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Potato Peels: A Source of Nutritionally and Pharmacologically Interesting Compounds–A Review
Abstract
In October 2007, the United Nations declared 2008 as The Year of the Potato, highlighting the importance of this crop as a staple food in human nutrition. While fresh potato consumption is decreasing in many countries, more potatoes are currently processed into value-added products to meet the demand especially from the fast food and convenience food industries. Potatoes are usually peeled during processing, either by steam, lye or abrasive peeling, depending on the type of product. As a consequence, large quantities of peels are generated which represent a severe disposal problem to the industry, especially with the increasing awareness and aims of minimising environmental impact and sustainability. However, potato peels contain a number of nutritionally and pharmacologically interesting compounds such as polyphenols and glycoalkaloids, which may be recovered and used as natural antioxidants and precursors for steroid hormones, respectively. Furthermore, applications of the dietary fibre fraction have been described. This review summarizes the available literature on potato peel utilization, focusing on the above mentioned constituents, and highlights the potential of an important by-product of the food industry as a source of valuable compounds.
... Phenolics were also detected in onion skin powder of the Red variety purchased from an Egyptian local market, using HPLC, among which coumarin, pyrogallol, compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, and 19, 7- [34,37,38] Potato [58,61,62,65,75] Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
... Onion [34] Potato [62,77,85] 16. ...
... Others as p-coumaric and ferulic acids were present as minors. Phenolics present in potato peels as quantified by UPLC-ESI-MS were summarized in Table 1 [62]. However, potato peel extracts obtained from a local potato chip manufacturer (Egypt) had 1.08 to 2.91 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry matter as total phenolic content, where total flavonoids were 0.51-0.96 ...
Huge quantities of vegetables and fruits by-products are discarded annually worldwide following the industrial food processing techniques. These biowastes were found to cause further environmental hazards. However, they could represent rich sources of numerous bioactive metabolites and substrates for high valued products. Specifically, onion (Allium cepa L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) are of economic importance since they are cultivated and found as chief components of most food recipes worldwide. Nevertheless, potato peels and the outer onion scaly leaves are major non-edible by-products. Both biowastes are rich in bioactive phenolic compounds, whereas potato peels are rich in chlorogenic acids and onion
solid wastes in flavonoids, particularly flavonols (quercetin derivatives). Also, they are good sources of dietary fibers, fatty acids, starches, sugars and proteins. In addition, they are potential candidates for biofuels production. Hence, with the recent advances of bio-refinery concepts valorization of such treasures is highly recommended. The current review highlighted the major metabolic classes of onion and potato agro-industrial wastes and how we can utilize the available possibilities to maximize the recovery and benefits of metabolites found in these wastes.
... However, potato peels contain sufficient amount of nutrients for nutritional purposes and pharmacological use. Some these nutrients include dietary fiber, antioxidants, phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals, and also cell wall could be used as substrates for fungal growth and α-amylase production (Shukla and Kar, 2006;Schieber et al., 2009). Increasing α-amylase production demands, high nutrient cost and environmental concerns have stimulated interest in the utilization of agrowastes as cost-effective substrates for production of the enzyme. ...
... The solid substrate not only supplies the nutrients to the microbial culture growing in it but also serves as anchorage for the cells (Nimkar et al., 2010). Potato peel wastes contribute the major industrial food waste discarded in the environment, arising from potato processing and home wastes (Shukla and Kar, 2006;Schieber et al., 2009). Biotechnological applications of potato peel wastes are interesting not only from the point of view of low-cost substrate, but also in solving problems related to their disposal (Schieber et al., 2009). ...
... Potato peel wastes contribute the major industrial food waste discarded in the environment, arising from potato processing and home wastes (Shukla and Kar, 2006;Schieber et al., 2009). Biotechnological applications of potato peel wastes are interesting not only from the point of view of low-cost substrate, but also in solving problems related to their disposal (Schieber et al., 2009). The result of the proximate chemical analysis of the potato peel used in this study was similar to that of USDA (2008) that reported that in every 100 g of raw potato peel, the following nutrients can be found; 1.61 g ash, 0.1 g total fat, 2.57 g protein, 2.5 g total dietary fiber and 83.29 g water. ...
Amylases find commercial applications in diverse industries. This study investigated the production of α-amylase from a fungus, using potato peel as an alternative substrate. Six fungal isolates from the soil of cassava waste dumpsite were tentatively identified as two Aspergillus species and one species each of Rhizopus, Trichocladium, Neosartorya and Ascodermis. They were screened for their relative amylolytic activities using the starch agar hydrolysis test. Molecular characterization, using the ITS rRNA gene sequencing, was used to confirm the identity of the selected fungus as Aspergillus flavus S2-OY. Amylase production from the fungus via solid substrate fermentation of potato peel was carried out and the effect of production parameters investigated. Maximum α-amylase production was at an incubation period of 72 h, pH of 5.0 and temperature of 25 °C. Casein and maltose were the best nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively while the optima inoculum and moisture volumes for enzyme production were 1.5 mL and 5.0 mL, respectively. Aspergillus flavus S2-OY has great potential for α-amylase production using potato peel as an alternative and cheap substrate, under solid substrate fermentation condition. This has implications for the cost-effective production of an industrial enzyme and reduction of environmental pollution problems through effectual management of agro-industrial wastes.
... Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel is a major by-product of the industrial and domestic potato processing which creates severe disposal problems as they are mostly discarded and allowed to rot causing environmental pollution. However, potato peels contain sufficient amount of nutrients such as fibre, antioxidants, phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals which could be used as substrates for fungal growth and a-amylase production (Shukla and Kar 2006;Ajao et al. 2009;Schieber et al. 2009). Stability of the enzyme preparation determines the effectiveness and efficiency of the industrial process. ...
... a-Amylase was produced from A. flavus S2-OY through solid substrate fermentation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel, an alternative and cheap substrate. The utilisation of potato peel waste for production of value-added products such as enzymes is interesting not only from the point of view of low-cost substrate, but also in solving problems related to their disposal (Schieber et al. 2009). Potato peels are reported to contain high amounts of protein and carbohydrate components that will sustain microbial growth and production of enzymes (USDA. ...
... 2008). Apart from the use as a low-cost and effective substrate for enzyme production, potato peels have been observed to contain both nutritionally and pharmacologically-important constituents such as phenolic (Koduvayur Habeebullah et al. 2010), antimicrobial (Amanpour 2015) and glycoalkaloid (Schieber et al. 2009) compounds. Moreover, they are used as livestock feeds and have remarkable potential for use in production of renewable energy such as biogas (Adeyosoye et al. 2010). ...
An amylolytic fungus was isolated locally from the soil of a cassava waste dumpsite. It was identified as Aspergillus flavus S2-OY using 18S rRNA gene sequencing with gene bank accession number MZ267053.1. α-Amylase was produced from the fungus through solid substrate fermentation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel, a cheap and renewable substrate. The fungal enzyme was purified 13.41-fold by ammonium sulphate and ion exchange chromatography (CM Sephadex C-50), with final yield of 13.41%. Apparent molecular weight of 55.0 kDa was obtained for the purified enzyme, using SDS-PAGE. Optima pH (6.0) and temperature (70 °C) of α-amylase activity were determined for the enzyme which also showed thermal stability up to 70 °C, with 80% residual activity after 120 min. The enzyme exhibited a wide range of pH stability (4.0 to 7.0). Kinetic parameters Km and Vmax values obtained with soluble starch were 158 µg/ml/min and 1.51 mg/ml, respectively. The enzyme was slightly inhibited by Mg²⁺. Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Hg²⁺ and the chelating agent, EDTA, at 5.0 mM concentration. However, it was activated by Sn²⁺. The enzyme hydrolysed gelatinised and ungelatinized raw yam, corn, rice and millet starches strongly but cassava starch moderately. These results revealed that cost-effective α-amylase production from Aspergillus flavus S2-OY could be realised with the use of potato peel as a cheap substrate, under solid substrate fermentation condition. Also, the fungal α-amylase is a raw starch-hydrolysing, acid to neutral and thermostable enzyme with potential for broad biotechnological applications.
... Therefore, the influence of potato cultivar on the composition of bioactive compounds from potato (2024) peel extracts may be due to several factors of potato tubers. The reported factors are tuber maturity, mechanical injury, skin colour and greening (Akyol et al., 2016;Arun et al., 2015;Dhalsamant et al., 2022;Ezekiel et al., 2013;Friedman et al., 2018;Kipkoech et al., 2018;Palos-Hernández et al., 2022;Rasheed et al., 2022;Schieber & Saldaña, 2009). ...
... In fact, the more the potato tuber is mature, the lower bioactive compounds it contains, and vice-versa; this principle might be also applicable to potato peel wastes and corresponding extracts. Apart from those characteristics, other factors such as mechanical damage and infestation (Friedman et al., 2018;Schieber & Saldaña, 2009) along with greencoloured tubers (Dhalsamant et al., 2022) can affect the content of bioactive compounds in potato tubers. However, in this study, injured, infested and green-coloured potato tubers were screened and removed at the sample preparation step. ...
Purpose: The aim of this study was to obtain potato peel extracts by a conventional, “decoction (DT)” and novel, “indirect ultra-sound assisted extraction (DuAE)” methods, and determine the composition of potato peel extracts in bioactive compounds. Materials and Methods: To obtain peels extracts, both DT and DuAE extraction methods were used to extract bioactive compounds from peel wastes of five potato cultivars i.e. Kinigi, Kuruseke, Kirundo, Peco, and T58, locally grown in Rwanda. Four types of bioactive compounds, i.e. glycolakaloids (TGC), total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and total anthocyanins (TAC) were determined in each potato peel extract. Data in concentration of bioactive compounds was subjected to a two factor ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05) to determine the effect of potato cultivars and extraction methods on the content of bioactive compounds. Findings: Results showed that the composition ranges of bioactive compounds were 0.47- 11.83 mg SE/100g, 60.12 -1170.01 mg GAE/100g, 50.39- 873.26 mg QE/100g, and 0.71- 8.73 mg CGE/100 g per dry weight for TGC, TPC, TFC, and TAC, respectively. The composition of bioactive compounds in potato peel extracts was significantly (p<0.001) affected by both potato cultivar and extraction method. Generally, potato peel extracts from Kirundo and Kuruseke cultivars had the lowest and the highest amount of bioactive compounds, respectively; whereas the DuAE method performed better than DT method. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Results from this study revealed the significant role of extraction methods used for bioactive compounds. An investigation on the optimization and improvement of extraction processes used in this study was recommended.
... Most of the potato wastes are generated during potato harvesting, when potatoes are damaged or left in the field [2]. Thus, discarded potato represents a disposal problem to the potato industry in diverse regions, since the wet tuber is prone to rapid microbial spoilage and constitutes a source of plant pathogen microorganisms [3]. An alternative to valorize discarded potato and convert them into a valuable byproduct of the potato industry is to recycle their nutrients for being use as a substrate in the synthesis of microbial products with high added value [4]. ...
