seed oil and walnut oil extracts. Seven groups of five animals each were used in this experiment. Group A received 3ml of 0.9% normal saline; group B received 2.5mg/kg bw of 3CdSO4.8H2O, group C received 5mg/kg bw vitamin C & 6mg/kg bw vitamin E, group D received 5mg/kg bw vitamin C & 6mg/kg bw vitamin E + 2.5mg/kg bw Cd, group E received 2.5mg/kg bw Cd + 4mg/kg bw Moringa oleifera oil, group F received 2.5mg/kg bw Cd + 4mg/kg bw walnut oil, while group G received 2.5mg/kg bw Cd + 2mg/kg bw walnut + 2mg/kg bw Moringa oleifera oil concomitantly for 3weeks. Parameter tested includes LDH, G6PD in brain tissues, SOD and GPx enzymes in brain homogenates and serum and cresyl fast violet stain in the brain tissues. Cd administration significantly increased SOD, GPx, LDH and decreased G6PD level in brain tissue and decreased their activity in serum when compared with Group A control rats. There was marked reduction and lost in the distribution of nissl substances of the studied tissues of Cd administered animals. However, administration of vitamin C & E, walnut and Moringa oleifera oil restored damaged tissues. Walnut and Moringa oleifera seed oil therefore attenuated the oxidative damage and morphological changes induced by cadmium in the lateral geniculate body of the brain of the young male wistar rats.Key Words: Lateral geniculate body, Antioxidant, Histochemical, Cadmium, Oxidative Damage
Cardiotoxicity is the major challenge in chemotherapy with doxorubicin (DOX) or adriamycin. Doxorubicin manifests oxidative stress via an uncontrolled progression of reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes; thereby, dysregulation and dysfunction of myocardium thus lead to apoptosis. Several attempts have been made to overcome this side effect in patients with antioxidant-rich supplements to control the free radicals. Plant-based or plant-derived compounds pay more attention to cure such complications in patients for supporting the treatment, revitalizing or regulating the normal metabolism. Hence, our study focused on pretreatment of embryonically derived rat cardiomyocytes (H9c2) with phytocompound lotusine to prevent DOX-mediated oxidative stress. From the experiment, the DOX-exposed cells have shown morphological abnormalities such as reduced cell size, shrinkage, blebbing, and chromatin condensation, whereas no such deformities were observed in lotusine-pretreated cells even after the exposure to DOX. Increased endogenous antioxidants with reduced lipid peroxidation were observed in lotusine-pretreated cells, whereas the antioxidants were reduced along with increased lipid peroxidation in doxorubicin-exposed cells. A decreased reactive oxygen species generation was evidenced with the 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) staining method. In qPCR analysis, the lotusine-pretreated cells have mitigated doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis by downregulating the pro-apoptotic gene Bax and apoptotic executor caspase-3. It was further confirmed with the luminometric assay, which resulted in lesser luminescence in lotusine-pretreated cells, whereas higher luminescence was recorded in doxorubicin-alone-treated cells. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the lotusine pretreatment has exhibited potential cardioprotective activity against DOX-induced oxidative stress by increasing the intracellular antioxidant defense.
The carob is a dome-shaped evergreen tree that is a member of the pea family (Fabaceae). Its fruit has been used for human consumption and as animal feed in the Mediterranean countries for centuries and was also widely used as a herbal remedy in traditional folk’s medicine. In this paper, an in-depth literature review was conducted about this species discussing its history, origins, main current uses, components (both nutrient and bioactive), biological activities, and potential applications as the source of sustainable ingredients and products. Among the many bioactive compounds that were found in carob, the most well studied are polyphenols. The levels of these compounds were found to vary depending on many factors, such as the variety, plant part, geographic location, roasting and extraction conditions, and even analysis methods. In the light of these researches, it was recognized that carob offers several biological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-diabetic due to the presence of a high quantity of pinitol and antibacterial. Rich in sugars, proteins, and minerals, the carob has a vast range of industrial applications such as cacao substitute, sugars substitute, free from gluten making it cereal-derived foods for celiac people.
