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Increased incidence of cancer near a cell-phone transmitter station
Abstract
Abstract Significant concern has been raised about possible health effects from exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields, especially after the rapid introduction of mobile telecommunications systems. Parents are especially concerned with the possibility that children might develop cancer after exposure to the RF emissions from mobile telephone base stations erected in or near schools. The few epidemiologic studies that did report on cancer incidence in relation to RF radiation have generally presented negative or inconsistent results, and thus emphasize the need for more studies that should investigate cohorts with high RF exposure for changes in cancer incidence. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is an increased cancer incidence in populations, living in a small area, and exposed to RF radiation from a cell-phone transmitter station.
... Also in a Brazilian study the cancer risk was higher in the vicinity of MPBS (Dodê et al., 2011). Wolf and Wolf (Wolf and Wolf, 2004) found an association, which was not confirmed by another study in Israel (Atzmon et al., 2012). ...
... The first German study that linked "living in proximity to a cell tower" to an elevated risk for cancer dates back to 2004 (Eger et al., 2004). Independently from this, an increased incidence of cancer and living in proximity to a cell-phone transmitter station was described in Israel (Wolf and Wolf, 2004). Our observation on CAs provides mechanism that can explain the findings of Eger et al. (Eger et al., 2004) and Wolf and Wolf (Wolf and Wolf, 2004). ...
... Independently from this, an increased incidence of cancer and living in proximity to a cell-phone transmitter station was described in Israel (Wolf and Wolf, 2004). Our observation on CAs provides mechanism that can explain the findings of Eger et al. (Eger et al., 2004) and Wolf and Wolf (Wolf and Wolf, 2004). A recent study to describe significant genomic instability after exposure to RF-EMF from MPBSs was in mice (Zosangzuali et al., 2021). ...
... Also in a Brazilian study the cancer risk was higher in the vicinity of MPBS (Dodê et al., 2011). Wolf and Wolf (Wolf and Wolf, 2004) found an association, which was not confirmed by another study in Israel (Atzmon et al., 2012). ...
... The first German study that linked "living in proximity to a cell tower" to an elevated risk for cancer dates back to 2004 (Eger et al., 2004). Independently from this, an increased incidence of cancer and living in proximity to a cell-phone transmitter station was described in Israel (Wolf and Wolf, 2004). Our observation on CAs provides mechanism that can explain the findings of Eger et al. (Eger et al., 2004) and Wolf and Wolf (Wolf and Wolf, 2004). ...
... Independently from this, an increased incidence of cancer and living in proximity to a cell-phone transmitter station was described in Israel (Wolf and Wolf, 2004). Our observation on CAs provides mechanism that can explain the findings of Eger et al. (Eger et al., 2004) and Wolf and Wolf (Wolf and Wolf, 2004). A recent study to describe significant genomic instability after exposure to RF-EMF from MPBSs was in mice (Zosangzuali et al., 2021). ...
... phones that can be found to date (Abdel-Rassoul et al. 2007;Eger et al. 2004;Gulati et al. 2016;Hutter et al. 2006;Navarro et al. 2003;Santini et al. 2002;Viel et al. 2009;Wolf and Wolf 2007;Zothansiama et al. 2017). ...
... Population (622 individuals) living in the area near (up to 350 m) an MT antenna base station (850 MHz, 1500 watt of full power) for one year of operation, and matched controls (1,222 individuals) from other areas had been compared in Israel (Wolf and Wolf 2007) with respect to cancer incidence. There were 4.15 times more cases of cancer in the antenna base station area than in the other areas. ...
... Both epidemiological and experimental data indicate that at least under certain conditions, long-term nonthermal exposure to WC EMFs or MMWs can lead to tumorigenesis. Supporting evidence comes from statistically significant epidemiological data based either on long-term analysis, e.g., on mortality of the US Navy personnel within 20 years after exposure during the Korean War (Goldsmith 1997), or on a relatively short, 1 year exposure, e.g., from MT base station in Israel (Wolf and Wolf 2007). In the latter case, we fully agree with the authors that WC EMF exposure most likely results in acceleration of pre-existing cancer development. ...
... Dentre os 10 artigos analisados predominou exposição devido às torres de telefonia celular, o que está em concordância com evidências em estudos que trabalharam com populações que residiam no entorno destas estações (Elliott et al., 2010;Li et al., 2012;Silva et al., 2015;Wolf;Wolf, 2004). Existem indicações que sugerem uma taxa de risco aumentada de danos à saúde e desenvolvimento de leucemia em crianças que residiam próximas de torres de telefonia cellular (Eger et al., 2005). ...
... Dentre os 10 artigos analisados predominou exposição devido às torres de telefonia celular, o que está em concordância com evidências em estudos que trabalharam com populações que residiam no entorno destas estações (Elliott et al., 2010;Li et al., 2012;Silva et al., 2015;Wolf;Wolf, 2004). Existem indicações que sugerem uma taxa de risco aumentada de danos à saúde e desenvolvimento de leucemia em crianças que residiam próximas de torres de telefonia cellular (Eger et al., 2005). ...
This bibliometric review aimed to analyze publications on electromagnetic pollution and the development of diseases in humans. EMBASE, Scopus, National Library of Medicine - Medline via PubMed, Web of Science and Virtual Health Library were searched in April and May 2023. Rayyan® was used to remove duplicates and select studies. The selection resulted in 10 articles. IRaMuTeQ® was used to analyze the textual corpus. The Descending Hierarchical Classification generated five classes: exposure to electromagnetic field and impact on health (Class 1); base stations and cell phones: impact on health (Classes 2 and 3); and measurement of exposure to magnetic fields at different periods, especially in pregnant women (Classes 3 and 4). In conclusion, the literature shows that exposure to electromagnetic fields from base stations, telephone antennas and cell phones can impact human health, with the occurrence of neoplasms, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, blood oxidative stress, congenital defects, between others.
... In order to ensure that the power density emitted is generally reduced, we advise the government to establish tight regulations that require BS transmitters to be placed between 300 and 500 meters from residential areas. In their study, Santini et al., [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] found that in France, those who lived closest to cellular antennas had higher rates of the following ailments: fatigue, disturbed sleep, headaches, a feeling of discomfort, difficulty concentrating, depression, memory loss, visual disturbances, irritability, hearing disturbances, skin issues, cardiovascular disorders, and dizziness. Based on the medical data of individuals who resided 350 meters or less from a seasoned phone mast, Wolf and Wolf (2004) conducted study and presented it in Israel. ...
... In their study, Santini et al., [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] found that in France, those who lived closest to cellular antennas had higher rates of the following ailments: fatigue, disturbed sleep, headaches, a feeling of discomfort, difficulty concentrating, depression, memory loss, visual disturbances, irritability, hearing disturbances, skin issues, cardiovascular disorders, and dizziness. Based on the medical data of individuals who resided 350 meters or less from a seasoned phone mast, Wolf and Wolf (2004) conducted study and presented it in Israel. They discovered a nonionizing radiation-induced higher incidence of cancer compared to the Israeli general population and a tenfold increase among women specifically compared to the neighborhood farthest from the mast. ...
The effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from cellular base station exposure on human health are discussed in this review. Because of technological development, electromagnetic emissions are present at high levels in human existence. Due to the health risks linked with exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR), its effects are known. The systematic review work was done to identify measured values of non-ionizing radiation (such as power density and electric and magnetic fields) emitted by phones and GSM base stations, along with any potential biological consequences connected with the measured values. In the literature, all measurements of power density, electric fields, and magnetic fields were made using various instruments over a variety of base station distances and times. The findings from the literature showed that the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation's power density, electric field, and magnetic field varied with distance from the tower and were highest at the closest distances. The findings also demonstrate that, in some situations, home exposure levels to base station-emitted non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation are within the limit. In some instances, however, the situation varies, and persons living close to base stations experience health effects from high levels of non-ionizing electromagnetic field exposure. The biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation exposure in homes are summarized in this article. Numerous studies to date have established the dangers of mobile phone base station radiation to people and wildlife. The negative biological effects of exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation were compiled from numerous articles. Residents who are exposed to higher levels of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation at home are more likely to experience symptoms like fatigue, nausea, disturbed sleep, discomfort, headache, memory loss, skin problems, visual disturbances, hearing problems, dizziness, muscle pain, DNA damage, and infertility. Some mobile base stations are situated quite close to homes and commercial buildings, putting individuals at risk from the base stations' electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the infrastructure impediment, such as interior obstructions or buildings, the emf changed from location to location. As a result, cellular mobile towers shouldn't be placed closer than 200 meters from residential structures.
... Blettner et al., 2009;Röösli et al., 2010;Baliatsas et al., 2016) whereas others found increases in cancer and other health problems in humans living around antennas (e. g. Santini et al., 2002;Navarro et al., 2003;Bortkiewicz et al., 2004;Eger et al., 2004;Wolf and Wolf, 2004;Abdel-Rassoul et al., 2007;Khurana et al., 2010;Dode et al., 2011;Shinjyo and Shinjyo, 2014;Gandhi et al., 2015;López et al., 2021;Rodrigues et al., 2021). There is a specific symptomatology linked to radar and RF exposure at low levels, characterized by functional disturbances of the central nervous system (headache, sleep disturbance, discomfort, irritability, depression, memory loss, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, appetite loss, difficulty in concentration, dizziness, etc.), that has been termed 'RF sickness' (Lilienfeld et al., 1978;Johnson Lyakouris, 1998;Navarro et al., 2003). ...
... Despite the scientific evidence shown in the studies carried out in many countries by different teams of researchers that we have reviewed, several studies conclude that no effects are found and blame it on risk perception and the nocebo effect (Wiedemann et al., 2006;Kowall et al., 2012;Freudenstein et al., 2015;Dieudonné, 2016;Klaps et al., 2016;Koh et al., 2020). However, the nocebo effect is not supported by objective data (Belpomme and Irigaray, 2022), by the results of cancer studies (Eger et al., 2004;Wolf and Wolf, 2004;Dode et al., 2011;Li et al., 2012;Rodrigues et al., 2021), by studies on changes in haematological parameters (Gandhi et al., 2015;Meo et al., 2015;Taheri et al., 2017;Zothansiama et al., 2017), by hormonal changes after long-term exposure (Eskander et al., 2012), by salivary secretion and by effects on fertility (Al-Quzwini et al., 2016). Many reviews on the health effects of mobile phones have reached the same conclusions regarding their effects on male infertility (El-Hamd and Aboeldahab, 2018). ...
The objective of this work was to perform a complete review of the existing scientific literature to update the knowledge on the effects of base station antennas on humans. Studies performed in real urban conditions, with mobile phone base stations situated close to apartments, were selected. Overall results of this review show three types of effects by base station antennas on the health of people: radiofrequency sickness (RS), cancer (C) and changes in biochemical parameters (CBP). Considering all the studies reviewed globally (n = 38), 73.6% (28/38) showed effects: 73.9% (17/23) for radiofrequency sickness, 76.9% (10/13) for cancer and 75.0% (6/8) for changes in biochemical parameters. Furthermore, studies that did not meet the strict conditions to be included in this review provided important supplementary evidence. The existence of similar effects from studies by different sources (but with RF of similar characteristics), such as radar, radio and television antennas, wireless smart meters and laboratory studies, reinforce the conclusions of this review. Of special importance are the studies performed on animals or trees near base station antennas that cannot be aware of their proximity and to which psychosomatic effects can never be attributed.
... There is a large and growing body of evidence that human exposure to RFR from cellular phone base stations causes negative health effects (Siddoo-Atwal, 2018;Singh et al., 2018;Faisal, et al., 2018) including both i) neuropsychiatric complaints such as headache, concentration difficulties, memory changes, dizziness, tremors, depressive symptoms, fatigue and sleep disturbance (Navarro et al., 2003;Hutter et al., 2006;Abdel-Rassoul et al., 2007); and ii) increased incidence of cancer and living in proximity to a cell-phone transmitter station (Wolf and Wolf, 2004;Havas, 2017). The mechanism for causing cancer could be from observed genetic damage using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay assessed in peripheral blood leukocytes of individuals residing in the vicinity of a mobile phone base station and comparing it to that in healthy controls (Gandhi et al., 2014). ...
... The mechanism for causing cancer could be from observed genetic damage using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay assessed in peripheral blood leukocytes of individuals residing in the vicinity of a mobile phone base station and comparing it to that in healthy controls (Gandhi et al., 2014). In epidemiological studies that assessed negative health effects of mobile phone base stations (seven studies explored the association between base station proximity and neurobehavioral effects (Navarro et al., 2003;Hutter et al., 2006;Abdel-Rassoul et al., 2007;Berg-Beckhoff et al., 2009;Blettner et al., 2009;Gadzicka et al., 2006;Santini et al., 2002) and three investigated cancer (Wolf and Wolf, 2004;Havas, 2017;Levitt and Lai, 2010), 80% reported increased prevalence of adverse neurobehavioral symptoms or cancer in populations living at distances < 500 m from base stations (Navarro et al., 2003). ...
The use of cellular phones is now ubiquitous through most of the adult global population and is increasingly common among even young children in many countries (e.g. Finland, where the market for smart phones is nearly saturated). The basic operation of cellular phone networks demands widespread human exposure to radio-frequency radiation (RFR) with cellular phone base stations providing cellular coverage in most areas. As the data needs of the population increase from the major shift in the source of Internet use from personal computers to smart phones, this coverage is widely predicted to increase. Thus, both the density of base stations and their power output is expected to increase the global human RFR exposure. Although direct causation of negative human health effects from RFR from cellular phone base stations has not been finalized, there is already enough medical and scientific evidence to warrant long-term liability concerns for companies deploying cellular phone towers. In order to protect cell phone tower firms from the ramifications of the failed paths of other industries that have caused unintended human harm (e.g. tobacco) this Current Issue summarizes the peer-reviewed literature on the effects of RFR from cellular phone base stations. Specifically the impacts of siting base stations are closely examined and recommendations are made for companies that deploy them to minimize their potential future liability.
... For decades, there has been an increasing concern on the possible adverse effects of RFR on humans living near mobile phone base stations despite the fact that RFR spectrum are of low frequency (ARPANSA, 2011). There has been a link between the RFR exposures and several human health disorders including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological diseases (Bortkiewicz et al., 2004;Eger et al., 2004;Havas, 2013;Lerchl et al., 2015;Wolf and Wolf, 2004). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2011) has classified RFR as a possible carcinogen to humans (group 2B), based on the increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer associated with wireless phone use (Hardell et al., 2013). ...