... In general, discarded potato has the same nutritional components those potato tubers suitable for human consumption, with differences in size, form, and damage in peel. The approximate composition of raw potato tubers is (in 100 g): water 83.3 g, carbohydrate 12.4 g, protein 2.6 g, ash 1.6 g, total dietary fiber 2.5 g, and total lipid 0.1 g [3]. On dry basis, the most predominant nutrient component of potato tubers is starch (60-71%), followed by protein (4.9-6.5%) ...
Background
Discarded potato is the most abundant potato waste and represents a worldwide disposal problem to the potato industry. This agricultural waste contains valuable nutrients that could be used as substrate to obtain diverse high value-added microbial products, such as biopigments. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of discarded potato as a sole substrate source for producing blue pigments by Streptomyces lydicus PM7 through submerged fermentation.
Results
Initially, the traditional culture medium ISP2 was established as suitable for inoculum preparation, as it allowed high growth rates and consumption of ~ 75% reducing sugar, leading to 1.3 g L⁻¹ dry biomass at 72 h of incubation. The formulated discarded potato broth (DPB) medium was evaluated together with five other traditional liquid culture media (potato dextrose broth, ISP2, ISP3, ISP4, and ISP5) for producing blue pigments by S. lydicus PM7. The highest blue pigment production was obtained by using DPB medium, reaching ~ 0.97 g L⁻¹, followed by ISP5 (~ 0.36 g L⁻¹). In terms of evaluating the concentration of discarded potato powder, the highest concentration of blue pigments was obtained with 16 g L⁻¹, compared to concentrations of 4, 8, and 32 g L⁻¹. In general, a notable increase in total proteins (~ 14 g L⁻¹ in biomass; ~ 8 g L⁻¹ in medium) and reducing sugars (~ 5 g L⁻¹) on the fifth day of DPB fermentation was observed, at which time the production of blue pigments began. These data proved that S. lydicus PM7 is able to degrade potato wastes during submerged fermentation and to direct metabolism towards the formation of biopigments. Chromatographic analysis revealed that the main blue pigment produced by new strain in this complex medium is actinorhodin.
Conclusions
Discarded potato favored the production of blue pigments by S. lydicus PM7 under submerged fermentation, leading to final product concentration almost three times higher than others traditional Streptomyces culture media. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of actinorhodin by the specie S. lydicus, as well as on this pigment synthesis based on an agricultural waste as a sole nutrient source for fermentation process. The findings showed that potato waste could be a potential byproduct for replacement of commercial culture media using for this same purpose.
Graphical Abstract
... Irish Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important staple crop for human consumption. Potatoes are either eaten raw or processed into value-added products to meet the demand especially of fast foods and other convenience industries (Schieber et al, 2009). They are usually peeled during processing for domestic and industrial uses. ...
... The peels are the major portion of processing, produces waste that present a severe disposal problem to the home and potato industry, because the wet peels are prone to rapid microbial spoilage (Kpanja et al 2019). They also contain an array of nutritionally and pharmacologically interesting components such as phenolic compounds, glycoalkaloids and cell wall polysaccharides which may be used as natural anti-oxidants, precursors of steroid hormones and dietary fibre (Schieber et al, 2009). ...
The effect of replacing maize with lrish potato peel meal (IPMP) in the diets of weaner rabbits was investigated. Twenty rabbits of mixed sexes with an average initial weight of 766.67 – 783. 33g were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments of 5 rabbits per treatment in a completely randomized design (CRD). Diet 1 was the control and is devoid of IPPM while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained IPPM at 10, 20 and 30% levels, respectively. Feed and water were provided ad–libitum throughout the study period that lasted 56 days. Data were collected on feed intake, weight gain and were used to calculate other growth parameters. Proximate analysis and anti –nutritional factor analysis were carried out. At the end of the trials, two animals from each treatment were slaughtered, dissected, eviscerated and dissembled for carcass evaluation. IPPM had a dry matter content of 88.69%, nitrogen free extract of 87.16% and metabolisable energy of 3401.39 kcal/kg. The content of anti–nutrients are phytate 1.24%, tannins 0.26%, oxalate 0.24% and cyanide 3.40%. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in weight gain, feed intake, feed to gain ratio, feed cost/kg gain and mortality across treatments. Diets 2 and 3 compared favourably with the control. Results of carcass analysis show significant (p<0.05) differences in dressing percentage and percentages of Head, liver, lungs heart, loin, limbs, stomach, small intestines and skin across treatments. Results indicate that sun –dried IPPM can be included up to 20% level in feed thus reducing the cost of rabbit production.
... Polyphenols and glycoalkaloids are two molecules found in potato peel (PP) that are both nutritionally and pharmacologically intriguing. These substances may be extracted and employed as natural antioxidants and steroid hormone precursors, respectively [11]. Considering its composition, potato peel waste (PPW) would therefore be an advantageous starting material for the manufacture of numerous bioproducts, the reduction of the final wastes, and the long-term growth of a circular bio-economy [12]. ...
... The two most important glycoalkaloids are α-chaconine and α-solanine, which also carry the same aglycone, solanidine found in potatoes. Potato tuber glycoalkaloid concentration differs considerably and is affected by post-harvest variables such as storage conditions, light exposure, mechanical damage, and irradiation [11]. In vitro tests showed that α-solanine and especially α-chaconine are strong cytotoxins (IC 50 = 4.1 µM) that cause cell lysis quickly. ...
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are starchy tuberous crops that represent the world’s fourth most important crop. According to the “Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations,” 376 million metric tonnes of potatoes were produced globally in 2021. It is anticipated that around 8000 kilotons of potato peel waste might be generated in 2030, with related greenhouse gas emissions of 5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Waste generated throughout the food supply chain, from potato farms to forks, contributes considerably to global warming. Apart from animal feed, technical processes in the potato processing industry generate waste organic residues with high amounts of bioactive compounds and carbohydrates, and thus extraction and bioconversion processes can produce high-value products. These include the isolation of functional ingredients for the formulation of nutraceuticals and pharma products, bioenergy-related products, enzymes, and fertilizers for the market, hence contributing to a more responsible production and consumption and, overall, circular economy. This review focuses on studies involving potato waste from industries such as pulp, processed water, peels, and mash showing the great prospects of the by-products from this crop for value-added supply chains and the reduction of undesired environmental effects. This work attempts to adhere upon several Sustainable Development Goals, specifically goals 7, 12, and 13, while also contributing to long-term growth targets and reducing negative environmental consequences produced by the food sector.
... Potatoes are usually peeled during processing, so utilization of these by-products reduces the amount of waste and leads to sustainable production. 8 Flavonoids are a group of plant metabolites that are thought to provide health benefits through cell signalling pathways and antioxidant effects. 9 Flavonoids are found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, along with tea and wine. ...
... 22 Cellular necrosis or extrinsic factor-induced cell death is normally caused by factors like hypoxia-ischemia, thermal insults, exposure to toxic agents, and traumatic insults. 8,25 potato peel contains phenolic compounds, glycoalkaloids, and flavonoids antioxidant. One or more components in potato peel extracts are believed to change the environment in the well, causing a disturbance to the enzymatic activity of the exposed HGF cells, especially the mitochondrial enzyme dehydrogenase, thus eventually leading to cell death by necrosis. ...
Potato peel is often regarded as waste although it contains phenolic compounds, glycoalkaloids, and flavonoid. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of potato peel extracts on the viability of Human Gingival Fibroblasts (HGF). Potato peel extracts were prepared by a maceration technique. The 96-well tissue culture micro titre plates were seeded with HGF at a density of 2×104 cells/100 μL and incubated for 24 hours. Next, 100 μL of potato peel extracts at a concentration of 62.5 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL and a medium (control) were dispensed into the well of the cell culture. Each concentration was evaluated for its viability with 3 replicate samples. The results of the MTT test were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and LSD test. The mean and standard deviation of the viable HGF after incubated with the potato peel extract at the concentration of 62.5 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL were 98.67% ± 3.56, 88.34% ± 0.79, 55.42% ± 3.96, 28.33% ± 0.60, and 26.26% ± 0.53, respectively. The percentage of non-viable HGF increased with an increase in the concentration of the potato peel extract. The ANOVA test result showed a significant influence of various concentrations of the potato peel extract on the viability of HGF (p<0.05). The result of the LSD-test showed a significant difference among all the treatment groups (p<0.05). A higher concentration of potato peel extracts increased the viability of HGF cell line and the concentrations of 62.5 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL were considered non-cytotoxic.
... In addition to essential macronutrients, potatoes also contain many phytonutrients such as polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and carotenoids [1,10]. In plants, polyphe-nols play many endogenous roles, including plant growth and development, cell wall synthesis, and pigmentation, and have a protective effect, defending plants from biotic stress (insects, bacteria, viruses) and abiotic stress (UV radiation, free radicals) [2,11,12]. An important group of phenolic compounds are phenolic acids (hydroxycinnamic acids), which are mainly represented by chlorogenic acid (CGA) [12]. ...
... CGA was reported to decrease the risk of diabetes (type two) and slow down the entry of glucose into the blood circulation [12]. Polyphenols, vitamin C, and carotenoids contribute to the antioxidant activity of potatoes [11]. Moreover, due to the content of a wide range of phytonutrients and bioactive ingredients, potatoes play an important role in improving intestinal microflora and helping maintain intestinal health [1]. ...
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are an essential food for the human diet and thus represent an important source of biologically active substances. This study aimed at investigating the content of bioactive substances (total anthocyanin and polyphenol contents and chlorogenic acid) in seven potato varieties (Belana, Cecile, Magenta Love, Mozart, Talentine, Toscana, and Violet Queen) with various flesh and skin colors. To evaluate the impact of potato maturity on the analyzed parameters, potato samples were harvested in two different periods (1st harvest—July and 2nd harvest—September). Total anthocyanin and polyphenol contents were determined spectrophotometrically, and chlorogenic acid by the HPLC-DAD method. Varieties with a colored flesh (Magenta Love and Violet Queen) showed the highest content of bioactive substances. The maturity level significantly (p < 0.05) affected the total content of anthocyanins and polyphenols in potatoes. Early to medium early varieties (Belana and Magenta Love) showed an increase in chlorogenic acid content during maturation, while in other varieties, chlorogenic acid decreased due to higher maturity. In terms of the content of bioactive substances with a possible positive effect on human health, the consumption of potatoes with colored flesh could be recommended.
... Potato tubers are used as ingredients in various dishes either in raw-fresh form or after processing e.g., chips, crisps, frozen, dehydrated (flours) and fresh-cut, while they also find industrial applications for starch production, the extraction of pharmaceutical compounds suitable in the food and beverages industry or ethanol for bioenergy and alcoholic beverages production purposes (Bond 2014;Sampaio et al. 2021bSampaio et al. , 2021aSilveira et al., 2017). During the last decade, an increasing interest in potato cultivation for processed food products is recorded to fulfill the needs of food industry demands for fast food and convenience food (Bond 2014;Schieber and Aranda Saldaña 2009). Moreover, a significant portion of total cultivated area is allocated to the production of propagating material (potato seeds) and lesser acreage is devoted to fodder production (FAOSTAT 2019). ...
... Moreover, a significant portion of total cultivated area is allocated to the production of propagating material (potato seeds) and lesser acreage is devoted to fodder production (FAOSTAT 2019). Finally, considering the bulky nature of potato processing industry by-products and waste (15-40% of unprocessed material fresh weight) scientific research focuses on valorizing potato peels via various industrial applications such as the extraction of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical compounds (Sampaio et al. 2021a(Sampaio et al. , 2021bSchieber and Aranda Saldaña 2009). ...
