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Policy Subsystem Portfolio Management: A Neural Network Model of the Gulf of Mexico Program
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A framework is offered for organizing efforts at systematic, empirical theory building in public administration. It uses as an empirical referrant public organizations and their analytically defined policy subsystems. Public organizations are characterized as engaging in external political exchanges in order to secure legitimacy and basic "life-support." They are also viewed as engaging in external economic exchanges to secure low-cost raw materials, and means of production and distribution. Internally public organizations can be analytically divided into polity and economy. Polity encompasses activities and behavior relating to the development and definition of agency purpose, including: cadre recruitment and socialization, monitoring the environment, and internal economy and harmonizing the two. Internal economy encompasses those phenomena and activities that relate to effective task accomplishment, including: division of work and responsibilities, allocation of resources, and maintenance of an incentive system. Hopefully such a framework can unify the fractionated field and move us toward systematic empirical theory.
Professors King and Shannon offer a case study that describes the political life of a small distributive program in marine research. They think it supports their argument that we can anticipate the political process likely to surround different kinds of policies by linking what a policy is supposed to do (regulate, distribute, redistribute) with an identification of those affected by it.
Regulatory politics are said to vary systematically across issue areas, depending on the salience and complexity of issues. In this article, Professor Gormley identifies four patterns that appear to be especially common. These are board room politics, hearing room politics, street-level politics, and operating room politics. Each involves a distinctive configuration of participants, criteria for choice, and pathologies.
Several studies have examined implementation determinants for parts of a U.S. federal policy structure, either national or subnational. However, no study treats federal implementation comprehensively as a single system by examining both national and subnational outputs in mutual interdependence. This article reports an analysis of Clean Air Act enforcements by EPA and the 50 states, separately and in relative dependence with one another. Granger causal and pooled time series regression analysis explain the vigor of federal activity from 1977 to 1985. The results show that federal implementation is not easily understood by examining parts of a federal structure; rather, more insight comes by examining implementation as a system. For clean air, national and subnational outputs were inertial, interdependent, and linked to both vertical and horizontal influences. The implication is that federal structures are adaptive entities that provide greater democratic representation than other administrative forms.
Recent advances in neuroscience, computer science, psychology, and other fields have led to the development of computer programs that are modeled, in principle, on idealizations of organic neural structures. These artificial neural networks (ANNs) exhibit important properties that promise great usefulness for policy researchers. Most important among these are ANNs’ability to learn to identify complex patterns of information and to associate them with other patterns. Furthermore, like their biological predecessors, ANNs can recognize and recall these patterns and associations in spite of noisy, incomplete, or otherwise defective information inputs. ANNs can also generalize information learned about one or more patterns to other related patterns. As a result, ANNs have already found extensive use in areas once reserved for multivariate statistical programs such as regression and multiple classification analysis, and are developing an extensive community of advocates for processing text and other qualitative information.
This chapter looks at how the content of public reason as specified in Chapter 7 can be put forward by NGOs as political actors
in the postnational constellation vis-à-vis corporations, i.e. it asks how we should imagine the political process which underlies
their actions. By emphasizing voting and elections as central elements of the political process, the liberal view has difficulties
to imagine politics outside official political institutions as typically conducted by NGOs in their interaction with corporations.
Deliberative democracy in contrast, in particular the so called critical strand of deliberative democracy, focuses on processes
of public justification that is on non-electoral means, and does not require formal decision-making procedures such as voting
or elections for action in order to be considered political. Instead, it assigns the informal public sphere in which NGOs
typically raise their claims towards corporations an intrinsic democratic value and thus fully embraces even spontaneous interaction
between NGOs and corporations as a political interaction.
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