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Optimum conditions for carbonisation of coconut shell
Abstract
The optimum conditions that are useful in the carbonization of coconut shell have been examined. The carbonization was effected using particle sizes (150 – 2000μm) at carbonization temperatures between 200 and 900 0 C in a laboratory muffle furnace. The study involved determination of yield, rate of weight loss, optimum temperature, as well as determination of ash and moisture contents of the carbonized carbon and suitable resident time for carbonization. The result showed a maximum yield of 27% of carbonized product. It had 1.03 and 5.50% ash and moisture contents respectively. The characteristic particle size of 500μm, carbonization temperatures of 500 – 600 0 C at resident time of 5 minutes were the optimum production conditions. INTRODUCTION Carbonization is the production of charred carbon from a source material. The process is generally accomplished by heating the source material usually in the absence or limited amount of air to a temperature sufficiently high to dry and volatilise substances in the carbonaceous material (Hassler, 1963). Coconut shells are cheap and readily available in high quantity. Coconut shell contains about 65 – 75% volatile matter and moisture which are removed largely during the carbonization process (Gimba, 2001). The cellulosic structure of the coconut shell determines the end product. Coconut-shell-based activated carbon has unique properties as a superior adsorbent, making it the carbon of choice for a wide range of liquid and gas/vapour phase applications. It has been recognized that for an effective activated carbon the preliminary carbonization process is very essential (Gimba, 2001). Therefore, parameters such as temperature, particle size and resident time for carbonization will affect the overall texture, quality and quantity of the carbonized product with the attendant effects on the ash, moisture and possibly metal contents. Available information on carbonization of source materials such as coconut shell is still scanty. For instance, the recommended particle size of shell for carbonization reactions is between 150 – 850μm (Gimba, 2001). This wide range could be reduced through a properly monitored carbonization process to obtain the characteristic particle size. It is hoped that the results obtained in this study would give more specific optimum conditions for carbonization of coconut shell. Carbonised products with more definite characteristic data can therefore be produced in large quantity from the relatively cheap coconut shell for subsequent production of activated carbon.
... During the process, carbonaceous materials are heated in an inert environment in a closed container (crucible) to a high temperature to dry and burn off the volatiles in the material. Different temperatures have been used for carbonizing coconut shells ranging between 600 and 1200°C [7,8]. The carbon obtained from the process is least dusty and much harder when compared with those obtained from other agricultural products [9]. ...
... Percentage mass difference estimation using equation 1 indicated that 78.68 % of the charged coconut shells accounted for burnt-off substances during the carbonization process. This agrees with literature [8]. c a Suspected to be Si and K As the ball fell on the particles, they mounted different form of breaking forces such as impact, attrition, shear and compression on the particles. ...
p>Physical properties such as apparent density, bulk density, compressibility index and particle sizes of carbonized and uncarbonized coconut shell nanoparticles produced through top down approach have been studied. Percentage composition of the coconut fruit was determined using five different coconut fruit samples. Results revealed that coir occupies the highest percentage; coconut shells account for 15 % while the flesh and liquid occupy 30 % of the whole coconut fruit. The apparent densities of the uncarbonized and carbonized coconut shell nanoparticles obtained at 70 hours of milling are 0.65 g/cm3 and 0.61 g/cm3 respectively. Their respective compressibility indices and average particle sizes are 46.4 % and 69.7 %; 50.01 nm and 14.29 nm. The difference in the particle sizes of the carbonized and uncarbonized coconut shell nanoparticles can be linked with reduction in the moisture content and volatiles of the carbonized coconut shell nanoparticles due to carbonization process. The reduction in the moisture and volatiles results in the enhanced hardness and brittleness of the carbonized coconut shells which facilitate their breakage during the course of milling than that of the uncarbonized coconut shells.
Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol. 12, No. I, June, 2016, Page: 63-79</p
... During the process, carbonaceous materials are heated in an inert environment in a closed container (crucible) to a high temperature to dry and burn off the volatiles in the material. Different temperatures have been used for carbonizing coconut shells ranging between 600 and 1200°C [7,8]. The carbon obtained from the process is least dusty and much harder when compared with those obtained from other agricultural products [9]. ...
... Percentage mass difference estimation using equation 1 indicated that 78.68 % of the charged coconut shells accounted for burnt-off substances during the carbonization process. This agrees with literature [8]. c a Suspected to be Si and K As the ball fell on the particles, they mounted different form of breaking forces such as impact, attrition, shear and compression on the particles. ...