Potato is one of the most widely consumed staple food crop throughout the world with high nutritional value due to its high content in vitamins, minerals, high quality protein and numerous bioactive compounds. Despite being less perishable than fresh vegetable products, the marketing needs and consumer demands for all year round supply, as well as the increasing needs for transportation of products to long distances, necessitate the storage of tubers for mid or long time periods. However, potato tubers are living organs with unique morphology and physiology that differentiates them from seed grains and pulses, and vegetables. Therefore, knowning the main physiological processes of potato tubers after harvesting allows to further understand their response to storage conditions and most importantly to minimize post-harvest losses and retain product quality according to marketing standards. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to present the storage condition requirements depending on the end use of the final product and how these conditions may affect the quality of tubers during and after storage. A special section is focused on the physiological processes that take place after harvesting of tubers, focusing on tuber dormancy and sprouting and how they are regulated by storage conditions but also from pre-harvesting conditions. Moreover, hormones and genes that regulate tuber physiology, as well as the main physiological disorders that occur during storage are also highlighted. Finally, a brief description of storage facilities is also presented along with storage recommendations for the various end products of potato value chain.
... Potato tubers are used as ingredients in various dishes either in raw-fresh form or after processing e.g., chips, crisps, frozen, dehydrated (flours) and fresh-cut, while they also find industrial applications for starch production, the extraction of pharmaceutical compounds suitable in the food and beverages industry or ethanol for bioenergy and alcoholic beverages production purposes (Bond 2014;Sampaio et al. 2021bSampaio et al. , 2021aSilveira et al., 2017). During the last decade, an increasing interest in potato cultivation for processed food products is recorded to fulfill the needs of food industry demands for fast food and convenience food (Bond 2014;Schieber and Aranda Saldaña 2009). Moreover, a significant portion of total cultivated area is allocated to the production of propagating material (potato seeds) and lesser acreage is devoted to fodder production (FAOSTAT 2019). ...
... Moreover, a significant portion of total cultivated area is allocated to the production of propagating material (potato seeds) and lesser acreage is devoted to fodder production (FAOSTAT 2019). Finally, considering the bulky nature of potato processing industry by-products and waste (15-40% of unprocessed material fresh weight) scientific research focuses on valorizing potato peels via various industrial applications such as the extraction of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical compounds (Sampaio et al. 2021a(Sampaio et al. , 2021bSchieber and Aranda Saldaña 2009). ...
Harvest and postharvest management determine not only that potato reaches its maximum storage potential (genetically defined) but also the organoleptic, nutritional, and functional quality maintenance of the final product. The potato must be harvested in endodormancy state. After harvest and before storage, curing occurs (15-20 °C and 90-95% HR for 5-10 days) and periderm is formed to protects tubers from dehydration and pathogens entry. During storage, temperature management allows to prolong dormancy (2-4 °C) and reduce metabolic activity, which reaches minimum values between 4-5 °C. However, the storage temperature will depend on potato destination since it is sensitive to cold and when stored below 4 °C, glucose and fructose levels increase, and it would not be suitable for frying (non-enzymatic browning). Potato is a source of beneficial compounds such as vitamins, polyphenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and minerals. More than 50% of the marketed potato is destined for industrial processing (frozen or minimally processed) and is consumed in several forms: fried, steamed and/or microwaved. The suitability of the potato genetic material for these preparations depends fundamentally on the dry matter content, determined genetically and on the reducing sugars, mainly dependent on the storage conditions. Processing prior cooking and cooking itself determine changes at the functional quality, in some cases reducing or increasing compounds. This chapter reviews the main aspects of potato postharvest from harvest, postharvest practices, and storage. Aspects related to organoleptic and functional quality linked to the genetic material characteristics, and to the storage and processing conditions, are also addressed.
... In addition to Penicillium paneum KACC44834, Penicillium anomala SKM-T considerably decreased outgrowth on white pan bread leavened with ordinary baker's yeast and increased shelf life (Gardner et al., 2002). On the other hand, compared to bread made with non-fermented yeast extract, bread made with propionic acid derived from cultured yeast extract had a higher shelf life and less ethanol (Schieber & Saldaña, 2009). ...
Bread is one of the most convenient foods available, yet it is highly susceptible to microbial attacks. It loses its organoleptic freshness after storage due to a variety of changes. Bread spoilage results in significant financial losses for both manufacturers and consumers. The bread industry has long sought an affordable approach to increase the shelf life and guarantee the safety of their bread. One such treatment is the replacement of hazardous chemical preservatives. Nonetheless, recent research has explored some previously uncharted ground. Other techniques for preserving bread have shown promise, including active packaging, modified atmospheric packaging, and bio-preservation. Furthermore, certain plant extracts and essential oils have shown positive effects in reducing the growth of fungi on bread and other baked items. This study summarizes the results of many experiments on biopreservation of bread and offers suggestions for possible uses of these methods.
... On one side, the peels which are the major portion of processing waste, represent a severe disposal problem to the potato industry especially since the wet peels are prone to rapid microbial spoilage. On the other side, potato peels contain an array of nutritionally and pharmacologically interesting components such as phenolic compounds, glycoalkaloids and cell wall polysaccharides which may be used as natural antioxidants, precursors of steroid hormones and dietary fibre (Schieber and Saldaña, 2009). ...
This study focused on using potato peels as a main ingredient in producing instant flour for making soup.
... Kulit kentang memiliki kandungan senyawa polifenol. Kandungan senyawa fenolik dalam kulit kentang memungkinkan tingginya antioksidan dan mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan sel (Schieber dan Saldana, 2009). Sofni (2021) hasil analisis POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Air Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Andalas, adalah N 2,450 %; P 0,10 %; K 1,69 %. ...
Penelitian tentang Uji POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman Caisim (Brassica juncea L.) telah dilaksanakan pada lahan percobaan Fakultas pertanian Universitas Ekasakti Padang, dari bulan Desember 2021 sampai Febuari 2022. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang terbaik bagi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman Caisim (brassica juncea L.). Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 6 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan, sehingga terdapat 30 satuan percobaan dan masing-masing terdapat 4 tanaman sehingga terdapat 120 tanaman yang diamati. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah beberapa konsentrasi POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang sebagai berikut: A = 0% POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang, B = 10% POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang, C = 20% POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang, D = 30% POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang, E = 40% POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang dan F = 50% POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang. Kesimpulan pemberian beberapa konsentrasi POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang memberikan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, umur panen, panjang daun dan lebar daun terpanjang, dan berat segar per tanaman. Belum didapatkan konsentrasi POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman Caisim.
... These industries generate 70 to 140 thousand tons of PPW on annual basis [10]. Most of this waste is discarded through landfills, with the accompanying environmental pollution [11,12]. To overcome this global issue, the appropriate management of this waste into value added products can therefore be advantageous, not only to the food industry, but also to policymakers, decreasing the environmental impacts of these industries [10]. ...
Species belonging to the genus Bacillus produce many advantageous extracellular enzymes that have tremendous applications on a commercial scale for the textile, detergent, feed, food, and beverage industries. This study aimed to isolate potent thermo-tolerant amylolytic and cellulo-lytic bacterium from the local environment. Using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology, we further optimized the amylase and cellulase activity. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus subtilis QY4. This study utilized potato peel waste (PPW) as the biomaterial, which is excessively being dumped in an open environment. Nutritional status of the dried PPW was determined by proximate analysis. All experimental runs were carried out in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing acid treated PPW as a substrate by the thermos-tolerant Bacil-lus subtilis QY4 incubated at 37 °C for 72 h of submerged fermentation. Results revealed that the dilute H2SO4 assisted autoclaved treatment favored more amylase production (0.601 IU/mL/min) compared to the acid treatment whereas high cellulase production (1.269 IU/mL/min) was observed in the dilute acid treatment and was found to be very effective compared to the acid assisted auto-claved treatment. The p-value, F-value, and coefficient of determination proved the significance of the model. These results suggest that PPW could be sustainably used to produce enzymes, which offer tremendous applications in various industrial arrays, particularly in biofuel production.
... Potato glycoside alkaloids (PGA), also known as solanine, are sugar derivatives of an odor steroidal alkaloid found in potato plants and tubers (Schieber and Saldaña, 2009;Sanchez-Maldonado et al., 2014). More than 95% of PGA is α-solanine and α-chaconine (Friedman, 2006). ...
Fusarium solani is a pathogenic fungus that causes significant harm, leading to crop yield reduction, fruit quality reduction, postharvest decay, and other diseases. This study used potato glycoside alkaloids (PGA) as inhibitors to investigate their effects on the mitochondrial structure and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathway of F. solani. The results showed that PGA could inhibit the colony growth of F. solani (54.49%), resulting in the disappearance of the mitochondrial membrane and the loss of contents. PGA significantly decreased the activities of aconitase (ACO), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), fumarase (FH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS), and increased the activity of citrate synthase (CS) in F. solani. After PGA treatment, the contents of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), citric acid (CA), malic acid (L-MA), and α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG) in F. solani were significantly decreased. The contents of isocitric acid (ICA), succinyl coenzyme A (S-CoA), succinic acid (SA), fumaric acid (FA), and oxaloacetic acid (OA) were significantly increased. Transcriptomic analysis showed that PGA could significantly affect the expression levels of 19 genes related to TCA cycle in F. solani. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression levels of ACO, IDH, α-KGDH, and MDH-related genes were significantly down-regulated, and the expression levels of SDH and FH-related genes were significantly up-regulated, which was consistent with the results of transcriptomics. In summary, PGA can achieve antifungal effects by reducing the tricarboxylic acid cycle’s flow and regulating key genes’ expression levels. This study reveals the antifungal mechanism of PGA from the perspective of TCA cycle, and provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of PGA as a biopesticide.
... Potato peels are known to contain an adequate amount of nutrients such as phenolic and antioxidant compounds, vitamins, dietary fibers, and several minerals. Interestingly, their cell wall could be exploited as substrates for the culture of fungal mycelium and α-amylase production [37,38]. ...
... Антоцианы синтезируются в кожуре и мякоти клубней картофеля [4]. Известно, что флавоноиды в основном накапливаются в картофельной кожуре, богатой веществами, которые представляют фармакологический интерес [5]. У картофеля как важной продовольственной культуры содержание антоцианов целесообразно повышать в съедобной части растения -мякоти клубней [6]. ...
Relevance. Today special attention is paid to potato anthocyanins as components of functional food. Increasing interest is generated by research on the use of anthocyanins for the benefit of animals and people in addition to their significant role in the life of plants.
The research goal was to identify the quantitative and qualitative composition of anthocyanins in the tubers of valuable potato hybrids of Primorsky selection.
Five promising potato hybrids (Solanum tuberosum L.) belonging to different groups of maturity and involved in the comparative variety testing by FSBSI “FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology named after A. K. Chaiki” were used as the research object .
The research was carried out under the conditions of field and laboratory experiments in Primorsky kray, Russia, in 2018-2023. The anthocyanins were divided by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. The anthocyanins were identified by the method of second-order mass spectrometry.
