A survey of the alien vascular flora of the urban and suburban area of Thessaloniki, N Greece

Abstract

Krigas, N. & Kokkini, S.: A survey of the alien vascular flora of the urban and suburban area of Thes-saloniki, N Greece. – Willdenowia 34: 81-99. – ISSN 0511-9618; © 2004 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. In the frame of a wider research project, an inventory of 147 alien vascular plant taxa of the urban and suburban area of the city of Thessaloniki, N Greece is presented. The floristic checklist is based on ex-tensive recent field work in 26 selected collection sites of four development sectors of the metropolitan area of the city. Each taxon recorded is given with information concerning its life-form and chorology (critically compiled as origin and current total distribution, given separately when possible), previ-ously reported occurrence in the area, biotopes (semi-natural, anthropogenic), distribution in the in-vestigated area and quantitative estimation of its presence per collection site. The most abundantly found taxon is Solanum elaeagnifolium, followed by Ailanthus altissima, Cynodon dactylon, Crepis sancta, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Amaranthus retroflexus and Sporobolus indicus. The annotated check-list includes earlier reports for 62 taxa and furnishes at least 85 new records for the flora of Thessaloniki. Among them are 37 taxa not given for Greece in Flora Europaea and 16 taxa not given for Greece in the Med-Checklist.

Full text

NIKOS KRIGAS & STELLA KOKKINI
A survey of the alien vascular flora of the urban and suburban area
of Thessaloniki, N Greece
Abstract
Krigas, N. & Kokkini, S.: A survey of the alien vascular flora of the urban and suburban area of Thes-
saloniki, N Greece. – Willdenowia 34: 81-99. – ISSN 0511-9618; © 2004 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem.
In the frame of a wider research project, an inventory of 147 alien vascular plant taxa of the urban and
suburban area of the city of Thessaloniki, N Greece is presented. The floristic checklist is based on ex-
tensive recent field work in 26 selected collection sites of four development sectors of the metropolitan
area of the city. Each taxon recorded is given with information concerning its life-form and chorology
(critically compiled as origin and current total distribution, given separately when possible), previ-
ously reported occurrence in the area, biotopes (semi-natural, anthropogenic), distribution in the in-
vestigated area and quantitative estimation of its presence per collection site. The most abundantly
found taxon is Solanum elaeagnifolium, followed by Ailanthus altissima, Cynodon dactylon, Crepis
sancta, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Amaranthus retroflexus and Sporobolus indicus. The annotated check-
list includes earlier reports for 62 taxa and furnishes at least 85 new records for the flora of
Thessaloniki. Among them are 37 taxa not given for Greece in Flora Europaea and 16 taxa not given
for Greece in the Med-Checklist.
Introduction
Plant taxa can be alien to continents, islands, bio- or ecoregions, states or countries (Richard-
son & al. 2000). Aliens (synonyms: exotics, adventives, allochthonous, non-natives or non-in-
digenous plants) are those plant taxa whose presence is due to intentional or accidental
introduction as a result of the activities of neolithic or post-neolithic man or of his domestic ani-
mals (Webb 1985, Pysek 1995, Richardson & al. 2000). According to their invasion ecology in a
certain territory, alien plants can be “invasive” (reproducing in large numbers, at a considerable
distance from parental plants, with potential to spread over a considerable area), “naturalized”
(reproducing consistency, sustaining populations for many life cycles without direct intervention
by man, not necessarily invading) or “casual” (not forming self-replacing populations, relying on
repeated introductions for persistence). Even casual aliens may represent potential future invad-
ers, thus deserving close attention (Kowarik 1995, Williamson 1996, Wade 1997, Starfinger
1998, Celesti-Grapow & al. 2001).
Willdenowia 34 – 2004 81
doi:10.3372/wi.34.34108 (available via http://dx.doi.org/)

Settlements (including harbours, railway stations, parks and gardens) are distribution centres
of intentionally or unintentionally introduced aliens. Understanding the behaviour of alien species
in cities is of crucial importance since cities serve as migration sources (Sukopp & Werner 1983,
Kowarik 1990) from which aliens can spread further into the landscape (Pysek 1998).
Although many cities have been surveyed in Europe (for a review see Mucina 1990, Pysek
1993, 1998), only a single study exists hitherto for a Greek city. Chronopoulos & Christo-
doulakis (2000) reported the occurrence of 93 alien taxa in the city of Patras, NW Greece. Apart
from various and scattered reports in several floristic studies or studies of particular alien species
(e.g. Economidou & Yannitsaros 1975), research on the alien flora of Greece has been limited up
to date mainly to a review of the alien flora of Greece (including 77 taxa) and a study of the alien
flora of Crete, both carried out by Yannitsaros (1982, 1991).
In this paper, an attempt is made for the first time to present the alien flora of the urban and
suburban area of Thessaloniki (from sea level up to c. 300 m at Platanakia, Panorama). An inven-
tory of 147 taxa is provided based on extensive recent field work (specimens deposited in TAU).
The annotated checklist also includes critically compiled published information from scattered
sources (Charrel 1891-92, Charrel alias Nadji 1892, Halácsy 1906, Turrill 1918, 1920,
Zaganiaris 1938, 1939a, 1939b, 1940, Oberdorfer 1954) for 62 taxa and furnishes at least 85 new
records, thus updating any previous floristic knowledge for the investigated area.
Material and methods
Following Sukopp & al. (1980) and Wittig & al. (1993), four urban development sectors were
designated for the metropolitan area of the city of Thessaloniki (A, B, C and D, Fig. 1). The in-
vestigated area is designated approximately by the suburban satellite municipalities and settle-
ments adjacent and functionally connected to the city of Thessaloniki (Thermi, Panorama, Pefka,
Sindos and Calochori), with the major urban agglomeration (sectors A, B, C) almost delimited by
the peripheral Ring-Road. An approach with 26 specific and delimited collection sites was
adopted (Fig. 1).
Only alien taxa are included in the present study. The term “alien” is used here broadly de-
fined (Richardson & al. 2000), covering naturalized and/or invasive plants, casual ephemeral in-
troductions and occasional escapes and/or cultivation relics. Alien taxa exclusively cultivated in
the investigated area were omitted. Alien taxa from own earlier publications (Krigas & al. 1999,
Pateli & al. 2002) are included in the catalogue without specimen citation, but provided addition-
ally with a quantitative presence estimation per collection site.
A plant was included in the list of alien taxa of the investigated area, when the two following
conditions were fulfilled (Pysek & al. 2002):
(a) There is no evidence that it has any area in Greece where it is native. A strictly geograph-
ical approach to plant invasions was adopted (a taxon was considered as alien to the whole Greek
territory). When the origin of a taxon was specifically denoted in basic floras as “uncertain” or
“unknown”, or as “doubtfully native” in Greece, this also qualified the specific taxon for inclu-
sion in the list. In every other case, the taxon was treated as indigenous (sensu Webb 1985, Pysek
1995a, Schwartz 1997) and was excluded. Similarly, no consideration of the so-called “apo-
phytes” (native species occurring in secondary habitats, see e.g. Holub & Jirásek 1967) was given.
(b) It is reproduced of its own at least once outside the space where it was found, sown or
planted (e.g. outside the flower bed or garden). In plants reproducing by seed, germination out-
side such space was considered as “escape from cultivation”. For a plant reproducing clonally, as
“escape from cultivation” was considered only if it survived winter and summer drought, persist-
ing in a given site until the following growing period.
Families, genera, species and subspecies appear alphabetically within the two major groups
of angiosperms, viz. Dicotyledoneae and Monocotyledoneae. Nomenclature follows Strid & Tan
(1997, 2002) and for taxa not included Greuter & al. (1984-1989) and finally Tutin & al. (1968-
1980, 1993) for taxa not covered by the previous. Nomenclature in the genus Taraxacum follows
82 Krigas & Kokkini: Survey of the alien vascular flora of Thessaloniki