As part of our continuing investigation for interesting biological activities of native medicinal plants, thirty-nine plants, obtained from diverse areas in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, were screened for insecticidal activity against yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.). Out of the 57 organic extracts, Saussurea lappa, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Taraxacum officinale, Nigella sativa, and Hyssopus officinalis exhibited over 80% mortality against adult female Ae. aegypti at 5 μg/mosquito. In the larvicidal bioassay, the petroleum ether extract of Aloe perryi flowers showed 100% mortality at 31.25 ppm against 1st instar Ae. aegypti larvae. The ethanol extract of Saussurea lappa roots was the second most active displaying 100% mortality at 125 and 62.5 ppm. Polar active extracts were processed using LC-MS/MS to identify bioactive compounds. The apolar A. perryi flower extract was analyzed by headspace SPME-GC/MS analysis. Careful examination of the mass spectra and detailed interpretation of the fragmentation pattern allowed the identification of various biologically active secondary metabolites. Some compounds such as caffeic and quinic acid and their glycosides were detected in most of the analyzed fractions. Additionally, luteolin, luteolin glucoside, luteolin glucuronide and diglucuronide were also identified as bioactive compounds in several HPLC fractions. The volatile ketone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one was identified from A. perryi petroleum ether fraction as a major compound. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Mosquito control, Aedes aegypti, Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, LC-MS/MS, Headspace-SPME, Aloe perryi volatile constituents, 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one
Supplementary file. Paleomedicine and the use of plant secondary compounds in the Paleolithic and Early Neolithic
Supplementary data. Paleomedicine and the use of plant secondary compounds
in the Paleolithic and Early Neolithic
Anastatica hierochuntica L. (Brassicaceae) has been used in folk medicine to treat diseases related to inflammation and pain. This study investigated the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of the aqueous extract and the chloroform fraction of Anastatica hierochuntica plant and possible mechanism of action in Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated using the hotplate, tail-immersion, writhing and formalin-induced paw liking tests, while antiinflammatory action was investigated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in over a period of 5 h in the dose range of 3.16 to 1000 mg/kg, i.p. These effects were compared to those of the vehicle, morphine, indomethacin and the influence of naloxone. Aqueous extract and the chloroform fraction of Anastatica hierochuntica produced significant increase in the pain latency time in the hot-plate and tail-immersion tests (ED50: 31.0 and 26.3 mg/kg for aqueous extract of Anastatica hierochuntica, 15.0 and 10.1 mg/kg for Anastatica hierochuntica chloroform fraction, respectively). In the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin test, administration of the aqueous extract and the chloroform fraction of Anastatica hierochuntica significantly reduced the number of writhings (ED50: 28.6 and 8.7 mg/kg, respectively) and time of licking in early (ED50: 18.2 and 10.6 mg/kg, respectively) and late phase (ED50: 18.9 and 11.9 mg/kg, respectively) of formalin-induced pain. Pretreatment of animals with naloxone significantly reversed the antinociceptive effects of the aqueous extract and the chloroform fraction of Anastatica hierochuntica when assessed against hot-plate and formalin test. The aqueous extract and the chloroform fraction of Anastatica hierochuntica significantly inhibited oedema formation in carrageenan-induced oedema assay (ED50: 29.1 and 6.5 mg/kg, respectively). These results demonstrated that Anastatica hierochuntica has potential central and peripheral antinociceptive effects as well as antiinflammatory activity.
Onion, (Allium cepa L.), is one of the most consumed and grown vegetable crops in the world. Onion bulb with its characteristic flavor is the third most essential horticultural spice with a substantial commercial value. Apart from its culinary virtues, A. cepa is also used traditionally for its medicinal virtues in a plethora of indigenous cultures. Several publications have been produced in an endeavour to validate such traditional claims. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of up-to-date, detailed compilation, and critical analysis of the traditional and ethnopharmacological propensities of A. cepa. The present review, therefore, aims to systematically review published literature on the traditional and pharmacological uses, and phytochemical composition of A. cepa. A. cepa was found to possess a panoply of bioactive compounds and numerous pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-hypertensive, and immunoprotective effects. Although a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted, several limitations and research gaps have been identified which need to be addressed in future studies.
