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Economic analysis of hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for residential loads in hot regions--A step to clean future
Abstract
The growing concerns of global warming and depleting oil/gas reserves have made it inevitable to seek energy from renewable energy resources. Many nations are embarking on introduction of clean/ renewable solar energy for displacement of oil-produced energy. Moreover, solar photovoltaic (PV)–diesel hybrid power generation system technology is an emerging energy option since it promises great deal of challenges and opportunities for developed and developing countries. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A) being enriched with higher level of solar radiation, is a prospective candidate for deployment of solar PV systems. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in K.S.A. consume about 10–45% of the total electric energy generated. The aim of this study is to analyze long-term solar radiation data of Dhahran (East-Coast, K.S.A.) to assess the techno-economic feasibility of utilizing hybrid PV–diesel–battery power systems to meet the load of a typical residential building (with annual electrical energy demand of 35,120 kWh). The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kwh/m 2 . National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software has been employed to carry out the present study. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system composed of 4 kWp PV system together with 10 kW diesel system and a battery storage of 3 h of autonomy (equivalent to 3 h of average load), the PV penetration is 22%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1$/l). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the operational (S.M. Shaahid). hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets for a given hybrid system. Concurrently, attention is focussed on un-met load, excess electricity generation, fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as PV–diesel without storage, PV–diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), COE of different hybrid systems, cost of PV–diesel–battery systems, etc.
... Dynamically studies of BIES, which are integrated with an energy storage system, can meet the higher energy demand of the building [13][14][15]. Furthermore, in a precise and transient analysis of the integrated systems for a NZEB, it is inevitable to consider transient energy production, and required building loads with storage equipment. ...
... The heat transfer coefficient and required surface in each effect can be calculated by Eqs. (14) and (15), respectively [40]. ...
The main objective of this study is to propose and analyze a multi-generation system to cover heating, electricity,
and water demands of a building in St. Petersburg (Russia). The main energy source of the system is solar energy
to integrate with hydrogen energy storage system (HESS), and multi-effect desalination (MED). Hot water storage
tank, and hydrogen energy storage system are used to store solar energy as heating and electricity, respectively at
peak solar radiation. The stored energy will be used at off-peak hours to supply the demands of the building.
Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors are used to cover heating load of the building and parabolic trough col�lectors (PTC) are suitable for providing heat demand of MED and HESS. In order to supply whole demands,
auxiliary systems such as a heater for heating load and grid for electricity load are used whenever even storing
systems are unable to cover them. The tools used for analyzing the proposed system dynamically are a
comprehensive approach of energetic, exergetic, and economic-environmental under fixed conditions. Results of
the transient analysis show that the proposed system can cover up to 70% and 57.9% of the electricity and heat
demands, respectively, without any auxiliary system. At the same time, all the annual demand of the required
freshwater of the building and the HESS is supplied by the proposed system. Moreover, the energy and exergy
efficiencies of the integrated system with constant input parameters are obtained equal to 20% and 7%,
respectively. Finally, by economic analysis, it is found that the net present value (NPV) of the proposed system,
assuming an interest rate of 3%, becomes positive after 9 years.
... Dynamically studies of BIES, which are integrated with an energy storage system, can meet the higher energy demand of the building [13][14][15]. Furthermore, in a precise and transient analysis of the integrated systems for a NZEB, it is inevitable to consider transient energy production, and required building loads with storage equipment. ...
... The heat transfer coefficient and required surface in each effect can be calculated by Eqs. (14) and (15), respectively [40]. ...
The main objective of this study is to propose and analyze a multi-generation system to cover heating, electricity,
and water demands of a building in St. Petersburg (Russia). The main energy source of the system is solar energy
to integrate with hydrogen energy storage system (HESS), and multi-effect desalination (MED). Hot water storage
tank, and hydrogen energy storage system are used to store solar energy as heating and electricity, respectively at
peak solar radiation. The stored energy will be used at off-peak hours to supply the demands of the building.
Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors are used to cover heating load of the building and parabolic trough collectors
(PTC) are suitable for providing heat demand of MED and HESS. In order to supply whole demands,
auxiliary systems such as a heater for heating load and grid for electricity load are used whenever even storing
systems are unable to cover them. The tools used for analyzing the proposed system dynamically are a
comprehensive approach of energetic, exergetic, and economic-environmental under fixed conditions. Results of
the transient analysis show that the proposed system can cover up to 70% and 57.9% of the electricity and heat
demands, respectively, without any auxiliary system. At the same time, all the annual demand of the required
freshwater of the building and the HESS is supplied by the proposed system. Moreover, the energy and exergy
efficiencies of the integrated system with constant input parameters are obtained equal to 20% and 7%,
respectively. Finally, by economic analysis, it is found that the net present value (NPV) of the proposed system,
assuming an interest rate of 3%, becomes positive after 9 years.
... The hybrid system reduces the operational cost, the amount of fuel for the generator, and the size of the solar system. There are some researches that dealt with the design of systems that use batteries with the PV-diesel hybrid system [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and others did not use them [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The use of batteries in solar system is limited by the need for a storage bank that ensures energy recovery when sunset and there is no other power source, which is usually the grid or diesel generator. ...
Iraqi cities suffer from a shortage of electric power due to poor production and deterioration of transmission and distribution lines. There is no prospect currently for improving the grid, despite the government's promises. So it has become necessary to find alternatives, at least at the local level. This research, presented a successful alternative, which applied all over the world, which is the local microgrid. Also, it’s developed a design for this microgrid that suits the conditions of Iraq and supports the integration of clean energy produced by the consumer. The results indicate the success of investing in this microgrid by small investors, foreign companies or local administrations of the cities that want to develop their cities in isolation from the problems of the country's national electrical grid. This solution reduce the pressure on the national grid on one hand and improve the electricity service for the consumer on the other hand, by providing the pivotal key to the solution, which is replacing the blind system of paying wages (for electricity service) currently followed in Iraq with the billing system followed in all developed countries of the world. This solution provides the possibility of deploying the economic solar PV system (without batteries) in Iraqi houses to reduce the bills and also allows personal monitoring of electricity consumption so that the consumer can reduce loads during peak times to reduce bills as well.
... In the upcoming years, global warming will increase the load even more (Prieto et al., 2018;Van Ruijven et al., 2019). In Asian countries, buildings account for 80.0% of the total energy consumed (Asif, 2016;Shaahid and Elhadidy, 2008), but in European countries, this share is only 40.0% (Machete et al., 2018). In particular for office buildings, photovoltaic installations can be a suitable option to meet the high summer energy demands as the energy generation pattern of photovoltaic systems matches the load pattern of office buildings because primary loads of buildings are high during office time i.e., daytime. ...
This study aims to investigate the potential of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems for commercial buildings. Helio-Scope software is utilized to perform simulations to determine the ideal rooftop area for photovoltaic panels. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems is impacted by the shading effects of photovoltaic modules installed in parallel rows. To enhance energy output, the optimal distance between rows is determined, and it is found that 5-feet inter-row spacing provides the best results. The simulation results indicate that with 5-feet inter-row spacing, photovoltaic system has an energy generation of 371.6 MWh, specific yield of 1508.0 kWh/kWp, performance ratio of 82.1%, solar access rate of 98.9%, total solar resource fraction of 96.3% and a total irradiance of 1655.9 kWh/m². The annual nameplate energy is 425.1 MWh, output energy at irradiance levels is 423.1 MWh, optimal DC output is 378.5 MWh, inverter output is 373.5 MWh, and total energy delivered to the national power grid is 371.6 MWh. The average daily DC inverter input power is 158881.5110 W and the average daily AC inverter output power is 152231.6311 W, showing an inverter efficiency of approximately 95.93%. Moreover, detailed testing of the installed PV system is performed on-site to make sure that equipment’s performance guarantees are achieved, the system is properly installed and its configuration is suitable for commercial operations. The maximum daily output energy generation of an installed photovoltaic (PV) system is 1.33 MWh, and its average energy generation is 1.09 MWh. The voltage of all strings is within the rated range of the inverter, with a maximum voltage of 835 V and a minimum of 698 V, as tested by PV string open-circuit voltage. The inverter efficiency test is also performed, with a maximum efficiency of 98.83% and fill factors ranging from 81.37% to 82.34%. The payback period of a photovoltaic system is 4.22 years and LCOE is 0.0229$/kWh. PV system saved 215569.818 metric tons of CO2 in the first year and a total of approximately 5068976.99 metric tons in 25 years.
