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Stoney scale and large number coincidences

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Abstract

The Stoney scale, its characteristics and theoretical tendencies are argued to be consistent with Einstein's theory of gravitational ether and with the Stochastic Electrodynamic theory of vacuum-induced gravity. The Stoney scale is shown to be unique in that it posits the non-equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass in an electromagnetic setting. Several large number coincidences provide an interesting background to this study, which includes Dirac's hypothesis, a rationalization of the squared elementary charge, and a derivation of Boltzmann's Constant from the Stoney length.

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... However, there are advantages in retaining the SI context, or at least some key elements of it. A compromise between SI and esu is convenient and it is simply achieved by defining charge according to Ampere's Law while setting the permeability of free space equal to a dimensionless unity [27]. This compromise assigns electric charge a compound of dimensions conventionally associated with force, somewhat in the esu manner, without however sacrificing the general SI context. ...
... The phase transition described by (27) requires ongoing changes in T ω while ν E is retarded as ν E0 (the frequency of m E0 ). In effect, m E0 behaves as if it were subject to a time delay until it is suddenly updated and revised to m E . ...
... However, according to (19)- (21) m ω can be derived from either electromagnetic or gravitational relations and therefore G could be expressed as a ratio of electromagnetic and gravitational times, which is probably more consistent with the Stoney scale's role as the mediator between two forces. The opposite case, that the electromagnetic force emerges from gravitational principles, is almost never heard, though the occasional attempt is made [27]. ...
Article
The large number coincidences that fascinated theorists such as Eddington and Dirac are shown here to be a specific example of a general set of scaling factors defining universes in which fundamental forces are equated. The numbers have prescriptive power and they are therefore correct and exact a priori. The universes thus defined exhibit a fractal structure centred on the Planck/Stoney scale with some formal resemblance to black holes and with properties analogous to Hawking radiation. The problematic case of emerging and evaporating universes is briefly considered in the context of quantum gravity. Historically, the large numbers are associated with the mass of a charged particle and the mass of the universe. This paper demonstrates that the numbers are properly understood in the context of four masses including a non-zero mass derived from Hubble's Constant and the Planck or Stoney mass.
... References to equations in those papers will be prefaced with the letter A and B respectively. The work in A, B, the discussion here and the extensions here have origins in the studies of Einstein's general relativity in the Friedman equations context to be found in references ([16],[22],[21],[20],[19],[18],[4],[23]) and similarly motivated work in references ([10],[9],[8],[7],[5]) and ([12],[13],[14],[15],[7]). Other useful sources of information have been references ([17],[3]) with the measurement essentials coming from references ([1],[2],[11]). ...
... Identification of Dark Energy [24] and Thermodynamics of a Dust Universe [33]. All of this work and its applications has its origin in the studies of Ein-stein's general relativity in the Friedman equations context to be found in references ([16],[22],[21],[20],[19],[18],[4],[23]) and similarly motivated work in references ([10],[9],[8],[7],[5]) and ([12],[13],[14],[15],[7],[25],[3] ). The applications can be found in ([23],[24],[33],[37],[35][41]). ...
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... As stated above, if bodies have such a mass, no matter how far they are separated, they will never experience any interaction due to their elds. The mass of Stoney was proposed by the physicist George Stoney in the year 1881 and was rediscovered by J. Belinchon and M.Castans and is usually associated with Dirac's hypothesis of large numbers [6]. With the help of Stoney mass, it can be veried that, for the electron, the constant Υ e can be rewritten as: ...
Article
A generalization of the Lorentz equation of force is formulated for the coupled fields that allows expressing the force between two objects whose properties are only their net charge and their mass. This coupled force can be expressed in terms of a single phenomenon that can be the effect of the geometric distortion of a gravitational field, or the geometric distortion of an electromagnetic field. From the coupling of the Lorentz force, a dimensionless coupling constant is derived, this provides information on the ratio of magnitudes between electromagnetic and gravitational forces. From this generalization of the Lorentz force the Planck mass and the Stoney mass are also deduced and these masses are redefined to give them a physical meaning.
... The conclusion arrived at there was that the dark energy substance is physical material with a positive density, as is usual, but with a negative gravity, -G, characteristic. References to equations in that paper will be prefaced with the letter A. The work in A and its extension here has it origins in the studies of Einstein's general relativity in the Friedman equations context to be found in references ([16],[22],[21],[20],[19],[18],[4],[23]) and similarly motivated work in references ([10],[9],[8],[7],[5]) and ([12],[13],[14],[15],[7]). Other useful sources of information have been references ([17],[3]) with the measurement essentials coming from references ([1],[2],[11]). ...
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... I have here decided to use a value for r † that comes from an assumption about the dependence of the gravitation constant on t † or on ct † . This assumption comes from a suggestion about a formula for G in terms of other physical constants of great numerical accuracy noticed by Ross McPherson, see references [15] [14]. His original suggestion had dimensions different from G. A generalised version of McPherson's suggestion but which has the usual dimensions associated with the gravitation constant G is as follows ...
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... References to equations in those papers will be prefaced with the letter A, B and C respectively. The work in A, B and C, and the application here have origins in the studies of Einstein's general relativity in the Friedman equations context to be found in references ([16],[22],[21],[20],[19],[18],[4],[23]) and similarly motivated work in references ([10],[9],[8],[7],[5]) and ([12],[13],[14],[15],[7],[25],[3]). Other useful sources of information are ([17],[3],[30],[27],[29],[28]) with the measurement essentials coming from references ([1],[2],[11]). ...
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In this paper, it is shown that the cosmological model that was introduced in a sequence of three earlier papers under the title, A Dust Universe Solution to the Dark Energy Problem can be used to analyse and solve the Cosmological Coincidence Problem. The generic coincidence problem that appears in the original Einstein universe model is shown to arise from a misunderstanding about the magnitude of dark energy density and the epoch time governing the appearance of the integer relation between dark energy and normal energy density. The solution to the generic case then clearly points to the source of the time coincidence integer problem in the Friedman dust universe model. It is then possible to eliminate this coincidence by removing a degeneracy between different measurement epoch times. In this paper's first appendix, a fundamental time dependent relation between dark mass and dark energy is derived with suggestions how this relation could explain cosmological voids and the clumping of dark mass to become visible matter. In this paper's second appendix, it is shown that that dark energy is a conserved with time substance that is everywhere and for all time permeable to the dark mass and visible mass of which the contracting or expanding universe is composed. The last two appendices involve detailed studies of cosmology, quantum dark energy related issues. There are more detailed abstracts given with all four appendices.
... Identification of Dark Energy [24] and Thermodynamics of a Dust Universe [33]. All of this work and its applications has its origin in the studies of Einstein's general relativity in the Friedman equations context to be found in references ([16],[22],[21],[20],[19],[18],[4],[23]) and similarly motivated work in references ([10],[9],[8],[7],[5]) and ([12],[13],[14],[15],[7],[25],[3] ). The applications can be found in ([23],[24],[33],[37],[35][41]). ...
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