Physical properties such as apparent density, bulk density, compressibility index and particle sizes of carbonized and uncarbonized coconut shell nanoparticles produced through top down approach have been studied. Percentage composition of the coconut fruit was determined using five different coconut fruit samples. Results revealed that coir occupies the highest percentage; coconut shells account for 15 % while the flesh and liquid occupy 30 % of the whole coconut fruit. The apparent densities of the uncarbonized and carbonized coconut shell nanoparticles obtained at 70 hours of milling are 0.65 g/cm 3 and 0.61 g/cm 3 respectively. Their respective compressibility indices and average particle sizes are 46.4 % and 69.7 %; 50.01 nm and 14.29 nm. The difference in the particle sizes of the carbonized and uncarbonized coconut shell nanoparticles can be linked with reduction in the moisture content and volatiles of the carbonized coconut shell nanoparticles due to carbonization process. The reduction in the moisture and volatiles results in the enhanced hardness and brittleness of the carbonized coconut shells which facilitate their breakage during the course of milling than that of the uncarbonized coconut shells.
... According to Gimba and Gimba [10], "cocoa pods and coconut husk were sun-dried separately to about 5% moisture content and hammer milled before carbonizing at 400 for 45 minutes in a muffle furnace. In the desiccator, the carbonized materials were cooled to room temperature". ...
The majority of Ghana's population uses wood biomass as a source of energy, but as energy demand rises, the forest cover will no longer be able to provide the need. As a result, there is a pressing need to look for sustainable alternative energy sources. The project is focused on the mechanical and combustion characteristics of coconut husk and cocoa pod composite briquette. Dry coconut husk and cocoa pod were collected, carbonized at a temperature of 450ºC and hammer milled. They were then mixed into various mixture ratios at the required particle sizes and bonded together with the help of starch before manually compacting them into the desired shape. The resulting composite briquette were dried for a week before determining their mechanical and combustion characteristics. CNH: CCP 20:80 was the best mix ratio, with the highest calorific value (25.83 MJ/kg), good moisture and ash content, as well as good density and durability index. The density of the briquettes increased from 389 Kg/m3 to 608 Kg/m3 at 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100 (CNH: CCP); the durability index increased from 97.36% to 99.96% when the cocoa pod was increased. Moisture content, ash content, as the cocoa pod mix ratios were decreased from 6.43%, 5.14%, and 10.12% to 4.53%, and calorific value increased from 17.73MJ/kg to 25.83 MJ/kg respectively. The analysis of the production cost of briquettes revealed that 1 kg of briquettes should be sold at Gh¢3.11 in order to make a 10% profit. The resulting briquettes may be used as an alternative energy source since they exhibited mechanical and combustion properties that were comparable to those of wood and charcoal.
... According to Gimba and Gimba [10], "cocoa pods and coconut husk were sun-dried separately to about 5% moisture content and hammer milled before carbonizing at 400 for 45 minutes in a muffle furnace. In the desiccator, the carbonized materials were cooled to room temperature". ...
The majority of Ghana's population uses wood biomass as a source of energy, but as energy demand rises, the forest cover will no longer be able to provide the need. As a result, there is a pressing need to look for sustainable alternative energy sources. The project is focused on the mechanical and combustion characteristics of coconut husk and cocoa pod composite briquette. Dry coconut husk and cocoa pod were collected, carbonized at a temperature of 450ºC and hammer milled. They were then mixed into various mixture ratios at the required particle sizes and bonded together with the help of starch before manually compacting them into the desired shape. The resulting composite briquette were dried for a week before determining their mechanical and combustion characteristics. CNH: CCP 20:80 was the best mix ratio, with the highest calorific value (25.83 MJ/kg), good moisture and ash content, as well as good density and durability index. The density of the briquettes increased from 389 Kg/m 3 to 608 Kg/m 3 at 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100 (CNH: CCP); the durability index increased from 97.36% to 99.96% when the cocoa pod was increased. Moisture content, ash content, as the cocoa pod mix ratios were decreased from 6.43%, 5.14%, and 10.12% to 4.53%, and calorific value increased from 17.73MJ/kg to 25.83 MJ/kg respectively. The analysis of the production cost of briquettes revealed that 1 kg of briquettes should be sold at Gh¢3.11 in order to make a 10% profit. The resulting briquettes may be used as an alternative energy source since they exhibited mechanical and combustion properties that were comparable to those of wood and charcoal. Original Research Article Yirijor et al.; JMSRR, 9(3): 29-38, 2022; Article no.JMSRR.88968 30
... The bagasse carbonization process is carried out at a temperature of 500˚C. The reactions that occur during the carbonization process are as follows [21]: ...
... The carbonization was done in a muffle furnace (model SXL) in accordance with the method described by (Gimba and Turoti, 2008). 200 g each of raffia palm seed (without activation) was carbonized in the muffle furnace. ...