... Selecting the right system can maximize battery life, reduce system losses and optimize cost-effectiveness. (Shaahid & Elhadidy, 2008) They developed a hybrid system for a residential building in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, highlighting low-cost maintenance and operation as advantages, and the high initial cost of the photovoltaic system as a disadvantage. (Shafiullah & Carter, 2015) created a similar system for Cue, Australia, pointing to diesel savings and CO2 emissions reduction. ...
Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze charging strategies for electric vehicles (EVs) in a hybrid system connected to the conventional electricity grid, to optimize the use of renewable energies. Theoretical Framework: This paper presents the concepts of hybrid systems, photovoltaic power generation, and electric vehicle energy demand. It emphasizes the importance of integrating renewable energy into the transportation sector to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability. Method: The research was based on obtaining load curves and photovoltaic generation in different climatic conditions. The energy available for charging electric vehicles was calculated, considering the limitations of the hybrid system. Different charging power configurations were studied. Results and Discussion: The results demonstrate the feasibility of recharging EVs with renewable energy and highlight the operational flexibility provided by storage systems. Different climate scenarios affect energy availability for charging, highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies. Research Implications: This research contributes to developing sustainable strategies in the transportation sector by providing insights into integrating electric vehicles and renewable energy. Practical implications include reducing carbon emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels. Originality/Value: This study stands out for its specific analysis of EV charging strategies in a hybrid context, providing new approaches for the efficient use of renewable energy in transportation. The integration of storage systems and adaptation to climatic conditions are innovative aspects that add value to the research.
... Most of its diesel operation expenses are paid for its petroleum supply. One viable strategy for mitigating substantial waste in community budgets is to increase the implementation of renewable energy sources (RES), such as solar photovoltaics [3]. Australia, in comparison to all other continents, receives the highest amount of solar radiation per square metre, creating it a globally abundant resource of renewable energy [4]. ...
This study comprehensively analyses the energy requirements and options for Doomadgee, a remote indigenous community in Australia. Currently, the electricity provider relies on a 2.44 MW diesel power generator, resulting in high operational costs and carbon emissions. This study explores transition options to renewable energy sources to address these challenges while ensuring reliable and cost-effective power supply. This study suggests utilising a 2.4 MW wind energy source, a 1.2 MW solar energy source, and a 4 MW battery storage system that can last 8 hours. This configuration aims to reduce diesel consumption, optimise the internal rate of return (IRR), and establish a sustainable energy mix with low capital expenditure. The wind and solar capacities recommended for Doomadgee also consider seasonal fluctuations, such as wet and dry seasons in energy demand, ensuring efficient power production all year round. The study commences with the development of a risk matrix to determine the hurdle rate. The next step involves conducting ten distinct scenarios to evaluate the investment's financial feasibility, considering various variables such as wind, solar, equipment, and battery storage capacities. Sensitivity analysis also determines the most significant factors impacting financial valuation. This analysis provides valuable insights that can aid in the decision-making process.
... Sulfur oxides are particles that affect the environment and human health. One of the best solutions to overcome the problem of increasing demand for electricity is the use of solar energy [4]. The average annual solar radiation in Libya is 250 kW/m 2 and hence, Libya has great potential for solar energy. ...
In this research, the technical, economic and environmental feasibility of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system for a single-family residential home in several Libyan cities with separate locations was studied. In Libya, the rate of electricity consumption is the largest in the domestic sector, with 60% of the total electricity consumption. Due to the frequent power outages in Libya, and the dependence of power generation mainly on traditional sources, pollution problems, and energy alternatives are an important priority. To overcome these problems, we propose maximizing the exploitation of renewable energy sources for energy production. In this paper, the HOMER Pro Renewable Energy Modeling Software was used to conduct a technical evaluation of a grid-connected solar PV system's economic viability, where the design was proposed for a residential house for six Libyan cities. The size of the PV system for a residential home is estimated at 15 kW. The findings indicated that the suggested design could supply 85% of the household's electrical requirements. AlKufra was the best location in terms of economics and the environment for a grid plus PV system, as the initial cost of the system was 0.0314, and the carbon dioxide emissions were 56,982 kg/year. Overall, lower prices for PV modules and PV components combined with long life, less maintenance needs, and minimum parity near the grid. The results show that PV systems connected to the residential grid are an effective energy management option in most Libyan cities.
... The measurement of temperature can be accomplished by using thermocouples. The most popular thermocouple for PV temperature measurement is the k-type configured from dissimilar wires comprising chromel and alumel which is appropriately calibrated for specific temperature range of interest [11]. The thermocouple based temperature measurement is easily adaptable to DAS setup. ...
Standalone renewable energy based on photovoltaic systems accompanied with battery storage system are beginning to play an important role over the world to supply power to remote areas. The current state and the future potentials of renewable energy have increased globally to minimize the usage of other resources such as fossil fuel, which affect the environment. AbubakarTatari Ali Polytechnic, Bauchi (ATAP) is a case where renewable energy will count for 75% of its energy consumption. Solar energy is abundantly availabl.so we have to extract and utilize it in a very efficient way. In this research, an improved yet simple model that can simulate and accurately predict the output power of an installed photovoltaic array in school of Engineering of the AbubakarTatari Ali Polytechnic, Bauchi and for different climatic conditions was developed. The result shows the field measurement based analytical model and RFBNN architecture for PV performance evaluation yielded superior results when compared with that of the manufacturer datasheet based mathematical model.
... Since the problem under consideration consists of integer decision variables, numbers of wind turbines, solar panels and batteries conventional Optimization methods such as probabilistic methods, Analytical methods and Iterative method can effectively give the local extremum values [4]. But due to stochastic nature of the wind and solar system, employing nature inspired meta-heuristic Algorithms may lead to the global extremum [8,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. Here the researchers apply iterative method to solve the problem and left for further research for the application and comparison of different nature inspired algorithms to solve this hybrid solar and wind renewable energy system including its cost analysis. ...
Because of depletion of fossil fuel, increasing energy demand, and increasing number of population, world has entered in to the new phase of energy extracting from alternating sources. These renewable energy sources are abundant, free from greenhouse gas and will become an alternative of fossil fuel. In this paper iteration method was involved to optimize the designed hybrid Wind and solar renewable energy system. As a result all the components are properly sized in order to meet the desired annual load with the minimum possible total annual cost.
... In many countries, including in South Korea, many studies have been conducted on the techno-economic feasibility and effects of connecting variable renewable energy resources [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. These studies have focused on the following issues. ...
Climate change has been turning into a climate crisis. Thus, we live in an era in which it is important to carry out the promise of 2050 carbon neutrality worldwide. South Korea is a country with a very large private education market. As the online education market has also recently expanded rapidly, interest in the electricity consumed by educational institutions is growing. One way to reduce the power consumption of private educational institutions, which is expected to gradually increase, is to replace the existing power system with a hybrid energy system based on renewable energy. This study aims to investigate an optimized renewable-energy-based hybrid system to supply adequate power to private educational institutions in Korea. We propose an optimal system using the HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) program. The result is that when private educational institutions adopt a hybrid renewable energy system, the renewable fraction is negligible in the grid-connected type, but it is analyzed that the NPC (Net Present Cost) will greatly increase because it exceeds 70% in the stand-alone type. The difference between on-grid and off-grid is significant, so it must be taken into account when devising renewable energy policies.
... Solar energy generation via photovoltaic (PV) arrays has the advantage of being emission-free and using renewable resources. Even though the most advanced solar panels can convert roughly 22% of the sun's spectrum radiation into electricity, a significant amount of money and research effort is being invested in making solar module technology as efficient as feasible [5], [6]. ...