Results. The research evaluated the potato hybrids for the content of anthocyanins in the tissues of the tubers – skin and flesh. The following specimens were determined to have a high content of anthocyanins both in the skin and flesh: Pri-15-12-14 (petunidin-3-arabinoside: 310.0 and 91.1 mg/kg; cyanidin-3-glucoside: 149.8 and 39.8 mg/kg) and Pri-14-52-2 (petunidin-3-arabinoside: 360.0 and 143.0 mg/kg; cyanidin-3-glucoside: 80.4 and 81.2 mg/kg). The selected specimens were characterized by purple and blue-purple skin. Genotypes Pri-14-52-2 and Pri-15-12-14 had tuber flesh with purple pigmentation. Hybrids Pri-15-12-14 and Pri-14-52-2 had the highest total content of anthocyanins in the flesh – 130.9 and 224.2 mg/kg, respectively. The conducted research identified eight different anthocyanins in the tubers of the studied potato specimens: delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-ramnosil-5-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-ramnosil-5-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, and petunidin-3-arabinoside. The tubers with pink and red skin were determined to contain pelargonidin-3-glucoside. Petunidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside colored tuber skin purple. The selected group of specimens might be recommended for use as functional food and in goal-oriented breeding.
... The byproduct potato peels contains many phytochemicals especially polyphenols, dietary fibre and glycoalkaloids. The glycoalkaloids from potato peels can act as a precursor compound for the synthesis of steroidal biomolecules (Schieber and Saldaña, 2009). Efficient extraction procedure and processing units will boost the available infrastructure to harness the food and phytopharmaceutical potential. ...
BIORESOURCES IN PURVANCHAL: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE
PROSPECTS
POOJA SINGH, V N PANDEY, SMRITI MALL, VIRENDRA MADHUKAR, RAKESH PANDEY
Department of Botany, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur
pooja.ddu@gmail.com, vnpbotuni@gmail.com, smriti.mall@rediffmail.com, madhukar.viren12@gmail.com, rpcg12@gmail.com
DINESH YADAV
Department of Biotechnology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur
dinesh_yad@rediffmail.com
Content
1. Summary
2. Diversity of Angiosperm in Purvanchal Region of Uttar Pradesh (Virendra Madhukar)
3. Status of Medicinal plants in Purvanchal (Pooja Singh and Smriti Mall)
4. Plant Resources: Bioprospection, Utilization and Conservation (Rakesh Pandey and V N Pandey)
5. Microbial Biodiversity (Dinesh Yadav)
6. Bibliography
1. Summary
Need of rapid development, urbanization, industrialization and increasing population has
put undue pressures on our existing natural bioresources. Bioresources comprises the flora,
fauna and microbial diversity of the region along with the products which they yield for
various human purposes like as food, fodder, medicine, infrastructure, research etc. In fact
they are directly related to our sustainability on earth in form of agriculture, forestry,
aquaculture etc. We are now facing a great task of not only to identify, preserve, conserve
our bioresources which are facing tremendous pressures leading to loss of genetic
biodiversity, extinction/eradication of species, loss of microbial diversity etc but also study
their changing patterns and sustainability in the event of rising temperatures and global
climate change. The diversity is directly related to the food, culture and way of life of the
communities depend on biodiversity for their sustenance and various daily needs.
Indigenous knowledge inherited through the ages in the sustainable use of biodiversity is
unparalleled with any region of the country. In fact, our knowledge based on biodiversity of
little explored region is grossly inadequate and necessitates its detailed exploration,
documentation, sustainable development through proper and scientific understanding. This
biodiversity may yield such products which may be solve our problems of food, medicine,
fuel, degrading environment and help us in yet unexplored avenues.
Purvanchal covers 28 districts of Eastern UP. The major rivers flowing near Gorakhpur
district are Rapti, Ami, Rohni and Ghaghra. Area under three forest range is 10047.8 hectare
and shares international border with Nepal through Maharajganj. Purvanchal falling in the
foothills of himalayas have the characteristic of Terai region and have good forest cover in
either protected forest or reserve forest. Biodiversity of flora and fauna residing in these
forests are largely unexplored and are under tremendous pressure communities living near
them. Developmental project have greatly accelerated the process. In wake of global
2
climate change the region also experiences changes in weather patterns whose long terms
manifestations on local agriculture, biodiversity, forests, habitats, water resources, edaphic
changes are urgently needed to be studied and analysed for making future projections.
These studies will be helpful in identifying and assessing our bioresource wealth and the
threats they face. Hence, it is important and call of the time to develop, maintain the rich
bioresources, biodiversity of the region, as it is an essential component and measure of the
environment quality. Besides, the effects of decline in biological diversity would hit hardest
the indigenous people who are directly dependent on their natural environment, if not
scientifically studies, conserved and most importantly developed sustainably. This chapter
explores Bioresources status, in Purvanchal with special reference to floral, medicinal,
biofunctional plants and microbial diversity.
... They are rich in flavonoids and vitamin C, which function as antioxidants. [3][4][5][6] Additionally, potatoes contain anthocyanin, which functions as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. Potatoes are used as traditional herbal medicine in Indonesia, but there are no references written about them. ...
Introduction
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a short-lived tuber plant with a round to oval shape and varying colors, depending on the variety. It is known that only the inside of the potato is used, while the peel is generally discarded. However, recent studies have shown that potato peels contain many health-beneficial compounds.
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the compounds present in potato peels and their in vitro activities.
Methods
A scoping review following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. The selection process involved identifying articles of in vitro research published within the last 10 years (2012–2022). Electronic searches were conducted using the portals Scopus, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, and Portal Garuda by using the keywords “potato” or “Solanum tuberosum” and “peel” or “skin”. The search was limited to articles in English with full text availability.
Results
The screening process resulted in a total of 4773 articles from the four search engines; 14 articles were obtained that met the requirements for the review, most of which use extract preparations in their research. Extracts of flavonoids, phenols, and glycoalkaloids are the most frequently studied compounds, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity have undergone extensive research.
Conclusion
The potential compounds contained in potato peels, including flavonoids, phenols, and glycoalkaloids, are highly abundant and offer numerous benefits. Provides opportunities for further research to prove the potential pathway activity of the compound. These compounds have been the subject of extensive research, suggesting their significance in the context of health and nutrition.
... The main phenolic compounds in potatoes are phenolic acids and a major part of them also consists of caffeic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acids (Maldonado et al., 2014;Singh and Saldaña, 2011). Flavonols, flavan-3-ols, flavones, flavanones and anthocyanins are most common types of Flavonoids found in potato peel (Schieber and Saldaña, 2009). ...
... It is mainly found in potato buds and skins. Because of its comprehensive source of material, low cost, and no harm to the environmental, it has gradually become a research hotspot [5,6]. PGA has a wide range of biological activities, and over 90% of its content is α-solanine and αchaconine [7]. ...
Fusarium solani is one of the primary pathogens causing root rot of wolfberry. The aims of this study were to investigate the inhibitory effect of potato glycoside alkaloids (PGA) on F. solani and its energy metabolism. In this study, the effects of PGA treatment on the growth and development of F. solani were investigated and the changes in the glycolytic pathway (EMP), ATPase activity, mitochondrial complex activity, mitochondrial structure, and energy charge level were analyzed to elucidate the possible antifungal mechanism of PGA on F. solani. The results showed that PGA treatment inhibited the colony growth, biomass, and spore germination of F. solani. PGA treatment reduced the glucose content and Hexokinase (HK) activity of F. solani, but increased the activity of Fructose-6-Phosphate Kinase (PFK) and Pyruvate Kinase (PK) and promoted the accumulation of pyruvic acid. In addition, PGA treatment inhibited the activities of H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and mitochondrial complex IV, increased the mitochondrial inner membrane Ca2+ content and mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore, and decreased the contents of ATP, ADP, and AMP as well as the energy charge. These results indicate that PGA treatment inhibits the growth and development of F. solani, activates the glycolysis pathway, inhibits ATPase activity and mitochondrial complex activity, and destroys the structure and function of mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a lower energy charge level.
... Kulit kentang memiliki senyawa polifenol. Kandungan senyawa fenolik dalam kulit kentang memungkinkan tingginya antioksidan dan manpu meningkatkan pertumbuhan sel (Schieber dan Saldana, 2009 Sofni, (2021) hasil analisis POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Air Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Andalas, mendapatkan kandungan hara POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang adalah N 2,45%; P 0,10% ; K 1,69%. ...
Penelitian dalam bentuk percobaan uji efektivitas frekuensi pemberian POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil Pakcoy (Brassica chinensis L.). Telah dilaksanakan di lahan percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Ekasakti Padang. Pelaksanaan percobaan dari bulan Desember 2021 sampai Februari 2022. Tujuan untuk mendapatkan frekuensi yang terbaik dari pemberian POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil Pakcoy. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan 5 kelompok, sehingga terdapat 25 satuan percobaan, masing-masing terdiri dari 4 tanaman, sehingga terdapat 100 tanaman. Perlakuan uji frekuensi pemberian POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang sebagai berikut: A = 1 kali pemberian POC; B = 2 kali pemberian POC; C = 3 kali pemberian POC; D = 4 kali pemberian POC; dan E = 5 kali pemberian POC. Hasil uji frekuensi pemberian POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang terhadap tanaman Pakcoy memberikan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang daun terpanjang, lebar daun terlebar, dan berat basah pertanaman. Belum didapatkan efektivitas frekuensi pemberian POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman Pakcoy. Disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian lanjut dengan frekuensi pemberian POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang yang berbeda. Kata kunci : POC, Pertumbuhan, Hasil, Pakcoy.
... Potato peels contain about 55% cellulose, 12% hemicellulose, and 14% lignin [9], as well as varying amounts of starch and pectin. Typically, this food waste is disposed of in landfills, leading to environmental concerns such as groundwater pollution, unpleasant odors, and significant greenhouse gas emissions [10]. Thus, it Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions, and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of converting potato peel waste into bio ethanol using an in-house produced multi-enzyme preparation. To achieve this, a variety of pre-treatment strategies, including thermal, chemical, and thermo-chemical methods, were applied to the potato peels. These included boiling for 30 and 60 min, steam at varying pressures and times, and different concentrations of chemicals such as H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH, HCl, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KOH, NH3, and H2O2, either alone or in combination with steam. The pre-treated potato peels were then enzymatically hydrolyzed using a crude multi-enzyme cocktail derived from solid-state fermentation of wheat bran by a natural variety of Aspergillus niger P-19, containing cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinase, and amylases. The most effective pre-treatment combination was found to be 3% H2SO4 followed by steam under pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis using the crude multi-enzyme preparation. This combination resulted in the highest yield of reducing sugars (141.04 ±12.31 g/l) with a 98.49% carbohydrate conversion at a 20% substrate loading, giving an ethanol yield of 43.2 g/l. Furthermore, supplementing the medium with peptone, (NH4)(H2PO4), and ZnSO4 at 0.1%w/v each with 22% and 24% solid, respectively, resulted in appreciable yields of 51.67 and 54.75 g/l, further enhancing the ethanol yield.