... RFR may change the fidelity of DNA as the increased incidence of cancer has been reported among those residing near mobile phone base stations (Abdel-Rassonl et al., 2007;Bortkiewicz et al., 2004;Cherry, 2000;Eger et al., 2004;Hardell et al., 1999;Hutter et al., 2006;Wolf and Wolf, 2004). RFR emitted from mobile base stations is also reported to increase the DNA strand breaks in lymphocytes of mobile phone users and individuals residing in the vicinity of a mobile base station/s (Gandhi and Anita, 2005;Gandhi et al., 2014). ...
Radiofrequency radiations (RFRs) emitted by mobile phone base stations have raised concerns on its adverse impact on humans residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations. Therefore, the present study was envisaged to evaluate the effect of RFR on the DNA damage and antioxidant status in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs) of individuals residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations and comparing it with healthy controls. The study groups matched for various demographic data including age, gender, dietary pattern, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, duration of mobile phone use and average daily mobile phone use. The RF power density of the exposed individuals was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) when compared to the control group. The HPBLs were cultured and the DNA damage was assessed by cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (MN) assay in the binucleate lymphocytes. The analyses of data from the exposed group (n = 40), residing within a perimeter of 80 m of mobile base stations, showed significantly (p < 0.0001) higher frequency of micronuclei when compared to the control group, residing 300 m away from the mobile base station/s. The analysis of various antioxidants in the plasma of exposed individuals revealed a significant attrition in glutathione (GSH) concentration (p < 0.01), activities of catalase (CAT) (p < 0.001) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.001) and rise in lipid peroxidation (LOO) when compared to controls. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed a significant association among reduced GSH concentration (p < 0.05), CAT (p < 0.001) and SOD (p < 0.001) activities and elevated MN frequency (p < 0.001) and LOO (p < 0.001) with increasing RF power density.
... Symptoms like nausea, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, loss of memory, lowering of libido, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, tinnitus, skin rashes, visual disturbance, sensory disturbance, and mood disturbance have been linked to phone base station (BSs) vicinity (ICBE-EMF, 2022;Raphael Yende, 2016;Carpenter, 2013;Khurana et al., 2010;Kundi & Hutter, 2009;Santini et al., 2002). Furthermore, cancers are significant in people living close to base stations (ICBE-EMF, 2022;Gómez-Perretta et al., 2013;Carpenter, 2013;Khurana et al., 2010;Wolf & Wolf, 2004;Eger et al., 2004). Moreover, the increase in the number and spread of phone base stations have raised public awareness. ...
The electromagnetic environment became dense with the spread of its artificial sources in urban and rural areas. More and more publications are describing their unfavourable effects, including human well-being deterioration, disruption of the nervous system functions or cancer occurrence. Also, there is a legal loophole related to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in many countries. The aim of this contribution is to map people's exposure to EMF from phone base stations in the north of Libreville, Gabon. Data on phone base station emissions have been collected with Spectran 6080HF, processed with MCS Spectrum Analyser 2.1.6, transferred in a WPS spreadsheet, and converted to a shape file before mapping them in ArcMap and examining spatial concentration in QGis. Phone base station emissions vary in space and time between 0 to 488,09 V/m from June to December 2021. The threshold of phone base station emissions standards is exceeded at different periods for all mobile phone network operators, by the Salzburg Resolution and Gabonese standards. Furthermore, the concentration of EMF exposure varies in space and concerns more Akanda than Libreville. This fact explains the spatio-temporal variation of people at risk, as all types of districts and social classes are concerned. Based on the precautionary principle, and because this risk is a matter of accumulation of exposure, it is important to revise standards and raise awareness of EMF pollution as cancer cases and related diseases have grown amidst struggling health systems for years
... In the years between 1999 and 2004, after 5 years operation of the transmitting installation, the relative risk of getting cancer had tripled for residents in proximity of the installation compared with inhabitants outside of the area. Wolf and Wolf (2004) investigated increased cancer incidence in populations living in a small area in Israel exposed 14 http://www.salzburg.gv.at/umweltmedizin. (Accessed October 2010.) to RFR from a cell tower. ...
The siting of cellular phone base stations and other cellular infrastructure such as roof-mounted antenna arrays, especially in residential neighborhoods, is a contentious subject in land-use regulation. Local resistance from nearby residents and landowners is often based on fears of adverse health effects despite reassurances from telecommunications service providers that international exposure standards will be followed. Both anecdotal reports and some epidemiology studies have found headaches, skin rashes, sleep disturbances, depression, decreased libido, increased rates of suicide, concentration problems, dizziness, memory changes, increased risk of cancer, tremors, and other neurophysiological effects in populations near base stations. The objective of this paper is to review the existing studies of people living or working near cellular infrastructure and other pertinent studies that could apply to long-term, low-level radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposures. While specific epidemiological research in this area is sparse and contradictory, and such exposures are difficult to quantify given the increasing background levels of RFR from myriad personal consumer products, some research does exist to warrant caution in infrastructure siting. Further epidemiology research that takes total ambient RFR exposures into consideration is warranted. Symptoms reported today may be classic microwave sickness, first described in 1978. Nonionizing electromagnetic fields are among the fastest growing forms of environmental pollution. Some extrapolations can be made from research other than epidemiology regarding biological effects from exposures at levels far below current exposure guidelines.
... Briefly, reports have pointed to the increased risk in brain tumors Hardell and Carlberg 2009;Cardis et al. 2010), acoustic neuroma Sato et al., 2011), tumors of parotid glands (Sadetzki et al. 2008), seminomas ), melanomas (Hardell et al. 2011), and lymphomas in these cohorts of people. Also, a significant increase in tumor incidence among people living nearby MT base stations has also been reported (Eger et al. 2004;Wolf and Wolf 2007). Similarly, experimental evidence of cancer expansion in rodents caused by long-term non-thermal RF/WC EMF exposure has been published (Szmigielski et al. 1982;Chou et al. 1992;Repacholi et al. 1997;Toler et al. 1997). ...
... This implies that the 5G cellular network needs to use smaller cells and install base stations more densely. Due to their small size, these base stations can be easily mounted on lighting poles or the roofs of buildings [22,33,40]. Since 5G is newly developed, the human species, as well as the whole planet, will be exposed to millimeter waves at such a scale for the first time. ...
All devices using electrical energy emit electromagnetic fields and radiation as a side effect while performing their normal functions. This causes thermal and non-thermal harmful effects on humans, plants, animals, and devices. The effect on humans is not much different from the effects on plants or animals since they are dielectric material and 70-80% of them all consist of water. Other than that, some damages such as cancer appear after 20-30 years medically. Health studies conducted on animals reveal that radiofrequency (RF) waves, as well as the millimeter waves used in the 5G system cause changes in the body, manifested in structural alteration, disturbance in various functions of the organism, including the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, blood and other systems. While microwaves used in 4G cause thermal effects, millimetric waves used in 5G cause non-thermal effects only due to low wave penetration. Based on evidence obtained from various studies carried out by the USA National Toxicology Program, the Italian Ramazzini study, and the EU Reflex study, a growing number of scientists say that electromagnetic (EM) waves are "human carcinogens". As is known that all processes in the human body involve electromagnetic waves. Brain activity, heartbeat, cell division, and neuronal communication always use electrical energy. The activities of hormones and enzymes are regulated electrically. Millimeter waveused in the 5G system have a weak penetrating ability and are easily absorbed by humans, animals, and trees. Therefore, 5G base stations need to be installed approximately every 10 meters. This will result in millions of new base stations in addition to the present ones and increase electromagnetic pollution and health risks by leased by a factor of 100. This study will discuss the biological effects of EM Pollution on humans, animals, and vegetation.