Persistent fossil fuel combustion has a significant environmental impact. As a result, shifting to a renewable energy system or hybridization of alternative energy systems can help to minimize the harmful gases emitted by fossil fuels. The feasibility assessment of a hybrid PV/diesel and battery system setup in F.M Maitumbi village in Niger State, Nigeria is presented in this paper. The feasibility analysis was conducted using HOMER optimization software. The optimum hybrid PV/diesel system configuration shows how a significant amount of CO2 can be reduced, as well as the impact of PV penetration. Comparison of the system configurations of PV-diesel-battery, PV-diesel without battery, Standalone diesel and standalone PV system based with 0.4901/kW, 0.642/kW, 0.699/kW respectively as their cost of energy. A PV-diesel-battery Hybrid Power System (HPS) was designed for the geographical region under consideration, taking into account net present costs, energy expenses, CO2 emissions, excess electricity generated, and renewable penetration.
... Solar energy generation via photovoltaic (PV) arrays has the advantage of being emission-free and using renewable resources. Even though the most advanced solar panels can convert roughly 22% of the sun's spectrum radiation into electricity, a significant amount of money and research effort is being invested in making solar module technology as efficient as feasible [5], [6]. ...
... Thus, the results show the relevance of EA PV,MG modeling using PV energy resources for the optimal system sizing approach. Different studies have shown that the use of solar PV energy with a BESS system increases energy autonomy in residences [37]. For example, the net annual electricity payment was considered to determine the optimal battery size [38]. ...
The dependence on fossil resources remains high, accounting for 80% of the total primary energy production worldwide. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has devastated several industries and electric power is no exception. Therefore, renewable energy sources have become an important aspect of the energy sector, contributing to solutions to environmental problems and the development of a sustainable future. Therefore, this study proposes a model to evaluate the energy autonomy of a photovoltaic microgrid (EAPV,MG) using a battery energy storage system (BESS). To carry out the analysis, the energy consumption history of a residence and the solar irradiation data of the location were used. Thus, this study includes the evaluation of the energy compensation of a photovoltaic microgrid that directly injects energy into the residence, and the surplus is stored in a BESS for later use. The results show the relevance of EAPV,MG modeling for optimal system sizing. The model determines the autonomy of the microgrid without many power variations in the PV system for January, April, and October, corresponding to the summer, autumn, and spring seasons, respectively. However, in July (winter), the photovoltaic MG must increase the installation power considerably and the storage capacity of the BESS. Therefore, an optimal decision evaluating the EAPV,MG will allow broadening an overview to opt for a PV microgrid that injects the highest amount of energy based on the actual residential load profile and the optimal capacity of the BESS. Consequently, the analysis of the EA of a microgrid based on solar irradiation and actual load data is essential for developing an optimal and stable operation of the residential energy system.
... The daily load profile and the annual evolution of the latter in during all the year are given respectively in Figs. 4 and 5. In Fig. 6, the load is maximum is constant from 18 and 21 h with an estimated load in the order of 8 kW [16][17][18]. ...
In this work, we present a feasibility study for a new hybrid power plant (PV-Wind-Diesel-Storage) directly connected to the electrical grid. Several simulations are performed to verify the performance of the hybrid system under different scenarios using real meteorological data. It is shown that the performances of the hybrid system connected to the electrical network depend obviously on the available energy resources and constraints because the renewable energies are intermittent. In addition, the price of the kWh of electricity supplied by the hybrid system is determined, which amounts to Dollard G on normal extraterrestrial radiation (kW/m 2) G sc Solar constant (kW/m 2) n day of the year from 1 and 365 p Power (kW) ρ Air density (kg/m 3) A Surface crossed by the wind (m 2) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
... Additionally, the power generating system size may be precisely optimized with HYBRID2. Opt Quest, General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), TRNSYS, LINDO, Photovoltaic Energy Simulation Systems (Sim Pho Sys), WDILOG2, RETScreen, and many more are examples of computer software for developing power production systems [119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135]. Table 3. Summary of studies based on economic, reliability, and optimization approaches. ...
Studies have shown that the role of energy storage systems in human life is increasing day by day. Therefore, this research aims to study the latest progress and technologies used to produce energy storage systems. It also discusses and compares the most recent methods used by researchers to model and optimize the size of these tools and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each. Investigations have shown that using energy storage systems in hybrid stand-alone power generation systems based on renewable energy increases the reliability of the power generation systems and increases their efficiency. It has also reduced the cost of transmitting the power grid to remote areas.
Furthermore, this study showed that advances in energy storage technology in recent years have led to the development and promotion of clean microgrids. In addition, this review paper also addresses energy storage technology issues and proposes practical and applied solutions.
... It can be used in designing and deploying microgrid, off-grid, and grid-connected supply systems consisting of hybrid energy sources. It has been used in many countries to design and optimize microgrid systems using conventional, renewable, and hybrid energy sources, for example in Somaliland (Abdilahi et al., 2014), Canada (Hafez and Bhattacharya, 2012), Saudi Arabia (Rehman et al., 2007;Shaahid and Elhadidy, 2008), and India (Kobayakawa and Kandpal, 2016). The input data for load demand and optimization of microgrid supply systems were mostly obtained from the primary survey (load profile in hours per year for the chosen area, annual operating hours of the DG sets, cost of components, and others). ...
The grid power supply in many developing countries is insufficient and irregular resulting in many commercial users relying on inefficient and air pollution intensive off-grid captive diesel generators (DGs) as a backup power supply. This study investigates the fuel consumption and emission level of such DGs and explores the possibility of reducing them through the formation of a microgrid of DGs and solar PV in a commercial area in Kathmandu, Nepal. An optimized microgrid system has been designed using the HOMER framework for both DGs and solar PV based systems. The optimized DG based microgrid results reduction in specific fuel consumption by 19% and cost by 5%. It also mitigates emissions of key air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, and VOCs) by 21% to 92% as compared to the baseline. If the solar PV based microgrid is used, the emissions can be reduced by 100% but cost increases by 27%. However, the overall economic benefit to the country could be quite significant due to the reduction of external costs of imported fossil fuel and generators, air pollution, adverse health outcomes, investment locking in grey power generation, and energy security issues. The approach used here can be emulated in many other developing countries with similar conditions.
... The literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in the KSA consume about 10-45% of the total electric energy generated. The average global solar radiation for a day ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kWh/m 2 [34,35]. ...
In this paper, economic feasibility of installing small-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) system is studied at the residential and commercial buildings from an end-user perspective. Based on given scenarios, the best sizing methodology of solar PV system installation has been proposed focusing primarily on the minimum payback period under given (rooftop) area for solar PV installation by the customer. The strategy is demonstrated with the help of a case study using real-time monthly load profile data of residential as well as commercial load/customers and current market price for solar PVs and inverters. In addition, sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to examine the effectiveness of net metering scheme for fairly high participation from end users. Since Saudi Arabia’s Electricity and Co-generation Regulatory Authority (ECRA) has recently approved and published the net metering scheme for small-scale solar PV systems allowing end users to generate and export energy surplus to the utility grid, the proposed scheme has become vital and its practical significance is justified with figures and graphs obtained through computer simulations.
... To overcome these problems, solar energy must be stored elsewhere at night and the highly efficient solar cells and modules needs to be developed. Photovoltaic (PV) cells technology is developing fast in recent years due to its unique advantages, such as, synthetic variability of materials [19], the possibility of producing lightweight, flexible, easily processed, and inexpensive solar cells and environmental sustainability [20][21][22][23][24][25] and among other photovoltaic cell technology in the past is hybrid photovoltaic power generation (HPVPG) technology [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. ...
Due to increase in demand of electricity and high environment hazard cause by fossil fuel in generation electricity, renewable energy (such as solar energy, wind energy and so on) researches are becoming mandatory to researchers especially scientists and engineers and in solar energy generation an electronic device is used to convert energy from sun into electricity which is known as solar photovoltaic cell and the efficiency of this device is improving by improving the materials used in manufacturing it. This paper was aimed to review the status of these materials for solar photovoltaic cell up to date, from the review it was discovered that the materials are classified based on the generations whereby their efficiencies are increasing from first generation to third generation. And the current market is mainly covered by the first two generations. The first generation comprises well-known medium/low cost technologies that lead to moderate yields. The second generation (thin-film technologies) includes devices that have lower efficiency albeit are cheaper to manufacture. The third generation presents the use of novel materials, as well as a great variability of designs, and comprises expensive but very efficient cells. Although there is fourth generation which their performance and stability was yet to be found as the review disclosed.