Activated carbons were produced from raffia palm seed under varying temperatures, times and preparation procedures in order to evaluate their suitability for the removal of colour from wastewater and to determine the best preparation sequence and the optimum temperature and time of carbonization. Their efficiency on the adsorption of colour from wastewater was investigated through single stage batch adsorption studies. 200 g of raffia palm seed each was carbonized under varying temperatures of 200 oC, 300 oC, 400 oC, 500 oC, and 600oC, and the carbonized samples were used for the removal of colour from wastewater. Similarly, the optimum carbonization time was determined by varying the carbonization times for 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, and 60 minutes respectively at the optimum carbonization temperature. The effect of preparation sequence was evaluated by preparing the samples under different preparation procedures i.e raw seeds (powdered form), carbonization without activation, activation with ZnCl2 before carbonization and carbonization before activation with ZnCl2. The results revealed that 3000C was the optimum carbonization temperature removing the highest amount of colour of 87% at an optimum carbonization time of 40 minutes. The adsorbing efficiencies of the carbons prepared using the raw seeds, carbonization without activation, activation with ZnCl2 before carbonization and carbonization before activation with ZnCl2 with an initial colour concentration of 370 Pt- Co units were obtained as 5.68 %, 85.95 %, 100 % and 98.40 % respectively. It was concluded that the best procedure for preparation of the carbon is activation before carbonization and that raffia palm seed activated carbon can be effectively used for the removal of colour from wastewater.
... A number of reports abound on the preparation of activated carbon using various agricultural wastes (Martinez et al., 2007, Wang et al., 2010, low-cost biomass materials such as shea nut shell (Itodo and Itodo, 2011), Parthenium biomass (Rajeshwari et al., 2010), rice husk (Wuana et al, 2007, Nasehir et al., 2010, Aloko and Adebayo, 2007Goodhead and Dagde, 2011, coconut shell (Wei et al, 2006, Ash et al., 2006, Gimba and Muyiwa, 2008, Rahman et al., 2006, bituminous coal (Cuhadaroglu and Uygun, 2008), wood (Abdullah et al., 2001, Lysenko, 2007, Goodhead and Dagde, 2011, sugarcane bagasse (Qureshi et al., 2007), animal horns (Aluyor and Badmus, 2008), oil palm shells (Lua and Guo, 2001, Tan et al, 2008, Hameed et al, 2009, physic nut waste (Sricharoenchaikul et al., 2007) and periwinkle shells (Badmus et al., 2007) to name a few has been widely studied. ...
This paper investigates the effect of use zinc chloride in varying impregnation ratios ranging between 0.1 and 1.5 to chemically activate carbonized periwinkle shells. Studies to characterize the activated carbon were conducted at ambient conditions. The experimental results revealed that the impregnation ratio at 1.0 gave the optimum values for parameters such as iodine number and porosity; and minimum values for parameters like pH and moisture content which represent properties for characterizing maximum adsorption. This study successfully demonstrates the potential of ZnCl2 can be used as an activating agent for producing high quality activated carbon which overall has the capacity to impact positively on the quality of the environment. @JASEM
... This may probably be due to excessive burning/oxidation and collapse of pore structures which predominate at longer residence (carbonization) time and high temperature. This observation was actually found to be in conformity with that of Gimba and Turoti (2008) who observed in the production of carbon from coconut peel that when carbonization time was increased, charcoal yield decreased. ...
This work has been carried out to use cassava peel to develop activated carbon (an adsorbent) for use in effluent treatment. In the process development, cassava peel obtained from the wastes of cassava processingwas carbonized at different temperatures between 250 and 400 o C for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min in order to determine the optimal conditions for the pre-treatment of the cassava peels. The chemical activations of the resulting carbonswerecarried out using different concentrations of H 2 SO 4 , HCl and ZnCl 2 from 0.5 to 1.5M. According to the results obtained, it was discovered that the optimum carbonization temperature and time for the preparation of good cassava peel carbon with high fixed content were350 o C and 45 min, respectively. In addition, the results of the characterizationsrevealed that good quality carbon from cassava peel wasable to be prepared using zinc chloride with1.0M concentration. It has, therefore, been discovered from this study that indigenous agricultural waste like cassava peel may profitably be exploited and used as potential raw materials for activated carbon development, which is nowadays assuming ever increasing importance due to its low level of environmental pollution.
Cashew nut shells (CNS) are the primary waste produced during the processing of cashew nuts and need constant attention to handle or valorize these wastes effectively. As a result, these CNS wastes are processed into solid briquettes citing their significant calorific content, thus making them a promising renewable biofuel for combustion-based applications. In most cases, these wastes are pre-treated either through de-oiling or carbonizing prior to compaction, thus removing the harmful hydrocarbons present in them in form of CNS liquids. Presently, this chapter focuses on summarising various data related to these CNS wastes and their briquettes in terms of their availability, chemical characteristics, pre-treatment, processing technique, and fuel and combustion properties as reported in various works of literature. Moreover, all the reported results and data included in this present study were in accordance with the international testing standards and ranged in between their permissible range.