A prior national survey documented the high prevalence and costs of alternative medicine use in the United States in 1990.
To document trends in alternative medicine use in the United States between 1990 and 1997.
Nationally representative random household telephone surveys using comparable key questions were conducted in 1991 and 1997 measuring utilization in 1990 and 1997, respectively.
A total of 1539 adults in 1991 and 2055 in 1997.
Prevalence, estimated costs, and disclosure of alternative therapies to physicians.
Use of at least 1 of 16 alternative therapies during the previous year increased from 33.8% in 1990 to 42.1% in 1997 (P < or = .001). The therapies increasing the most included herbal medicine, massage, megavitamins, self-help groups, folk remedies, energy healing, and homeopathy. The probability of users visiting an alternative medicine practitioner increased from 36.3% to 46.3% (P = .002). In both surveys alternative therapies were used most frequently for chronic conditions, including back problems, anxiety, depression, and headaches. There was no significant change in disclosure rates between the 2 survey years; 39.8% of alternative therapies were disclosed to physicians in 1990 vs 38.5% in 1997. The percentage of users paying entirely out-of-pocket for services provided by alternative medicine practitioners did not change significantly between 1990 (64.0%) and 1997 (58.3%) (P=.36). Extrapolations to the US population suggest a 47.3% increase in total visits to alternative medicine practitioners, from 427 million in 1990 to 629 million in 1997, thereby exceeding total visits to all US primary care physicians. An estimated 15 million adults in 1997 took prescription medications concurrently with herbal remedies and/or high-dose vitamins (18.4% of all prescription users). Estimated expenditures for alternative medicine professional services increased 45.2% between 1990 and 1997 and were conservatively estimated at 12.2 billion paid out-of-pocket. This exceeds the 1997 out-of-pocket expenditures for all US hospitalizations. Total 1997 out-of-pocket expenditures relating to alternative therapies were conservatively estimated at $27.0 billion, which is comparable with the projected 1997 out-of-pocket expenditures for all US physician services.
Alternative medicine use and expenditures increased substantially between 1990 and 1997, attributable primarily to an increase in the proportion of the population seeking alternative therapies, rather than increased visits per patient.
An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the West Bank to evaluate the relative efficacy of the plants used to treat skin diseases and prostate cancer. A total number of 102 informants, 30 years and older and either native born or had been living in the West Bank for more than 30 years, were interviewed using a previously prepared questionnaire. Of about 165 plant species mentioned by the informants, 63 (38.1%) were mentioned by three or more informants. On the basis of their primary uses, 21 of these plants were reported to relieve skin disorders, 17 for urinary system disorders, 16 for gastric disorders, nine for cancer and prostate disorders, eight for arthritis, five for respiratory problems, and five for other ailments. Indices on fidelity levels (FLs), relative popularity level (RPL), and rank-order priority (ROP) were calculated. Plants were classified in two groups: 'popular' (RPL=1) or 'unpopular' (RPL<1). The following plant species were classified as popular in this study: Teucrium polium, Matricaria aurea, Urtica pilulifera, Paronychia argentea, Petroselinum sativum, and Salvia fruticosa. The remaining 57 species were classified as 'unpopular'. Fifty-nine plants were claimed to be effective against cancer and prostate disorders, which include Arum dioscorides, U. pilulifera, Allium sativum, Viscum cruciatum, and Allium cepa.
An extensive ethnopharmacological survey was conducted among the most well known Arabic indigenous herbal practitioners in Israel, the Golan Heights and the West Bank in order to evaluate the potential of local plants used in treating different diseases and illnesses. Thirty-one indigenous practitioners' of Arabic traditional medicine ranging in age from 40 to 116 years, were interviewed using a previously prepared questionnaire. The current survey revealed that 129 plant species are still in use in Arabic traditional medicine for the treatments of various diseases. Among these plants, there are 40 species used for treating skin diseases, 27 species for treating kidney and urinary system, 26 species for treating diabetes, 23 species for treating digestive system including stomach and intestinal pain and inflammation, 22 species for treating liver diseases, 16 species for treating respiratory system and coughing, 13 species for treating forms of cancer and nine species for treating weight loss and cholesterol reduction. Additional findings and implications of this current survey including preparation methods and route of use are discussed in this report.