... They are commonly used as stand-alone backup generators (<2000 kW) in case of emergency and are specifically installed in infrastructures such as hospitals, military bases, ports, airports, industries, commercial facilities [29] and hotels [30]. Additionally, gensets are also utilized in hybrid power stations to provide auxiliary sources [31], to enhance the reliability of the whole power plant [32] providing spinning and cold reserve, to cover peak load, or rapid changes in load [33]. ...
... Whilst mathematically correct, the drawback in these earlier works was the complexity of solar outputs at a site near where the system was to be installed because the power output may be intermittent, seasonal, and nondispatchable, and the availability of renewable resources may be uncertain. Ani and Emetu [13] have developed a control system to overcome these challenges. In this work, a different approach involving simulation and optimization has been adopted to solve these difficulties; the development of a control system that controls and supervises the operations of PV-Diesel hybrid power generation system. ...
The continuous decline of costs for renewable energy technology, together with the establishment of a mature alternative energy industry, has led to the increased utilisation of renewable energy sources for remote area power generation. Rural households in industrialised and less developed countries attach high value to a reliable supply of electricity even if its capacity is limited. The paper reviews the current state of the design and operation of stand-alone PV-diesel hybrid energy systems. It highlights future developments, which have the potential to increase the economic competitiveness of such systems and their acceptance by the user. In 2018 the number of people without access to electricity dropped to less than 1 billion. However, the difficulty of serving these people became higher, as the locations are in the most remote areas of the world. Brazil, for example, needs to bring electricity to around 1 million people who, in the vast majority, live within the Amazon region. In this way, hybrid energy systems (HESs) count as an attractive alternative for power generation, especially in remote areas. Therefore, this article analyzes a case study of a hybrid photovoltaic-diesel system installed in the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon region. The studied plant is composed of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a lead-acid electrochemical battery bank, a diesel generator, and electro-electronic loads with highly variable demand throughout the year. The HOMER PRO software is used as the simulation tool. The results show that the load following dispatch strategy is the best option, with 85.6% of the load demand being supplied by PV energy and only 14.4% by the diesel generator set. As a result, the system is technically feasible to be replicated as a reliable energy source in other areas of the reserve to supply schools, public health places, and other community services.
... Fig. 1: PV/Diesel hybrid system By combining these two sources, a variety of shifting load profiles can be met. The combination of various renewable sources simply makes sense in many layouts [13]. Furthermore, a combination of energy sources can assist seasonal resource fluctuations, with solar PV collectors complementing wind power during the months with less wind, or picking up when hydro generation drops during the dry season [14]. ...
The need for renewable energy sources is on the rise because of the acute energy crisis in the world today. India plans to produce 100 Gigawatts Solar power by the year 2020 under JNNSM. Solar energy is a vital untapped resource. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. In this, we examine a schematic to extract maximum obtainable solar power from a PV module and use the energy for a DC and AC application. Integration of photovoltaic system with the diesel generator as a backup system is being escalated worldwide to minimize the consumption of fossil fuel resources. The hybrid power generation bring into productive action only by employing a suitable strategic control in operation of connected system. In this dissertation, the main objective is to deal with a control strategy that was developed to control the operation of diesel generator and charging/discharging of the battery storage system. The controlling action was detailed in such a way that it coordinates when the power is generated by the solar panel and when to operate the diesel generator and the battery so that the demands of the local utilities in the remote areas should be met with the installed generating system. The main focus in the management strategy of PV/diesel-battery hybrid system is to make the maximum usage of the renewable resource with battery storage system while making the operation of diesel generator in adverse conditions. The management strategy is described in detail through the data flow chart that narrates the different modes of operation considering the variant solar radiations.
... In our study we chose an AC load type continuously running throughout the year with an average of 120 kWh / day and a peak of 8 kW .The daily load profile and the annual evolution of the latter in during all the year are given respectively in figures 4 and 5. In this figure 6, the load is maximum is constant from 18h and 21h with an estimated load in the order of 8kW [16][17][18]. figure 7. Note well that is almost constant with a minimum of 3 kW and a maximum of 8 kW [19]. ...
In engineering, particularly in the field of energy and renewable energies, simulation is an efficient and economical means, commonly used to carry out preliminary or comparative studies, both during development (design) and during the normal operation of systems. Currently, several simulation tools, including HOMER, are used in academia. Thus, in this work, we present the principle of a feasibility study of a hybrid power plant (PV-Wind-Diesel-Storage) connected to the electrical grid in the Union of Comoros. In this case, several simulations are performed to verify the performance of the hybrid system under different scenarios using real and meteorological data from the Union of Comoros. In addition, we determined the price of the kWh of electricity supplied by the hybrid system, which amounts to $0.209/kWh, which is very cost effective and satisfactory for the local population. The site considered in this study represents the site of Koua, located in the North of Great Comoros in the region of Mitsamiouli. Thus, we deduced from this work that the configuration of the hybrid system connected to the electrical network depends obviously on the available energy resources and constraints because the renewable energies are intermittent. On the other hand, we have highlighted the role of renewable energies in reducing greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 rate =-1.475 kg/year for a system using PV, wind and diesel with storage batteries, 1.724 kg/year for a system using only diesel generator and PV without storage batteries and 20.767 kg/year for a system using only wind).The results show that PV/Wind/Generator/battery combination is more profitable margins of economic cost and profitable for citizens with wind velocity more than 5m/s. The results obtained have better optimization of the hybrid system used.
... The aim of this study is to achieve a stand-alone hybrid generation system, which should be appropriately designed in terms of economic, reliability, and environmental measures subject to physical and operational constraints [15][16][17]. ...
The aim of this paper is to determine the possibility of using a stand-alone hybrid energy system to meet the electric load demand of an isolated area using HOMER Software. The combination of using remote-area-diesel generators and renewable energy source such as photovoltaic system (PV) with a battery storage can greatly overcome some of diesel generators problems. In this paper, a PV/Diesel generator hybrid energy system is sized to meet the load with about100 % availability. HOMER is used to optimize the operation of the diesel generator and to calculate the optimum number of the PV modules and batteries that would achieve the minimum initial cost and a desired depth of discharge for battery storage. As the economic issue is greatly concerned, it is necessary to identify the system life cycle cost or the Total Net Present Cost, TNPC, of the optimal hybrid energy system which can also be achieved by HOMER optimization. For observing the economic and technical feasibility of the designed power system and its economics, it is important to assess the effect of uncertainty or the change of several variables such as solar radiation, interest rate and fuel price which can be carried out by performing several sensitivity analyses.
Solar vitality is the most bounteous stream of vitality. It is accessible specifically as sun based disengagement and in a roundabout way as wind vitality. Sunlight based vitality has the wellsprings of sustainable power source. Its potential is 178 Billion MW, which is around 20,000 times the world's request. Sun conveys vitality as electromagnetic radiation. The change of solar radiation to the electrical power depends on the photovoltaic standards. A sun powered cell is an electronic gadget which specifically changes over daylight into power. The yield proficiency and execution of PV framework are impacted by numerous components, for example, sun powered following framework, sun powered point, shading or incomplete shading, clean and cell working temperature. This paper audit the photovoltaic generation, producing capacity natural angles and its productivity combined with assortment of its application.
In this research, a renewable energy hybrid system (PV-Wind) is modeled to compare different design options based on their economic and technical features. The energy requirements of a Reversible Osmosis desalination plant located on the island of Tenerife with a water production capacity of up to 20,000 m3/day was considered. The system is connected to the electricity grid. The HOMER software, version 2.75 was used to produce optimum strategies for renewable energy. The assumptions input into the model were: the technical specifications of the devices, electricity demand of the desalination plant, as well as the solar radiation and the wind speed potentials. Numerous arrangements were considered by the software, version 2.75. The optimal results were obtained based on the use of renewable energy. The data used in the study were recorded in Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The experience of this research could be transferred to other Atlantic islands with similar renewable energy sources (specifically the wind) and water scarce conditions.