... Also, mango peels are high in beneficial compounds such as phenolic compounds, minerals, and fibre [12]. Mango peels' have antioxidant activity due to bioactive ingredients such as gallates, xanthones, gallic acid, flavonoids, benzophenones, and their derivatives [13]The main by-product of the potato processing industry is potato peels, which may be apprehended as an origin of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenolic ingredients receiving more attention [14]. So, potato waste is a potential source of inexpensive resources, and its collection and recycling within the food chain might be a long-term solution to the problems facing the industrialized world today [15]. ...
... Potato, a major source of vegetables in the routine diet, generates a huge amount of peel. Potato peel can be a good source of carbon and nitrogen [6,26,27]. The use of waste materials as nutrients in enzyme production would definitely decrease the operational and production coast [28][29][30]. ...
Enzymes from Haloalkaliphilic microorganisms have recently focused attention on their potential and suitability in various applications. In this study, the growth and production of extracellular amylases in the marine actinomycetes using kitchen waste as the raw starch source has been investigated. Actinobacteria were isolated from the seawater of the Kachhighadi Coast near Dwarika, Gujarat. Seven Actinobacterial isolates of pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons belonging to different strains of Nocardiopsis genera were screened and selected for amylase production. The amylase production was initially assessed on the solid media supplemented with the extracts of different fruits and vegetable peels as a substrateby agar plate assay. The strains Kh- 2(13), Kh-2(1) and Kh-3(12) produced maximum amylase with potato peel as a substrate, while no significant differences were found with the media containing other peels. Nevertheless, all strains produced amylases at a significant level with other raw substrates as well. For the optimization of the growth and enzyme production, the selected two isolates Kh-2(13) and Kh-3(12) of the monsoon and winter seasons were cultivated in a liquid medium under the submerged fermentation conditions, with potato peel as a substrate. In both organisms, the optimum amylase production was observed in the stationary phase of growth. For amylase production, the effect of different physical and chemical parameters was evaluated. The optimum growth and amylase production was achieved in 2% inoculum size, at pH8.0, 28 ℃, and 5% salt concentration. On the basis of the amylase production index (API) (a ratio of the amylase units and cell growth), both isolates produced significant amylase with the only extract of potato peels, without any other supplements. The trends further indicated that while additional complex sources, such as yeast extract and peptone can enhance the cell growth of the actinobacteria, the amylase production remained unaltered. The study projects the significance of waste raw materials for the production of enzymes in extremophilic microorganisms.
... Kulit kentang memiliki kandungan senyawa folifenol. Kandungan senyawa fenolik dalam kulit kentang memungkinkan tingginya antioksidan dan mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan sel (Schieber dan Saldana, 2009). Sofni (2021), hasil analisis yang dilakukan oleh Laboratorium Air Universitas Andalas, kandungan POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang adalah N = 0,37%, P = 0,455 %, K = 1,680%, C = 2,7%. ...
ABSTRAC The research of giving POC water from washing rice and potato peels on the growth and yield of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L) was carried out in from February to May 2021. The aim was to obtain the best POC concentration for growth and yield of mung bean. The study used a randomized design).. The treatments were several POC concentrations, namely: A = 40 mℓ/ℓ water ; B = 50 m/ℓ water ; C = 60 mℓ/ℓ water D = 70 m/ℓ water E = 80 mℓ/ℓ l water F: 90 mℓ/ℓ water Observation data were statistically analyzed by F test and if significantly different, the test was continued with DNMRT with a significance level of 5%. The study showed that the POC of rice washing water and potato peels had no significant effect on plant height, flowering age, age of first harvest, number of pods per plant, percentage of pithy pods per plant, dry weight of harvest, and weight of 100 seeds, but significantly different to the number of primary branches. The best POC concentration as well as reduce production costs growth and yield of mung bean has not been obtained. ABSTRAK Penelitian pemberian POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang hijau (Phaseolus radiatus L dilaksanakan di lahan percobaan Universitas Ekasakti Padang, dari Februari sampai Mei 2021. Tujuan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi POC terbaik bagi pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang hijau. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 6 Perlakuan 5 Kelompok,. Setiap plot percobaan terdiri dari 4 tanaman, semua tanaman diamati. Perlakuan adalah beberapa konsentrasi POC yaitu: A = 40 mℓ/ℓ air. ; B = 50 mℓ/ℓ air ; C = 60 mℓ/ℓ air ; D = 70 mℓ/ℓ air; E = 80 mℓ/ℓ l air ; F : 90 mℓ/ℓ air Data-data pengamatan dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji F dan bila berbeda nyata, pengujian dilanjutkan DNMRT taraf nyata 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, umur berbunga, umur panen pertama, jumlah polong per tanaman, persentase polong bernas per tanaman, berat kering panen, dan berat berat 100 biji, tetapi berbeda nyata terhadap jumlah cabang primer. Belum diperoleh konsentrasi POC yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang hijau Disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian lanjut, dengan meningkatkan perbedaan konsentrasi POC air cucian beras dan kulit kentang yang akan diberikan.
... To achieve the maximum health benefits in potato consumption by obtaining the maximum concentration of polyphenolic compounds, it is necessary to include the colours and the cooking method of potato cultivars. Moreover, the tuber skin as a by-product differs from other by-products because of the presence of interesting nutritional and pharmaceutical constituents (Schieber and Saldaña, 2009). The temperature related to the cooking method, as well as the presence of oxygen and light, plays an important role in maximizing the preservation of anthocyanins in the tuber for human diet (Sui et al., 2014). ...
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the four most important crops worldwide in production and consumption. It originated from South America along the Andes, where six hotspots of diversity known as subcenters of origin are described from Venezuela to Chiloe Island in Chile, and where the greatest diversity of potatoes in the world is found. Today, the use of ancestral genetic resources has gained significant relevance, recovering and producing foods with a greater nutrient content and beneficial to human health. Therefore, native potatoes possess a set of characteristics with great potential for use in potato breeding guided primarily to produce better feed, especially potatoes of the Chilotanum Group that are easily crossed with conventional varieties. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate 290 accessions of S. tuberosum subsp tuberosum belonging to the Chilotanum Group using a set of molecular markers and correlate them to its phenotypic traits for future use in breeding programs. For this purpose, 290 accessions were analysed through 22 specific microsatellites described previously, correlating them with flesh and skin colour, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content. A division into groups considering all the 290 accessions resulted in two clusters using STRUCTURE analysis and seven different genetic clusters using UPGMA. The latter exhibited common phenotypic characteristics as well as anthocyanin content, strongly supporting a correlation between phenotypic traits and the genetic fingerprint. These results will enable breeders to focus on the development of potatoes with high polyphenol and anthocyanin content.
... Previous studies have shown that anthocyanins present in the peel of cv. Desirée tubers mainly contribute to their antioxidant properties, although the peel is largely discarded during potato consumption and processing (96). On the other hand, the amount of carotenoid in the flesh is clearly related to its antioxidant capacity, with values up to 20-fold higher in deeply yellow to orange-fleshed cultivars (97). ...
Carotenoids are C40 isoprenoids with well-established roles in photosynthesis, pollination, photoprotection, and hormone biosynthesis. The enzymatic or ROS-induced cleavage of carotenoids generates a group of compounds named apocarotenoids, with an increasing interest by virtue of their metabolic, physiological, and ecological activities. Both classes are used industrially in a variety of fields as colorants, supplements, and bio-actives. Crocins and picrocrocin, two saffron apocarotenoids, are examples of high-value pigments utilized in the food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a unique construct was achieved, namely O6, which contains CsCCD2L, UGT74AD1, and UGT709G1 genes responsible for the biosynthesis of saffron apocarotenoids driven by a patatin promoter for the generation of potato tubers producing crocins and picrocrocin. Different tuber potatoes accumulated crocins and picrocrocin ranging from 19.41–360 to 105–800 μg/g DW, respectively, with crocetin, crocin 1 [(crocetin-(β-D-glucosyl)-ester)] and crocin 2 [(crocetin)-(β-D-glucosyl)-(β-D-glucosyl)-ester)] being the main compounds detected. The pattern of carotenoids and apocarotenoids were distinct between wild type and transgenic tubers and were related to changes in the expression of the pathway genes, especially from PSY2, CCD1, and CCD4. In addition, the engineered tubers showed higher antioxidant capacity, up to almost 4-fold more than the wild type, which is a promising sign for the potential health advantages of these lines. In order to better investigate these aspects, different cooking methods were applied, and each process displayed a significant impact on the retention of apocarotenoids. More in detail, the in vitro bioaccessibility of these metabolites was found to be higher in boiled potatoes (97.23%) compared to raw, baked, and fried ones (80.97, 78.96, and 76.18%, respectively). Overall, this work shows that potatoes can be engineered to accumulate saffron apocarotenoids that, when consumed, can potentially offer better health benefits. Moreover, the high bioaccessibility of these compounds revealed that potato is an excellent way to deliver crocins and picrocrocin, while also helping to improve its nutritional value.
... These days, the type potato processed products has increased to meet the massive demand of the ever growing consumer population. Food processing industries produce a large volume of wastes as byproduct [180,181]. Potato production has a steady increase rate of 5% per year in developing countries. according to FAO 2008, the share of developing countries to global pototo production rose from 20% to 52%. ...
Agricultural production, agro-industrial food processing, distribution and consumption generate high Amounts of varied food by-products and waste which place a heavy burden on the environment and cause losses to the food industry. The most common disposal methods of food wastes are the use of landfills and incineration, which lead to several environmental, social, and economic issues. However, many of these by-products and wastes have been reported to be Review Article Ngwasiri et al.; AJB2T, 8(3): 32-61, 2022; Article no.AJB2T.87188 33 higher than the final product in terms of nutritional or functional properties, making them potential raw materials for application in the agro-food industry. Together with the recent sustainable development goals of food security, environmental protection, and energy efficiency, these are the key reasons why food waste valorization is necessary. Valorization of food waste within the bio-economy approach offers an economical and environmental opportunity that can serve as a solution to the issues faced with the conventional disposal methods. Traditionally, in Africa, especially in Cameroon, food by-products and waste have been valorized into a range of products for application in food and food preparation, including food additives and spices, food emulsifiers and stabilizers, food salts and nutraceuticals. Traditional Waste valorization methods could achieve sustainable development in technologically underdeveloped countries by going beyond improving agro-food waste management to the production of useful biochemicals, food ingredients and food products, which can be referred to as value added products from waste. In addition, the processing and conversion of these agro-food by-products and waste generated in the poor regions of the world for the production and formulation of novel foods and biochemicals will directly benefit the local communities by reducing environmental pollution and increasing income in the food industry. This review aims at providing insight into current trends in food waste valorization using traditional methods in an African country such as Cameroon. This paper presents the variety and type of food waste within the food chain that can be valorized into various products using traditional methods. Furthermore, a series of examples of key food waste valorization schemes and value added products as case studies to demonstrate the advancement in traditional bioconversions are described, bringing out the opportunities and challenges for the Cameroon bioeconomy.