... Most of the findings in military settings are on radiation levels within the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) radiation standards as used by the military and industry, see ICNIRP 1998 and ICNIRP 2020. Whole-body exposure occurs also in communities near mobile base stations, as investigated by Wolf and Wolf (2004) and López et al. (2021) and the review by Balmori (2022). ...
Introduction:
In 2018, we reported a case series of 47 patients diagnosed with cancer following several years of exposure to high-intensity whole-body radiofrequency radiation (RFR) using the parameter of percentage frequency (PF). Consistent high and statistically significant PFs of hematolymphoid (HL) cancers were found in this group and in four previous reports on RFR-exposed groups in Belgium, Poland and Israel together with increased all-cancers rates. In this paper we report a new series of 46 young cancer patients who were exposed during military service to such radiation.
Materials and methods:
The new group of patients comprises Israeli soldiers previously exposed to occupational RFR. The patients were self-selected to enroll in the research in cooperation with an NGO assisting patients with administrative counseling and legal and social services. The new group of patients was studied with respect to distribution (proportion) of cancer types using the method of PF. When possible, cancer risk ratios (RR) were estimated too. The results are compared to those of other occupational groups in three countries.
Results:
Median age at diagnosis was 23 years; duration of exposure was between 1-3 years and the latencies were short, median 4.6 years. The PF of HL cancers was 41.3%, 95% CI (27% - 57%), versus 22.7% expected in non-exposed subjects matched for age and gender profiles, p=0.003; 19 out of the 46 patients had HL cancers. The PF of Hodgkin lymphoma cancers was 21.7%, 95%CI (11% - 36%), versus 11.6% expected, p=0.033. For a subgroup of 6 patients, the number of soldiers in the units was known, and we were able estimate approximately the overall cancer risk ratio (RR) after 8 years as being 8.0 with 95% CI (2.9, 17), p<0.002, with only 0.75 cases expected from the Cancer Registry data. In this subgroup, there were 3 HL cancer cases and 3 non-HL cases. Sarcoma PF was higher than expected, 7 out of the 46 patients were diagnosed with sarcoma, PF=15.2%, 95%CI (6.3%- 28.9%), p=0.04 versus the expected PF of 7%.
Conclusion:
The HL PF was high and consistent with previous reports. Epidemiological studies on excess risk for HL and other cancers, brain tumors in cellphone users, and experimental studies on RFR and carcinogenicity strongly point to a cause-effect relationship. It is mandatory to reduce the RFR exposure of all personnel to that of the typical community levels, including the peak level of radar pulses. Radiation protection, safety instructions, cancer risk warnings and quantitative data on individual exposure together with regular medical monitoring must be instituted for all personnel exposed to such risks. The findings from our study add to the growing body of evidence underscoring the gross inadequacy of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) thermal standards. Based on our findings and on the previous accumulated research, we endorse the recommendations to reclassify RFR exposure as a human carcinogen, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) group .
Keywords:
Radio-frequency radiation, non-ionizing radiation, radar, hematolymphoid cancers, hematopoietic malignancies, sarcoma
... Health issues related to cellular transmissions [11][12][13], especially the location of base stations, are of particular concern. Base stations, which essentially allow a network of cell towers to be interconnected, are not recommended to be located in the vicinity of hospitals and elementary schools [14]. ...
Cell phone technology has advanced rapidly with the start of 5G being rolled out across the networks. To keep up with this demand, cell tower companies have responded by erecting numerous towers. Engineers and researchers analyze the network topography to make recommendations for cell tower locations. Cell tower companies evaluate these recommendations using a host of other factors. In this research, a model was developed to help a regional telecommunications company predict throughput for locations using competitive and demand factors. Model results represented a large improvement over internal key performance indicators.
... Despite the enormous research conducted on telecommunication masts and towers, most related studies focuses on the possible health risks associated with siting telecommunication masts close to residential areas (Akintonwa et al. 2009: Eneh 2015, Olanrewaju 2016, Sadiq and Garba 2017; the impact of cellular phone station towers on property values (Bond et al., 2003;Wolf and Wolf 2004, Filippova and Rehm 2012, Adeniji et al. 2015, Odunola et al. 2015; and the optimal use of telecommunication mast (Støttrup-andersen et al. 2017). Other studies centered on the analysis of residents' perception of living close to telecommunication masts (Adebayo 2010); telecommunications and economic growth or development (Datta and Agarwal 2004, Zahra et al. 2008, Adei et al. 2015. ...
The increasing demand for telecommunication services in Ghanaian cities has contributed to the expansion of the telecommunication with its associated health and safety concerns. To regulate the siting of masts towards orderliness, there exists several locational planning standards. There is however dearth of research on the extent of compliance by operators to the regulations with regards to the siting of telecommunication masts. Using Kumasi as a case study, data was gathered through observations and interviews with relevant institutions and households living within a 50 m radius of installed masts in three suburbs – low, middle and high-income neighborhoods. Findings of the research showed that there was a general non-compliance by telecommunication providers with the locational planning standards. For example, 90 percent of masts installed in the study communities do not comply with the minimum setback to the nearest building. The research further indicated that only 11 percent of residents interviewed from the three communities were consulted before the masts in their neighborhood were installed. There is the urgent need for city authorities to integrate telecommunication infrastructure into future land use plans. The study therefore calls for well-planned land use planning regime where the siting of telecommunication mast is done before physical development catches up with peri-urban neighborhoods.
... No references to that statement are given. In a review by Khurana et al. [127] two of three studies reported increased incidence of cancer at a distance < 350 m [128] or < 400 m [129] from a base station. Dode et al. [130] reported increased cancer mortality in an area within 500 m from a base station in Belo ...
... 34 Ayrıca kanser riskinin artışını gösteren çalışmalar da bulunmaktadır. [35][36][37] Bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların sonucunda bilim dünyasında iki görüş oluşmuştur. Bunlardan ilki bu tür ışımanın sağlığa olumsuz etkileri olduğunu savunan görüş, diğeri ise bu tür ışımanın sağlığa herhangi bir zararı olmadığını savunan görüş. ...
ABSTRACT 30-50% of cancer cases are preventable. Preventing exposure to cancer-causing factors and raising awareness is the most appropriate strategy to prevent cancer formation. Smoking, physical inactivation, nutrition, obesity and viruses are the risk factors cited for cancer preventing. In addition to these risk factors, environmental carcinogens constitute a group that is neglected to be discussed in cancer causality and closely related to today's forms of economic production. The aim of this review is to identify environmental carcinogens that are common in daily life and threaten public health, and discuss ways to prevent these factors by pointing out the cancers they cause. Outdoor air pollution, pesticide use, exposure to radon, ultraviolet and other sources of ionizing radiation should be reduced. Reducing exposure to electromagnetic fields, eating food additives by giving fewer places to ready-made foods in diets and lowering aflatoxin exposure by consuming as much fresh, locally produced products as possible will be beneficial in preventing the formation of new cancer cases. In addition to increasing knowledge and awareness about environmental factors, the supervisory, policymaking, regulatory role and public health protection perspective of public institutions is vital.