The study employed Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables software and two-hybrid energy systems configurations to ascertain the most effective approach for generating hydrogen and electrical power in the designated three cities of Dammam, Jeddah and Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. To reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, improve energy security and encourage sustainable development, this study was motivated by the need to address the urgent need to switch to renewable energy sources like solar and wind based on Saudi Arabian's Vision 2030 initiative. To achieve these objectives, this research investigates the techno-economic feasibility of producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources to promote energy independence and economic growth in the region of Saudi Arabia. The novelty of the study provides a regional view of the use of renewable energy sources for hydrogen production by concentrating on several Saudi Arabian cities. It is essential for successful energy planning and policy formation to have insights suited to unique regional settings as demonstrated in this study. According to the findings of the study, the electrical and hydrogen requirements of the selected cities in Saudi Arabia can be fulfilled using renewable energy sources, as sufficient wind speed and sunlight are available to produce renewable hydrogen. The outcomes of the study demonstrated that the electricity and hydrogen generated in the city of Dammam were found to be significantly higher than in the other two cities resulting in high hydrogen production at the city of Dammam compared to the cities of Tabuk and Jeddah. The hybrid energy system in Dammam was identified as the most practical option for fulfilling Saudi Arabia's electricity and hydrogen production requirements based on the analysis and optimization, with low net present cost, levelized cost and levelized cost of hydrogen values of /kWh and 4.16 $/kg, respectively. The outcome of the study suggests that incorporating a renewable energy system in Dammam may diminish the country's reliance on fossil fuels and decarbonize its transportation sector. The results of this study could be employed by members of the Saudi hydrogen industry to promote increased hydrogen production and make Saudi Arabia's energy infrastructure more resilient and sustainable.
Now that the population is growing, the expenditure on basic needs of life is also increasing due to a lack of or less availability of resources. The economy consumed electricity is reaching peaks as its main fuel, coal, is decreasing day by day. Due to this, 90% of the population who are in the middle class, lower middle class, or rural areas are economically poor and are unable to bear the prices. To overcome the financial problems, many researchers have prepared various types of microgrids that generate electricity from various types of flow resources, like hydro, solar, biogas, and air current power stations, whose system is called a compound flow power system. This paper gives a combined review of various research papers that discuss some case studies and some research on various models designed on software like HOMER Pro, how microgrids become economic barriers, optimal power supply solutions with CFPS, distributed and centralized microgrid components, the technical and economic feasibility of EV charging stations, and the analysis of various combinations of power systems at various locations like Bangladesh, Canada, the Republic of Djibouti, China, Indonesia, Sierra Leone, some rural sites in India, and some developing countries. This overview provides a glimpse into the various aspects of CFPS, including fusion approaches, techno-economic analysis, simulation platforms, storage technologies, design specifications, unit sizing methodologies, and control techniques. Further research and analysis in these areas are needed to explore their applications and advancements in CFPS development. The main reason for the study is to analyze and bring various ideas and models of various researchers together on a common platform and make a combined conceptual framework for further proceedings.
Iraqi cities suffer from a shortage of electric power due to poor production and deterioration of transmission and distribution lines. There is no prospect currently for improving the grid, despite the government's promises. So it has become necessary to find alternatives, at least at the local level. In this research, we presented a successful alternative, which applied all over the world, which is the local microgrid. We have developed a design for this microgrid that suits the conditions of Iraq and supports the integration of clean energy produced by the consumer. The results indicate the success of investing in this microgrid by small investors, foreign companies or local administrations of the cities that want to develop their cities in isolation from the problems of the country's national electrical grid.
The growing introduction of electric vehicles (EV) creates a new energy demand that can be covered by renewable energies. To analyze EV charging strategies using hybrid systems, was used to form a Hybrid Mini Grid connected to the electric utility grid, and located in the Amazon Energy Efficiency Center (CEAMAZON), at Federal University of Pará (UFPA), in Belém, Pará, Brazil. The following methodology was used: initially, CEAMAZON load curves and photovoltaic generation were obtained on three different days (sunny, solar variability and cloudy). Therefore, based on CEAMAZON photovoltaic generation and load, it is possible to obtain the energy available for EV charging, considering the hybrid system limitation 16 kW/phase and 48 kW in total, and thus define the best charging powers for EVs. The results show the benefits of storage systems in operational flexibility, in conjunction with the different charging power settings available, as well as the feasibility of recharging.
Teknologi Energi hybrid berbasis energi alternatif terus berlanjut untuk pengembangannya. Pemanfaatan energi hybrid dapat meningkatkan efisiensi output daya yang dihasilkan, hemat dalam perakitan dan murah dalam perawatan. Penelitian ini akan mendesain serta menganalisis kelayakan secara ekonomi dari pembangkit listrik tenaga hybrid yang berbasis energi matahari dan energi hydro. Analisis ini meliputi perhitungan secara numerik berdasarkan formula yang digunakan untuk menentukan kelayakan teknologi yang telah dikembangkan. Hasil desain dari energi hybrid tersebut menghasilkan daya total 2 energi hybrid sebesar 1450 watt DC, hasil perhitungan nilai ekonomi dengan biaya investasi awal sebesar Rp.14.400.000 dengan nilai NPV sebesar Rp. 28.498.408 sedangkan nilai IRR pembangkit sebesar 47 %, IRR ini lebih besar dari IRR awal sebesar 12 % maka pembangkit ini layak untuk dikembangkan. Pembangkit ini akan direncanakan beroperasi selama periode 10 tahun
The power structure incorporating of sustainable power source, customary fuel source, and fuel supply is a great choice for giving power to far-off areas where admittance to regional grid isn’t achievable or prudent. Dependability and cost-viability are the two most significant targets for planning a hybrid power system (HPS). The expense execution and dependability of power supply are broken down for a miniature coordinated micro-integrated HPS (MIHPS) made out of sun-powered photovoltaic (PV), diesel generator (DG), and batteries (BAT) in different framework designs. The size and limit of power sources are figured for system reliability based on loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The impact of fluctuating PV, DG sizes, and BAT limits on reliability of power supply (as LPSP) and cost of energy (CoE) are altogether surveyed in different structures. The MIHPS of various designs and sizes are considered for the least CoE at worthy LPSP. The satisfactory LPSP is kept invariant at < 0.001 (likeness 99.9% power supply reliability) for the investigations. The precise methodology of estimating the power sources through execution of guaranteeing adequate power supply dependability is the purpose of the current investigation.KeywordsHybrid power systemPhotovoltaicDiesel generatorBatteriesReliabilityCost of energy
Photovoltaic (PV) power systems convert sunlight directly into electricity. PV system can be contributed to energy generation in the electrical network to provide a sustainable access to electricity and to stimulate development.
As result of that, solar system makes power supply more reliable and resilient. Due to weak grid and case of blackouts, PV system can be used as an effective solution to solve problem to provide electrical energy for house load.
Furthermore, using solar system for electrical energy demand that cause improved living conditions and contributing to achieve environmental, economic and social objectives, as result of reduction of greenhouse gases and creation of local employment.
A residential PV power system enables a homeowner to generate some or all of their daily electrical energy demand on their own roof.
In this project, designing PV system to provide all households electrical demand during all day with connection to grid as backup for the system with flexibility to switch the system between off grid and on grid connection.
The size of PV is designed based on the power consumption of Household Loads. In addition, the size of battery charges, solar charge controller or Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), and Inverter depend on power consumption.
The hardware prototype had been implemented practically and evaluated to validate the concepts experimentally. The solar PV board and solar charge regulate the battery charge to operate the loads AC and DC and inverter. The correlation between the prototype board gives confidence that the biggest solar PV system will allow the goal to be achieved.
This study presents a model design of a subscription based community solar energy for the business community of the “Back gate”, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo. The business community is largely dependent on the use of fossil fuel generators due to the absence of connection to the Nigeria national electricity grid. The extensive use of the fossil fuel is not only associated with environmental pollution and global warming but its reserve is also finite, non-renewable and expensive. This study presents the use of solar energy to supply the electrical energy need of twenty (20) business premises at the study location. The design was carried out according to the daily electrical load profile of the community, taking into consideration the solar irradiation data of the location, the geographical location and the weather condition. The sizing of each of the system components and the economic analysis of the system in terms of the life cycle cost and electricity unit cost was also taken into consideration. The subscription based community solar with smart meter control gives energy access at reduce cost, the total unit of consumption, unit balance and other energy status per time. The unit cost of electricity using the model design was determined as #0.078/kWh which is cheaper with real time energy costing via a smart meter thereby encouraging the usage of the energy system as an efficient system with enhanced energy accessibility, real time energy services, climate change adaption by reduction of greenhouse gas emission, clean energy development plans/implementation within the community and an investment platform for would-be investors and philanthropist.
