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Effects of Indoor Lighting, Gender, and Age on Mood and Cognitive Performance

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Abstract

The impact of indoor lighting, gender, and age on mood and cognitive performance was examined in a between-subject experiment. It was hypothesized that indoor lighting is an affective source that may convey emotional meanings differentiated by gender, age, or both. A two-way interaction between type of lamp and age on negative mood showed that younger adults (about 23 years old) best preserved a negative mood in the “warm” (more reddish) white lighting while working with a battery of cognitive tasks for 90 minutes; for the older adults (about 65 years old), “cool” (more bluish) white lighting accounted for the identical effect. The younger females were shown to preserve the positive mood as well as the negative mood better than the younger males, and a main effect of age in all cognitive tasks revealed the superiority of younger to older adults in cognitive performance.

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... This can allow designers to create better customization options in lighting, and it can potentially improve automated processes for changing between different lighting conditions. When reviewing the lighting literature, we noticed that a fair number of previous studies found gender differences in participant responses, an outcome suggesting that at least some of the observed individual variances may be attributable to demographic factors [111,112]. This is a very important consideration, as it means that findings from lighting studies with limited participant demographics may not be fully generalizable. ...
... Similarly, Knez's [15] study showed similar results that women generally perceived the room light as less dim, more intense, and more glaring than men. Another study by this group [111] explored how indoor lighting (warm and cool), gender, and age (younger and older adults) affect mood and cognitive performance. The results revealed that younger adults maintained a negative mood better under warm lighting, while older adults benefited from cool lighting. ...
... We hypothesized that the outcomes may also be relevant to the specific starting points for illuminance and CCT. Moreover, as prior studies have suggested that adjustment responses could differ by gender [111,112,121,[132][133][134], we sought to determine if gender had a moderating effect on the relation between starting conditions and adjustment behavior. ...
Article
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This article presents a novel approach to assessing human reactions to indoor artificial lighting and lighting adjustment behavior. Participants (n = 27) were each exposed to 17 different lighting conditions via selected combinations of seven illuminance levels and seven different correlated color temperatures (CCTs) in a virtual office environment. We collected data about emotional valence, arousal, adjusted values, and adjustment uncertainty (via the number of button presses) in each lighting condition. We also considered potential gender effects in the responses to the lighting. The study confirmed the presence of “anchor effects,” in which starting conditions significantly impacted subsequent preferences and adjustment behavior. After multiple randomized trials, we also found that lighting preferences shifted toward reduced illuminance. Moreover, women were found to have a lower preference for illumination levels and correlated color temperature than men. A greater Adjustment Uncertainty for illumination was associated with lower illumination values (<290 lx), while this was peaking at mid-range levels for CCT (3500 K–5500 K). The variety of behavioral response profiles we found in lighting adjustment, along with the likely impact of gender and other demographic variables, highlights the importance of customization options in lighting design for higher indoor environmental quality. This research supports architects and engineers in creating lighting designs attuned to occupants' emotions, preferences, and adjustment behaviors while emphasizing the benefits of using VR simulations in the AEC industry to assess lighting design impacts on users.
... Celles-ci étant différentes de celles d'autrui, il est possible qu'un --182 Problématique même stimulus n'induise pas exactement la même émotion chez chacun et notamment chez l'enfant. En effet, les jeunes enfants ayant vécu moins d'expériences pourraient avoir des représentations émotionnelles différentes comme en témoigne la modification d'association couleur/émotion au cours de l'âge (e.g., Burkitt et al., 2003 ;Knez & Kers, 2000). Problématique similaires, il est nécessaire de créer un protocole adapté à notre objet d'étude ainsi qu'à notre population. ...
... De plus, les couleurs rouge, rose et bleu, utilisées dans les Etudes 4 et 5 n'ont pas fait l'objet de ce pré-test. En effet, nous nous sommes basés sur les travaux concernant le lien entre la préférence colorée et l'induction émotionnelle pour établir l'effet des couleurs utilisées (e.g., Burkitt, Barrett, & Davis, 2003 ;Knez & Kers, 2000 ; Wang et al., 2014). Néanmoins, ces effets restent à prouver. ...
... couleur et émotion chez l'adulte. Les études visant à évaluer l'association entre couleur et émotion partagent une méthodologie commune dans laquelle, après avoir observé plusieurs couleurs, soit sur des cartons de 4 x 6 cm, soit par projection, les participants ont été invités à décrire leur ressenti par des adjectifs.Les résultats de ces expériences semblent indiquer que les couleurs possèdent des caractéristiques qui évoquent des émotions spécifiques (e.g.,Knez & Kers, 2000 ;Moller, Elliot, & Maier, 2009 ;Wang, Shu, & Mo, 2014). En effet, le rouge et l'orange sont principalement associés à l'excitation, le jaune est associé à la joie, tandis que le bleu et le vert sont associés au calme.Toutefois, pour certains auteurs, ces résultats ne font pas état d'un lien direct entre émotion et couleur mais plutôt d'une relation stéréotypée entre ces dernières et les adjectifs choisis par les expérimentateurs, ce qui ne permettrait pas d'apprécier les réponses émotionnelles spontanées des sujets ...
Thesis
De par le lien étroit qu’elles entretiennent avec la cognition, les émotions influencent nos comportements, nos perceptions ainsi que nos performances lorsqu’il s’agit d’apprendre. Si l’existence de ce lien semble faire consensus au sein de la communauté scientifique, la nature de celui-ci fait aujourd’hui encore débat. Ainsi, pour certains, les émotions seraient une entrave aux fonctions cognitives (e.g., Hadwin, Brogan, & Stevenson, 2005). Selon le RAM (Ellis & Moore, 1999), toutes émotions mobiliseraient une partie des ressources attentionnelles au détriment de la tâche à réaliser. Cependant, à l’inverse, d’autres études font état d’un effet facilitateur des émotions (e.g., Burkitt & Barnett, 2006). Cette apparente opposition pourrait être liée à l’interaction entre l’émotion induite et l’état initial des participants. Selon le modèle de la congruence émotionnelle (Bower, 1981), une information véhiculant une émotion de même nature que celle ressentie par l’individu (congruence) serait plus rapidement traitée qu’une information véhiculant une émotion non similaire (incongruence). Or, rares sont les études prenant en considération l’état des participants avant la tâche. De plus, un grand nombre de travaux étudie l’effet des émotions sur des processus cognitifs de haut niveau. Cependant, ceux-ci sont sous-tendus par l’activation de différents processus tels que l’attention qui est impliquée dans toutes tâches d’apprentissage. Il est possible, d’une part, que les émotions n’aient pas le même effet sur l’ensemble des processus cognitifs et d’autre part, que cet effet soit variable au cours du développement de l’individu. A l’heure actuelle, peu de travaux ont été conduits chez l’enfant et encore moins en milieu scolaire. Aussi, ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’influence des émotions sur les processus de focalisation et d’orientation de l’attention sélective chez l’enfant d’école maternelle et primaire. Pour ce faire, cinq études expérimentales ont été réalisées.