... O resultado do estudo realizado em Naila, Alemanha, mostra que o risco de novos casos de câncer é três vezes maior entre os pacientes que viveram durante os últimos dez anos (1994 a 2004) num raio de 400 metros das ERB's, em comparação com os que viveram mais afastados (EGER et al, 2004). Já o resultado do trabalho feito em Netanya, Israel, indica que o risco de novos casos de câncer é 4,15 vezes maior entre os pacientes que viveram num raio de 350 metros das ERB's, em comparação com os que viveram mais afastados (R. WOLF, D. WOLF, 2004). Importante salientar que os níveis de exposição estimados e medidos em toda a área deste estudo eram bem inferiores aos níveis das recomendações que se baseiam somente nos efeitos térmicos, tais como a Comissão Internacional de Proteção contra Radiação Não Ionizante (ICNIRP -"International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection") e a ANATEL. ...
Em Porto Alegre, capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, região sul do Brasil, o Projeto de Lei do Executivo (PLE) n° 57/2013 prevê a atualização da Lei Municipal n° 8896/2002, que define limites de exposição humana aos campos eletromagnéticos das Estações de Radiobase (ERB’s) no Município, bem como normas urbanísticas, levantando dúvidas à população quanto a suas alterações e possíveis riscos à saúde humana. A partir desse cenário, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos: (1) verificar como os atores sociais avaliam à Lei Municipal n° 8896/2002; (2) discutir as diferentes opiniões acerca do PLE n° 57/2013, bem como as suas consequências para a população porto-alegrense. Para tanto, empregou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória através de dados bibliográficos, documentos oficiais e questionários. Ainda, a permitir uma melhor compreensão do problema da pesquisa, acompanhou-se a Audiência Pública sobre o PLE n° 57/2013. Os resultados mostraram que a Lei Municipal n° 8896/2002 pode ser considerada um marco regulatório inovador para a gestão ambiental pública de Porto Alegre. Porém, apresentou falhas na fiscalização ambiental e no processo de licenciamento. O PLE n° 57/2013, por sua vez, despertou controvérsias entre os diferentes atores sociais quanto aos seus possíveis riscos para a população. Por fim, o trabalho comprova a importância da participação da sociedade na gestão ambiental pública dos Municípios.
... Biological effects of RF-EMR associated with the increased temperature of tissue are clarified by thermal mechanism, but there is no consensus on cellular effects induced by low-level RF-EMR exposure at non-thermal levels (Belpomme et al. 2018;Blettner et al. 2009;Viel et al. 2009). Within the past two decades, many studies have indicated an association between the RF-EMR exposure and several human disease conditions including diabetes, cancer, neurological and cardiovascular diseases (Bortkiewicz et al. 2004;Dasdag et al. 2020;Eger et al. 2004;Havas 2013;Lerchl et al. 2015;Wolf and Wolf 2004). One particular concern in recent years is the accumulated evidence on RF-EMR induced oxidative stress in biological systems, under low-intensity non-thermal levels of exposure (Alkis et al. 2019;Dasdag and Akdag 2016;Yakymenko et al. 2016). ...
This study was designed to investigate the possible effects of exposure to mobile phone base station (MPBS) emits 1800-MHz RF-EMR on some oxidative stress parameters in the brain, heart, kidney and liver of Swiss albino mice under exposures below thermal levels. Mice were randomly assigned to three experimental groups which were exposed to RF-EMR for 6 hr/day, 12 hr/day and 24 hr/day for 45 consecutive days, respectively, and a control group. The glutathione (GSH) levels and activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly reduced in mice brain after exposure to RF-EMR for 12 hr and 24 hr per day. Exposure of mice to RF-EMR for 12 hr and 24 hr per day also led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde (an index of lipid peroxidation) levels in mice brain. On the contrary, exposures used in this study did not induce any significant change in various oxidative stress-related parameters in the heart, kidney and liver of mice. Our findings showed no significant variations in the activities of aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), and on the level of creatinine (CRE) in the exposed mice. This study also revealed a decrease in RBC count with an increase in WBC count in mice subjected to 12 hr/day and 24 hr/day exposures. Exposure to RF-EMR from MPBS may cause adverse effects in mice brain by inducing oxidative stress arising from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as indicated by enhanced lipid peroxidation, and reduced levels and activities of antioxidants.
... A correlation of the relative hazard uncovered that there were 4.15 times a greater number of cases in zone A than in the whole populace. The examination shows a relationship between expanded occurrence of cancer and living in vicinity to a mobile phone transmitter station [15]. Some neurodegenerative diseases are classified those causes for the death of explicit neurons, like as motor neuron disease, Alzheimer's sickness and Parkinson's infection [6]. ...
With the rapid technological advancement the increasing cell phone dependency has led to set up cellular towers in numerous communities. These towers are known as base stations, have antennas and electronic equipment that transmit and receive RF (radio-frequency) signals. Various experimental and epidemiological analysis have been done for searching the potential effect of BTS (Base Transceiver Station) establishment in residential areas and result shows significant health issues, as the RF radiation can mess with the human body's own EMFs. Therefore, for ensuring public safety it is essential to ascertain the minimum safe distance of establishing BTSs from locality. In this calculation based empirical work, on the basis of SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) mentioned by the World Health Organization, we have analyzed and proposed the minimum reasonable distance of nine major human tissues for being affected by the radiation. This analysis has been done at different frequency bands based on a specific type of antenna at Bangladesh context.
... A correlation of the relative hazard uncovered that there were 4.15 times a greater number of cases in zone A than in the whole populace. The examination shows a relationship between expanded occurrence of cancer and living in vicinity to a mobile phone transmitter station [15]. Some neurodegenerative diseases are classified those causes for the death of explicit neurons, like as motor neuron disease, Alzheimer's sickness and Parkinson's infection [6]. ...
With the rapid technological advancement the increasing cell phone dependency has led to set up cellular towers in numerous communities. These towers are known as base stations, have antennas and electronic equipment that transmit and receive RF (radio-frequency) signals. Various experimental and epidemiological analysis have been done for searching the potential effect of BTS (Base Transceiver Station) establishment in residential areas and result shows significant health issues, as the RF radiation can mess with the human body’s own EMFs. Therefore, for ensuring public safety it is essential to ascertain the minimum safe distance of establishing BTSs from locality. In this calculation based empirical work, on the basis of SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) mentioned by the World Health Organization, we have analyzed and proposed the minimum reasonable distance of nine major human tissues for being affected by the radiation. This analysis has been done at different frequency bands based on a specific type of antenna at Bangladesh context.
... Unfortunately, environmental issues receive minimal attention from the telecom companies despite the fact that most of these companies are known to have sited telecom masts close to residential communities with severe health implications for residents (Stewart, Rao, Middleton, Pearmain, and Evans, 2012;Wolf and Wolf, 2004). According to Pinkston and Carroll (1996), ethical responsibilities embody those standards, norms, or expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees, shareholders, and the community regard as fair, just, or in keeping with the respect or protection of stakeholders' moral rights. ...