... (Schieber and Saldaña 2009;Al-Weshahy and Rao 2012;Wu 2016;Fritsch et al. 2017). Interesting future perspectives of PEF applications may be related to the production of the modified potato starches with improved nutritional (Szabó-Révész and Szepes 2009; Examples of an industrial PEF system for the treatment of solid products: Large scale (10-60 t·h -1 ) (A) and small scale (1-6 t·h -1 ) (B) systems(Elea 2019) ...
In the last two decades, pulsed electric fields (PEF) have successfully been introduced into the food industry, as one of the most promising and "game changing" technologies. This review is devoted to the recent applications of pulsed electric fields used in processing potatoes. The potato processing market size was estimated to be ca. USD 24.83 billion (2018) and with an annual growth rate of 5.2%. The physicochemical characteristics of potatoes and the specificity of potato processing lines makes a pulsed electric field very versatile and flexible allowing one to achieve different technological aims by its implementation into technological lines. In this paper, a short analysis of the potato structure and its nutritional properties, applications of moderate electric fields, ohmic heating, and pulsed electric fields are presented. Moreover, the basic electroporation effects, metabolic responses, texture modification and different PEF assisted processes applied to the potato are discussed. Finally, some examples of commercial applications and a brief description of the available equipment for the PEF processing of potatoes are presented.
... α-Solanine and α-chaconine can cause a rapid damage of plasma membranes, which can lead to the lethal disorder of metabolism (Yamashoji and Matsuda 2013;Wan et al. 2022), but α-solanine was also found to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of tumour cells (Yan et al. 2020). Potato glycoalkaloids should be therefore utilised only for pharmaceutical production, such as for synthesis of steroidal hormones, when extracted from potato side streams (Vronen et al. 2004;Schieber and Saldaña 2009;Koffi et al. 2017). High concentrations of glycoalkaloids may cause sporadic outbreaks of poisoning since they are largely unaffected by home processing conditions, such as baking, boiling, frying and microwaving (Machado et al. 2007;Siddique and Brunton 2019). ...
Intraspecific somatic hybrids (CN1 and CN2) produced by protoplast fusion between dihaploid lines of potato cultivars Cardinal and Nicola were analysed in terms of their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. The total phenolic compound levels were investigated from the extracts derived from whole tubers using the Folin-Ciocalteu ethanol reagent method, which demonstrated that CN1 and CN2 hybrids contained higher levels of phenolics than the tubers of cv. Nicola. The corresponding extracts were also used for determination of the bioactivity levels, and an increased antioxidant capacity in the extracts of hybrid potato was revealed by DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging tests compared to the tuber extracts of cv. Nicola. The identification of bioactive compounds in tubers was carried out separately for peel and flesh compartments to determine the phenolic compounds: phenolic acids by UHPLC-DAD and anthocyanins by HPLC–DAD and LC–MS. Glycoalkaloids were determined by UPLC-QTOF MS analysis. Phenolic acid profiling showed the presence of caffeic acid and three caffeoylquinic acid isomeric forms (3-CQA, 4-CQA and 5-CQA) in the peels, whereas only caffeic acid and 5-CQA (chlorogenic acid) were detected in the flesh compartments. The phenolic acid profiles of the somatic hybrids did not remarkably differ from the corresponding profiles of cv. Nicola. The colour-pigmented peels of the somatic hybrids were also analysed for their anthocyanin content, and six substances were identified, four of them were acylated glucosides of pelargonidin and peonidin by coumaric or ferulic acids. The increased antioxidative activities determined in the somatic hybrid tubers are most probably linked to their higher phenolic compound levels due to the pigmented tuber skin colour. The somatic hybrids had α-solanine and α-chaconine as the major glycoalkaloid compounds, and their total quantities were less than that found in tubers of cv. Nicola. This confirms the safety of the hybrid tubers for human consumption. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Association for Potato Research.
... Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important essential products consumed by humans (Mattila and Hellstrom 2007). Potatoes are an excellent source of carbohydrates, elevated protein quality, vitamins, minerals and antioxidant polyphenols (Schieber et al., 2009). The potatoes consider as a rich source of food, however, they have a group of toxic compounds known as steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) which are found mainly in the skin (Friedman, 2006). ...
The main glycoalkaloids (GAs) in the flesh of two varieties Iranian and Iraqi potatoes were extracted with 5% aqueous acetic acid. This study aimed to investigate the GAs content and antibacterial activity of flesh samples from turned green potatoes. In addition, the results showed that both types of potato contain high toxic GAs, solanidine, -solanine and -chaconine. The amount of glycoalkaloids in Iranian potato was higher than that of Iraqi potato. However, the main alkaloid was -solanine with concentrations of 931.333 and 923.16µg/ml for both Iranian and Iraqi potato, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of glycoalkaloids were successfully examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus aeruginosa and E. coli by cup plate method. The GAs showed effective inhibition against three pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus aeruginosa and E. coli while the highest effect was 9mm on E.col. The outcome suggests that large amounts of GAs could be used as antibacterial from both extracted samples. As well as GAs levels are detrimental to human health, these potatoes should be systematically set aside for safety consideration. Furthermore, the technology of herbal drugs has become very important because they are deemed to have very little or no side effects and toxic impacts.
... Placed this in a preheated oven at 200C for about 15 minutes. Then remove from oven and let cool before serving[15]. ...
Adequate intake of dietary fiber is very beneficial for the prevention of chronic diseases. Hence, the present research was planned to determine the health-associated benefits of dietary fiber from potato peel. Nowadays, Obesity and diabetes are the most common diseases due to change in dietary patterns and changing lifestyles. These diseases can be cured by adding an adequate amount of dietary fiber to the diet and by physical activities. Potato peel which is the waste material of potato products contains about 50% dietary fiber. Due to the strong nutritional profile of potato peel, it was used for the development of bakery products. Proximate analysis was done for the determination of the content of Moisture, Crude fat, Protein, Ash, Dietary fiber, and Nitrogen free extract (NFE). The present research was conducted to develop the potato peel powder incorporated muffins. Total four samples of muffins were prepared with the control group by using different concentrations of wheat flour and potato peel powder. The wheat flour was replaced by the potato peel powder according to the standard recipe of muffin at the different concentration levels 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/100g of wheat flour. Sensory evaluation of muffins was done by panelists by using 9 points hedonic scale. The taste of all samples was acceptable; T3 had more dark color due to the high concentration of potato peel powder and overall acceptability observed in all samples. The results obtained by each parameter were observed statistically.
... It also whitens the skin due to the presence of various minerals and vitamins. It also treats acne by applying the potato peel juice at the affected area when the juice is applied with a cotton ball over affected area and kept for 15 -20 minutes and then wash with lukewarm water to remove blackheads, whiteheads and reduce excessive oil [23]. ...
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an annual herbaceous, self-pollinated species, belongs to family solanaceae and the genus Solanum. Potato peels are a contributor to organic waste in households, hotels, restaurants and food processing industries. Unless proper waste management is performed, this potato peel waste can cause environmental pollution due to decomposition. Potato peel has essential organic matter and nutritionally beneficial compounds, which can be utilized in many ways. Apart from being able to serve as a natural antioxidant for foods, phenolic compounds that are present in potato peel can be particularly beneficial in the treatment of chronic diseases, and also in the prevention of cancer. The potato and its peel contain important nutrients like fibre, potassium, vitamin C and vitamin B-6 and almost no cholesterol which contribute towards good cardiovascular health. Varying amounts of essential nutrients like; iron, potassium, riboflavin, folate, and other vitamins are found primarily in the periderm of the potato skin in higher amounts when compared with the flesh of the tuber. Potato peel waste, by various procedures such as extraction, fermentation, and other processes, can be utilized to produce bio-fuels, dietary fibre, biofertilizer, biogas and food additives. So, this review introduces the application of potato peel utilization and the potential use of potato peel.
... Placed this in a preheated oven at 200C for about 15 minutes. Then remove from oven and let cool before serving[15]. ...
... Plant extracts have been extensively studied as bio-preservatives, as plants contain many essential antifungal compounds, for example, phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, cyanogenic glycosides, oxylipins, and alkaloids [46]; there is a thriving interest in natural ingredients with multifunctional properties in food as well. Most edible plant parts include trace amounts of plant defense substances (phenolic acids), categorized as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids [109]. Hydroxybenzoic acids are frequently found in larger phenolic compounds, such as hydrolyzable tannins. ...
Citation: Rahman, M.; Islam, R.; Hasan, S.; Zzaman, W.; Rana, M.R.; Ahmed, S.; Roy, M.; Sayem, A.; Matin, A.; Raposo, A.; et al. A Comprehensive
... Plant extracts have been extensively studied as bio-preservatives, as plants contain many essential antifungal compounds, for example, phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, cyanogenic glycosides, oxylipins, and alkaloids [46]; there is a thriving interest in natural ingredients with multifunctional properties in food as well. Most edible plant parts include trace amounts of plant defense substances (phenolic acids), categorized as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids [109]. Hydroxybenzoic acids are frequently found in larger phenolic compounds, such as hydrolyzable tannins. ...
Bread is a food that is commonly recognized as a very convenient type of food, but it is also easily prone to microbial attack. As a result of bread spoilage, a significant economic loss occurs to both consumers and producers. For years, the bakery industry has sought to identify treatments that make bread safe and with an extended shelf-life to address this economic and safety concern, including replacing harmful chemical preservatives. New frontiers, on the other hand, have recently been explored. Alternative methods of bread preservation, such as microbial fermentation, utilization of plant and animal derivatives, nanofibers, and other innovative technologies, have yielded promising results. This review summarizes numerous research findings regarding the bio-preservation of bread and suggests potential applications of these techniques. Among these techniques, microbial fermentation using lactic acid bacteria strains and yeast has drawn significant interest nowadays because of their outstanding antifungal activity and shelf-life extending capacity. For example, bread slices with Lactobacillus plantarum LB1 and Lactobacillus rossiae LB5 inhibited fungal development for up to 21 days with the lowest contamination score. Moreover, various essential oils and plant extracts, such as lemongrass oil and garlic extracts, demonstrated promising results in reducing fungal growth on bread and other bakery products. In addition, different emerging bio-preservation strategies such as the utilization of whey, nanofibers, active packaging, and modified atmospheric packaging have gained considerable interest in recent days.
This study intended to improve the quality and medicinal value of edible plants. Our interest is to focus on utilizing various plant extracts (Bio-modulators) in the modulation of medicinal plants’ secondary metabolites. This study aimed to modulate the contents of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel to comply with food safety regulations and also open a new horizon for the utilization of toxic compounds in developing new anti-cancer drugs. Specifically, post-harvested potatoes were treated with several modulators (biotic and abiotic) for a certain period and the treated peel metabolites were identified by GC-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS profiling. α-amylase inhibitory activity, reduced sugar content total phenolic, total flavonoids, total alkaloid content, and antioxidant activity were also evaluated for the treated potato peels. In this study, A new, unique, simple and cost effective method for glycoalkaloids isolation was established.