A hybrid system consists of conventional and nonconventional energy systems for the achievement of reliable operation to keep the balance between energy supply and load demand. Various methods have been employed for planning and sizing of the hybrid energy system to get optimal location. Due to weather conditions, some renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy may be unable to provide continuous supply. In addition, stability is an important issue. This may be voltage stability, frequency stability, and rotor angle stability. Different optimization techniques have been developed for optimizing the parameters of the hybrid energy system. This manuscript deals with a review of different hybrid energy systems with optimization techniques to achieve their best optimal location and sizing. Some planning methods have been reviewed with in this manuscript and focused on the development of a new hybrid energy system with advanced techniques.KeywordsRenewable energy systemSolar systemWind powerParticle swarm optimizationGenetic algorithmArtificial bee colony algorithm
The integration of renewable energy, particularly wind and solar, is being done on a large scale in the modern power system. The installation of these technologies was earlier limited to onshore, but with advancements in technology and increasing land requirements, these renewable energy generations are gradually shifting offshore. There are multiple advantages associated with offshore renewable power generations, such as the proper utilization of the potential of renewable resources without hindrance. Improvement of the annual capacity factor of renewable power plants is another major factor in moving offshore locations. Wind and solar resources are often complementary in nature; hence, with many wind power plants already in place, it might be a good option to install solar PV with the existing infrastructure, which will reduce its seasonal intermittency and also increase the capacity factor. For the maximum utilization of these sources, optimal placement of wind turbines (WTs) and solar PV panels in an offshore location is an inevitable part of planning for setting up hybrid wind and solar PV offshore power plants. This chapter mainly focuses on the layout optimization of offshore hybrid wind and solar PV plants to improve system-level planning to maximize the energy output. The generation from the offshore hybrid plants needs to be optimized considering wake effect and tower shadow effect loss on wind turbines and solar panels, respectively, to improve the overall efficacy of the hybrid offshore plants. This chapter also deals with different aspects of mathematical modeling of the wind and solar PV systems to calculate the wake and tower shadow losses while determining the optimal layout of large-scale hybrid offshore wind-solar PV plants.KeywordsWind energyHybrid solar PV windLayout optimizationParticle Swarm optimizationWake modelingShadow analysis
Though the available models cannot produce the efficiency or power as Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) design in recent works was reviewed for its aesthetic value and efficiency. This review will be a useful guide to modify available design for any intended purpose or provide a futuristic design which can be efficient in power generation and be an ornamental device. Besides these, the overview of recent researches in the field of wind turbine technology is covered in this book chapter. The work provides the guide to design VAWT with the information about the implementation of farm, reduction of noise, and computational techniques used in recent researches. The review of this kind always has greater importance because of the up to date information about the ongoing researches.KeywordsVAWTAerodynamic designComputational analysisExperiment methodRenewable energy
In recent years, the market of the brushless Permanent Magnet (PM) motors, such as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) and Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDCM) drives, has become huge due to demand of the Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). However, brushless PM drives are less robust compared to other types of motor drives due to the high acoustic noise, vibrations, and de-magnetization risk of the PM (Chan. Proc IEEE 95:704–718, 2007; Report, Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmed. International Energy Agency, 2016). These shortcomings pose important restrictions for critical applications. Initially, to run PMSM, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is implemented. But this technique generates current harmonics and high torque ripples, which ultimately leads to Acoustic Noise and Vibration (ANV) in PMSM drive. Hence, for analysis purpose, a framework based on lumped model along with effective mass and mass participation factor technique for prediction of torsional vibration in case of SPWM technique is elaborated to show detailed methodology for vibration response caused by high torque ripples. This framework is generalized in a way that can be easily extended to any mechanical power transmission system having shaft-coupler or geared system especially for EV and HEV application. Also, vibration prediction modelling is integrated with optimum number of modes or degree of freedom selection technique, which help to enhance the accuracy of model along with computationally efficient, which is the novelty of present work, which usually researchers took earlier randomly based on their setup and mass distribution without any specific technical justification. The vibration analysis reveals high torsional twisting and untwisting of shaft in case of SPWM, because of high source torque ripple. Henceforth, a Random Pulse Width Modulation (RPWM) technique for reduction of ANV is discussed in this chapter. The proposed RPWM method brings a significant reduction in torque ripples which directly influence ANV in the motor, thereby enhancing the performance of the complete drive system under operation. The relationships between the stator current harmonics feed by drive and non-sinusoidal magnetic field flux distribution, with torque ripples is developed and detailed analysis is discussed in this chapter. An extensive simulation and experimental work are carried out on a 1.07- kW, 4-poles, 36-slots, 3-phase PMSM drive for validation of proposed control strategy. In the end, experimental validation part is presented for all analytical modelling and simulation results presented in this chapter.
The smart grid is the aggregation of emerging technologies in both hardware and software along with practices to make the existing power grid more reliable and ultimately more beneficial to consumers. The smart grid concept is associated with the production of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES). For the distant isolated regions, microgrids (MG) with RES are offering a suitable solution for remote and isolated region electrification. The improper sizing would lead to huge investment cost which could have been avoided. The objective of this chapter is to review the state-of-the-art studies on the use of optimization techniques to renewable energy design and sizing. The chapter reviews the optimization techniques employed at different components of the microgrid including the energy sources, storage elements, and converters/inverters with their control systems.
Currently, the problem of water shortages is presented in many regions around the world. Because of this, desalination has been taken as an unconventional source for the shortage of drinking water. The purpose of this work is to model hybrid systems based on renewable energy, in order to compare different options of design analyzing their economic and technical qualities for energy supply to isolated desalination systems. To creating the optimum design for hybrid renewable energy systems, HOMER software has been used. The possible inputs in the software were technical devices’ specifications, the electric demand of the desalination plant, and the renewable source potentials (wind speeds and solar radiation). With the intention of evaluating different renewable energy possibilities, a multicriteria calculation is carried out using a number of criteria that are probable to be essential in application decisions. The software has considered several configurations and different optimum outputs according to the use of renewable energies. Real data from Canary Islands have been used in this study, taking into consideration the high solar and wind potentials in the region and extended the use of the desalination in the Canarian archipelago. The outcomes of this work could be an extent to other analogous scenarios in the North Atlantic Ocean or throughout the world.
In this paper, a two-level planning framework has been proposed to assess the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid offshore wind-solar PV power plants. In the first level, the optimal layout design of hybrid offshore wind-solar PV plants is determined to maximize the generation considering wake effect and shadow loss for wind turbines (WTs) and solar PV panels, respectively. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to determine the optimal layout of hybrid power plants. In the second level, economic analysis has been conducted to determine the feasibility of the hybrid offshore power plants for any particular site. In this context, two scenarios have been investigated. In scenario-1, the optimal share of wind and solar generation for an offshore hybrid plant of given capacity is determined from a techno-economic point of view. On the other hand, in scenario-2, the optimal share of solar PV panels utilizing the existing electrical infrastructure of offshore wind plants has been determined. Both cases are compared on the basis of the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and the best alternative has been highlighted for a site in this study. Yearly data of wind speed and solar irradiation of a site near the coast of Gujarat in India has been considered to investigate the proposed approach.
In recent years, energy saving has attracted the attention of researchers due to environment, energy, and reliability issues. Energy saving due to these advantages is one of the major steps toward sustainable cities and society. In this regard, the low voltage section of the distribution system, including buildings and public lighting systems (PLSs), has great energy-saving potential. Accordingly, the present work reviews the potential of different energy-saving options and their environmental impact on buildings of different sectors and PLSs. In addition to direct energy-saving options such as using renewable energy sources and energy efficient luminaries, available indirect options such as transactive energy, using energy storage systems and demand response programs are reviewed. For both the building and PLS sectors, available control strategies and technologies and related energy and emission saving potential are discussed. The detailed highlights of the previous works associated with the location of each research or experimental study are given in this review study. Finally, the key findings regarding the gap in the literature of the energy saving topic are discussed. This study is influential for policy-makers to take effective actions for energy saving through existing approaches and technologies, and is beneficial for researchers of the energy saving topic.