This study investigates the impact of corporate social responsibility performance on customer loyalty in Ghana's telecommunication in industry. Analysis of survey data collected from 588 customers revealed that there has been a surge in corporate social responsibility activities by telecom firms in Ghana in recent years. The results show that corporate social responsibility initiatives of the telecom firms are associated with community development and support through the provision of clean borehole water, education, and health services. Environmental issues, on the other hand, receive minimal attention from the telecom companies despite the fact that most of these companies are known to have sited telecom masts close to residential communities with severe health implications for residents. Also, poor quality of service provided by all networks casts doubts upon the genuineness of their philanthropic gestures. The paper includes recommendations for government to institute stringent measures to ensure telecom firms improve their services and provide value for money as part of their corporate citizenship. In addition, corporate social responsibility activities should be regulated to ensure firms engage in projects that have real impact on people's lives rather than those meant for mere publicity. JEL: M140, M160
... Significant concerns have been raised about the possible impacts of exposure to electromagnetic waves which is being emitted by the telecommunication masks, in particular following the fast implementation of mobile telecommunications technologies. People living around the base of the mobile telecommunications mask are generally more concerned about the potential risks associated with living close to them (Wolf and Wolf, 2016). Several empirical studies have been carried out with regard to its impact and some of these are examined the effects on exposure by animals and humans. ...
... Epidemiological studies show evidence that populations around RBSs presents a higher probability to develop cancer than non-exposed populations (Dode, 2010;Eger et al., 2004;Wolf, R., & Wolf, D. 2004). In turn, the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified in 2011 the radiofrequency electromagnetic field as "possibly carcinogenic" to humans, based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, associated with wireless phone use (Iarc, 2011). ...
This article aims to analyze the participation of social actors in the decision-making and political processes of the city of Porto Alegre, concerning the installation of Radio Base Stations (RBSs). Thus, an exploratory and descriptive research of qualitative nature was performed choosing the case of Porto Alegre. As a result, there was an environmental retreat in community participation and a change of orientation in the discussion about the possible adverse effects caused by electromagnetic of RBS. In a period of little more than a decade, the initial protagonism of the community was reduced, when a new discussion about changes in the Law emerged in 2013 and 2014. Finally, the article reinforces the importance of the political decentralization for Sustainable Development of cities, favoring the participation of local actors in the construction of environmental public policies.
... Niewielka część populacji przypisuje niespecyficzne objawy złego stanu zdrowia, takie jak bóle głowy, trudności w skupieniu, upośledzenie procesu zapamiętywania i funkcji poznawczych, nadpobudliwość, obniżenie koncentracji po wydłużonej ekspozycji na pole elektromagnetyczne. Zjawisko to opisuje się jako nadwrażliwość elektromagnetyczną [55][56][57][58][59]. Nie ma dostatecznych dowodów potwierdzających związek pomiędzy ekspozycją a nadwrażliwością elektromagnetyczną [52]. ...
... Mobile handset emits radiation continuously into the environment. However, the intensity of the radiation reduces rapidly with distance away from the base of the transmitter because of the power attenuation [4]. The erection of mobile phone base stations in inhabited areas has raised concerns about possible health effects caused by emitted radiation [5]. ...
The aim of this study is to measure the radiation dose from Mobile Phone Base Stations relative to human exposure at various locations within Ibadan metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria by measuring the radiation dose at 10 -100 metres distance away from the randomly selected base stations and compare the results with other studies/recommended exposure limit. A Victoreen radiation survey meter (fluke 451 model) was used to measure the radiation dose. The meter was calibrated with a calibration factor of 1.1 to standardized the values measured with international recommended standards. The average radiation dose reported for the studied area were 9.36, 11.28, 8.73, 10.17, 8.58, 9.80, 7.13, 10.05, 8.14 and 8.81 μSv/hr respectively. The mean value of radiation dose from the study area was 9.21 μSv/hr which is higher than the maximum permissible level of 5.7 μSv/hr recommended by the American Nuclear Society for persons within 0 –100 m from a mobile phone base station. The values vary according to the distance which shows that the strength of the radiation field is greatest at the source and diminished quickly with distances. Results obtained for the present study showed that radiation emitted at mobile phone base station are at intensities that are thousands of times-less than intensities that can produce a heating effect. Hence, the assumption from the results obtained for the present study area is that the radiation exposures from mobile phone base stations impose no health hazard as the limits recommended in the guidelines by International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection do not appear to have any known adverse consequence on human health.
... Significant concerns are raised on possible health effects due to exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields, especially after the rapid introduction of the mobile telecommunication systems [1]. People who live within 100 m -300 m from the base of mobile phone telecommunication masts (when the mast is clearly visible), are generally more concerned about possible health effects associated with living close to them. ...
Measurements indicate that the exposure levels due to all mobile cellular network providers as at August 2018 for the general public in locations considered in this work are below FCC specified safety standards. In some cities of Northern Province comparatively higher exposure levels have been shown. Colombo and Jaffna show comparatively
lower values due to the installation of micro cellular base station antennas. From among the sites measured, the highest exposure level was reported at Vavuniya mostly due to the 2 GHz band but it was still one-third of the permissible level. About 75% of the total exposure from all sites considered, is due to the 2 GHz band. Some of the hilly areas
show comparatively higher exposure levels than flat terrains. According to the analyzed data, exposure levels of places such as Vavuniya, Ratnapura and Kilinochchiya are not very much below the standards. Therefore this kind of exposure assessment should continuously be done at least once in two years since mobile base station antennas are
being built at a rapid rate. It is advisable to build micro cellular base station antennas by replacing macro cellular base station antennas to have a good coverage without interferences and to minimize the exposure levels. According to the RF radiation distribution with respect to the mobile base station antennas from the cities considered in
the country, NP 5 leads in all frequency ranges. That evaluation was done based on maximum average strengths received. Also in all cities considered, NP 3 provides comparatively lower strengths. Major cities show considerable higher strengths and as predicted some rural areas with low capacity show lower RF strengths.
... The effects of RFR combined with one other stressor in lab tests can result in damage at lower RFR exposures than RFR exposures shown to cause serious damage when measured in isolation. The effects of RFR combined with myriad other stressors, as reflected in epidemiology studies, (e.g., [26][27][28]) can result in serious damage at RFR exposures orders of magnitude less than RFR exposures shown to cause serious damage when measured in isolation. ...
This editorial addresses the effects of toxic stimuli combinations on determination of safe Exposure Limits. Examination of thousands of Medline abstracts showed typically that combinations of toxic stimuli can produce damage even when the exposure level of each member of the combination is less than the lowest exposure level of the member that produced damage when tested in isolation. The synergy of the toxic stimuli in combination means less of each component stimulus is required to cause damage compared to exposure levels when tested in isolation. This Editorial concludes there is no reason to believe today that the Exposure Limits on potentially toxic stimuli that have been set by the regulatory agencies are fully protective against serious adverse health effects in all real life exposure scenarios. The conclusion is applicable to essentially all potential contributing factors to disease amenable to Exposure Limits, including not only chemicals but other types of exposures such as radiofrequency radiation (RFR).