Cashew nut shells (CNS) are the primary waste produced during the processing of cashew nuts; and needs constant attention to handle or valorize these wastes effectively. As a result, these CNS wastes are processed into solid briquettes citing their significant calorific content, thus making them as a promising renewable biofuel for combustion based applications. In most cases, these wastes are pre-treated either through de-oiling or carbonizing prior to compaction, thus removing the harmful hydrocarbons present in them in form of CNS liquids. Presently, this chapter focus on summarising various data related to these CNS wastes and their briquettes in terms of their availability, chemical characteristics, pre-treatment and processing technique, fuel and combustion properties as reported in various literatures. Here, availability depicts the current trend in global consumption of these snack nuts and the proportionate amount of waste shells produced; while, chemical characteristics focused on discussing their anatomy, proximate, lignocellulosic and elemental compositions. Following this, pre-treatment and processing techniques list out the various practises followed to remove CNSL, process de-oiled CNS cakes into bio-char through carbonization, and briquetting of pre-treated CNS wastes along with their compacting techniques prescribed by various researchers. Lastly, fuel and combustion properties brief out about the fuel traits of developed CNS briquettes along with their burning characteristics; and include parameters like proximate and elemental compositions, density and compressive strength, and results related to their combustion and water boiling tests. Moreover, all the reported results and data in this study were in accordance with the international testing standards; and ranged in between their permissible range.
Energy consumption is continuously increasing along with the increase in population and economy level of society. The condition is aggravated with the imbalances of energy supply. An alternative energy source that cheap and renewable can be one of energy diversification solution to overcome the condition. One of alternative energy that worth to be developed is biomass energy. Biomass sources that available in abundant amount and not optimally utilized yet are sawdust and coconut shell. Both can be utilized as alternative energy sources through briquette production technology. The aim of the research is to know the optimum composition of sawdust and coconut shell to the briquette characteristics. The research was done with doing composition variation of sawdust and coconut shell that is 100%:0%, 75%:25%, and 50%:50% with 10% of tapioca starch concentration and pressing force 2500 psi. The research result showed that briquettes with no addition of coconut shell had calorific value 6725.85 cal/g, water content 2.64%, and ash content 1.16%. Briquettes with an addition 25% of coconut shell had calorific value 7054.96 cal/g, water content 2.73%, and ash content 1.75%. Briquettes with an addition 50% of coconut shell had calorific value 6591.25 cal/g, water content 2.79%, and ash content 2.64%. The characteristics of briquette had fulfilled the value of briquette quality standard SNI 01-6235-2000. Optimum composition of sawdust and coconut shell in briquette production from the research was 75%:25%.
A series of activated carbons was prepared from coconut shell impregnated with phosphoric acid using a one-step carbonization procedure and varying conditions in order to optimize preparation parameters. The mode and nature of gaseous flow during carbonization were found to affect the surface area and yield, suggesting that oxygen derived from the gas phase may play an important role in activation, and that coking of volatiles could be contributing to the building of the porous structure. The optimum activation temperature for a higher surface area was 450°C. Higher surface area and mesoporosity were favored by increasing the acid concentration of the impregnating solution. Infrared spectra showed bands corresponding to surface oxygen complexes and a band assigned to P-O groups. Temperature-programmed reduction and desorption spectra showed two signals ascribed also to surface oxygen complexes, and other higher-temperature signals corresponding to hydrogen desorption. These were all significantly more intense in the carbons prepared with phosphoric acid as compared with a standard prepared using high-temperature activation.
Carbons prepared by charring cellulose in vacuum were oxidized under the conditions leading to the formation of acid or basic carbons. The reactions were followed with IR phothermal beam deflection spectroscopy. The oxidation of chars at temperatures leading to the formation of acid carbons resulted in the formation of several surface species to which acid properties may be ascribed. Some band assignments to definite surface structures were made. Spectra were recorded for the first time of high temperature carbons oxidized at the high temperatures leading to the formation of basic carbons, and the interconversion of acid and basic carbons could be followed. No oxygen-containing species to which basic properties could be attributed were observable.
The pyrolysis of cellulose up to 500°C has been studied primarily by the use of infrared absorption techniques on fibers and films in various stages of degradation. Combining these results with those obtained from static thermogravimetric analysis, gas evolution data, and physical property data has permitted detailed reaction mechanisms for the carbonization process to be postulated. The process is described in terms of four successive stages: 1, desorption of physically adsorbed water; 2, splitting off of structure water; 3, chain scissions, or depolymerization, and breaking of C—O and C—C bonds within ring units, accompanied by evolution of more water, CO, and CO2, and 4, aromatization, or formation of graphite-like layers. The ultimate residue from each cellulose ring unit is postulated to be four-carbon atoms which serve as the basic building block for the formation of graphite layers.
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