Willdenowia 34 – 2004 83
Fig. 1. Collection sites (1-8) per development sector in the urban (p:A,:B,¢: C) and suburban area (¿:
D) of Thessaloniki (from Heristanidis 2000, modified); A1: Byzantine Walls (black line); A2: Tsinari, Ano
Poli; A3: Roman Forum archaeological site; B1: Park of Municipal Refreshment Stand and the 3rd Army
Force; B2: Park of the Aristotle University Campus and the Tellogleio Institution; B3: Watercourse of 40
Ekklisies area; B4: Archaeological site of Toumba; B5i-iii: Eastern Regional Ditch (i-Foinikas, ii-Harilaou
and iii-Pylea-Ano Toumba-Kryoneri); B6: “Makedonomachou Kodra” abandoned Army Camp and archaeo-
logical site, Kalamaria; B7: British Cemetery and Ag. Ioannis Cemetery, Kalamaria; B8: Allatini pantile fac-
tory area; C1: Port Authority of Thessaloniki; C2: Commercial Railway Station of Thessaloniki; C3:
Zeintelik Allied Cemeteries; C4: Around “Ziaka Army Camp”, Dendropotamos area; C5: Dendropotamos
stream, Anthokipoi area; D1: Platanakia Recreational Area, NE of Panorama; D2: N751 “Macedonia” Settle-
ment, SE of Panorama; D3i-ii: Suburban Seih-Sou planted pine forest (i-SW and ii-NE of the ring-road); D4:
Byzantine Watermills Park, Polichni area; D5: watercourse of Filiro, Pefka area;D6: De la Salle College,
Rentziki area; D7: Industrial Park of Sindos. For description of biotope types and subcategories, see Material
and methods.

the opinion of Richards (pers. com.). In every other case the relevant source is provided specifi-
cally.
In the floristic catalogue presented below, the name of a taxon is followed by different cate-
gories of abbreviated information separated by slashes ( / ):
(1) Life forms of the plant taxa collected are identified according to the system of Raunkiaer
(1934), Ellenberg (1956) and Ellenberg & Müller-Dombois (1967). The following abbreviations
apply: P = phanerophyte, NP = nano-phanerophyte, C = chamaephyte, H = hemicryptophyte, G =
geophyte, T = therophyte; scap = scapose, caesp = caespitose, lian = lianose, par = parasite, bulb =
bulbose, rhiz = rhizomatose, bienn = biennial, rept = reptant, suffr = suffruticose, succ = succu-
lent.
The chorology of the taxa is principally based on critical comparison of information provided
by Strid & Tan (1997, 2002), Davis (1965-1985), Pignatti (1982), Greuter & al. (1984-1989),
Tutin & al. (1968-1980, 1993). In specific cases several additional sources were used in compari-
son (Viegi & al. 1974, Lesins & Lesins 1979, Häfliger & Scholz 1980, 1981, Hanf 1983, Holzner
& Numata 1982, Dafni & Heller 1982, Zohary & Heller 1984, Dafni & Heller 1990, Le Floc’h &
al. 1990, Le Floc’h 1991, Zohary & Hopf 1994, Jahn & Schönfelder 1995, Turland & al. 1995,
Sallenave 2001 and Pysek & al. 2002). Whenever possible the origin of a taxon is given sepa-
rately from its current total distribution (cultivated range was not considered). Question marks
(?) indicate unknown, uncertain, doubtful or ambiguous origin and/or current total distribution.
An arrow (u) is preceded by the origin of a taxon and followed by current total distribution. The
symbol “+” is used in cases of non-adjacent areas, preceded by native and followed by disjunct
naturalized distribution area. Abbreviations are used as defined in Pignatti (1982).
(2) Previous floristic reports for the occurrence of a taxon in the investigated area are given
in chronological order: [1] Charrel (1888-1891), [2] Nadji (1892), [3] Halácsy (1906), [4] Turrill
(1918, 1920), [5] Zaganiaris (1938, 1939a, 1939b, 1940), and [6] Oberdorfer (1954).
84 Krigas & Kokkini: Survey of the alien vascular flora of Thessaloniki
Fig. 2. Fallow fields in the collection site B5i (fringe urban area of the city of Thessaloniki) invaded by
Solanum elaeagnifolium, with violet-flowered (a) and white-flowered (b) individuals growing together.

(3) The biotopes (sensu Lincoln & al. 1982) where a taxon is currently found in the investi-
gated area are differentiated in semi-natural and anthropogenic (Wittig 1989, 1991, Pysek & al.
2000).
The following abbreviations apply to semi-natural biotope types (in capital) and their subcat-
egories (in small): WC = watercourses PF = suburban planted pine forest, FR = forest roads and
pathways, roads with compact ground, M-o = meadows in openings of the planted suburban pine
forest, M-bu = meadows in the burned area of the suburban planted pine forest, M-rr =meadows
in ring-road embankments crossing the suburban pine forest, M-s = meadows with relics of ever-
green and/or deciduous shrubs, M-ap =meadows in areas previously used for agriculture or pas-
ture and fallow fields, GCD = Natural Garden of De la Salle College, rp = rocky places.
The following abbreviations apply to anthropogenic biotope types (in capital) and their sub-
categories (in small): BW = Byzantine Walls, GA = public lawns and small private gardens,
VL = vacant-lots, RS = roadsides, RT = railway tracks, tb = tree bases, ru = rubble, gr = gravel,
pc = pavement cracks.
(4) The quantitative estimation of the presence of a taxon per collection site is given in a four
scale gradient (Wittig & al. 1993): (I) Presence in small, scattered spots, located with certainty
only by searching extensively the collection site. (II) Presence in a few rather large spots or in
more medium sized or in many small spots, easily overlooked at a rapid passage through the col-
lection site. (III) Presence locally dominant in parts of the site that cannot be overlooked at a
rapid passage through the collection site. (IV) Presence impossible to be overlooked, appearing
almost all over the collection site (covering at least 30 % of its surface).
Willdenowia 34 – 2004 85
Fig. 3. Pavement sealed with asphalt in the urban area of Thessaloniki and young individuals of Solanum
elaeagnifolium breaking the cover (a: rhizomes, b: leaves, c: flowers and d: fruits of the plant).

Collector abbreviations of the specimens deposited in TAU are: K= Krigas, N. 1996-2002,
K&H = Krigas, N. & Hanlidou, E. 1996-1997, K&al.= Krigas, N., Kokkini, S., Karousou, R. &
Hanlidou, E. 1997, Pat = Pateli, M. 1998-1999, Par = Parcharidou, P. 1999-2000, Par&K =
Parcharidou, P. & Krigas, N. 1999, Pap = Papachristos E. 2001 and Obs = in situ observation.
(5) Abbreviations used for the comments under a specific taxon apply as follows: FH = Flora
Hellenica (Strid & Tan 1997, 2002), FT = Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands (Davis
1965-1985), FE = Flora Europaea (Tutin & al. 1968-1980, Tutin & al. 1993) and MC = Med-
Checklist (Greuter & al. 1984-1989).
Floristic catalogue
Dicotyledoneae
Aceraceae
Acer negundo L. / Pscap; N Amer uN Amer + Europ / RS, VL / B5ii (I) K3840; B6 (I) K3218,
K6182. – Cultivation escape.
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus albus L. /Tscap; N Amer uCosmopol / [5], [6] / PF, M-bu, FR, RS, VL, GA, RT,
ru, tb, pc, gr / A1 (II); A3 (III) K4122; B2 (II) Pat3245; B3 (II) K2358, K3818; B5i (I)
K2461; C2 (II) Obs; C3 (II); C4 (III) K4152; D1 (I) K6040; D3i (I) K4360; D3ii (I) Obs; D4
(II) K2744; D6 (II) K4262; D7 (III).– Earliest record in the Mediterranean region dates from
the 1720s (Raus in FH 1: 143).
A. blitoides S. Watson /Tscap; N Amer uCosmopol / RS, VL, GA, RT, ru, gr / A1 (I); A3 (II)
K6055; B2 (II) Pat3192; B3 (II) K2426; B6 (II) K2839; B8 (II) K3920; C2 (II) K4089; D2
(I) K4420; D7 (II).
A. caudatus L./Tscap;?uSubcosmopol / [1], [2], [6] / RS, VL / C2 (II) K2997a; D2 (I) K4424.
A. cruentus L. / Tscap; C Amer? uCosmopol / [1], [2] / M-bu, FR, VL, RT / B3 (II) K6059; B8
(I); C2 (II) K2997b; D3ii (I) Par&K1471. – Introduced in Europe via China in the early 18th
century (Raus in FH 1: 140).
A. deflexus L. /Hscap; S Amer uSubcosmopol / [1], [5], [6] / RS, VL, GA, RT, ru, tb, pc / A1
(II); B1 (II) K2498, K5828; B2 (II) Pat3002; B3 (II) K3828; B4 (II) K5958; C1 (II) K2564;
C2 (II) K1465, K4084, K4106; C3 (II) K5981, K5985, K5986; C5 (II) K3938; D3i (I) Obs;
D6 (II) K3695, K4275; D7 (II).
A. hybridus L. / Tscap; N Amer uCosmopol / [5], [6] / RS, VL, GA, BW, ru / A1 (II); B2 (II)
Pat3186; B3 (II) K6061; D6 (II) K4279; D7 (II).
A. muricatus (Moq.) Hieron / Hscap; S Amer uSubcosmopol / FR, RS, VL, GA, RT, ru, tb, pc /
A1 (II); B1 (III) K2947, K5808, K5817; B5iii (II) K2047, K2401; B6 (I) K2946; C2 (II)
K4115. – Fully naturalized on the islands of Siros and Tinos. First report from the Greek
mainland by Krigas & al. (1999), (Raus, pers. com.).
A. quitensis Kunth / Tscap; S Amer uSubcosmopol / GCD / D6 (II) K4263.
A. retroflexus L. /Tscap; N Amer uCosmopol / [5], [6] / M-bu, M-ap, FR, RS, VL, GA, BW, ru,
pc / A1 (II); A2 (III) Obs; A3 (II) *K6053, Obs; B1 (II) K2496; B2 (III) Obs; B3 (II) K2424,
*K2494, K6056, K6058; B4 (II) K4195, K5952, K5957; B6 (II) K2945; B8 (II) **K4528,
Obs; C1 (I) *K2565; C2 (III) K4087; C4 (II) Obs; D1 (I) **K4525a, K4525b; D2 (II)
K4411; D3ii (II) Par&K1470; D4 (II) K2745; D5 (I) K4056; D6 (II) K4261, K4280; D7
(III). – According to Raus (pers. com.) the specimens preceded by an asterisk may probably
represent the hybrid A. retroflexus ×cruentus and the ones with a double asterisk the hybrid
A. retroflexus × hybridus. In Europe it was a common weed throughout most of the continent
already in c. 1800 (Raus in FH 1: 143).
A. viridis L. /Tscap; S Amer? uPantrop-Subtrop / [5] / RS, VL, GA, ru / A1 (II); A3 (II) K4124,
K6052; C2 (II) K4096; C4 (II) K4140.
86 Krigas & Kokkini: Survey of the alien vascular flora of Thessaloniki