... These studies aim to understand the impact of lighting on factors such as productivity, wellbeing, and visual comfort. However, a few studies have explored potential gender differences in lighting preferences [80], [81]. A study by Kim and colleagues [82] showed that women are significantly more likely to express dissatisfaction with indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors such as lighting and visual comfort. ...
... Based on former studies on the lighting adjustment task [71], [78], [100], [101] we decided to investigate an expanded gradation of lighting conditions in VR while considering the user adjustment interaction behavior for setting the preferred lighting illuminance level and CCT. Moreover, as former studies suggested [80], [83], [84], [102], [103], the preferred illuminance and CCT could be different by gender; we also investigated those preferences moderated by gender. ...
Preprint
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This paper presents a novel approach to assessing human lighting adjustment behavior and preference in diverse lighting conditions through the evaluation of emotional feedback and behavioral data using VR. Participants (n= 27) were exposed to different lighting (n=17) conditions with different levels of illuminance and correlated color temperature (CCT) with a randomized order in a virtual office environment. Results from this study significantly advanced our understanding of preferred lighting conditions in virtual reality environments, influenced by a variety of factors such as illuminance, color temperature, order of presentation, and participant demographics. Through a comprehensive analysis of user adjustment profiles, we obtained insightful data that can guide the optimization of lighting design across various settings.
... The different sensitivity to artificial light and brightness was examined by several authors (Chellappa et al., 2017;Cirrincione et al., 2018;Knez & Kers, 2000). The results indicate significant gender-specific differences in light sensitivity. ...
... The subjective perception of brightness of light revealed similar genderspecific differences: men perceived light at 6500 K as significantly brighter than at 2500 K, whereas women perceived no significant differences between light at 6500 K and 2500 K (Chellappa et al., 2017). These results also confirmed evidence produced by other authors (i.e., Knez, 2001;Knez & Kers, 2000). ...
... One reason for this could be the lack of concentration induced by the cold light, even though the order of light conditions was randomly assigned. Knez [42] found that short-term memory and problem solving, which is connected to the capacity of concentration, performed better in warm than in cold light. ...
Article
Full-text available
Understanding and detecting human emotions is crucial for enhancing mental health, cognitive performance and human–computer interactions. This field in affective computing is relatively unexplored, and gaining knowledge about which external factors impact emotions could enhance communication between users and machines. Furthermore, it could also help us to manage affective disorders or understand affective physiological responses to human spatial and digital environments. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the influence of external stimulation, specifically the influence of different light conditions, on brain activity while observing affect-eliciting pictures and their classification. In this context, a multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in 30 participants as they observed images from the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS) database in an art-gallery-style Virtual Reality (VR) environment. The elicited affect states were classified into three affect classes within the two-dimensional valence–arousal plane. Valence (positive/negative) and arousal (high/low) values were reported by participants on continuous scales. The experiment was conducted in two experimental conditions: a warm light condition and a cold light condition. Thus, three classification tasks arose with regard to the recorded brain data: classification of an affect state within a warm-light condition, classification of an affect state within a cold light condition, and warm light vs. cold light classification during observation of affect-eliciting images. For all classification tasks, Linear Discriminant Analysis, a Spatial Filter Model, a Convolutional Neural Network, the EEGNet, and the SincNet were compared. The EEGNet architecture performed best in all tasks. It could significantly classify three affect states with 43.12% accuracy under the influence of warm light. Under the influence of cold light, no model could achieve significant results. The classification between visual stimulus with warm light vs. cold light could be classified significantly with 76.65% accuracy from the EEGNet, well above any other machine learning or deep learning model. No significant differences could be detected between affect recognition in different light conditions, but the results point towards the advantage of gradient-based learning methods for data-driven experimental designs for the problem of affect decoding from EEG, providing modern tools for affective computing in digital spaces. Moreover, the ability to discern externally driven affective states through deep learning not only advances our understanding of the human mind but also opens avenues for developing innovative therapeutic interventions and improving human–computer interaction.
... Age and gender interacted with the lighting's illuminance and color temperature, generating various mood alterations, according to Knez and Kers (Knez and Kers 2000). For 'bright' conditions, women's mood shift was substantially negative, and for 'dim' conditions, it was near nil, whereas males tended to respond in the opposite direction (Belcher 1987). ...
Article
Full-text available
Lighting has a critical impact on user mood and behavior, especially in architectural settings. Smart home technology and LED lighting are changing the face of home illumination. Consequently, smart lighting design is a rapidly growing research area that explores the use of new lighting functionality for architectural spaces. Therefore, it is essential to develop methods and techniques to support smart lighting design. We describe a digital twin-based approach to smart lighting design that uses an immersive virtual reality digital twin equivalent (virtual environment) of the real-world, physical architectural space to explore the visual impact of light configurations. The CLIP neural network is used to obtain a similarity measure between a photo of the physical space with the corresponding rendering in the virtual environment. A case study was used to evaluate the proposed design process. The obtained similarity value of over 87% demonstrates the utility of the proposed approach.
... According to the study of Knez and Kers (2000) the effect of the indoor lighting, gender, and age, on mood and cognitive performance was examined in a betweensubject experiment. The assumption was that the light in the indoor environment would hold different emotional meanings distinguished by age, gender or both. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
The aim of this thesis is to study the artificial lighting preferences of instructors in the offices of Interior Architecture and Architecture departments in Çankaya University. In addition, to find out if there is an effect of the intensity of artificial lighting, age, gender, Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of light on the preferences of artificial lighting of office users. In order to measure the intensity of artificial light in the offices, a field study was conducted and a questionnaire was administered to the office users. The results of the study revealed that most of the office users prefer to use both artificial and natural lighting, and fluorescent light is the most preferred artificial lighting. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between gender and the type of lighting preference and the main type of artificial lighting preferred in the offices. Likewise, there was no significant relationship between gender and the sufficient intensity of the artificial lighting in the offices.
... Positive effects were observed in both visual performance and cognitive and behavioral aspects of individuals with the enhancement of the lighting condition of the internal physical environment. Illuminance was an effective parameter [59]. The effect of color temperature on the performance and behavior of primary school students was the main target in another research. ...
Conference Paper
Human centric lighting is an umbrella concept which covers human health and well-being in general. As the conventional lighting techniques are based on horizontal workplane illuminance, it drives from the vertical eye level illuminance and its spectral distribution triggering the nonvisual effects on humans. That is named as melanopic illuminance consequently. Its metrics have taken their place in lighting design literature and applications, with emergence of related standards subsequently. This literature overview contributes about the understanding the meaning human centric lighting due to transition from visual to non-visual effects of light, and how they direct recent research through light’s impacts on human performance, emotions health and well-being, and relations to energy saving even. The shift from the concept of human centric lighting to circadian lighting design is obvious in very current studies.