We compare the impact on greenhouse-gas emissions, environmental degradation, and human health and safety of solar energy systems with the nuclear and fossil-energy options. When all direct and indirect aspects of the different energy production and delivery systems are properly accounted for, we find the following: 1.(i) given current technologies, on a standardized energy unit basis, solar energy systems may initially cause more greenhouse-gas emissions and environmental degradation than do conventional nuclear and fossil-energy systems.2.(ii) An ambitious program to utilize solar energy systems in place of nuclear and fossil-fuel systems could, for the next 4 or 5 decades, actually increase environmental degradation. In addition, the production of materials for these technologies involves hazardous substances that must be handled cautiously to avoid environmental damage.3.(iii) In comparing solar energy systems with the conventional alternatives, it is important to recognize the substantial costs, hazardous wastes, and land-use issues associated with solar technologies.4.(iv) Based upon risk perceptions and current technologies, the health and safety risks of solar energy systems may be substantially larger than those associated with some fossil- and nuclear-energy resource options.
For small villages, hybrid options have advantages over traditional diesel systems because they reduce fuel consumption and O and M costs while improving the quality of service. Our cost analysis refers to a 20-year period at present market prices.
The impact of photovoltaic power generation on an electric
utility's load shape under supply-side peak load management conditions
is explored. Results show that some utilities utilizing battery storage
for peak load shaving might benefit from use of photovoltaic (PV) power,
the extent of its usefulness being dependent on the specific load shapes
as well as the photovoltaic array orientations. Typical utility load
shapes both in the eastern (at Rayleigh, NC) and in the western (at
Hesperia, CA) parts of the USA are examined for this purpose. It is
concluded that while photovoltaic power generation seems to present a
bigger impact on the load of the western utility, both utilities will
experience considerable savings on the size of the battery system
required to shave the peak loads as well as in the night-time base
capacity required to charge the battery
Hourly mean wind-speed data for the period 1986–1997 [except the years 1989 (some data is missing) and 1991 (Gulf War)] recorded at the solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran (26°C 32′ N, 50° 13′ E), Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to investigate the optimum size of battery storage capacity for hybrid (wind+diesel) energy conversion systems at Dhahran. The monthly average wind speeds for Dhahran range from 4.12 to 6.42 m/s. As a case study, the hybrid system considered in the present analysis consists of two 10 kW Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), together with a battery storage system and a diesel back-up. The yearly and monthly average energy generated from the above hybrid system have been presented. More importantly, the study explores the impact of variation of battery storage capacity on hybrid power generation. The results exhibit a trade-off between size of the storage capacity and diesel power to be generated to cope with specific annual load distribution [41,500], and for given energy generation from WECS. The energy to be generated from the back-up diesel generator and the number of operational hours of the diesel system to meet a specific annual electrical energy demand have also been presented. The diesel back-up system is operated at times when the power generated from WECS fails to satisfy the load and when the battery storage is depleted. The present study shows that for economic considerations, for optimum use of battery storage and for optimum operation of diesel system, storage capacity equivalent to one to three days of maximum monthly average daily demand needs to be used. It has been found that the diesel energy to be generated without any storage is considerably high; however, use of one day of battery storage reduces diesel energy generation by about 35%; also the number of hours of operation of the diesel system are reduced by about 52%.
Hourly mean wind-speed and solar radiation data for the period 1986–1993 [except the years 1989 (some data is missing) and 1991 (Gulf War)] recorded at the solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran (26° 32′ N, 50° 13′ E), Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to report the monthly variation of wind speed and solar radiation, probability distribution of wind speed and to investigate the feasibility of using hybrid (wind+solar) energy conversion systems at Dhahran. The monthly average wind speeds for Dhahran range from 4.21 to 6.97 m/s. The monthly average daily values of solar radiation for Dhahran range from 3.61 kwh/sq.m to 7.96 kwh/sq.m. The hybrid system considered in the present analysis consists of two 10 kW Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), 120 sq.m of Photovoltaic (PV) panels together with a battery storage system and a diesel back-up. The monthly average daily energy generated from the above hybrid system has been presented. The energy generated from the back-up diesel generator and the no. of operational hours of the diesel system to meet a specific annual electrical energy demand of 41531 kWh have also been presented.
In this article a simplified technique is reported for predicting photovoltaic (PV) array and system performance. A load/solar/weather database for seven different locations in Egypt is also provided to aid in the necessary calculations. The insolation data has been collected by the help of homemade, resistance-loaded standard solar cells so that their responses are linear with insolation level. Mean temperature and wind speed have been collected or measured on an hourly basis and averaged to give daily values. The fraction of the load that is met by the solar photovoltaic system is calculated for each of the seven locations. This fraction has been taken as a figure of merit to help in promoting photovoltaic applications in Egypt. In this study the Egyptian load profiles are classified according to a collected statistical real data. Array manufacturer's specification sheets and data on the locally fabricated solar cells have been used in the present calculations.
The combined utilization of renewables such as solar and wind energy is becoming increasingly attractive and is being widely used for substitution of oil-produced energy, and eventually to reduce air pollution. In the present investigation, hourly wind-speed and solar radiation measurements made at the solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran (26°32′N, 50°13′E), Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to study the impact of key parameters such as photovoltaic (PV) array area, number of wind machines, and battery storage capacity on the operation of hybrid (wind + solar + diesel) energy conversion systems, while satisfying a specific annual load of 41,500 kWh. The monthly average wind speeds for Dhahran range from 4.1 to 6.4 m/s. The monthly average daily values of solar radiation for Dhahran range from 3.6 to 7.96 kWh/m2. Parametric analysis indicates that with two 10 kW wind machines together with three days of battery storage and photovoltaic deployment of 30 m2, the diesel back-up system has to provide about 23% of the load demand. However, with elimination of battery storage, about 48% of the load needs to be provided by diesel system.
Developing countries seeking relevance in the international community have to adopt programmes in order to achieve cost-effective economic growth. Telecommunications is one area where emphasis must be laid because of its impact on development. Since the power supply forms an essential part of any communication system it is important to chose the power supply option that has the lowest life-cycle cost. The life-cycle costs of several power supply alternatives to some telecommunication systems in Nigeria have been evaluated. A hybrid (Solar/Gen. Set) power supply option is shown to be cost-effective when compared with diesel generating systems powering telecommunication equipment and airconditioning loads. The cost of PV power supply option used for a celluphone system is about 10% of the cost of the alternative of daily battery replacement and haulage. The low teledensity in the country creates a need for bold initiatives to incorporate solar power in telecommunications network, particularly in the remote rural communities where conventional electricity is not only unavailable, but is unreliable and very costly to maintain.
In most of the remote areas of Australia and in many other parts of the world, diesel generators are used to provide electrical power. Such systems are often characterised by either poor efficiency and high maintenance costs because of prolonged operation at low load levels, or intermittent power because the unit is only run during period of significant load. The addition of a battery bank and a power conditioner to produce a diesel-battery-inverter hybrid system has been identified as produccing a number of benefits. Such systems can be broadly classified according to their configuration as series, switched, or parallel hybrid systems. A new parallel hybrid energy system developed in Western Australia is described in this article. The heart of the system is a high quality sinewave inverter which can also be operated in reverse as a battery charger. The system can cope with loads ranging from zero (inverter only operation) to approximately three times the generator capacity (inverter and diesel operating in parallel) with excellent efficiency. The system is fully automatic, provides continuous power, and can readily incorporate input from wind or photovoltaic systems. This article also includes a description of a 5 kW wind generator charging a battery bank as part of the hybrid system, and an economic analysis indicates a favourable result for this hybrid system with payback period estimated to be the order of three years.
The hybrid system using regenerative sources on the island of Fehmarn was constructed by Telefunken systemtechnik with financial support by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, the Government of Schleswig-Holstein, the community of Burg on Fehmarn, Daimler Benz and Telefunken Systemtechnik.The energy plant consists of a photovoltaic generator of 140 kW, a wind energy converter of 250 kW by the Husum Shipyard and a biogas system of 30 kW by Daimler-Benz. This sewage treatment plant receives the total amount of sewage from the town of Burg and the holiday centre Burg-Tiefe.