Apocynaceae
Vinca major L. subsp. major /Crept; Eurymedit / [1], [2] / FR, GCD, RS, GA, ru / A3 (II) K685;
B3 (II) K4648; B5iii (II) K977; B7 (II) K5051; C5 (I) K1138; D2 (II) K703, K3055; D6 (III)
K & al. 3580, K3705, K4733. – Doubtfully native in Greece according to MC, most probably
appearing only as a cultivation escape from gardens and/or relic in the area, nowadays in
natural regeneration in site D6.
V. minor L./Crept;?uEurop-Caucas / [1] / GCD / D6 (III) K4449, K4732. – Most probably ap-
pearing only as a cultivation escape from gardens and/or relic in the area, nowadays in natu-
ral regeneration in site D6. According to Stearn in FE 3: 69, it has been cultivated for
centuries and occurs as a relic of cultivation or of deliberate naturalization so often that the
limits of its natural distribution are rather uncertain (Stearn in FT 6: 163 considers it as natu-
ralized in Greece, although in MC 1: 51 it is treated as indigenous).
Bignoniaceae
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. /Plian; N Amer uN Amer + Italy / RS, GA, BW, pc / A1 (I); B3
(I) Obs; B4 (I) K4184; C2 (I) K4091; D4 (I) K2807; D6 (I) Obs. – Cultivation escape from
gardens.
Cactaceae
Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Berger / Psucc; Neotrop uNeotrop + Medit / WC, M-ap, RS, VL,
BW / A1 (II); B3 (I) K2476; B4 (I) K5971; B5ii (II) K2695; B8 (II) K2128; C5 (I) Obs; D2
(I) Obs; D3i (I) Obs. – Most probably as a cultivation relic from hedges.
Campanulaceae
Campanula medium L. / Hbienn; NW Medit-Mont uEurop / VL / B4 (I) K5940. – Cultivation
escape from gardens.
Cannabaceae
Cannabis sativa L. /Tscap;S&WAsiatuSubcosmopol / RS / C2 (I) K2828. – Not cultivated,
probably dispersed with seeds for domestic birds.
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera japonica Thunb. / Plian; E Asiat uE Asiat + W Medit / VL / B4 (I) K5967; B6 (I)
K5134, K2094. – Cultivation escape from gardens. Greece not given by Browicz in FE 4: 47.
Caryophyllaceae
Silene pendula L. / Trept; NE Medit Mont uMedit / [1], [2] / GA, tb / B1 (II) Par528, Par561. –
Once found as a casual escape near Athens and perhaps naturalized in Thessaloniki area
(Greuter in FH 1: 303).
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex hortensis L./Tscap;CAsiatuCircumbor / [1], [2] / RS, ru / B3 (I) Obs; B4 (II)
K2878, K4216; B8 (II) K3916. – According to Tan in FH 1: 123 there is also a record of A.
sagittata Borkh. from the Thessaloniki area that is very similar to A. hortensis.
Chenopodium multifidum L. / Hscap; S Amer uS Amer + Medit / [6] / RS, VL, GA, RT, ru, gr /
A1 (II) K1862; B1 (II) K5824; B2 (II) Pat3193; B3 (II) K2434, K2472; B4 (II) K4208,
K4214, K5929; B5ii (I) K2660; C1 (II) K1448, K2555; C2 (II) K2836, K4085; C3 (II)
K5990; C5 (II) K3942; D7 (II). – Firstly recorded from Greece in 1970 and still spreading
(Tan in FH 1: 119).
C. ambrosioides L. / Tscap; Neotrop uCosmopol / [6] / WC, RS, VL, GA, BW, pc / A1 (II); B3
(II) Obs; C1 (II) K2572; C2 (II) K4095; C4 (II) K4165; C5 (II) K3946; D1 (II) K4495.
Willdenowia 34 – 2004 87