... The architectural spaces alongside their basic utilitarian function to perform a specific activity and function represent a high value because of what can arise and result in multiple effects on the users of those spaces by their composition and formation; whereas interacting with these spaces can move the user to a state rich in sense, thought, and sense of intellectual, psychological and materialistic Valence. the architectural spaces contains many factors that affect the perception and the psychological and emotional state of users, such as the quality and efficiency of natural and artificial lighting, colors and parameters and design parameters of windows and slots, the quality of sight and an external view, which are the most important factors affecting the user whose importance has been clarified and study its impact in a series of previous studies (Abbas, Kumar, & Mclachlan, 2006;Jalili & Sefidi, 2016;Knez & Kers, 2000;Leather, Pyrgas, Beale, & Lawrence, 1998;Veitch & Galasiu, 2011). ...
... Blue light can induce circadian and sleep dysfunctions [14]. Indoor lighting (e.g., illuminance, color temperature, etc.) can also convey emotional meanings and then influence persons' performance [15]. Furthermore, more safety issues may arise for the elderly because of the dim light and uncomfortable glare [16]. ...
Article
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An integrated Real-time Luminous Facilities Management (Rt-LFM) system website has been developed, including hardware for data collection and software for data storage and download instantly. Two lighting sensors (illuminance, and color temperature) have been combined into a single device for measuring the continuous luminous data in the residential care homes. A wireless sensor network has been established through the combination and connection of lighting sensors to monitor the luminous conditions. The dynamic luminous environment data can then be saved and downloaded in the cloud-based system. By using the Rt-LFM system, the caregivers and managers in the residential care homes can promptly realize the luminous environment based on the instant data, while the construction professionals can then well design the building services for new homes or renovation. It is expected that the long-term health of our elderly will be improved finally. Furthermore, the subsequently improved elderly health conditioning will also relieve the medical burden of the government in central.
... Research in environmental psychology has demonstrated that different environmental stimuli can affect both mood [3,23,24] and behavior [3,25,26]. Previous research suggests a link between colors and emotions, with warm colors associated with aroused feelings and cool colors with calming ones [3,27,28]. ...
... Studies using Monte Carlo ray tracing mostly focus on efficiency optimization for LSCs. Recently, however, also visual performance has been investigated [35], as it has been shown that the characteristics of transmitted light inside a building has a significant effect on well-being [36], and physical and psychological behavior of its residents [37,38]. ...
Article
Quantum dot based luminescent solar concentrators (QDLSCs) are a special class of transparent photovoltaics (TPV), especially suited for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Photons are absorbed by luminescent species in a waveguide and emitted at a red-shifted wavelength. Due to total internal reflection, these photons are absorbed by the solar cells attached to the sides. Successful deployment requires high conversion efficiency and high transparency, which are contradictory requirements. We have performed Monte-Carlo ray tracing simulations to investigate single, double, and triple QDLSCs and have assessed their optical and electrical performance. To this end, eight different semiconductor quantum dot materials have been used with various absorption and emission properties, and Stokes’ shift. Device efficiency is analyzed for different average visible transmission (AVT) values, thus considering the human photopic response. The range of luminescent quantum efficiencies (30%–70%) leads to maximum efficiency of 2% for a single QDLSC, 2.4% for a double, and 2.7% for a triple structure, at high transparency and good color rendering index. Further improvements are possible towards >5% at high transparency with near-unity quantum efficiencies.
... Crews and Zavotka [27] confirmed that older people need up to four times higher illumination level than young people. In addition, Knez and Kers [29] found that the bluish ('cool') white lighting could make older people feel more peaceful. However, some participants complained that they did not like the cool and bright light but preferred warmer and dimmer ones. ...
Article
Full-text available
As the world population is ageing, many researchers have explored and contributed to improving older people's quality of life from diverse perspectives. The living room has been identified as one of the most frequently used spaces at home. It is multi-functional: used for reading, tea/coffee, TV and entertainment, meeting with friends, meals, and even sleeping. This project aims to investigate the experiences of older people with their living room at home to identify risks and challenges they face in their day-today life and indicate the reasons behind it. An 9-week ethnographic user study approach was employed to explore older people's natural behavior with multiple activities in their living room through video-based observation, in-depth interview, and cultural probes with 11 households. Qualitative content analysis was applied to analyze the collected data to identify key factors that have an impact on older people's living experience in their living room. Finally, all findings from this project help the author to develop design insights for improving living room space design, furniture and furniture arrangement, and atmospheres design to improve older people's standard of living in the UK.
... Crews and Zavotka (2006) confirmed that older people need up to four times higher illumination level than young people. In addition, Knez and Kers (2000) found that the bluish ('cool') white lighting could make older people feel more peaceful. However, some participants complained that they did not like the cool and bright light but preferred warmer and dimmer ones. ...
Thesis
Full-text available
In this study, the English Housing Survey (EHS) was utilised to design a sampling strategy to identify participants who represent older people’s living situation in the UK representing different characteristics. An ethnographic user study approach was employed to explore older people’s natural behaviour with multiple activities in their living room through video-based observation, in-depth interview and cultural probes. Qualitative content analysis was applied to analyse the collected data in order to identify key factors that have an impact on older people’s living experience in their living room. Finally, all findings from this project help the author to develop design insights for improving living room space design, furniture and furniture arrangement, and atmospheres design so as to improve older people’s standard of living in the UK.
... The consumers activities within dining setting are different from the retail setting in which consumers in dining setting performed more passive activities and the research conducted focusing more on the mood, emotions, satisfaction, length of stay that will influenced the money spent. And lastly the use of laboratory settings to represent the actual research context [33][34][35][36]. The use of laboratory able to carry out a proper procedure and controlling and manipulating other external variables that could affect the results. ...
Article
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In many environments, atmospheric effects have been extensively studied to assess human activities in enclosed buildings in response to environmental stimuli. The goal of this paper is to examine a review of 25 studies on atmospheric influences on consumers' emotions in the business environment over the past 20 years. The synthesis involves elements used as environmental stimuli that have been commonly used and the results of previous studies. In short, in atmospheric studies with stimuli such as spatial layout, color, scents, lighting and music are the most discussed variables influencing human emotions through emotion.
... Crews and Zavotka (2006) confirmed that older people need up to four times higher illumination level than young people. In addition, Knez and Kers (2000) found that the bluish ('cool') white lighting could make older people feel more peaceful. However, some participants complained that they did not like the cool and bright light but preferred warmer and dimmer ones. ...