The research was conducted in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ekasakti University, Padang. October to December 2021. The research of giving is to get the best POC concentration of rice washing water and potato skins for the growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt). The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 5 treatments of 5 groups so that in total there were 25 experimental units, each experimental unit contained 4 plants so that the number of plants in the study was 100 plants. Treatment of POC concentration of rice washing water and potato skins as follows: A = 20% POC; B = 30% POC; C = 40% POC; D = 50% POC; E = 60% POC. Observational data obtained were analyzed statistically using variance. The results showed that the administration of POC rice washing water and potato peels had no significant effect on plant height, leaf length and longest leaf width, flowering age, cob length, cob diameter, number of rows on the cob, cob weight per plant, but significantly different on age. harvest. The best concentration of POC in rice washing water and potato peel on the growth and yield of sweet corn has not been found. Keywords: POC, sweet corn, growth, yield
Potato peel may play a mixed blessing role via providing useful and economic compounds, in contrast, it contains very toxic glycoalkaloids. However, massive amounts of potato peel waste are generated from industrial and personal uses. The evaluation of the four used bio-modulator responses on potato peel was estimated by monitoring the chemical contents by GC-MS, LC-ESI-MS/MS, reducing sugar, total phenolics, and total flavonoid contents as well as α-amylase and antioxidant activities by the comparison to control untreated peels. The in vitro α-amylase assay indicated that treatment with red beetroot (0.0025% w/v) methanolic extract exhibited the maximum α-amylase inhibitory activity by 91.7%. In addition, the treatment with red beetroot's different aqueous extract concentrations significantly minifies the reduced sugar content three-fold in the peel in comparison to the control untreated. The treated peel with methanolic extract (0.0025% w/v) of pomegranate outer peel retained the highest total flavonoid content while treated with olive leaves (0.0025% w/v) methanolic extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content. GC-MS revealed that solanidine-5-en-ol was suppressed by pomegranate outer peel (0.05% w/v) aqueous extract, lantana camara leaves (0.05% w/v) aqueous extract, and red beetroot (0.0025% w/v) methanolic extract. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis interestingly determines the food safety effectiveness of olive leaves (0.1% w/v) aqueous extract among all applied bio-modulators in the reduction of toxic glycol and steroidal alkaloids in potato peel. In conclusion, these findings may indicate the versatile applications of bio-modulators via boosting and/or modifying potato peel's chemical and biological properties in either food safety or pharmaceutical industries.
This study aimed to explore the viability of converting potato peel waste into bioethanol using a custom-produced multi-enzyme preparation. Various pretreatment approaches were employed on the potato peels, including thermal, chemical, and thermo-chemical methods. These methods involved boiling for 30 and 60 min, steaming at different pressures and durations, and applying different concentrations of chemicals, including H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH, HCl, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KOH, NH3, and H2O2, either individually or in combination with steam treatment. The pretreated potato peels were subsequently subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using a crude multi-enzyme cocktail obtained from solid-state fermentation of wheat bran by a naturally occurring strain of Aspergillus niger P-19. This enzyme cocktail consisted of cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinase, and amylases. The most effective pretreatment combination involved the use of 3% H2SO4 followed by steam treatment under pressure, and enzymatic hydrolysis utilizing the crude multi-enzyme preparation. This combination resulted in the highest concentration of reducing sugars (141.04 ± 12.31 g/L), with a carbohydrate conversion rate of 98.49% when a substrate loading of 20% was used. As a result, an ethanol yield of 43.2 ± 3.82 g/L, representing 21.6% based on dry matter, was achieved. Furthermore, supplementing the medium with peptone, (NH4)(H2PO4), and ZnSO4 at a concentration of 0.1% w/v each, along with solid loadings of 22% and 24%, respectively, achieved yield improvements of 51.67 g/L and 54.75 g/L. However, the maximum productivity of 23.4% was observed with a 22% loading, compared to a yield of 22.8% with a 24% solid loading, based on dry matter.
Water is a finite resource. Its safety and cleanliness are highly important to meet current and future human needs. Compared to other resources, water represents a main factor to achieve development in several areas and leads to economic progress of a nation. However, in recent years, the excessive demographic and industrial growth has exacerbated water contamination. In this study, the biodepuration process of domestic sewage (DS), textile effluents (TE) and acid mine drainage (AMD) is conducted using starch-based xerogel from potato (Solanum tuberosum) peels. Results showed that the treatment is effective to achieve the reduction of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand. The most important result was the achievement of heavy metals removal for the three components. Firstly, there was a reduction of barium, zinc, and cadmium (91, 60 and 46%, respectively) for raw AMD. Secondly, there was a reduction in the levels of zinc, aluminum, and barium (89, 86 and 64%, respectively) for TE biodepuration. Finally, results showed a reduction in zinc, iron and cadmium levels (81, 78 and 57%, respectively) for DS biodepuration.
Bio-based polymers are increasingly attracting attention as a solution to reducing the consumption of non-renewable resources and curbing the accumulation of fossil-based plastic waste. In this study, we analyze the economics of a new packaging film based on a polylactic acid–polyhydroxybutyrate blend (PLA-PHB), with PHB obtained from agro-industrial residues (potato peels). We model various sizes of biorefineries using the new biotechnology in Europe. For a four-year payback period, which is generally accepted in the industry, the calculated minimum product selling price ranges from 9.7 euros per kilogram to 37.2 euros per kilogram, depending, among other factors, on the production capacity of the biorefinery. We have incorporated the uncertainty over the model parameters in a Monte Carlo simulation and investigated the relative impact of individual factors on the minimum product selling price. Overall, the results indicate that the bio-based feedstock availability is the most influential factor on the profitability of the new biotechnology.
Latar bekalang : Kentang merupakan tanaman sayuran yang berumur pendek yang mempunyai senyawa kimia yang terkandung didalamnya yakni aktivitas antioksidan seperti vitamin C dan flavonoid. aktivitas antioksidan mengandung flavonoid yang dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa pada darah yang mampu menghambat penyakit terjadinya diabetes. Tujuan : Ekstrak kulit dan daging kentang memiliki potensi terhadap antioksidan sebagai kandidat antidiabetes Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental untuk menganalisa kandungan flavanoid pada ekstrak kulit kentang dan ekstrak daging kentang secara kualitaif dan kuantitatif. Identifikasi kandungan flavonoid secara kualitatif menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis dan kuantitatif menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan pembanding sebagai kuersetin Hasil : Hasil penelitian Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) pada ekstrak kulit dan daging kentang ( Solanum tuberosum L .) mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yaitu flavonoid dengan nilai Rf yang sama pembanding kuersetin yaitu Rf 0,68. Hasil pengujian Spektrofotometer UV-Vis diperoleh hasil total kadar flavonoid yang terkandung dalam ekstrak kulit kentang sebesar 91,33 µg qe/ml dan ekstrak daging kentang sebesar 41,33 µg qe/ml. Kesimpulan : Berdasarkan hasil pengujian KLT dan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis , ekstrak kulit kentang memiliki kandungan flavonoid yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ekstrak daging kentang yang dapat digunakan sebagai kandidat antioksidan sebagai pengobatan antidiabetes Kata kunci : : Kentang ( Solanum tuberosum L )1, Kromatogafi Lapis Tipis 2, Spektrofotometri UV-Vis 3
Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2 benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) are an interesting group of N glycosylated multicopper blue oxidase enzymes. They are widely found in fungi, bacteria plants, insects, and lichen. They catalyze the oxidation of various phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, with the concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccase has various applications in industries such as textile dye bleaching, paper, and pulp bleaching, food processing, bioremediation, biodegradation, wood processing, and pharmaceuticals. However, the high cost of production has been a major hindrance to its commercial usage. This study was carried out to investigate the extraction, purification, and characterization of laccase from fungi isolated from potato peels using three different substrates. Extraction was carried out using submerged fermentation, with glucose, lactose, and maltose as the carbon sources and varying nitrogen sources; yeast and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) Laccase was also characterized by assessing parameters such as pH, temperature, and protein concentration. Enzyme activity for maltose (yeast), glucose (yeast), glucose (NH4Cl) and lactose (NH4Cl) increased from 25oC -45 oC with optimum pH of 6,6,8 and 5 respectively while activity for maltose (NH4Cl) and lactose(yeast) increased from 25oC-65oC with optimum pH at 5 and 8 respectively. This study suggests that increased laccase production from potato peels can be achieved by using maltose, glucose and lactose as carbon sources with NH4Cl as nitrogen source.
The accumulation of various types of waste containing both organic and inorganic metal-containing compounds is extremely hazardous for living organisms. The possibility of polymer degradation, biohydrogen synthesis, and metal detoxification via the dark fermentation of model potato waste was investigated. For this purpose, the strict anaerobic strain was isolated and identified as Clostridium butyricum. The high efficiency of dark hydrogen fermentation of potatoes with yield of hydrogen in 85.8 ± 15.3 L kg−1 VSpotato was observed. The copperand chromium salts solutions were added to the culture fluid to obtain the concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 Cu(II) and Cr(VI) in the active phase of growth (19 h of cultivation). Metals at a concentration of 200 mg L−1 inhibited the fermentation process the most. The hydrogen yield decreased in 7.2 and 3.6 times to 11.9 ± 2.1 and 23.8 ± 5.6 L kg−1 VSpotato in the presence of 200 mg L−1 Cu(II) and Cr(VI), respectively. The efficiencies of the chromium bioremoval in all variants of the experiment were 100%, and those of copper bioremoval were about 90%. A pure culture of strict anaerobes Clostridium butyricum strain 92 was used for the first time for the detoxification of metals. The presented results confirmed the possibility of this promising strain application for industrial H2 production and the bioremediation of contaminated sites.
Purple- and red-fleshed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were evaluated for their total anthocyanin (ACY), total phenolic (PHEN), and antioxidant capacity. The ACY and PHEN compounds were distributed throughout the tubers; however, a higher concentration was found at the stem-end than the bud-end. Although ACY and PHEN concentrations in potato peel were 0.9-to 1.6-fold higher than in potato flesh, overall contribution of the peel to ACY and PHEN contents of a potato slice was ∼20%. These observations differ from the widespread idea that phytonutrients are mostly accumulated in the peel of tubers. The ACY and PHEN contents of different purple- and red-fleshed potato genotypes ranged from 11 to 174 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g fresh weight and from 76 to 181 mg chlorogenic acid/100 g fresh weight, respectively, and were genotype and location dependent. High positive correlations between antioxidant capacity and ACY and PHEN suggest that these compounds are mainly responsible for the antioxidant capacity. These results provide useful and important information for potato breeders and researchers in order to increase the antioxidant capacity and functional value of purple- and red-fleshed potatoes for the food and nutraceutical industries.
During the last decade organic agro-food products, including potatoes, have been progressively introduced in the Portuguese consumer market. Nevertheless, the quality of these products with regards to chemical safety still requires the implementation of monitoring programmes. In this communication we compare the glycoalkaloid content in varieties Santé and Raja of marketed Portuguese potatoes from conventional, integrated, and organic crop systems, using HPLC. In Santé tubers, the corresponding total amount of α-solanine and α-chaconine was respectively 37.3, 44.2, and 38.4 mg/kg fresh weight, whereas for Raja a decreasing concentration on the total glycoalkaloid content was observed from conventional (79.5 mg/kg) to integrated (59.6 mg/kg) and organic tubers (44.6 mg/kg).