... They found that the women complain significantly more often than men of headache, nausea loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, depression, discomfort and visual perturbations. The study appealed that the minimal distance of people from cellular phone base stations should not be < 300 m. (Santini et al., 2002), While (Wolf R et al., 2004) remind that the ratio of developing cancer cases newly was significantly higher among those patients who had lived within 400 m from the towers site of the internet for the past 10 years, compared to all patients living further apart. Also, they found the 5 years from the operation of the transmitting installation, habitat that near of the installation region, compared to the inhabitants of Naila outside the zone (Ha et al., 2007;Elliott et al., 2010). ...
The mobile phone has become one of the most important in our days. The effects of waves from mobile base station may cause health effects on human. The aim of this work was to study the effect of radiofrequency (RF) emitted from mobile base station on the hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell (PCV), white blood cells (WBC) and liver enzymes activity including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvie transaminase (GPT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In this study the people divided into control group who living away from mobile base station and experimental group who living near to the mobile base station. The present result found there is no significant differences (P<0.05) in the Hb and PCV, but there was a significant increases (P<0.05) in the white blood cells compared to the control group. The most changes found in the biochemical parameters of liver enzymes. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the experimental and control people. It was found the enzyme (GOT) increased to the 50.402±8.001, (GPT) increased to the 56.119±5.401, (ALP) increased to the 64.00±7.569. The mobile base station radiation has harmful effects on enzyme activity and white blood cells and the exposure to this radiation is responsible for changes in liver enzyme and can effected on healthy.
... They found that the women complain significantly more often than men of headache, nausea loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, depression, discomfort and visual perturbations. The study appealed that the minimal distance of people from cellular phone base stations should not be < 300 m. (Santini et al., 2002), While (Wolf R et al., 2004) remind that the ratio of developing cancer cases newly was significantly higher among those patients who had lived within 400 m from the towers site of the internet for the past 10 years, compared to all patients living further apart. Also, they found the 5 years from the operation of the transmitting installation, habitat that near of the installation region, compared to the inhabitants of Naila outside the zone (Ha et al., 2007;Elliott et al., 2010). ...
The mobile phone has become one of the most important in our days. The effects of waves from mobile base station may cause health effects on human. The aim of this work was to study the effect of radiofrequency (RF) emitted from mobile base station on the hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell (PCV), white blood cells (WBC) and liver enzymes activity including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvie transaminase (GPT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In this study the people divided into control group who living away from mobile base station and experimental group who living near to the mobile base station. The present result found there is no significant differences (P<0.05) in the Hb and PCV, but there was a significant increases (P<0.05) in the white blood cells compared to the control group. The most changes found in the biochemical parameters of liver enzymes. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the experimental and control people. It was found the enzyme (GOT) increased to the 50.402±8.001, (GPT) increased to the 56.119±5.401, (ALP) increased to the 64.00±7.569. The mobile base station radiation has harmful effects on enzyme activity and white blood cells and the exposure to this radiation is responsible for changes in liver enzyme and can affect the health.
... Later, a German study found elevated cancer incidence in patients who had lived 5-10 years within 400 meters of a cell installation [19]. Another Israeli study indicated an association between increased cancer incidence and living in proximity to a cell base station [20]. ...
... An evaluation of the comparative risk showed that overall 4.15 additional patients were found in zone A than in the whole community. 10 ...
... To date, many epidemiological studies assessing health effects of RF exposure have been focused on specific sources, such as use of mobile or cordless phones (Abramson et al., 2009;Aydin et al., 2011b;Cardis, 2010;Divan et al., 2008;Redmayne et al., 2013;Sadetzki et al., 2014;Schüz et al., 2011;Thomas et al., 2010) (most of them considering selfreported use), and on distance to some far-field sources (mobile phone base stations, television and radio antennas, whose radiation is contributing to people's exposure in the far field of the source) (Dode et al., 2011;Wolf and Wolf, 2004). These methods to assess exposure have limitations. ...
Introduction: Radiofrequency (RF) fields are widely used and, while it is still unknown whether children are more vulnerable to this type of exposure, it is essential to explore their level of exposure in order to conduct adequate epidemiological studies. Personal measurements provide individualized information, but they are costly in terms of time and resources, especially in large epidemiological studies. Other approaches, such as estimation of time-weighted averages (TWAs) based on spot measurements could simplify the work. Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess RF exposure in the Spanish INMA birth cohort by spot measurements and by personal measurements in the settings where children tend to spend most of their time, i.e., homes, schools and parks; to identify the settings and sources that contribute most to that exposure; and to explore if exposure assessment based on spot measurements is a valid proxy for personal exposure. Methods: When children were 8 years old, spot measurements were conducted in the principal settings of 104 participants: homes (104), schools and their playgrounds (26) and parks (79). At the same time, personal measurements were taken for a subsample of 50 children during 3 days. Exposure assessment based on personal and on spot measurements were compared both in terms of mean exposures and in exposure-dependent categories by means of Bland-Altman plots, Cohen's kappa and McNemar test. Results: Median exposure levels ranged from 29.73 (in children's bedrooms) to 200.10 μW/m2 (in school playgrounds) for spot measurements and were higher outdoors than indoors. Median personal exposure was 52.13 μW/m2 and median levels of assessments based on spot measurements ranged from 25.46 to 123.21 μW/m2. Based on spot measurements, the sources that contributed most to the exposure were FM radio, mobile phone downlink and Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial, while indoor and personal sources contributed very little (altogether
... In United Kingdom, from 118 locations maximum power density reported was 0.0083 W/m 2 [6]. A study conducted in Israel shows that there is an association between increased incidence of cancer and living in the proximity of a cell phone transmitter station (within 350 m radius), with the obtained power density far below 0.0053 W/m 2 [10]. A study involving roughly 1,000 patients in Naila, Germany, concluded that the proportion of newly developing cancer case was significantly higher among those patients who lived up to 10 years at a distance within 400 m from cellular transmitter site, compared to those patients living farther away [11]. ...
During the last decade, the installation of macrocell mobile telephone base station antennas in residential areas has been increased significantly and therefore much attention is being paid to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation and its effects on human health. High intensities of RF radiation can be harmful since RF energy can heat biological tissues rapidly. This paper presents the RF exposure levels of major cities in Sri Lanka occurred due to the mobile base station antennas belong to different network providers. In this research the mobile cellular transmitting antennas in 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2 GHz of all five network providers were considered. The results were compared with the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) guidelines and the present exposure levels were found to be below the maximum limits set by the standards. RF exposure levels due to mobile base station antennas obtained at present and in 2005 were compared.
... These clusters of telecommunication base stations are located around residential areas, schools, market places and office premises all around Port Harcourt and the populace living in such environment may be exposed to variable levels of electromagnetic fields (radiofrequencies), with respect to the distance from the telecommunication base stations (masts), the presence of passive structures to either amplify the wave or to shield them, the number of transmission calls within the transmitters and their position with relationship to the orientation of the antenna [1]. In spite of the numerous advantages of telecommunication, there have been significant concerns about possible negative health effects from exposure of the public to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields mainly due to the proximity of the base stations (masts) to residential areas, office premises etc [2]. Some of the possible negative health effects from radiofrequency (RF) fields shown in scientific reviews have been related to an increase in body temperature from exposure at very high field intensity [3]. ...