Thesis
As the world population is ageing, many researchers have explored and contributed to improving older people’s quality of life from diverse perspectives, such as social care, healthcare, homes, transportation, and pension systems (ONS, 2018; Wittenberg and Hu, 2015; NICE, 2013; Kim et al, 2011; Martín, 2010). Although home related risks such as falls, collisions, fires and security have been well documented in the context of stairs, bathrooms and kitchens, older people’s experience in the living room has been neglected in the UK. The living room has been identified as one of the most frequently used spaces at home. It is multi-functional: used for reading, tea/coffee, TV and entertainment, meeting with friends, meals, and even sleeping. Due to the frequent use and multi-functionality of the living room, older people’s interaction with their living room is far more complex compared to other functional rooms (bathroom and bedroom). Thus, it is worth exploring potential risks (such as collisions and falls) and challenges older people face with different daily activities in the living room. This project aims to investigate the experiences of older people with their living room at home so as to identify risks and challenges they face in their day-to-day life and indicate the reasons behind it, then develop design insights for improving living room space design, furniture and furniture arrangement, and atmospheres design so as to improve older people’s living room experience in the UK. There are three key research questions: 1. How do older people currently use their living rooms for different activities and purposes? 2. To what extent do older people experience challenges and hazards in their living rooms? 3. How can we improve the living room environment for older people in the UK through better inclusive design? In this study, the English Housing Survey (EHS) was utilised to design a sampling strategy to identify participants who represent older people’s living situation in the UK representing different characteristics. An ethnographic user study approach was employed to explore older people’s natural behaviour with multiple activities in their living room through video-based observation, in-depth interview and cultural probes. Qualitative content analysis was applied to analyse the collected data in order to identify key factors that have an impact on older people’s living experience in their living room. Finally, all findings from this project help the author to develop design insights for improving living room space design, furniture and furniture arrangement, and atmospheres design so as to improve older people’s standard of living in the UK.
... The purpose of light source illumination is to assist the user's visual response to changes in perceptual, cognitive, and emotional states [43,44]. Some studies that have examined the effects of color temperature and brightness of light source illumination on emotional states [45] have found that warm or cool environments affect negative or positive emotional responses of people engaged in cognitive tasks [46]. These negative to positive responses also influence the level of stimulation from high to low and different levels of stimulation and attention. ...
Thesis
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the key factors for creating a positive visual perception response evaluation for social media video communication. The aim of this study was to determine what factors of light sources impact visual perception to increase the interactions in social media video communication. First, the key factors of visual perception and response evaluation of visual effects in social media video communication were summarized and analyzed through an interview consultation panel of experts and scholars. Key factors were compiled into four dimensions (48 sub-dimensions), including (1) visual perception, with 12 sub-dimensions; (2) emotional perception, with 12 sub-dimensions; (3) preference perception, with 11 sub-dimensions; and (4) shape perception, with 13 sub-dimensions. Second, 12 experts and scholars were invited to form a panel to develop the Delphi technique questionnaire. After three Delphi technique questionnaires were conducted, the mean (M), mode (Mo), and standard deviation (SD) of each response were statistically analyzed, and the one-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to analyze the appropriateness and consistency of the Delphi technique survey results. The results of this study indicate that 15 sub-dimensions met the criteria of appropriateness and consistency, which were used to establish 15 key factors for evaluating visual perception responses to social media visual communication. This study will provide a technical reference for the visual perception of digital messages in social media to improve the quality of visual perception of digital communication. View Full-Text Keywords: social media; visual perception; light source illumination; response evaluation; key success factors; Delphi technique; K-S test
... Most studies either selected validated adjectives or validated survey questionnaires, such as the aesthetic impression questionnaire proposed by Veitch [65] and the atmosphere metrics proposed by Vogels [91,92] Three papers presented the process of selecting and analyzing suitable adjectives [36,41,60]. Moreover, researchers who conducted a series of studies have developed their adjective systems, such as Knez's studies [70][71][72]75] and Chamilothori and ...
Article
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Indoor lighting quality influences both physical and psychological aspects. Although reviews concerning lighting psychical influences continue being updated, few reviews concerning lighting psychological influences are in the literature. This paper presents a comprehensive and thorough analysis of 64 articles (1973–July 2022) regarding both artificial lighting and daylighting influences on subjective responses to lighting impressions and mood states. First, this review categorizes the methods adopted by these selected studies for collecting subjective data and identifies the lighting design parameters and measures used in these studies. Second, this review analyzes the findings on the following four aspects: 1) artificial lighting effects; 2) daylighting effects; 3) non-design variables, and 4) insignificant effects. Among the reviewed studies, there is a lack of consensus on lighting effects upon subjective lighting impressions and mood states in two aspects: significant or insignificant lighting effects as well as positive or negative influences. In addition to individual differences and experiment design, image-based simulations and sample size are two factors that require extra considerations in lighting research.
... T-test analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.001) between white classroom and green classroom in pleasure rating, indicating that green classroom can effectively improve participants' degree of pleasure. Knez and Kers (2000) found that people were more likely to maintain positive emotions in cold-colored rooms, while negative emotions lasted longer in warm-colored rooms. Stone (2001) found that cold colors calm the emotions and suggested this as an explanation for participants not being distracted by negative emotions during testing. ...
Article
The wall color has the certain impact on the learning performance of college students in the classroom. To find the suitable wall color to improve the learning performance, this study used the virtual reality (VR) technology to build five virtual classrooms with yellow, red, white, blue, and green walls, while the subjective evaluation and objective physiological indicators of college students were collected. The subjective survey showed the cold-colored walls such as blue and green had the highest levels of relaxation and pleasure, while the warm-colored walls such as yellow and red had the better attention and learning performance. And the white-walled classroom had the lowest subjective evaluation and the worst learning performance, but the white wall was widely used in the present class room. Physiological test results showed the yellow wall had the higher HRV-nLF/nHF and low-β & high-β frequencies in the FP2 channel in the frontal, but the white wall had the lowest scores. Moreover, the correlation analysis had confirmed electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) indicators could be employed to evaluate the learning performance. These findings provide an effective reference for the spatial design of university classrooms and a basis for the study of physiological indicators.
... Several studies have shown that warm colours (3000 K) significantly induce negative emotions when humans are engaged in cognitive tasks, compared to cool fluorescent lights (4000 K) [21,22]. Besides, two studies comparing the effects of fluorescent and LED light sources of different colour temperatures showed that LED light sources significantly reduced participants' fatigue and enhanced cognitive performance, especially at higher colour temperatures [23,24]. Furthermore, other studies have found an effect of colour temperature on physiological performance and subjective emotion [21,25,26]. ...
Article
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The hygiene area is one of the most important facilities in a space station. If its environmental lighting is appropriately designed, it can significantly reduce the psychological pressure on astronauts. This study investigates the effect of correlated colour temperature (CCT) on heart rate, galvanic skin response, emotion and satisfaction in the hygiene area of a space station. Forty subjects participated in experiments in a hygiene area simulator with a controlled lighting environment. The lighting conditions included 2700 K, 3300 K, 3600 K, 5000 K and 6300 K; physiological responses (heart rate, galvanic skin response), as well as emotion and satisfaction, were recorded. The results showed that CCT significantly influenced the participants’ physiological and subjective responses in the space station hygiene area. 6300 K led to the best emotion and satisfaction levels, the highest galvanic skin response and the lowest heart rate. The opposite was true for 2700 K.