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. / Tscap; C Asiat uSubcosmopol / [1], [2] / RS, VL, ru / C2 (II)
Pap1692, Pap1708.
Compositae
Anacyclus radiatus Loisel. /Tscap; W Medit (Dafni & Heller 1990) uEurymedit/RS,VL/B3
(3I) Par&K727b.
Artemisia arborescens L. / NP; W Medit (Dafni & Heller 1990) uMedit/RS/B5ii(I)K4526. –
According to Cullen in FT 5: 318 it is only locally wild and more often cultivated and escap-
ing in the E Mediterranean.
Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron. / Hscap; Neotrop uSubcosmopol / WC, PF, FR, RS, GA,
BW, ru, tb, pc / A1 (II) K2978; B1 (II) Par1636, Par1673; B2 (II) Pat3468; B3 (II) Obs; B4
(II) K4198; B5i (II) Obs; B8 (II) Obs; D1 (I) K4401; D3i (II) K2898; D3ii (I) Obs; D7 (II).
Calendula officinalis L./Tscap;?uCosmopol / RS, GA, ru, pc / A1 (I); A2 (I) K846, K2894; B2
(I) Obs; B4 (I) K5941; B7 (II) K536, K5018, K5019; C3 (II) Obs; D5 (I) K&H3242. –Most
probably as a cultivation escape from gardens. Not given for Greece in FE.
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert / Tscap; SE Asiat (Pignatti 1982) uSubcosmopol / [1], [2],
[4], [5], [6] / M-ap, M-rr, FR, RS, VL, GA, BW, RT, ru, tb / A1 (II); A3 (II) K694; B2 (II)
Obs; B5iii (II) K982; B6 (III) K1235, K1726; B8 (III) K2198, K5183; C1 (II) K1432; C2 (II)
K1372, K5104; C4 (II) K826, K5265; C5 (II) K4721; D3i (II) K3177; D7 (III). – If origin is
not adopted according to Pignatti (1982), it should be considered as native from S Europe to
Iraq.
Cnicus benedictus L. / Tscap; W Medit (Pignatti 1982) uMedit-Turan / [1], [2], [5], [6] / VL /
C2 (II) K1120; D7 (II).
Conyza albida Willd. ex Spreng. / Tscap; Neotrop uCosmopol / RS, VL, GA, RT, ru, pc, gr /
A1 (II); B1 (II) K5792a; B2 (II) Pat3120; B3 (II) K4646; B6 (II) K5133; C2 (II) Obs; D1
(II) K4687, K4688, K4909, K6036; D6 (II) K4284, K4774; D7 (II). – Probably two flowering
periods, appearing mostly as a sterile rosette in very disturbed habitats. Not given for Greece
in FE. Taxonomy and nomenclature according to Pignatti (1982).
C. bonariensis (L.) Cronq. / Tscap; S Amer uCosmopol / [5], [6] / WC, PF, M-bu, RS, VL, GA,
BW, RT, ru, tb, pc, gr / A1 (II); A3 (III) K4120; B1 (II) K2499, K5791, K5795, K5815; B3
(II) K3826; B4 (II) K4229b, K5951; C1 (II) K2785; C2 (II) K4116; C3 (II) Obs; C4 (II)
K4170; D2 (II) Obs; D3i (II) Obs; D3ii (II) Obs; D7 (II).
C. canadensis (L.) Cronq. / Tscap; N Amer uCosmopol / [1], [5], [6] / M-bu, RS, VL, GA, RT,
ru, pc / A2 (II) K1758; B1 (II) K5792b; B2 (II) Pat3198; B3 (II) K2474; B4 (I) K4299a;
B5ii (II) K2685; B8 (I) Obs; C2 (II) Obs; C5 (II) Obs; D2 (II) Obs; D3i (II) Obs; D3ii (II)
Par1526; D6 (II) Obs; D7 (II).
Crepis sancta (L.) Babc. / Tscap; Turan (Pignatti 1982) uEurymedit / [1], [2], [5], [6] / WC,
M-o, PF, M-s, M-ap, M-rr, FR, rp, RS, VL, GA, RT, ru, tb, pc / A3 (II) K644; B2 (III)
Pat3575; B4 (II) K1655; B5i (II) K4797, K4811, K4993; B5ii (II) K886, K4613, K4620;
B5iii (II) K939, K957, K958; B6 (III) K1240, K3220, K4823, K4835; B7 (II) K537, K5054;
B8 (II) K3094; C2 (II) K1463; C3 (III) K544, 5760, K763, K797, K1502; C5 (II) K1109,
K4717; D1 (II) K4674, K4882; D2 (II) K711; D3i (II) K621, K1051, K3147; D3ii (I) Obs;
D5 (II) K4565, K4573; D6 (III) K4763; D7 (II). – First appearance in Europe in 1763
(Gouan in Thellung, after Le Floc’h 1991). If origin is not adopted according to Pignatti
(1982), it should be considered as native from S Europe to C Asia and India.
Helianthus annuus L. / Tscap; N Amer uN Amer + EC & SE Europ / RS / A1 (I) Obs; C4 (I)
Obs; D7 (I) Obs. – Certainly a cultivation escape from gardens.
H. ×laetiflorus Pers. / Hscap; N Amer uSubcosmopol / WC, GCD, VL, GA / A2 (I) Obs; B4
(II) K2856, K4183, K4231; B6 (II) K2954; C2 (II) K2825, K4099; C4 (I) K4149; D3ii (II)
Obs; D7 (II). – Including records of H. tuberosus L. from Pateli & al. (2002). Certainly a
cultivation escape from gardens.
Senecio bicolor subsp. cineraria (DC.) Chater / Csuffr; W Medit / GA / A2 (III) K1549. – Culti-
vation escape from gardens.
88 Krigas & Kokkini: Survey of the alien vascular flora of Thessaloniki

Tagetes patula L./Tscap;SAmer/RS/B4(I)K4213; D2 (I) K4407. – Cultivation escape from
gardens.
Xanthium spinosum L. / Tscap; S Amer uCosmopol / [1], [4], [5], [6] / RS, VL, ru / B3 (I) Obs;
B5ii (I) Obs; B5iii (II) K2048, K2416, K2451; B6 (II) Obs; B7 (II) Obs; B8 (II) Obs; C4 (II)
Obs; C5 (II) Obs; D1 (II) K6031; D2 (II) Obs; D4 (II) Obs; D7 (II).
X. strumarium subsp. cavanillesii (Schouw) D. Löve & P. Dansereau / Tscap; Amer? uCos-
mopol / [1], [2], [5], [6] / WC, PF, M-bu, FR, RS, VL, ru / B3 (II) Obs; B4 (II) K4207; B5ii
(II) K2682; B8 (II) Obs; C2 (II) K2820; C4 (II) Obs; C5 (II) K2728; D1 (II) K4500, K5885,
K6049; D2 (II) K4228; D3i (II) Obs; D3ii (II) Obs; D4 (III) K2786, K2846; D7 (II). – No-
menclature according to Kupicha in FT 5: 47. Turrill (1929) mentions that Nadji firstly re-
ported this taxon from Europe in 1891 (as X. saccharatum subsp. aciculare Widder),
collected at “about seven miles from Salonica” (‘marais de Tekelü’= site D7).
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta campestris Yuncker / Tpar; N Amer uCosmopol / RS, VL, GA / A1 (II); B3 (II)
K1814, K2492; B4 (II) Obs; B6 (II) K2948; B7 (II) Obs; B8 (II) K2122, K2234; C1 (I)
K2561; C2 (II) K1451, K4092; C4 (II) K4161; C5 (II) K3979; D1 (I) K4492; D2 (I) K2017,
K4426; D7 (II).– According to Feinbrun (1970) it was introduced to Europe at about 1900
and spread mainly with agricultural seed especially after the First World War.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. /Tscap; Neotrop uNeotrop + Medit / [6] / GA, RS, ru / A1 (I); A2
(I) K2897; B3 (II) K2427, K3815; B4 (II) K5966; C5 (II) K2704, K3990; D2 (II) K4408. –
Including records of I. indica Merr. from Krigas & al. (1999).
Cruciferae
Brassica napus L. /Hbienn; ? uMedit/RS,VL,RT/B5iii(I)K2378; C2 (II) K1380, K1488,
K5075, K5074; C5 (II) K4727. – Alien or naturalized in the Mediterranean region, not given
for Greece in MC.
B. oleracea L. / Csuffr; W Europ uCosmopol / RS, VL, GA, pc / A1 (I) K&H3439; A2 (II) Obs;
B3 (II) Obs; D5 (I) K6065; D7 (II).– Including records of subsp. robertiana from Krigas &
al. (1999). Not given for Greece in MC.
B. rapa L. / Hbienn; Europe (Pyšek & al. 2002) uCosmopol / [2] / M-ap, RS, VL, GA, pc / B3
(I) K5227; B5ii (II) K891; B6 (II) K1271, K3234, K4847; B7 (I) K5012; C4 (I) K1118; C5
(I) K1119, K1135; D5 (I) K&H3293. – According to MC it is doubtfully naturalized in
Greece.
Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell. / Tscap; Turan (Quézel & al. 1990) uMedit-Turan / [5] /
WC, M-ap, RS, VL, ru / A3 (I) K655b; B3 (II) Par1672b; B5i (III) K1196, K4786, K6077;
B5ii (II) K889, K929; B5iii (I) K4602; B6 (III) K3227, K4848; B8 (II) K682, K4815; C5 (II)
K1145, K4722; D2 (I) K3076; D3i (I) K622; D5 (I) K4779; D6 (I) K4738; D7 (II). – Accord-
ing to Tan in FH 2: 294-295 no origin is provided, considering it as probably introduced to
Crete but native to the rest of Greece.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. / Hscap; Submedit-Subatl / [5], [6] / M-o, M-ap, M-rr, FR, RS,
VL, GA, BW, RT, ru, pc, gr / A1 (III); A2 (II) Obs; A3 (II) Obs; B1 (II) K2515, K5826; B2
(II) Obs; B3 (III) K6060; B4 (III) K502, K1702, K5954; B5i (II) K969, K1206; B5ii (II)
K2664; B5iii (III) K2300; B6 (II) K1243; B7 (II) K5032; B8 (III) K857, K2112, K5150; C2
(III) K1374, K1402; C3 (II) Obs; C4 (II) K807; C5 (II) Obs; D3i (II) K2173; D4 (II) Obs;
D6 (II) K4477; D7 (II). – Not given for Greece in MC. Flowering somewhat earlier in the ur-
banized area of Thessaloniki, it appears probably with a bimodal flowering pattern (April to
mid July and mid September to November), showing a break during the summer dry season.
Erysimum cheiri (L.) Grantz /Csuffr; ? uEurymedit. / [2] / BW, VL, GA / A1 (I); B4 (II)
K5939; B7 (II) K5020; C3 (I) Obs. – Naturalized xenophyte (sensu Greuter 1971) in Greece
according to MC. Most probably only as a cultivation escape from gardens in the area.
Willdenowia 34 – 2004 89

Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. tinctoria / Hbienn; SW Asiat (Zohary & Hopf 1994) uEurasiat? (un-
certain limits according to Davis in FT 1: 301) / [1], [2], [5] / M-ap, M-rr / B5i (II) Obs; B6
(II) Obs; D2 (II) K1367, K2039; D3i (I) K1562; D7 (II).
Lepidium graminifolium L. / Hscap; Eurymedit / [4], [5], [6] / RS, VL, GA / A1 (I); B2 (I)
Pat3116; B4 (II) K2875, K4190, K5963; B5i (II) K2467; C5 (II) K2705, K3961; D7 (II).–It
is considered as doubtfully native in Greece according to Snogerup in FH 2: 275.
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. / Hscap; W Medit-Macarones? uSubcosmopol / [1], [2] / RS,
VL / C2 (II) K1415.
Lunaria annua L. subsp. annua / Hbienn; SE Europ uEurop + N Amer / GCD / D6 (I) K3700.–
According to Tan in FH 2: 196 it is considered as introduced to Greece and cultivation es-
cape from gardens.
Neslia apiculata Fisch. & al. / Tscap; Turan (Pignatti 1982, Quézel & al. 1990) uEurymedit /
[3], [5], [6] / M-ap, FR, RS / B5i (II) K4984, K4985. – If origin is not adopted according to
Pignatti (1982) and Quézel & al. (1990), it should be considered as native to the Mediterra-
nean part of S Europe eastwards to SW & C Asia according to Tan in FH 2: 248.
Raphanus sativus L./Hscap;?uCosmopol / [2] / RS, VL / B6 (II) K1731, K2957; D7 (II). –
Cultivation escape. Not given for Greece in FE.
Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba /Tscap;?uEurymedit? / WC, M-ap, FR, RS, VL / B5i (II) K3666;
B6 (II) K3609; D3i (I) Par2320; D3ii (I) Par840; D6 (II) K3628; D7 (II) Obs. – Problematic
status according to MC for all Mediterranean countries. According to Snogerup & Snogerup
in FH 2: 286-287 it is entirely a product of plant breeding.
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumara & Nakai / Tscap; S Afr uS Afr + Malta / M-O, FR / C5
(I) Obs; D3i (I) K2926. – A few individuals found in Seih-Sou recreational area and on
wasteland. Greece not given in MC.
Cucurbita maxima Lam. / Tscap; S Amer (Sallenave 2001) uS Amer + Malta / ru / A2 (I)
K2889; C5 (I) Obs; D4 (II) Obs. – Cultivation escape from nearby gardens. Greece not given
in MC.
C. pepo L./Tscap;N&C-AmeruN & C Amer + Malta / RS / B5ii (I) K2653. –Onlyafewin-
dividuals found. Greece is not given in MC.
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. / Tscap; India Trop. (Sallenave 2001) uIndia Trop. +
Spain, Malta / RS /D2 (I) K4406. – A few individuals found on wasteland (cultivation escape
from nearby gardens). Greece is not given in MC.
Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus angustifolia L./Pscap;CAsiat?uCircumbor / WC / B5ii (II) K882; B5iii (II)
K6079; C4 (II) K5257. – Cultivation escape.
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia maculata L./Trept;NAmeruSubcosmopol / PF, GA, RT, tb / B2 (II) Pat3241; C1
(II) K2578b; C2 (II) Obs; D3i (I) K4369; D7 (II). – First report for Greece by Pateli & al.
(2002).
E. prostrata Aiton / Trept; Neotrop & Subtrop uNeotrop & Subtrop + Medit / M-o, FR, RS,
GA, BW, tb, gr / A1 (II); B1 (II) K2511b; B2 (II) Pat3886; C1 (II) K2578a; C3 (II) K1496,
K6004; D2 (I) K4229; D3i (I) K2911; D6 (II) K4269; D7 (II). – Greece not given in MC.
Ricinus communis L. / Pscap; Paleotrop (NE-Afric) uPaleotemp / GA, RS, ru / A1 (I); B3 (II)
K3814; D2 (II) K4245.
Hydrangeaceae
Philadelphus coronarius L. /NP;N&CItaly&AustriauN & C Italy & Austria + France, Ro-
mania, Slovakia / GCD, GA / A1 (I); B2 (I) Pat3121; D4 (I) K&H3346; D6 (II) K&al. 3478.
– Cultivation escape from gardens.
90 Krigas & Kokkini: Survey of the alien vascular flora of Thessaloniki

Leguminosae
Albizia julibrissin Durazz. /Pscap;C&EAsiatuC & E Asiat + Italy, Cyprus / VL, RS, tb, pc /
A3 (I) K4132; B3 (I); B4 (I) K5953; B5ii (I) Obs; B6 (I) K3625; C2 (I) Obs; C5 (I) Obs; D6
(I) Obs; D7 (I) Obs. – All specimens and observations represent seedlings escaped from cul-
tivation. Greece not given in MC.
Gleditsia triacanthos L. / Pcaesp; N Amer uN Amer + Argentina, Bulgaria / M-ap, M-rr, VL,
GA, RS / A1 (I); B3 (I) K2542; B4 (I) Obs; B5i (I) K1173; B5ii (I) K2691; B6 (I) K1225; B8
(I) K2130; C2 (I) Obs; D3i (I) Obs; D3ii (I) Obs; D6 (I) Obs. – All specimens and observa-
tions represent seedlings escaped from cultivation. Mainland of Greece not given in MC.
Lupinus angustifolius L. / Tscap; W Medit (Pignatti 1982) uMedit / M-bu / D3ii (I) K6115.
Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa / Hscap; Iran uPaleotemp? / [2] / WC, M-O, M-rr, FR, RS,
VL, GA / A1 (I); B1 (II) K2516; B2 (II) Pat3921; B3 (II) K2481; B4 (II) K4187; B6 (III)
K1220, K1745, K2070; B8 (II) K2217, K2225; C1 (II) K2576; C2 (II) K1395, K1422,
K1962; D1 (I) K5838; D2 (II) K1638, K2032, K2140; D3i (I) K2927, K4364; D7 (II). –
Specimens represent exclusively wild growing plants collected. Probably a cultivation relic
in the area.
Robinia pseudoacacia L. / Pcaesp; N Amer uN Amer + Europ, Black Sea / WC, M-rr, RS, VL,
GA, BW, ru, tb / A1 (II); A2 (II) Obs; A3 (II) Obs; B1 (II) K5809; B3 (II) K2429; B4 (II)
Obs; B5i (I) Obs; B5ii (I) Obs; B5iii (II) K2421; B6 (II) K5140; B7 (II) Obs; B8 (II) Obs;
C2 (II) K1389; C3 (II) Obs; C4 (II) Obs; C5 (II) Obs; D2 (I) K1307; D3i (II) Obs; D3ii (I)
Obs; D4 (II) Obs; D6 (II) Obs; D7 (II). – Cultivation escape.
Trifolium resupinatum L. / Tscap; Asiat (Pyšek & al. 2002) uEurasiat / [4], [5], [6] / WC, M-s,
RS, VL, GA, BW / A1 (II); B1 (II) Par534; B5i (II) K1159; B6 (III) K1251, K3208, K4851;
B8 (II) K1004; D1 (II) K5694; D7 (II). – Probably a cultivation relic.
Trigonella esculenta Willd. / Tscap; W Medit / [2] / GA / B2 (I) Pat3757.
Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa / Tscap; Medit-Turan uSubcosmopol / [4, not assigned to subspe-
cies], [5] / M-ap / B5i (II) K1186, K5004; B7 (II) K5063, *K5069; B8 (II) *K676; D3i (I)
*K3203; D3ii (II) Obs; D5 (I) *K&H3247. – Specimens preceded by an asterisk probably
belong to subsp. sativa. Xenophyte (sensu Greuter 1971) according to MC, naturalized in
Crete but considered doubtfully naturalized in mainland Greece.
Linaceae
Linum usitatissimum L. / Tscap; ? uEurop / [1], [2] / M-ap, FR, RS / B3 (I) Obs; B7 (I) K5008;
D3i (I) K2179; D3ii (I) Obs. – Xenophyte (sensu Greuter 1971) naturalized in Crete, but
mainland of Greece not given in MC.
Malvaceae
Abutilon theophrasti Medik. / Tscap; Asiat (Pyšek & al. 2002) uCosmopol / [5] / M-ap, RS / D7
(II).
Alcea rosea L./Hscap;?uCosmopol (Sykora 1990) / [1], [2] / GCD, RS / D2 (II) K2038; D6
(II) K3716; D7 (II). – Probably a cultivation escape from gardens. Greece not given in MC.
Hibiscus syriacus L. / Pcaesp; E Asiat / [1], [2] / B3 (I) Obs; B6 (I) Obs. – Cultivation escape.
Meliaceae
Melia azedarach L./Pscap;India&ChinauIndia&China+Medit/RS,VL/B3(I)K6014;
B4 (I) K2880, K2958; B5i (I) Obs; B6 (I) K3626; B8 (I) Obs; C4 (I) K4134; D2 (I) K1623. –
All specimens and observations refer to seedlings escaped from cultivation. According to
MC it is doubtfully naturalized in Crete, but not given for mainland Greece.
Moraceae
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. / Pcaesp; E Asiat uE Asiat + Italy, Greece / GCD, RS, VL,
GA, RT, tb / A1 (II); A2 (II) Obs; B4 (II) K5949; B5iii (I) K985; B7 (II) K2842; C2 (II)
K1427, K2829, K4098; C3 (II) K2853; D3i (II) K5127; D5 (II) K4060; D6 (II) K&al. 3486.
Willdenowia 34 – 2004 91

