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OPEN STANDARDS AND THEIR EARLY ADOPTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT POLICY A DELPHI SURVEY
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As the issue of open standards becomes more involved in government policy-making, an understanding of various perspectives on issues involved in the governance of ICT infrastructure is crucial. This research presents results from a multi-round Delphi survey of key experts in the field of standardization to better understand which issues in governance of open standards must be taken under the government policy control within the next 5 years.
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... arkus et al. call vertical standards. 'Vertical standards' are "user-led development of voluntary, open, industry-specific inter-organizational coordination standards"(Markus et al., 2006). They are believed to be developed quicker and to diffuse more easily because their development is more focused and involve more dedicated stakeholder interests.(Fomin & Pedersen, 2006) 21 Extract from the round-table debate of the seminar "SME frustrations using IT: Is standardisation the solution?" 25th of October 2002, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. ...
Users of standard-conform products and services are hardly represented in standards committees. This is even less so in the ICT area, on which this paper focuses. But is this a problem? Should users always be involved? Do users always want to be involved? These are questions we need to answer if we are to determine whether current user-related European policy on ICT standardisation needs to be changed.
What causes this gap between democratic policies and practice? The paper argues that at the heart of the problem lies a set of seven questionable core-policy assumptions, such as the desirability of user involvement in all ICT standards processes. The paper challenges these assumptions and concludes that a more differentiated ICT standards policy is needed, i.e. one that distinguishes more sharply between the necessary involvement of users in public interest standards and their desirable involvement.
... It is aggregation of elements by the means of standards that results in the formation of large and complex systems bringing about entirely new properties at each level of complexity (Anderson, 1972, p.393). " [2] That pivotal role of standards means that the perceived legitimacy of the standardisation process or its outcomes requires care and attention. ...
Standardisation of learning technologies as a co-ordinated design activity needs legitimacy to attract the necessary support from its stakeholders. This paper identifies the need for a theoretical model of such standardisation and offers an analysis of two pivotal concepts in such a theory, process legitimacy and product legitimacy.
If asked, most people would agree that there are deep connections between technology and the modern world, and even that technology is the truly distinctive feature of modernity. Until recently, however, there has been surprisingly little overlap between technology studies and modernity theory. The goal of this ambitious book is to lay the foundations for a new interdisciplinary field by closely examining the co-construction of technology and modernity.
The book is divided into three parts. Part I lays the methodological groundwork for combining studies of technology and modernity, while integrating ideas drawn from feminism, critical theory, philosophy, sociology, and socioeconomics. Part II continues the methodological discussion, focusing on specific sociotechnical systems or technologies with prominent relations to modernity. Part III introduces practical and political issues by considering alternative modes of technology development and offering critiques of modern medicine, environmental technology, international development, and technology policy. The book as a whole suggests a broad research program that is both academic and applied and that will help us understand how contemporary societies can govern technologies instead of being governed by them.
The main objective of this chapter is to discuss the implications of the adoption of the Systems of Innovation (SI) Approach in innovation policymaking. One of the main criticisms of the SI approach is the difficulty in translating it into real policymaking. This paper proposes a way of dealing with this complex problem. By breaking down the operation of the SI into ‘activities,’ the role of the government and the interplay between private and public actors can be discussed, and specific recommendations on how and when public actors should intervene can be made. The authors propose ten activities that capture the operation of an innovation system. The role of the public sector in each activity is then discussed, and a new research agenda is proposed.
If asked, most people would agree that there are deep connections between technology and the modern world, and even that technology is the truly distinctive feature of modernity. Until recently, however, there has been surprisingly little overlap between technology studies and modernity theory. The goal of this ambitious book is to lay the foundations for a new interdisciplinary field by closely examining the co-construction of technology and modernity.
The book is divided into three parts. Part I lays the methodological groundwork for combining studies of technology and modernity, while integrating ideas drawn from feminism, critical theory, philosophy, sociology, and socioeconomics. Part II continues the methodological discussion, focusing on specific sociotechnical systems or technologies with prominent relations to modernity. Part III introduces practical and political issues by considering alternative modes of technology development and offering critiques of modern medicine, environmental technology, international development, and technology policy. The book as a whole suggests a broad research program that is both academic and applied and that will help us understand how contemporary societies can govern technologies instead of being governed by them.
The current conditions under which the telecommunication industry is ‘governed’ — in the dual sense of being both ‘controlled’ and ‘enabled’ — are described in a plethora of often ill-defined and frequently contradictory terms. One of the most ill-defined terms is ‘de-regulation’, implying that the role of regulation is diminishing, and that the quantity of regulations is lessening — implications that are contrary to fact in most instances. The widespread acceptance of ‘de-regulation’ as an operational concept in the telecommunication industry, however, has some especially significant ramifications as the technical configuration of both public and private networks becomes more decentralised — i.e. as the ‘intelligence’ controlling individual network functionalities becomes distributed throughout the network. One assumption supporting the ‘de-regulation’ concept is that technical co-ordination can now best be achieved through an industry-led standardisation process, rather than through the formal controls of a public administration or regulator. Timely, non-proprietary standards, it is argued, will keep the network environment ‘open’ to potential new market entrants. The distribution of network ‘intelligence’ throughout the public network, however, can only be achieved through the widespread deployment of specialised computer applications. This also distributes much of the control over the development and evolution of standards, as, increasingly, public network operators and equipment suppliers must share this control with computer and software vendors.
Cases of technological forecasts that failed are well known, yet careful use of forecasting techniques can help avoid misdirected R&D. Three techniques are commonly used in normative forecasting, the first step in R&D planning: relevance trees, morphological models, and mission-flow diagrams. The paper discusses these techniques and touches upon exploratory forecasts (timing the project), plotting the trends, compensating for growth constraints, and presents the Delphi technique which was devised to negate the extrapolation shortcomings. Refs.
Introduction: Explaining global order In the modern world it is conspicuously easy to communicate and interact with people all over the globe. Communication and interaction are facilitated by common systems of distinction and by our ability to predict the behavior of our counterparts. An air ticket can be used all over the globe because there is agreement on the meaning of the series of codes printed on it, and because there are common classification systems used to describe organizations such as airlines and individuals such as pilots; furthermore we expect airlines and pilots to act in a similar manner wherever we encounter them. Because it is easy to predict the behavior of people and organizations, it is possible to interact with them with little knowledge about their personal traits or histories. To many modern observers, this high degree of order is remarkable, and has played a significant role in fostering the popularity of the concept of globalization. For most of the twentieth century, scholars have referred to the nation-state as a primary source of order, although within restricted territories, through first a common organization, the state; and second a common culture, the nation. Modern states constitute one of our clearest examples of complete, strong and complex organizations (Ahrne 1998) and cultures are often assumed to follow state borders (Hofstede 1980). © Cambridge University Press 2006 and Cambridge University Press, 2009.