... The studies reported that women are generally more sensitive to indoor environmental quality and that they exhibit higher productivity levels at higher temperatures and quieter environments compared to their male counterparts. Similarly, some studies (Marzban et al. 2021;Andargie and Azar 2019;Samani and Samani 2012;Knez and Kers 2000) found similar differences in productivity among different age groups. The studies generally suggest that older occupants have lower productivity than younger ones. ...
Article
The relationship between the demographical characteristics of building occupants and their perception of indoor comfort is increasingly being studied. However, the added value from accounting for such characteristics when modeling and predicting occupants' perceptions remains unclear. An incremental machine learning (ML) modeling and analysis approach is proposed to quantify the influence of four demographical factors (gender, age, nationality, and time lived in the environment) on occupants' perceptions of their indoor environment conditions. A three-step methodology is presented: (1) data collection through sensors and a questionnaire administered on 206 occupants of academic and office buildings in Abu Dhabi, UAE, (2) development of ML models (i.e., support vector machine, random forest, and gradient boosting) to predict occupants' perceptions under different scenarios of demographical representation (i.e., from no representation to all demographical parameters included), and (3) analysis of the impact of demographical parameters' inclusion on the performance of the ML models in terms of predictive accuracy, F1-scores, and computing time. Results confirm that including demographical variables could increase prediction accuracy and F1-scores by approximately 19% and 56%, respectively. However, in some instances, the inclusion of these variables reduced model performance while increasing computing time by as much as 50%. A detailed discussion is presented on the comparative performance of the different tested ML algorithms and the need to strike a balance between increasing model complexity and computational costs.
... By influencing elements such as the intensity, directionality, and the overall luminous balance (balance between the different surfaces of the space), appearances can be changed drastically. Moreover, the effects of lighting are not limited to appraisal and atmosphere perception, as studies have indicated that different lighting conditions can also trigger changes in mood and emotional state (Fleischer et al., 2001;Knez, 1995;Knez & Kers, 2000;Rikard Küller et al., 2006) which, depending on context, may lead to changes in behaviours (de Vries et al., 2018).Visual discomfort can affects human not only physiological but also psychological strain such as anxiety, fatigue, lethargy, headaches, eyestrain, migraine, nausea, back pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, poor concentration or lack of mental alertness, and daytime sleepiness among VDT workers are primarily connected with inadequate lighting in the working place and in most cases decrease work performance and efficiency (Pauley, 2004). Office employees focus on the computer screens for many hours in a day. ...
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... Moreover, lighting is essential for the freedom to go out at night, in particular to those vulnerable to or fearful of personal attacks (Keane & Moffitt, 1998). Considering aggression and escalations, light affects various psychological variables that play a prominent role in the onset of aggressive behavior, such as arousal, affect, and sociality (Knez & Kers, 2000). investigated the influence of street lighting on crime, fear, and pedestrian street use after dark. ...
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North West Europe (NWE) faces a great challenge to cut 80% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. To reach this target by 2050, energy efficiency is one of the main instruments defined in the Climate and Energy Roadmap of NWE (Notenboom, 2012). Energy efficiency in cities is one of the biggest challenges for the municipalities that have been struggling recently. According to European Commission (2013), standard public lighting is one of the largest consumption items for municipalities, covering up to 60% of total electricity consumption. Thus, most of the municipalities have been seeking lighting solutions for public spaces considering the environmental, economic, and social impact of lighting. As pointed out by Den Ouden and colleagues (2012), new lighting technologies have been creating a revolution in the lighting industry and urban lighting has been benefiting from this innovation. With the possibilities that LED offers and the integration of smart sensors, new solutions for urban lighting are emerging to reduce energy use by dimming down the streetlights at the right time and place, which is recognized as smart urban lighting. For instance, smart lighting systems can manipulate lighting parameters such as light level that react to external input such as the presence of a pedestrian or cyclist. For this reason, the Smart-Space Project aims to facilitate the uptake of smart urban lighting in small and mid-size municipalities to reduce energy use and CO2 emission while ensuring safety and livability throughout NWE. The Smart-Space Project brings together end-users (cities/citizens) and innovation stakeholders (research institutes, SMEs, enterprises) from the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Ireland to develop an interoperable smart lighting platform. One of the main goals of the Smart-Space Project is to demonstrate the impact of smart lighting on energy consumption and CO2 reduction while enhancing the safety and livability of public spaces at four pilot cities (Smart Space Project). Thus, the social impact of the project needs to be investigated through the evaluation and monitoring of user experience (UX) at four pilot sites. However, there is not a validated UX evaluation method to be used for smart urban lighting yet. The goal of this PDEng project is to design a toolbox to support municipalities in the evaluation and monitoring of citizen's perspective. This toolbox is entitled the User eXperience Evaluation (UXE) Toolbox. The UXE Toolbox presents 25 tools in five categories (i.e., self-report technique, measuring body signals, information and communication technologies, statistics of official documents, and site observations) to measure 23 sub-parameters under seven parameters (i.e., acceptance, visual performance, visual comfort, perceived safety, attractiveness, liveliness, and safety) in three dimensions (i.e., attitude, perception, and behavior). It provides an excel-based tool, guidelines, and demo cases. Guidelines help municipalities to find relevant parameters and choose suitable tools. Demo cases show how the guidelines work over the use cases co-created within the Smart Space Project.
... Positive mood leads to increased impulsivity and better marketing effect, vice versa, negative moods lead to decreased brand loyalty [34,35]. Some research also found that color-induced mood is relevant with cognitive performance differences [36,37]. In the present study, the findings resonate with pre-existing conclusions. ...
... However, age was found to have some effect on the perception of the luminous environment [46]. Moreover, illumination changed the participants' mood differently across age groups, but not across gender [51]. Accordingly, we should accept Hypothesis H1.2 that assumes that illumination types can be equally recognized across demographic characteristics. ...
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Given the rapid rise in the efficiency of artificial lighting systems, the challenges for any daylighting system on the basis of energy savings will be more challenging in the future. To sustain the role of daylighting in shopping malls, a field survey was conducted to explore daylighting benefits from the customers’ perspective. By analyzing the data collected from 552 Carian shopping malls’ customers, the present study supports the emerging idea that daylighting is more important to improving users’ mood than saving energy. The study found that ‘illumination’ was ranked as the most important element in the shopping malls' internal environment. Connection to outside views and the presence of sunlight were preferred and significantly enhanced the customers’ ability to recognize the utilization of daylight, which, in turn, increased customer satisfaction level. However, the study argues that lighting quality, rather than lighting source (natural or artificial), is what increases customer satisfaction. More studies are essential for elucidating the association between the conscious/subconscious perception of daylight utilization and the achievement of the intended human-related benefits. A better understanding of the customers’ perspectives will guide building designers toward effective daylighting solutions and shift the attention from the functional to the emotional role of daylighting.