Aloe vera gel has been claimed to have antidiabetic activity but not all published results are consistent. We investigated the effect of oral administration of one tablespoonful of Aloe vera juice, twice a day for at least 2 weeks in patients with diabetes. Blood sugar and triglyceride levels in the treated group fell; cholesterol levels were not affected. The results suggest the potential of aloe vera juice for use as an antidiabetic agent.
This paper attempts to answer the question: What is the dollar value that can be placed on a single plant species now growing
in the United States, should it become extinct? Based on available botanical and prescription survey data and data on global
studies of plants as a source of new drugs for human use, the value of a single species is calculated to be 203 million, and the total value of plant species growing in the United States that may become extinct by the year 2000 AD is calculated to be about203 million,
and the total value of plant species growing in the United States that may become extinct by the year 2000 AD is calculated
to be about 3,248 billion.
Searching for new biologically active compounds from natural sources starts, obviously, in the field. Plant, microbial or animal materials to be sought and investigated may be selected through a number of approaches. No matter what selection criterion(a) is (are) used, the first step in obtaining the organism concerned is to undertake field collecting work to search for and to collect the organism. Good knowledge on the ecogeographic distribution and precision in the taxonomic identification of the organism(s) sought are crucial if the field work involves the search for a pre-determined organism or set of organisms. Such knowledge and precision during field work are of secondary importance, however, if the search and collection are based on biodiversity or ethnomedical uses, since accurate taxonomic identification may be made at a later date, in a Museum or Herbarium environment. When an individual or institution from a biotechnologically developed country wishes to obtain indigenous raw biological material from a biotechnologically less developed country, an agreement for the procurement of such raw material may be negotiated. Since the effort to search and develop a biologically active compound(s) from natural sources is a long-term process that involves teamwork between field and laboratory scientists, the success of the endeavor will depend in large part on the continued flow of raw material from the field. Goodwill to maintain such a flow may be achieved through appropriate scientific and monetary compensations, both in real-time and in long-term sharing of the benefits of discovery. Only with the prospect of financial return to the supplying country will there be an incentive for the protection of the natural resources towards sustainable use and development, as well as to allow time for continuing explorations and discoveries.
Herbs have been used as medical treatments since the beginning of civilization and some derivatives (eg, aspirin, reserpine, and digitalis) have become mainstays of human pharmacotherapy. For cardiovascular diseases, herbal treatments have been used in patients with congestive heart failure, systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, cerebral insufficiency, venous insufficiency, and arrhythmia. However, many herbal remedies used today have not undergone careful scientific assessment, and some have the potential to cause serious toxic effects and major drug-to-drug interactions. With the high prevalence of herbal use in the United States today, clinicians must inquire about such health practices for cardiac disease and be informed about the potential for benefit and harm. Continuing research is necessary to elucidate the pharmacological activities of the many herbal remedies now being used to treat cardiovascular diseases.
Clinicians are often concerned that use of alternative treatments by Mexican American patients with diabetes competes with medical treatment. We examined the use and evaluation of alternative treatments for diabetes by a sample of these patients.
Following a descriptive qualitative design, a convenience sample of 43 low-income Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes were interviewed. We analyzed interview transcripts for alternative treatments named, patterns of use, evaluation of those treatments, and the use of biomedical approaches. We crosschecked the results for interrater reliability.