Morus alba L. /Pscap; E Asiat / [1], [2] / GCD, RS, VL, GA / A1 (I); B4 (I) Obs; C2 (II) K1420,
K1778; D6 (I) K3670, K&al. 3576; D7 (I). – Most probably only as a cultivation escape
and/or relic in the area.
M. nigra L. / Pscap; Asiat uEurymedit? / WC, RS, tb, pc / B3 (I) K2431; C2 (II) K4094; C5 (II)
K2696; D3i (I) K4342; D7 (I).– Most probably only as a cultivation escape and/or relic in
the area.
Nyctaginaceae
Mirabilis jalapa L. / Gbulb; S Amer uS Amer + S Europ / RS, VL, ru / A2 (II) Obs; B3 (II)
K2357, K2493; B4 (II) K4176; B5iii (II) K2403; C2 (II) Obs; C5 (II) Obs; D4 (II) Obs. –
Doubtfully naturalised xenophyte (sensu Greuter 1971) in Greece according to MC. Cultiva-
tion escape from gardens in the area.
Onagraceae
Oenothera sp. / Hbienn; N Amer (Pyšek & al. 2002) uSubcosmopol / RS / D2 (II) K4405,
K4275. – Cultivation escape from gardens. Greece not given in FE.
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis debilis Kunth / Gbulb; S Amer uS Amer + W Europ, Medit (Turland & al. 1995) / PF,
FR, GCD, GA, tb, pc / A1 (I); B3 (I) Obs; B4 (II) K678, K2993, K4193; B7 (I) K5011; C2 (I)
Obs; D3i (I) Obs; D6 (II) K&al. 3464, K&al. K3707. – Cultivation escape from gardens.
Greece not given in FE or MC.
O. pes-caprae L. / Gbulb; S Afr uS Afr + W Europ, Medit (Turland & al. 1995) / GA / B2 (I)
Pat3290. – More abundant in fallow fields at the Macedonia Airport area.
Papaveraceae
Eschscholzia californica Cham. / Tscap; N Amer uN Amer + France, Corsica, Balearic Isles /
RS / D2 (I) K1617. – Cultivation escape from gardens. Not given for Greece in FE.
Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum /Tscap; SW Asiat? uSubcosmopol / [1], [2] / GCD,
GA, RS / A2 (I) K1824; C2 (III) K1470, K5078. – Most probably only a cultivation relic in
the area. Not given for Greece in FE.
Passifloraceae
Passiflora caerulea L. / Plian; S Amer uS Amer + Açores / GCD, pc / D6 (I) K4460, K&al.
3557. – Cultivation escape from gardens in the area. Not given for Greece in FE.
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolacca americana L./Grhiz;NAmeruSubcosmopol / [1], [2] / GCD, VL, RT / C2 (II)
K4102; D6 (III) K&al. 3559, K3686, K3687, K4147, K4156. – Nadji (1892) mentions “dans
touts le cimitieres musulmans” of the city.
Polygonaceae
Fallopia aubertii (L. Henry) Holub / Plian; C Asiat uC Asiat + Italy, Greece / GCD, RS, VL,
GA, ru / A1 (II) K1829; A2 (II) K1545; B1 (I) K5778, K5779; B3 (III) K2435; B4 (II)
K1678, K4175, K5948; B5ii (I) Obs; B5iii (I) K2244; B6 (I) Obs; B8 (II) K2124; C2 (II)
Obs; D4 (II) Obs; D6 (II) Obs. – Cultivation escape from gardens.
F. convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve / Tscap; uAsiat (Pysek & al. 2002) uCosmopol / [5] / M-ap / D7 (II)
Obs.
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea L. / Tscap; SW Asiat? uSubcosmopol / [5], [6] / M-o, PF, FR, RS, VL, GA,
BW, RT, ru, tb, pc / A1 (II); A2 (II) Obs; B1 (III) K2500; B2 (III) K2444; B3 (II) K2486; B4
92 Krigas & Kokkini: Survey of the alien vascular flora of Thessaloniki

(II) Obs; B5i (II) K2462; B6 (II) Obs; B7 (III) Obs; C1 (II) K2554; C2 (II) Obs; C3 (II) Obs;
C4 (II) Obs; C5 (II) Obs; D2 (II) Obs; D3i (I) K2344; D3ii (I) Obs; D4 (II) Obs; D7 (II).
P. grandiflora Hook. /Tscap; S Amer / GA, ru / D7 (I).
Punicaceae
Punica granatum L. /Pscap; SW Asiat uConstantly expanding westwards (Quézel & al. 1990) /
GCD, RS, VL, BW / A1 (I); B3 (I) Obs; B4 (I) Obs; B5iii (I) K2260; B6 (I) K1790, K2095,
K5148; C2 (I) Obs; D6 (I) K3673. – Cultivation escape and/or relic in the area. According to
MC it is a xenophyte (sensu Greuter 1971) naturalized in Crete but doubtfully naturalized in
mainland Greece.
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) Meikle / Pcaesp; SE & E Asiat (Zohary & Hopf 1994) uSE&EAsiat+
Medit/[2]/VL/D4(I)K2767. – Probably as a cultivation relic in the area. According to
MC it is a xenophyte (sensu Greuter 1971) doubtfully naturalized in mainland Greece.
Rosaceae
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. / Pscap; E Asiat / WC / B3 (I) K3805. – Cultivation escape
from gardens.
Malus domestica Borkh. / Pscap; ? uEurasiat / WC, RS, VL / B3 (I) K3084; B6 (I) K1770,
K3223, K4854, K6190. – Cultivation escape and/or relic.
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb / Pscap; E Medit (Zohary & Hopf 1994) uMedit / [4] / PF,
M-ap, M-rr, RS, VL, BW / A1 (I); B3 (I) K4652; B4 (I) Obs; B5i (I) Obs; B5ii (I) Obs; B6
(I) K5138, K3624; B8 (I) Obs; C2 (II) Obs; D2 (II) Obs; D3i (II) Obs; D4 (III) Obs; D6 (II)
K&al.3570. – Probably a cultivation relic in the area (nowadays cultivated only close to site
D4).
Sapindaceae
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. / Pscap; E Asiat uE Asiat + E Romania, W Ukraine / GA, BW,
tb / A1 (I). – Cultivation escape.
Scrophulariaceae
Antirrhinum majus L. / Cfrut; W Medit uMedit / RS, BW, GA, ru, pc / A1 (II); A2 (I) K844; B3
(II) Obs; B4 (II) K1766, K5916; B5ii (II) Obs; B7 (II) K5057; B8 (II) K3603, K3604; C3 (II)
Obs; C4 (II) Obs; C5 (II) K2710; D2 (II) K1999; D5 (I) K&H3279; D7 (II). – Probably a
very old cultivation escape from gardens.
Cymbalaria muralis P. Gaertn. & al. subsp. muralis / Hscap; S Europ uSubcosmopol / RS, BW,
pc / A1 (I) Obs; B3 (3) Obs.
Veronica agrestis L. / Tscap; C & N Europe (Hanf 1983) uEurope / GCD, VL / A3 (II) K633;
D6 (II) K4756.
V. persica Poir. / Tscap; W Asiat? uCosmopol / [5], [6] / WC, M-ap, RS, VL, GA, ru, tb, pc /
A1 (II); A3 (II) K5271; B1 (III) K571; B2 (III) Pat3274; B3 (II) Obs; B5iii (II) K986,
K4630; B6 (II) K4826; B7 (III) Obs; C3 (III) Obs; C5 (II) K4724; D4 (II) K3162; D5 (II)
K&H3244; D7 (II). – According to Walters & Webb in FE 3: 250 it was firstly recorded in
Europe at c. 1800.
V. polita Fries / Tscap; SW Asiat? uCosmopol / [5], [6] / WC, M-o, M-ap, FR, RS, VL, GA,
BW, ru, pc / A1 (I); A3 (II) K649, K5272; B1 (II) K587, K5273; B3 (II) K604; B4 (II) K505;
B5i (II) K4808; B5iii (II) K4626, K4627; B6 (I) K4829; B7 (II) K547; C3 (II) K759; C5 (II)
K4726; D2 (II) K3054; D3i (II) K3171; D3ii (II) Obs; D4 (II) K3007; D5 (II) K&H3355,
K4576; D7 (II).
Willdenowia 34 – 2004 93

Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle / Pscap; E Asiat uCircumbor (Kowarik & Böcker 1984) /
WC, PF, FR, M-rr, rp, RS, VL, GA, BW, RT, ru, tb, pc / A1 (III); A2 (II) Obs; A3 (II) Obs;
B1 (III) K2517, K5788, K5789; B2 (III) Obs; B3 (II) K1749, K2523; B4 (II) Obs; B5i (II)
K1203; B5ii (II) Obs; B6 (II) K1254; B7 (II) Obs; B8 (II) Obs; C1 (II) K2568; C2 (III)
K1394; C4 (II) Obs; C5 (II) Obs; D1 (I) Obs; D2 (II) Obs; D3i (II) Obs; D3ii (I) Obs; D4
(II) Obs; D5 (III) Obs; D6 (II) Obs; D7 (II). – Photographic evidence suggests that it has
been cultivated in the area as ornamental from the beginning of the last century (Krigas & al.
1999).
Solanaceae
Datura innoxia Mill. / Tscap; C Amer uC Amer + Medit + C Asiat / GA, RS, pc / A2 (I) K1750,
K2339, K2340, K2888; B4 (I) K4191; B5iii (I) K2420; D6 (II) K4282. – Cultivation escape
from gardens. Not given for Greece in FE.
D. stramonium L. / Tscap; N Amer uCosmopol / [5], [6] / WC, M-ap, M-rr, RS, VL, ru / A1 (I);
A2 (I) K2887; B2 (I) Obs; B3 (II) Obs; B5iii (II) K992, K2415; C2 (II) K4082; C4 (II)
K823; C5 (II) Obs; D2 (II) K&H1347; D3i (III) Obs; D4 (III) Obs; D7 (III).
Lycium chinense Mill. / NP; E Asiat uEurasiat / RS, VL, BW, ru / A1 (I) K&H3420; A2 (I)
K2896; B3 (II) Obs; B4 (II) K2860; B6 (I) K3229; D4 (II) K2809. – Cultivation escape from
gardens and hedges. Greece not given in FE.
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. /Tscap;C&SAmer/[2],[6]/RS,VL,ru/A2(I)K2893; B4
(I) K2869; B6 (I) K2951; D4 (I) Obs. – Cultivation escape from orchards. Not given for
Greece in FE.
Nicotiana glauca R. C. Graham / NP; S Amer uS Amer + Medit / VL, ru / A1 (II) Obs; A3 (II)
K6051; C2 (II) Obs.
Solanum cornutum Lam./Tscap;AmeruCosmopol / RS, VL, ru / B5iii (II) K2417; B8 (II)
K2231; D7 (II).
S. elaeagnifolium Cav./Cfrut&Hscap&Grhiz;SAmeruSubcosmopol / WC, PF, M-o, M-s,
M-ap, M-rr, FR, rp, RS, VL, GA, BW, RT, ru, tb, pc, gr / A1 (II); A2 (II) Obs; A3 (II) Obs;
B1 (IV) K5797, K2521; B2 (IV) Obs; B3 (IV) K1812, K1813, K2535; B4 (IV) K1688; B5i
(III) Obs; B5ii (III) Obs; B5iii (III) K2289; B6 (III) K1223, K2088; B7 (III) Obs; B8 (III)
K2104, K2105; C1 (III) K2526; C2 (III) K1419, K1469; C3 (II) K1521; C4 (III) Obs; C5
(III) Obs; D1 (I) Obs; D2 (II) K1361, K2156; D3i (III) K1558, K1794, K1795, K1796; D3ii
(I) Obs; D4 (III) K2790; D5 (II) Obs; D6 (II) Obs; D7 (III). – Appearing both with white and
violet flowers (Fig. 2), with the latter being more common. It was firstly introduced in the
area of Thessaloniki before 1927, probably directly from America (Yannitsaros &
Economidou 1974, Browicz 1993). Dominant in all collection sites during late summer as
chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte and/or geophyte (see also Economidou & Yannitsaros 1975)
it can be considered by far the most aggressive alien in the urban and suburban area of
Thessaloniki, invading almost every biotope type (Fig. 2, 3). For earlier occurrence in the
area of Thessaloniki in the 1970s see Economidou & Yannitsaros (1975).
Umbelliferae
Anethum graveolens L. / Tscap; Medit W Asiat? (Zohary & Hopf 1994) uEurasiat/RS/B5iii
(I) K2418. – Cultivation escape from orchards.
Apium graveolens L./Hscap;?uSubcosmopol / RS / A1 (I); B3 (I) K3833; B4 (I) K4196; C4
(I) K5249; D4 (I) K2773, K3027. – Certainly a cultivation escape from orchards.
Bifora radians M. Bieb. / Tscap; C Asiat uEurasiat / [2] / GA, ru / D7 (II).
Coriandrum sativum L./Tscap;EMedit?uCosmopol / [2] / GA / A1 (I) K1753. – Comments
on origin by Zohary & Hopf (1994).
Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. / Hbienn; SW Asiat (Pignatti 1982) uSubcos-
mopol / M-ap, RS, ru / D7 (II).
94 Krigas & Kokkini: Survey of the alien vascular flora of Thessaloniki