... Smart lighting can potentially advance building management and energy efficiency ( Chew, Karunatilaka, Tan, & Kalavally, 2017 ), and suitable lighting can also help with human psychology ( Knez & Kers, 2000 ). In recent years, connectivity of devices and buildings called Internet of Things (IoT) has increased drastically ( Harkare, Potdar, Mishra, Kekre, & Harkare, 2021;Le, Le Tuan, & Tuan, 2019;Minoli, Sohraby, & Occhiogrosso, 2017 ). ...
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This study aims to understand lighting in a hospitality atmosphere and the landscape of the village of Kandovan Hills and Laleh Kandovan Hotel. The study aims to see the latest design and concepts of the industry and how they can be applied on-site in Kandovan Hills and Laleh Hotel in Iran. This area is both historic and tourist; Therefore, it needs to keep some of the traditional aspects, it should be developed into more sustainable lighting for the environment as Kandovan both lacks the design and sustainable aspect based on Lighting design standards. The other part of the project is the Hotel site which has a very interesting design, yet it vastly lacks properly designed lighting. The purpose of the project is to improve the lighting in this area for both the environment and the aesthetics of the design. The Literature review will help with producing sustainable ways based on current technology to illuminate the landscape and the village hills, which are lacking proper illumination both in terms of aesthetics and sustainable lighting. This study's outcome could result in not only improving the lighting, sustainable aspect, and avoidance of light pollution as much as possible but also if applied correctly, it could be beneficial for tourism as proper lighting can enhance the experience of the tourist.
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Affect intensity (AI) may reconcile 2 seemingly paradoxical findings: Women report more negative affect than men but equal happiness as men. AI describes people’s varying response intensity to identical emotional stimuli. A college sample of 66 women and 34 men was assessed on both positive and negative affect using 4 measurement methods: self-report, peer report, daily report, and memory performance. A principal-components analysis revealed an affect balance component and an AI component. Multimeasure affect balance and AI scores were created, and t tests were computed that showed women to be as happy as and more intense than men. Gender accounted for less than 1% of the variance in happiness but over 13% in AI. Thus, depression findings of more negative affect in women do not conflict with well-being findings of equal happiness across gender. Generally, women’s more intense positive emotions balance their higher negative affect.
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A research-based, policy-directed argument is made for increasing psychologists' involvement in environmental noise research. Federal policy problems are related to the government's reliance on limited data from a dose-response model and the neglect of key psychological issues such as individual differences in reactions to environmental noise, the psychological factors that mediate annoyance and that identify subgroups that may need protection from stress-related health effects, and the relationship of perceived control to public response. Problems that have limited the usefulness of the empirical base for understanding the psychological mediation of noise effects are reviewed. Research applications of psychological stress theory and noise appraisal models are discussed as essential both to fill in gaps in the literature and to move empirical inquiry in a direction that can inform public policy.
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The weekly incidence of headaches among office workers was compared when the offices were lit by fluorescent lighting where the fluorescent tubes were operated by (a) a conventional switch-start circuit with choke ballast providing illumination that pulsated with a modulation depth of 43-49% and a principal frequency component at 100 Hz; (b) an electronic start circuit with choke ballast giving illumination with similar characteristics; (c) an electronic ballast driving the lamps at about 32 kHz and reducing the 100 Hz modulation to less than 7%. In a double-blind cross-over design, the average incidence of headaches and eyestrain was more than halved under high-frequency lighting. The incidence was unaffected by the speed with which the tubes ignited. Headaches tended to decrease with the height of the office above the ground and thus with increasing natural light. Office occupants chose to switch on the high-frequency lighting for 30% longer on average.
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Both the lighting level of a setting and the social situation can affect arousal. If individuals attempt to maintain an optimal arousal level, then preferred lighting levels for a particular setting should vary with social variables. The purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesis. Male and female subjects (N = 105) were presented with 48 hypothetical situations and were asked to indicate their lighting level preferences for each. Some of the situations involved activities requiring a high degree of visual attention, while the other situations involved activities of a nonvisual nature. Activities were crossed with a social variable: a platonic friend present, a romantic partner present, or a group of platonic friends present. Across all activities, brightness preferences for the romantic partner situations were significantly lower than preferences for either the platonic friend situations or the group of friends situations. The effect of the social situation was very strong for nonvisual activities, but it was considerably weakened for visual activities. Also, brightness preferences were lower for situations with a group of friends than with one friend, but only for complex tasks. The results are consistent with arousal optimization theory.
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Typically, studies of illumination have emphasized its effects on performance of specific tasks. The present study instead examined preference for lighting levels. Among the reasons for investigating preferences is that preference measures theoretically include a variety of human reactions to lighting, including comfort, aesthetics, and performance. The purposes of Experiment 1 were to obtain preferences for lighting levels, judgments of the importance of lighting levels, and judgments about the desirability of controlling lighting level for 43 behavior settings of college students. The purposes of Experiment 2 were to replicate part of Experiment 1 and extend the research to other common behaviors occurring in the same settings studied in Experiment 1. Results indicated large differences in the variety of lighting preferred for various behaviors and settings. Judgments of importance of lighting level had a quadratic relationship to preferred illumination, that is, importance was greater for behavior settings preferred either dark or bright. Importance and control were strongly linearly related. Implications for I ES standards and future research are discussed.
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The effect of lighting level and room decor on interpersonal communication was investigated. Arousal and comfort models were invoked to generate hypotheses that (a) brighter lighting would stimulate more general communication, (b) lower lighting levels would encourage more intimate communication, (c) over time, lower light levels would dampen both general and intimate communication, and (d) home-like decor would encourage more general and more intimate communication. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, pairs of female friends wrote two letters to one another in bright vs. soft lighting and office-like vs. home-like decor. All the hypotheses were confirmed, except that brighter light encouraged more rather than less intimate communication.
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In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
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Summarizes results of 75 studies that reported accuracy for males and females at decoding nonverbal communication. The following attributes of the studies were coded: year, sample size, age of judges, sex of stimulus person, age of stimulus person, and the medium and channel of communication (e.g., photos of facial expressions, filtered speech). These attributes were examined in relation to 3 outcome indices: direction of effect, effect size (in standard deviation units), and significance level. Results show that more studies found a female advantage than would occur by chance, the average effect was of moderate magnitude and was significantly larger than zero, and more studies reached a conventional level of significance than would be expected by chance. The gender effect for visual-plus-auditory studies was significantly larger than for visual-only and auditory-only studies. The magnitude of the effect did not vary reliably with sample size, age of judges, sex of stimulus person, or age of stimulus person. (60 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Explored gender differences in recognition memory for faces and cars in 2 experiments with a total of 50 undergraduates (25 male and 25 female). Stimuli were line drawings of cars and of adult men and women (Exp 1) and photographs of real cars and of real boys and girls (Exp 2). In both experiments, performance was better on faces than on cars. Regarding recognition memory for men's faces, in Exp 1, men's scores were higher than women's scores. However, in Exp 2, men recognized more cars than did women, and women recognized more children than did men. Results suggest that memory reflects male and female interest in, and/or differential familiarity for, different kinds of material. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Provides a firm theoretical grounding for the increasing movement of cognitive psychologists, neuropsychologists and their students beyond the laboratory, in an attempt to understand human cognitive abilities as they are manifested in natural contexts. The pros and cons of the laboratory and the real world - the problems of generalizability versus rigor - are thoroughly analyzed, and practical escapes from what has become a false dichotomy are suggested. The authors present relevant data that open up new directions for those studying cognitive aging. Finally, they consider the applications of the new knowledge for clinicians and educators.