Potato peel extract, as natural antioxidant was evaluated during 60 days storage of refined soy bean oil at 25 and 45 °C. Free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide values (POV) and iodine values (IV) were used as a criteria to assess the antioxidant activity of potato peel extract. Different organic solvents, including ethanol, methanol, acetone, hexane, petroleum ether and diethyl ether, were used to prepare extracts of potato peels. Maximum amount of extract (21%) was obtained with petroleum ether, followed by diethyl ether (15.25%) and methanol (14.75%). After 60 days’ storage at 45 °C, soy bean oil, containing 1600 and 2400 ppm of petroleum ether extract of potato peels, showed lower values of FFA (0.120, 0.109%) and POVs (10.0, 9.0 meq/kg) than the control samples (FFA 0.320%, POV 59 meq/kg). Soy bean oil containing 200 ppm of BHA and BHT showed FFA values of 0.102 and 0.078%, whereas POVs were 8.0 and 6.0 meq/kg, respectively, after 60 days, storage at 45 °C. Similarly, after 60 days, storage at 45 °C, iodine values of soy bean oil containing 1600 and 2400 ppm of potato peel extract were 71 and 77, respectively, which were higher than the control samples of oil (58). However, iodine values for soy bean oil treated with 200 ppm of BHA and BHT were 80 and 84, respectively, after 60 days’ storage at 45 °C. These results illustrate that potato peel extract, at various concentrations exhibited very strong antioxidant activity which was almost equal to synthetic antioxidants (BHA & BHT). Therefore, potato peel extract in oils, fats and other food products can safely be used as natural antioxidant to suppress lipid oxidation.
Protein recoveries from potato juice by ultrafiltration, polyelectrolyte-coagulation and cryoconcentration were compared. The best yield was obtained by ultrafiltration. Depending on the method of potato juice concentration, differences were observed in: foaming and emulsifying properties, wettability, swelling, and buffer capacity of preparations. The dried preparations contained a high level of proteolytic enzymes inhibitors and glucoalkaloids. Thermal inactivation of preparations before drying led to 43–48% destruction of protease inhibitors and 81–89% glycoalkaloids. At the same time it was observed that thermal treatment led to distinct changes in the amino acid composition of the proteins and had an adverse effect on the properties of the dried preparations.
A process for the combined recovery of pectin and phenolic compounds from apple pomace, the primary by-product of apple juice production, was developed. The process includes extraction of dried apple pomace with diluted mineral acid and adsorption of phenolic constituents by a hydrophobic styrene–divinylbenzene copolymerisate. After elution with methanol, the polyphenolics were concentrated in vacuo, stabilised by lyophilisation, and characterised by high-performance liquid chromatography. The predominant compounds were phloridzin, chlorogenic acid and quercetin glycosides. Adsorptive removal especially of oxidised phenolic compounds led to a considerable decolourisation of the pomace extracts, as revealed by determination of L*a*b* values, hue angle and chroma. Gelling properties of pectin were not adversely affected. While the polyphenolics recovered from apple pomace may be used as natural antioxidants or as functional food ingredients, extended fields of application may be obtained for decolorised, refined apple pectins. Furthermore, investigations on the phenolic composition of several New Zealand apple cultivars, of apple seeds, and on the effects of pomace drying on the stability of polyphenolics were carried out.
Both dietary fiber and polyphenols have been reported to exert antihyperglycemic effect. Potato peel (PP), a waste by product of potato processing, is found to be a good source of both dietary fiber and polyphenols. The current study examined the attenuating influence of dietary potato peel (PP) powder on hyperglycemia and various oxidative stress-associated biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.
Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Wistar rats were used as experimental models. The rats were divided into nondiabetic (control), diabetic, potato-peel-supplemented (5% and 10%) and diabetic-PP (5% and 10%)-supplemented groups and were maintained for 4 weeks on the experimental regime. The modulatory role of PP was assessed by determining its effect on blood glucose, urine output, body weight gain, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, serum aminotransferases, lipid profiles, selected antioxidant enzymes in liver/kidney and selected eye lens parameters.
Diabetic rats fed with PP-powder-supplemented diet for 4 weeks showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels. Incorporation of PP powder reduced significantly the hypertrophy of both liver and kidney of STZ-diabetic rats and also normalized the activities of serum ALT and AST, hepatic and renal MDA and GSH, as well as activities of various antioxidant enzymes in liver and kidney of diabetic rats. Furthermore, PP powder in the diet also appeared to attenuate the eye lens damage associated with the diabetic condition.
Potato peel powder supplementation in diet was found to effectively attenuate diabetic alterations in rats.
The potential of dietary potato peel (PP) powder in ameliorating oxidative stress (OS) and hyperglycemia was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In a 4-week feeding trial, incorporation of potato peel powder (5 and 10%) in the diet of diabetic rats was found to significantly reduce the plasma glucose level and also reduce drastically the polyuria of STZ diabetic rats. The total food intake was significantly reduced in the diabetic rats fed 10% PP powder compared to the control diabetic rats. However, the body weight gain over 28 days was nearly four times greater in PP powder supplemented diabetic rats (both at 5 and 10%) compared to the control diabetic rats. PP powder in the diet also decreased the elevated activities of serum transaminases (ALT and AST) and nearly normalized the hepatic MDA and GSH levels as well as the activities of specific antioxidant enzymes in liver of diabetic rats. The result of these studies clearly establishes the modulatory propensity of PP against diabetes induced alterations. Considering that potato peels are discarded as waste and not effectively utilized, these results suggest the possibility that PP waste could be effectively used as an ingredient in health and functional food to ameliorate certain disease states such as diabetes.
Potatoes, members of the Solanaceae plant family, serve as major, inexpensive low-fat food sources providing energy (starch), high-quality protein, fiber, and vitamins. Potatoes also produce biologically active secondary metabolites, which may have both adverse and beneficial effects in the diet. These include glycoalkaloids, calystegine alkaloids, protease inhibitors, lectins, phenolic compounds, and chlorophyll. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance and to have a variety of adverse as well as beneficial effects in cells, animals, and humans, a need exists to develop a clearer understanding of their roles both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the (a) history of glycoalkaloids; (b) glycoalkaloid content in different parts of the potato plant, in processed potato products, and in wild, transgenic, and organic potatoes; (c) biosynthesis, inheritance, plant molecular biology, and glycoalkaloid-plant phytopathogen relationships; (d) dietary significance with special focus on the chemistry, analysis, and nutritional quality of low-glycoalkaloid potato protein; (e) pharmacology and toxicology of the potato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine and their hydrolysis products (metabolites); (f) anticarcinogenic and other beneficial effects; and (g) possible dietary consequences of concurrent consumption of glycoalkaloids and other biologically active compounds present in fresh and processed potatoes. An enhanced understanding of the multiple and overlapping aspects of glycoalkaloids in the plant and in the diet will benefit producers and consumers of potatoes.
Flavonoids protect plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses, and their occurrence in human diet participates in preventing degenerative diseases. Many of the biological roles of flavonoids are attributed to their potential cytotoxicity and antioxidant abilities. Flavonoid oxidation contributes to these chemical and biological properties and can lead to the formation of brown pigments in plant tissues as well as plant-derived foods and beverages. Flavonoid oxidation in planta is mainly catalyzed by polyphenol oxidases (catechol oxidases and laccases) and peroxidases. These activities are induced during seed and plant development, and by environmental stresses such as pathogen attacks. Their complex mode of action is regulated at several levels, involving transcriptional to post-translational mechanisms together with the differential subcellular compartmentalization of enzymes and substrates.
Analytical data are reported for 20 flavonoids (as aglycones) determined for more than 60 fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts collected from four regions across the United States at two times of the year. Sample collection was designed and implemented by the Nutrient Data Laboratory (USDA). Analyses of eight flavan-3-ols (catechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin, and gallocatechin gallate), six anthocyanins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and petunidin), two flavanones (hesperetin and naringenin), two flavones (apigenin and luteolin), and two flavonols (myricetin and quercetin) were performed by the Food Composition Laboratory (USDA) using a hydrolysis method for the anthocyanidins, flavones, and flavonols and a direct extraction method for the flavan-3-ols and flavanones. Experimental results compare favorably (few statistically significant differences) to literature values in the flavonoid and proanthocyanidin database previously compiled by the Nutrient Data Laboratory. The results of this study showed a seasonal variation only for blueberries. This study also showed that the variation in the flavonoid content of foods, as purchased by the U.S. consumer, is very large. The relative standard deviation, averaged for each flavonoid in each food, was 168%.
Potato plants synthesize phenolic compounds as protection against bruising and injury from bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects. Because antioxidative phenolic compounds are also reported to participate in enzymatic browning reactions and to exhibit health-promoting effects in humans, a need exists for accurate methods to measure their content in fresh and processed potatoes. To contribute to our knowledge about the levels of phenolic compounds in potatoes, we validated and used high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to measure levels of chlorogenic acid, a chlorogenic isomer, and caffeic acid in flowers, leaves, stems, and tubers of the potato plant and in home-processed potatoes. The total phenolic acid content of flowers (626 mg/100 g fresh wt) was 21 and 59 times greater than that of leaves and stems, respectively. For all samples, chlorogenic acid and its isomer contributed 96-98% to the total. Total phenolic acid levels (in g/100 g fresh wt) of peels of five potato varieties grown in Korea ranged from 6.5 to 42.1 and of the flesh (pulp) from 0.5 to 16.5, with peel/pulp ratios ranging from 2.6 to 21.1. The total phenolic acid content for 25 American potatoes ranged from 1.0 to 172. The highest amounts were present in red and purple potatoes. Home processing of pulp with various forms of heat induced reductions in the phenolic content. The described methodology should facilitate future studies on the role of potato phenolic compounds in the plant and the diet.
Antioxidant-rich foods retard lipid oxidation in extruded corn In vitro bile acid binding by extruded potato peels In vitro binding of benzo[a]pyrene by extruded potato peels Potato peel dietary fiber composition: effects of peeling and extrusion cooking processes
- Me Camire
- Mp Dougherty
- Briggs
- Me Camire
- J Zhao
- Violette
- Me Camire
- J Zhao
- Dougherty
- Bushway
Cereal Chemistry 68, 645-647 Camire ME, Dougherty MP, Briggs JL (2005) Antioxidant-rich foods retard lipid oxidation in extruded corn. Cereal Chemistry 82, 666-670 Camire ME, Zhao J, Violette D (1993) In vitro bile acid binding by extruded potato peels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41, 2391-2394 Camire ME, Zhao J, Dougherty MP, Bushway RJ (1995) In vitro binding of benzo[a]pyrene by extruded potato peels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43, 970-973 Camire ME, Violette D, Dougherty MP, McLaughlin MA (1997) Potato peel dietary fiber composition: effects of peeling and extrusion cooking processes
Honey dressing versus boiled potato peel in the treatment of burns: a prosprective randomized study Physi-cal and chemical properties of potato peel as a source of dietary fiber in bread
- Rb Toma
- Orr
- D Ph
- B Appolonia
- Fr Dintzis
- Tabekhia
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, 4221-4226 Subrahmanyam M (1996) Honey dressing versus boiled potato peel in the treatment of burns: a prosprective randomized study. Burns 22, 491-493 Toma RB, Orr PH, D’Appolonia B, Dintzis FR, Tabekhia MM (1979) Physi-cal and chemical properties of potato peel as a source of dietary fiber in bread