The influence of Kuwait's 1991 Oil-Fire smoke cloud on incident total horizontal solar radiation has been investigated using measurements made at the automatic solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station in Dhahran (26° 32′N, 50° 13′E), Saudi Arabia. Results indicate that the global horizontal irradiance on smoky days was 70–87% of that on clear/non-smoky days and that the Clearness Index was about 50%.
The present R&D approach to new renewable energy sources includes a drawback which could negate their environmental significance. New renewable energies are affected by a technical limitation because of the random intermittent nature of their power generation which hinders them from fully expanding into the electricity market. As a consequence, the contribution which renewable electric energy sources make is just significant in terms of world electricity generation and only marginal in terms of total energy consumption. Thus, in spite of expectations, the practical achievable amount of environmental benefits arising from new renewable energy would not be enough to counteract the environmental crisis. It is known that the intermittence of energy supply can be removed by implementing grid-tied power systems, adding a further stage aimed to chemically store the intermittent solar energy by producing clean synthetic fuels. Until now this chance was considered of little importance, on the contrary, it should become a compulsory solution so that renewable energy can acquire an actual and environmentally consistent significance.
This paper describes the development of a simplified technique for sizing stand-alone photovoltaic/storage systems. The sizing criterion is the long-term loss-of-load probability which is the fraction of the total energy demand that the photovoltaic system will not be able satisfy over a 23-year period. The technique was derived using 23 years of hourly insolation data from 20 U.S. weather stations. These data were used to develop correlations between the variability in insolation and average monthly horizontal insolation. The correlations were then used to generate sizing nomograms that give the array size as a function of average horizontal insolation and the storage capacity as a function of the long-term loss-of-load probability. The technique is valid for systems with a fixed tilt array, product or energy storage, and any hourly or daily demand profile provided that thee average monthly demand does not vary by more than ±10% from month to month.
In India growth of oil-based decentralized (backup and non-backup) power-generating systems is an outcome of the increasing demand for power with security in supply from consumers. Given the projections on demand for and supply of power through the centralized grid, growth of these systems is bound to be on the rise. The present study, based on primary data collected from a field survey, builds up a database for this decentralized power-generating sector to assess its role in the context of the Indian economy. Cost calculations and on-the-spot measurements of sound pollution and a standard estimate of air pollution from conventional oil-based power generators bring out clearly the problems of the existing systems. It has been shown that if pollution abatement costs and the scarcity value of diesel are included in cost calculation for widely used conventional diesel-based decentralized systems, along with standard accounting costs, then solar photovoltaic (SPV) technologies may be an ideal alternative to conventional oil-based systems in the decentralized power-generating sector. However, to encourage existing private entrepreneurs to go for this new technology, government intervention is necessary in a number of ways.
This article examines photovoltaic power system applications, including remote standalone, dispersed grid-connected, and large generation centers. Photovoltaic system options for both current and future applications are described and costs for each of these options are developed. The results of this examination show that future applications will utilize the system technology available today and sub-system technology advances can be accommodated through minor system changes.
The demand for electricity is expected to double from 1990 to 2020. This will require 4000 GW of new capacity to be constructed worldwide, both as additions and replacements. Technical progress has made new conventional power plants more efficient and environment friendly than existing ones, and they can be built quicker and cheaper. Fossil fuels already form the basis for two thirds of all electricity and their importance will continue to grow, both as gasfired combined cycle and as coal-fired steam cycle. The technical choice depends on a wide array of considerations, including financial engineering. In liberalised electricity markets with global sourcing the emphasis is on minimum costs and cash-flow. Independent project developers currently fund 30% of all new generating capacity investments and the share is growing. The expanding role of fossil fuels runs counter to policies to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. To reverse the trend would require strong support for renewables and acceptance of nuclear power.
This paper describes the simulation of a combined wind-solar-hydro system for electric power generation, with energy storage facilities. A simple multivariable weather model, including the wind speed, the solar radiation and the rainfall, was developed. This model is used with the Monte Carlo simulation method to evaluate the reliability of the mixed generating system. Different percentages of wind and solar generation capacities were tried as well as the tilt of the solar arrays. On the basis of the simulation performed, the optimum share of wind power in the system is discussed looking at the corresponding probability of loss of load. In an existing generating system with a strong penetration of hydro power providing a significative storage capacity, like the Portuguese system, the introduction of wind and solar power appears attractive from the reliability point of view. The small reserve margins required also decrease the high investment associated with the conversion of these two sources of energy. Copyright © 1983 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
As an alternative to the use of diesel motors for pumping water
from remote desert wells, the author illustrates the design and testing
of water pumping systems powered by photovoltaic (PV) generators.
Regarding reliability and economic feasibility, the comparison results
of these two pumping methods, replacing diesel motors with PV systems
are very encouraging. Up to a hydraulic energy equivalent of 6000
m4/day (i.e. 100 m head×60 m3/day), the cost
of water pumped by PV is less than that for diesel
Charging experiments on a cool thermal store filled with balls containing water In: Proceedings of the first symposium on energy conservation and management in buildings
- Abdul Rahman
- Sh
Abdul Rahman SH. Charging experiments on a cool thermal store filled with balls containing water. In: Proceedings of the first symposium on energy conservation and management in buildings, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 5–6 February 2002. p. 103–12.
Global progress in renewable energy In: Proceedings of abstracts, 7th Arab international solar energy conference
- S Ali
Ali S. Global progress in renewable energy 2001. In: Proceedings of abstracts, 7th Arab international solar energy conference, Sharjah, U.A.E., 19–22 February 2001. p. 4.
Optimal sizing of battery storage for hybrid (wind+diesel) power systems [28] /http://www.nrel.gov/international/tools/HOMER/homer
- Ma Elhadidy
- Shaahid
Elhadidy MA, Shaahid SM. Optimal sizing of battery storage for hybrid (wind+diesel) power systems. International Journal of Renewable Energy 1999;18/1:77–86. [28] /http://www.nrel.gov/international/tools/HOMER/homer.htmlS.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Electrical Affairs Agency
- Riyadh
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Electrical Affairs Agency; 1997.
488–503 PV system is about 70% of the total initial capital cost. This highlights that initial cost of PV system in hybrid system is predominant. However, annual operation and maintenance cost of PV/converter system, is 0% of the total O and M+fuel cost
- S M Shaahid
- M A Elhadidy
S.M. Shaahid, M.A. Elhadidy / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12 (2008) 488–503 PV system is about 70% of the total initial capital cost. This highlights that initial cost of PV system in hybrid system is predominant. However, annual operation and maintenance cost of PV/converter system, is 0% of the total O and M+fuel cost. ARTICLE IN PRESS Fig. 4. Technical and economic parameters of PV–diesel systems. Fig. 5. Power generated by photovoltaic and diesel systems.
Village electrification: hybrid systems. Wind energy applications and training symposium
- M Bergey
Bergey M. Village electrification: hybrid systems. Wind energy applications and training symposium, Amarillo, Texas, 7 July 1993.
IBM pc based data acquisition system for solar radiation station
- S M Shaahid
- M A Elhadidy
Shaahid SM, Elhadidy MA. IBM pc based data acquisition system for solar radiation station. In: Proceedings of 40th international instrumentation symposium, ISA 40, 1–5 May 1994.
A%20consumer's%20guide%20%20Get%20your %20power%20from%20the%20sun
- S Article In Press
- S M Shaahid
/http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf#search ¼ 'A%20consumer's%20guide%20%20Get%20your %20power%20from%20the%20sun''S. ARTICLE IN PRESS S.M. Shaahid, M.A. Elhadidy / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12 (2008) 488–503
Saudi consolidated electric company Easter Province/Saudi Arabia
Annual Report. Saudi consolidated electric company Easter Province/Saudi Arabia 1999/2000. p. 25.
Analysis of electric energy consumption in residential buildings
Internal Report, Analysis of electric energy consumption in residential buildings, P/N#12031, Research
Institute, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, August 1992.
Charging experiments on a cool thermal store filled with balls containing water
- Abdul Rahman