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From a review of the literature on the effects of light on man, three elements have been extracted which that field has in common with the field of decision making: autonomic arousal, affective state, and vision. A model was proposed in which mood, visual performance, and decision making strategy are all affected by the visual environment and all compete for mental capacity. If the demands placed on capacity by mood and/or vision are great, simple decision strategies will be preferred, strategies which may be beneficial or detrimental to the decision at hand. Arousal enters the model through its effect as a primer or facilitator of certain material in memory. The decision strategy selected under the influence of a given lighting environment is then applied to the material in memory which that same environment causes, via arousal, to be cued. Finally, the implications of the current work on the lighting design profession were examined.
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Past research has demonstrated that positive moods increase helping, attraction toward others, and peoples' willingness to pick up a free brochure. Negative moods have been shown to have mixed effects on helping and to decrease attraction. It has been suggested by Isen (1975), that such effects are mediated by the impact of feelings on the accessibility of mood congruent thoughts. In an effort to find support for this suggestion, the present study tested the hypothesis that mood states would influence the production of mood congruent thoughts in response to situations in which helping, attraction toward another, or acquisition of information might take place. Subjects experienced a positive, negative, or no mood induction. Then they imagined themselves in situations in which helping was possible, in which they were meeting a blind date, and in which free brochures were being distributed. They gave free associations to each situation. Subjects who were induced to feel good had significantly more positive first affective associations to situations in which it was possible to help and to meeting a blind date than did subjects in the control or negative mood conditions. Subjects who were induced to feel bad had more negative first affective associations to all three situations than did other subjects, but these differences were not significant.
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The subjects' task in this experiment involved proofreading of paragraphs for misspelled words. Four young and four older subjects served in the experiment. It is concluded that age, print quality and illumination level significantly affect performance. Results indicate that performance improves with illumination but by varying degrees for different conditions. Further, increased illumination and good print quality are more important for older subjects than for young subjects.
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The question was whether a person's emotional mood could serve as a distinctive context for learning and retrieval of memories. Hypnotized subjects learned a word-list while feeling happy or sad, and recalled it in the same or the opposite mood, either immediately (Exp. 1) or after one day (Exp. 2). Retention proved to be surprisingly independent of the congruence of learning and testing moods. Experiment 3 had subjects learn two lists, one while happy, one while sad. Later recall of both lists while happy (or sad) revealed a powerful congruence effect. Thus, learning mood provided a helpful retrieval cue and differentiating context only in multi-list circumstances where confusions and interference among memories would otherwise obtain.
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The study presents an investigation of the effects of the recommended office lighting on subjects' mood and cognitive performance in the physical setting of an office. In addition, a gender effect in the performance appraisal task was examined, both as a between-and within-subject factor. The results showed no significant effect of the lighting on the performance of cognitive tasks. However, an interaction between gender and color temperature on mood showed that 3000K (more reddish) and 4000K (more bluish) office lighting may communicate different affective loadings or meanings to each gender. The cognitive workload induced by almost 2 hours of intellectual work diminished the subjects' positive mood and augmented a negative mood. Moreover, independently of their gender, the raters evaluated the neutral female significantly different from the neutral male ratee. Implications of these findings for the mood effects of indoor lighting and the gender effect in work-related judgment are discussed.
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In this study, room brightness preferences of two groups of subjects were tested across an eight month period in a lighting simulation laboratory. Subjects were selected on the basis of their responses to the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) used by researchers to screen for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). One group of 10 subjects scored high on the SPAQ, indicating seasonal changes in mood and behavior. A control group matched on age and gender did not experience seasonal changes in any of the symptoms measured by the SPAQ. The study tested two hypotheses: (a) people with SAD are "light hungry" and should prefer a more brightly lighted room; and (b) if "light hunger" is seasonal, then the SAD group should prefer brighter light in the winter than in the spring months. Results indicate that the SAD group preferred a more brightly lighted room than did the control group across all testing sessions, thus supporting the first hypothesis. Because lighting levels did not differ significantly across the testing sessions, light hunger does not appear to be a seasonally expressed need. The SAD group had significantly higher levels of negative affect and depression across the testing sessions than did the control group. However, the SAD-like symptoms did not disappear in June, as expected. These findings suggest that (a) the SAD group did not, in fact, have SAD; or (b) testing did not occur long enough to measure mood and behavior changes. Results are discussed in terms of vulnerability to affective episodes and lack of light in the environment.
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Two experiments investigated the effect of indoor lighting on cognitive performance via mood. Experiment 1 varied two lighting parameters in a factorial, between-subject design: two illuminance levels (dim; 300 lx vs bright; 1500 lx) by two colour temperatures (‘warm’ white; 3000K vs ‘cool’ white; 4000K) at high CRI (Colour Rendering Index; 95). In experiment 2 the parameters of lighting were identical to the first experiment, except for the low CRI (CRI; 55). In both experiments gender was introduced as an additional grouping factor. Results in experiment 1 showed that a colour temperature which induced the least negative mood enhanced the performance in the long-term memory and problem-solving tasks, in both genders. In experiment 2, the combination of colour temperature and illuminance that best preserved the positive mood in one gender enhanced this gender's performance in the problem-solving and free recall tasks. Thus, subjects' mood valences and their cognitive performances varied significantly with the genders' emotionally different reactions to the indoor lighting. This suggests, in practice, that the criteria for good indoor lighting may be revised, taking into account females' and males' emotional and cognitive responses as well.
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Under six lighting conditions an "accused" was assessed for perceived guilt by observers listening to different taped evidence over headphones. The split-plot experimental design ensured that each observer heard three types of evidence about three different accused for one fixed lighting condition. A significant interaction effect was found between lighting and evidence. Subjective judgements following evidence in favour of the accused were found to be influenced by lighting. However the mean and variance of these judgements suggested the lighting had been influential when considerable observer uncertainty existed despite the apparent favourable nature of the evidence. No simple vector or scalar lighting measure could account for the results although there was evidence that perceived guilt was related to the pupil diameter of the accused under the different lighting conditions.