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A. W. Hill / Hbienn; ? uCosmopol / GA / A1 (I).– Cultivation es-
cape from orchards.
Verbenaceae
Lippia canescens Kunth / Csuffr; S Amer uS Amer + Europ, Egypt, Lebanon / GA, pc / B2 (II)
Pat3793, Pat3851, Pat3805. – Not given for Greece in FE.
Vitaceae
Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch / Plian; N Amer / RS, GA, BW, ru / A1 (I); B1 (I)
K5823; B2 (I) Pat3169; B8 (I) K3927; C4 (I) K5240; D2 (I) K4403. – Cultivation escape
from gardens.
Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera / Plian; ? uCosmopol / WC, M-rr, GCD, RS, VL, BW, tb / A1
(I); A2 (I) Obs; B4 (II) K1714, K5955; B6 (II) K1190, K1778; B8 (I) K5178; C2 (II) K1426,
K1464, K4097, K5086; D2 (II) K4268, K4269, K4427; D3i (II) K1168; D3ii (I) Obs; D4 (II)
K2806; D6 (I) Obs. – Cultivation escape and/or relic.
Monocotyledoneae
Amaryllidaceae
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. / Gbulb; W Europ uEurop / [1], [2] / ru / D4 (I) Obs. – Cultiva-
tion escape from gardens.
Commelinaceae
Commelina communis L. / Gbulb; E Asiat uE Asiat + S & C Europ, N Amer / RS, GA, pc / A2
(I) K1825; B2 (I) Obs; B3 (II) K1757; B4 (II) K4194, K5933; B7 (II) Obs. – Cultivation es-
cape from gardens. Greece not given in FE.
Trandescantia virginiana L. / Grhiz; N Amer / GA, RS, pc / A1 (I); B3 (I) Obs; B7 (I) Obs. –
Cultivation escape from gardens.
Gramineae
Arundo donax L./Grhiz;CAsiatuSubcosmopol / [1], [2], [5] / WC, RS / A1 (I); B8 (II) Obs;
C4 (II) K828; C5 (II) Obs; D1 (II) Obs; D2 (II) Obs; D4 (II) Obs; D6 (II) Obs; D7 (II). –
Cultivation relic.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. / Grhiz; Asiat-Afric (Pysek & al. 2002) uCosmopol / [4], [5], [6] /
WC, M-ap, FR, RS, VL, GA, RT, ru, pc, gr / A1 (IV); A2 (II) Obs; B1 (IV) K2508, K5791;
B2 (IV) Obs; B3 (II) Obs; B4 (II) K2868, K5947; B5i (II) Obs; B5ii (II) Obs; B5iii (II)
K2326; B6 (III) K1738, K1791, K2970; B7 (II) Obs; B8 (II) K5264; C1 (III) Obs; C2 (III)
Obs; C3 (III) K6001; C4 (III) Obs; C5 (II) Obs; D2 (II) Obs; D3i (II) Obs; D3ii (I) Obs; D4
(II) K2768; D6 (II) Obs; D7 (II).
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link / Tscap; Trop & Subtrop uTrop & Subtrop + Medit, S Europe /
M-ap, RS, ru / B4 (II) K4199; B6 (II) K2955; D2 (II) K4285. – Mainland of Greece not given
in FE (only Crete).
E. frumentacea (Roxb.) Link / Tscap; Eurasiat (Pyšek & al. 2002) / RS, VL / B4 (II) K4209. –
According to Scholz (pers. com.) this taxon evolved in historical times from weedy E.
colona and has not been reported previously from Greece.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. / Tscap; Trop & Subtrop (Asiat, Pysek & al. 2002) uCosmopol /
[1], [2], [5] / RS, VL, GA, RT, ru, pc / A1 (II); B1 (III) Obs; B2 (III) Obs; B3 (II) K2356,
K3822; B4 (II) K4200; C1 (II) K2652; C2 (II) Obs; C5 (II) K2715, K3947. – Nadji (1892)
mentions “divers points dans la ville, n’est pas cultivé nulle part á ma conaissance” and
Charrel (1888-1891) “ad moenia” (= on walls). Not given for Greece in FE.
Hordeum distichon L. / Tscap; SW & C Asiat (Zohary & Hopf 1994) / RS, VL / B4 (I) K1644;
C2 (II) Obs. – Cultivation escape. Not given for Greece in FE.
Willdenowia 34 – 2004 95

H. vulgare L. / Tscap; E Afric / BW / A1 (I). – Cultivation escape. Not given for Greece in FE.
Nasella neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Bankworth / Hcaesp; S Amer uS Amer + Medit / GA /B2 (II)
K6134. – According to Scholz (pers. comm.) it has not been reported previously from
Greece.
Oryza sativa L. / Tscap; S & E Asiat / [1], [2] / M-ap, RS / D7 (I) – Nadji (1892) mentions that
“croit a Tekeli (= site D7) dans les fosses bien que, d’aprés le dire des habitants, il n’ait pas
étè cultivé depuis plus de 15 ans”. Nowadays, cultivation escape and/or relic in the area.
Panicum miliaceum L./Tscap;CAsiatuCosmopol / [5] / tb / B4 (I) K4217. – Probably a relic
of former cultivation.
Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. / Grhiz; Pantrop uSubcosmopol / [6] / GA, RS / A1 (II);
B5iii (II) Obs; C2 (II) Obs; D7 (II).
Phalaris canariensis L. / Tscap; NW Afric-Macarones (Turland & al. 1995) uCosmop-temp /
[6] / M-ap, RS, VL, RT, ru, tb / A1 (I); B3 (I) K3819; B4 (II) K1650, K5934; B5iii (II)
K2330; B7 (I) K5062; B8 (II) K2119, K3931; C2 (II) K1489; C5 (II) K3991. – Taxonomy
according to Balbini (1995).
Secale cereale L./Tscap;CAsiatuSubcosmopol / M-ap, GA, RS / C2 (I) K1490; D4 (II)
K2781.
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. / Hcaesp; Neotrop uN Amer + S Europ, Medit / GA, RS, tb, pc /
A1 (IV); B1 (IV) K5818; B2 (IV) K2650, K6063; D7 (II). – Observed to be dominant in
many public lawns of the urban agglomeration (sectors A, B, C). Not given for Greece in
FE.
Tragus racemosus (L.) All. / Tscap; Paleotrop & Paleosubtrop utermo-Cosmopol / [6] / M-bu,
FR, RS, VL / B2 (II) Obs; D3ii (II) K6137.
Triticum aestivum L. / Tscap; SW Asiat / M-rr, RS, VL, RT / B4 (I) K1648; C2 (II) K1385,
K1491, K5105; C4 (I) K5255; D3i (I) K1593. – Cultivation escape and/or relic.
T. durum Desf. / Tscap; SW Asiat / M-ap, RS, VL, BW, RT, tb / A1 (I); B6 (II) K1761, K1762;
B7 (III) K5027; B8 (II) K2118; C1 (I) K1467; D2 (II) K&H1343, K1616, K4266; D7 (II). –
Cultivation escape and/or relic. Not given for Greece in FE.
T. turgidum L. / Tscap; SW Asiat (Zohary & Hopf 1994) / RS, BW / A1 (II). – Cultivation es-
cape and/or relic.
Zea mays L. / Tscap; Neotrop / M-rr, RS / C2 (I) K2824; D2 (I) Obs; D3i (I) Obs; D4 (I) Obs. –
Cultivation escape.
Iridaceae
Iris albicans Lange / Grhiz; Arabia, uArabia + Medit? / WC, M-rr, FR, GA / B3 (I) Par2288;
B7 (I) Obs; D3i (II) Par884; D3ii (II) Par861; D7 (II). – Cultivation escape from gardens.
Not given for Greece in FE.
I. germanica L. / Gbulb; ? uEurop / WC, RS / B3 (I) Obs; D2 (II) K3077; D7 (II). – Cultivation
escape from gardens in the area, most probably dispersed vegetatively (MFG 2: 271).
Liliaceae
Allium cepa L. / Gbulb; Asiat (Pyšek & al. 2002) / RS / B4 (II) K1767; B5iii (II) K2053; C2 (II)
Obs; C5 (II) K3986b. – Cultivation escape and/or relic from orchards. Not given for Greece
in FE. Comments on origin in Zohary & Hopf (1994).
A.cf.sativum L. / Gbulb; Asiat (Pysek & al. 2002) / RS / B3 (I) Par2801. – Cultivation escape
and/or relic from orchards.
Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. / Gbulb; W Medit uMedit/ru/B5iii(I)K923. – Culti-
vation escape from gardens.
Hyacinthus orientalis L. subsp. orientalis / Gbulb; SW Asiat uSW Asiat + Medit / [1], [2] /
GCD / C2 (II) K2994. – Cultivation escape from gardens. Taxonomy according to Wendelbo
in FT 8: 264.
96 Krigas & Kokkini: Survey of the alien vascular flora of Thessaloniki

Acknowledgements
We would like to express our warm thanks for taxonomic determinations and advice to Ass. Prof.
Dr A. Yannitsaros (Aster, Conyza), Prof.DrG.Kamari(Crepis), Dr T. Raus (Amaranthus), Prof.
Dr A. J. Richards (Taraxacum) and Prof. Dr H. Scholz (several genera of Gramineae). Also we
would like to express our deep thanks to Dr L. Celesti-Grapow, Dr P. Pysek and Prof. Dr D.
Brandes for helpful advice on several topics concerning specific cases of indigenous and alien
status of synanthropic species. Deep thanks we owe to Dr E. Hekimoglou for valuable advice
concerning the past topography of the investigated area. Last but not least we acknowledge the
stimulating comments of Prof. Dr S. Snogerup.
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Address of the authors:
Nikos Krigas, Stella Kokkini, Laboratory of Systematic Botany & Phytogeography, Department
of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki P.C. 54124,
Greece; e-mail: kokkini@bio.auth.gr, krigas@bio.auth.gr
Willdenowia 34 – 2004 99