Herbs were mentioned as possible alternative treatments for diabetes by 84% of the patients interviewed. However, most had never or rarely tried herbs and viewed them as supplemental to medical treatments. Most said prayer influences health by reducing stress and bringing healing power to medicines. None used curanderos (traditional healers) for diabetes. Most actively used biomedical treatments and were less actively involved in alternative approaches. Statistical tests of association showed no competition between biomedical and alternative treatments, and alternative treatment activity tended to be significantly lower than biomedical. Most study participants emphasized medical treatment and only used alternative treatments as secondary strategies. Those patients very actively using alternative approaches also tended to be very actively using biomedical methods; they were using all resources they encountered.
Traditional attitudes and beliefs were not especially important to the patients in this study and presented no barriers to medical care. For these patients, it also cannot be assumed that belief in alternative treatments and God's intervention indicate fatalism or noncompliance but instead require consideration of individual treatment behaviors.
Interest in and use of complementary and alternative medicine have increased in recent years, with as much as 40% of the general population having used some form of complementary and alternative medicine in the past year. Although recent national surveys have not adequately assessed the use of complementary and alternative medicine in minority populations, its use in many minority populations is at least equal to and possibly greater than that in the general population. One condition for which minority populations are likely to use complementary and alternative medicine therapies is diabetes, which is particularly prevalent in Mexican-American and Native-American communities. Many minority cultures have a long history of using herbal preparations to treat diabetes, and recent research suggests that some herbal therapies may have a role in the treatment of this complex disease. However, many questions remain regarding the proper use of herbal therapies for diabetes, particularly in regard to dosage and contaminants. Therefore, physicians who work with minority populations should ask patients about their use of these therapies and must become knowledgeable about their safety and efficacy.
In this study, the medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseases were inventoried based on the ethnopharmacological survey in south-eastern Morocco: Tafilalet region. Seven hundred persons including 320 diabetic patients and 380 patients with hypertension and cardiac disorders and 20 traditional herbal healers were interviewed in different areas of Tafilalet. The results indicated that 80% of patients interviewed used medicinal plants to treat diabetes, hypertension and cardiac diseases because they state that phytotherapy is cheaper (58%), more efficient (40%) and better (65%) than modern medicine. In this ethnobotanic enquiry, about 92 medicinal plants were cited. A lot of them are cited for the first time in Morocco. Many parameters have been evaluated such as knowledge of the toxic plants, doses, parts used, etc. Also, we have reported that 75% of type 2 diabetic patients used medicinal plants in association with modern drugs, while 10% of type 1 diabetic patients regularly used medicinal plants combined with insulin treatment. Some toxic plants have also been reported. In conclusion Tafilalet region disposes of a large phytotherapy knowledge which must be scientifically investigated especially in treating diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseases.
Antidibetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus Medical Plants Utilized in Palestinian … 28 14 Self treatments with herbal and other plant-derived remedies – rural Mississippi
- E Q Yongchaiyuda
- V Rungpitarangi
- N Bunyapraphatsara
Yongchaiyuda, E.Q., Rungpitarangi, V., Bunyapraphatsara, N., et al., 1996 Antidibetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 3, 241-243. Medical Plants Utilized in Palestinian … 28 14. Anonymous, 1995. Self treatments with herbal and other plant-derived remedies – rural Mississippi, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 44, 204-207.
Summary of WHO guidelines for assessments of herbal medicines
- O Akerely
Akerely, O., 1993 Summary of WHO guidelines for assessments of
herbal medicines. Herbalgram 26, 13-20.
Self treatments with herbal and other plant-derived remedies -rural Mississippi
- Anonymous
Anonymous, 1995. Self treatments with herbal and other plant-derived
remedies -rural Mississippi, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports
44, 204-207.
Tropical rain forests: Potential source of new drugs? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
- Dd Soejarto
- Nr Fransworth
Soejarto DD, Fransworth NR. 1989. Tropical rain forests: Potential
source of new drugs? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 32, 244256.
Antidibetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus
- E Q Yongchaiyuda
- V Rungpitarangi
- N Bunyapraphatsara
Yongchaiyuda, E.Q., Rungpitarangi, V., Bunyapraphatsara, N., et al.,
1996 Antidibetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. Clinical trial in new
cases of diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 3, 241-243.