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This study has focused on the impact of fluorescent light on endocrine, neurophysiological, and subjective indices of wellbeing and stress. Results from two types of fluorescent lamps, 'daylight' and 'warm-white', were compared, each at two different levels of illuminance. Exposure lasted one day for each of the four combinations. The condition involving 'daylight' lamps with a high illuminance evoked a negative response pattern. The social evaluation of the office space went down, and at the same time the visual discomfort increased. The EEG contained less delta rhythm under the high illuminance conditions. During the day of light exposure the alpha rhythm became attenuated under the 1700 lux 'daylight' lamps. The results warrant the conclusion that fluorescent light of high illuminance may arouse the central nervous system and that this arousal will become accentuated if the lamps are of the 'daylight' type. The practical implication may be that people should not be exposed to fluorescent light of high illuminance for a prolonged period of time.
Article
Relationships between age, illuminance, visual performance and preference are derived from tests in which 150 subjects performed four tasks: self- and externally-paced Landolt-ring charts, conveyor inspection and a tracker task. Replies to questionnaires enabled preferences to be estimated. Performance results indicate a strong interaction between age and illuminance for the Landolt-ring tasks but not for the conveyor or tracker task. Differences in performance of the Landolt-ring task are largely eliminated by an increase in illuminance. The preference results indicate a decrease in task difficulty and an increase in satisfaction as the illuminance is increased.
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Threshold, supra-threshold, and physiological measures of visual performance are compared. Present physiological measures are of little use in visual performance research, but threshold and supra-threshold measures can be usefully used. The effects of illuminance, disability and discomfort glare, luminance distribution and colour on visual performance are then reviewed. Illuminance has the most important effect. The only other important variable is that of veiling reflections. The effect of the operational variables of subjects' age, visual capability and the work characteristics are examined and indicate that human factors are more important than physical factors in their effect on visual performance. In the final section the synthesis of existing knowledge of visual performance, presented in CIE Report No. 19, is explained and suggestions made for extending and examining its validity and application. Some general pointers for the direction in which future research might progress are given.
Article
The long standing controversy about whether disability glare is essentially a matter of intra-ocular light scattering or also has a neural inhibitory component is discussed. The controversy now seems to be decided in favour of the stray-light-only explanation. Next the angular dependency of the stray-light veil is discussed and a complete light profile from O degree to 100 degree angular distance to the point glare source is given. This stray-light could be attributed mainly to approximately equal scatter contributions from cornea, crystalline lens and retina. The main uncertainty exists in the age effect: experimental data not only show considerable spread, but they never cover the whole angular domain. The tentative introduction of an age factor in the stray-light formula must therefore be considered with due reserve.
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Although light has the obvious function of providing visibility for visual task performance, the article is concerned with the reorganization and the reevaluation of lighting priorities. This presentation argues that these revised priorities should begin with the overall user well-being, the visual quality of a room, and should not be limited to task visibility and other somewhat mechanistic arguments. For example, the use of Semantic Differential (SD) Scaling and Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) provides evidence that light is a factor in a visual language or cue system.
Article
Researchers interested in emotion have long struggled with the problem of how to elicit emotional responses in the laboratory. In this article, we summarise five years of work to develop a set of films that reliably elicit each of eight emotional states (amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, neutral, sadness, and surprise). After evaluating over 250 films, we showed selected film clips to an ethnically diverse sample of 494 English-speaking subjects. We then chose the two best films for each of the eight target emotions based on the intensity and discreteness of subjects' responses to each film. We found that our set of 16 films successfully elicited amusement, anger, contentment. disgust, sadness, surprise, a relatively neutral state, and, to a lesser extent, fear. We compare this set of films with another set recently described by Philippot (1993), and indicate that detailed instructions for creating our set of film stimuli will be provided on request.
Article
Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.
Article
Reviews the literature on emotional states as they influence memory and other cognitive processes. Six topics of research are examined: (1) theoretical approaches, (2) methodological issues, (3) state-dependent effects, (4) mood-congruency effects, (5) clinical studies of mood effects, and (6) mood effects on personal memories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
adult age differences in everyday problem solving assists the reader in defining and understanding problems and hassles people face in everyday situations (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
This volume offers a comprehensive overview of research on "everyday" cognition in the adult phases of the life course by integrating theoretical and methodological issues in everyday cognition research with findings in real-life situations. In this manner, this book will outline for the reader theoretical and methodological trade-offs and dilemmas along the continuum between laboratory research and naturalistic or real-world research. The book is divided into three parts. Part I addresses fundamental conceptual issues in everyday-cognition research. Part II reviews findings on everyday cognitive behaviors. These chapters concentrate on the everyday cognitive behaviors of adults from early to late adulthood. Part III concentrates on applications of findings in everyday cognition to cognitive-enhancement procedures in everyday and clinical situations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
discuss several promises as well as potential problems with the circumplex model of emotion / while this model promises to organize much of what we know about emotion, it is nevertheless open to misinterpretation / before detailing these particular strengths and weaknesses, we begin by describing how a circumplex model is applied in the emotion domain / by advocating the circumplex model, a claim is made that the majority of emotional experience can be captured by two affect dimensions [positive affect and negative affect] despite the promise a circumplex model holds for aiding our understanding of emotion, a number of problems need to be understood / one set of problems relates to specific interpretational issues concerning the emotion circumplex: are there basic dimensions in the circumplex and how should the dimensions be named / the second set of problems is broader: what does the circumplex fail to do in describing and explaining the relationships between emotions, and what are the shortcomings of the extant data / we will consider first the interpretational issues and, after that, the broader issues (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Reflecting the full range of work being done across disciplines, this [handbook] reports on an ever-growing, important body of research [on emotions]. [It] is a basic resource for everything that is known about emotions. A broad interdisciplinary overview demonstrates the vast territory affected by scholarship in the field. Chapters address the models and research emanating from clinical and social psychology, development, biology, neurophysiology, behavior genetics, sociology, history, anthropology, and philosophy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
The frequently cited finding that mood-congruent information can be better recalled than mood-incongruent information is tested using categorically organized stimulus material which imposes a systematic structure on the recall process. A target person was described with respect to six categories of social behaviour, with predominantly desirable behaviours in some categories and predominantly undesirable behaviours in others. Participants were induced either an elated mood state or a neutral state using Velten's procedure. Instructions (impression formation versus memory) were also manipulated. Although the mood manipulation apparently worked and did influence the impression judgments of the target person, it did not selectively facilitate the recall of mood-congruent material, neither at the level of specific items nor at the categorical level. However, when only deviating behaviours are considered which do not fit the structural constraints, mood-congruent information is indeed better recalled. To interpret these results, it is argued that the manifestation of mood effects depends on the restrictions of different tasks or response modes. Three other findings were obtained: Superior recall of redundant, structurally consistent information compared with deviating information; an advantage of positive over negative information which is confined to the impression formation condition; and, surprisingly, an incongruency effect for the encoding mood which may reflect the deeper processing of incongruent material.