An Introduction to Non-Ionizing Radiation provides a comprehensive understanding of non-ionizing radiation (NIR), exploring its uses and potential risks. The information is presented in a simple and concise way to facilitate easy understanding of relevant concepts and applications. Chapters provide a summary and include relevant equations that explain NIR physics. Other features of the book include colorful illustrations and detailed reference lists. With a focus on safety and protection, the book also explains how to mitigate the adverse effects of non-ionizing radiation with the help of ANSI guidelines and regulations.
An Introduction to Non-Ionizing Radiation comprises twelve chapters, each explaining various aspects of non-ionizing radiation, including:
Fundamental concepts of non-ionizing radiation including types and sources
Interaction with matter
Electromagnetic fields
The electromagnetic wave spectrum (UV, visible light, IR waves, microwaves and radio waves) Lasers
Acoustic waves and ultrasound
Regulations for non-ionizing radiation.
Risk management of non-ionizing radiation
The book is intended as a primer on non-ionizing radiation for a broad range of scholars and professionals in physics, engineering and clinical medicine.
Factors that influence compliance with the standards that regulate the siting of telecommunication masts remain unclear in the conventional literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the determinants of compliance with the standards that guide the siting of telecommunication masts in the Ghnanaian context. The researchers obtained primary and secondary data from telecommunication operators and regulatory institutions . The results of the study showed that the level of compliance is influenced by the effectiveness of inspection and enforcement, land values and compensations paid for land, and rewards for compliance and penalties for noncompliance with the standards and guidelines. The policy compatibility analysis showed that the guidelines that guide the siting of telecommunication masts in Ghana is compatible with other sectoral policies that promotes environmental sustainability and the safety of human settlement. Through it's decentralized agencies, the government should review and enforce the co-location policy towards to limit the proliferation of telecommunication masts in the cityscape.
Electrosensitivity exists as a very real problem. There is ample biological evidence to enable an understanding of this widespread phenomenon. Recent studies suggest possible genetic links, confirm positive subjective evidence, and confirm that voltage-gated calcium channels are an established mechanism for EM effects at nonthermal
levels.
Problems stemming from the conceptual context explain why even well-intentioned investigators may be tempted to deny, defer, obscure, or otherwise divert truth. It is also noted that there are vested interests at stake. As a result a great deal of EM and RF technology has been developed on the mistaken “presumption of no harm.”
Unfortunately, ES not only exists but affects many, many people, the great majority of them undiagnosed (because of lack of medical knowledge) and either expensively investigated or mistreated, or worse still ignored, dismissed or ridiculed. Three case
studies are noted, including one of the authors, which may of course incur criticism of bias, but perhaps may achieve an acknowledgement of the use of the human as an instrument of experimentation as well as an honest scientifically trained witness to symptoms. The Austrian Medical Association Guidelines provide a useful tool for the Practitioner.
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity is categorised as a multisymptomatic 'el-allergy' in the Nordic classification of 2000 (R.68.8). Its symptoms are 'certainly real' and it can be a 'disabling condition' (W.H.O., 2005). It was first recorded in the mid 20th century as an occupational illness, but it has now spread into the general population through environmental exposure from increasing levels of electromagnetic fields and radiation.
This Summary covers current research on this syndrome, covering EM Sensitivity and EM Hypersensitivity. It includes tables of symptoms, EMF sources and exposure guidelines, along with references to scientific studies.
This New Edition adds updates, international doctors' protocols, aspects of quantum biology, evidence for sensitivity in animals and plants, case studies, disability issues and human rights.
This article proposesthat the Right to Life Principle, dened as “every person hasthe right to a natural birth and legitimate survival and development into adulthoodwithout environmental or othersystematic injury to theirwell-being,”may be violated byRFRemissionsfromcell phones,Wi-Fi,macro cell phone base stations (MCPBSs), 5G/4G small cell antennas (SCAs), etc. in excess of the standards set by the Building Biology Institute. BBI standardsset1000µW/m2as anextreme anomaly;theprecisedivisionpointofharm/noharmbelow1000µW/m2is unknown. I review literature describing (1) the Right to Life Principle, (2) the attributes of non-ionizing radiation, and (3) proven injury from cell phones, WiFi, MCPBSs, 5G/4G SCAs, etc. to living organisms with 20 categories of illnesses and 58 references. Non-ionizing radiation isshown to place a force eld on negatively charged particles including electrons, neurons, and DNA, and exciting/energizing electrons with shifts to outer orbits with energy emission when they return to ground orbit thereby destabilizing atoms, molecules, cells and organs in the process of orbital shifts. RFR induced illnesses include sperm damage, fetus injury, irreversibility infertility, emotional and hyperactive disorders, cancer, damage to DNA, the immune system, blood brain barrier, and stem cells, increasesin oxidative stress and free radicals, and harm to those living lessthan 500 metersfrom MCPBSs. My recommendationsto reduce injury from RFR are based upon review of the literature, experience in metering residential property and MCPBSsfor RFR, avoiding the use of RFR emitting devices and accessto line-of-sight antennas, and legislative proposalsto show the dangers of RFR devices and antennas by,for example,requiringnotice tobuyers andlessees ofresidentialpropertyof powerdensitieswithinhousingunits.
Background
Exposure of the general population to electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone base stations is one of the greater concerns of residents affected by the proximity of these structures due to the possible relationship between radiated levels and health indicators.
Objectives
This study aimed to find a possible relationship between some health indicators and electromagnetic radiation measurements.
Methods
A total of 268 surveys, own design, were completed by residents of a Madrid neighborhood surrounded by nine telephone antennas, and 105 measurements of electromagnetic radiation were taken with a spectrum analyzer and an isotropic antenna, in situ and in real – time, both outside and inside the houses.
Results
It was shown statistically significant p - values in headaches presence (p = 0.010), nightmares (p = 0.001), headache intensity (p < 0.001), dizziness frequency (p = 0.011), instability episodes frequency (p = 0.026), number of hours that one person sleeps per day (p < 0.001) and three of nine parameters studied from tiredness. Concerning cancer, there are 5.6% of cancer cases in the study population, a percentage 10 times higher than that of the total Spanish population. Discussion: People who are exposed to higher radiation values present more severe headaches, dizziness and nightmares. Moreover, they sleep fewer hours.
This essay presents a review of new methods for electric field value assessment in high-voltage areas. For buildings that are placed near high-voltage transmission line corridor, two main scenarios are modeled using finite element method. A new approach to reduce electric field value is also simulated and the results are discussed in detail. The results are compared to related standards values. In some cases the improvement rate exceeds 65%.
The smart phone or a mobile phone has become 24hrs attachment with most of the users all over the globe. It is now very difficult to say who are the people not using mobile/smart phone. The mobile phone users can not even think that the mobile phones not working for an hour. The main advantage of using smartphone or mobile phone is that it keeps users online. It is important to point out that smart phones have changed the way we access internet and benefit from the micro computers that they are. The people are empowered as they access information and interact with everyone all the time, on the go. Apart from all the above the mobile phone or smartphone may be used for entertainment or playing games. However, there are many negative effects of mobile phone or smart phone. Quite a number of researchers have made systematic study on evil effects of mobile phone or smart phone on human health. The mobile towers are much more dangerous for human beings. In the present paper the author tried to collect various data from different reliable sources and made a systematic study on the negative effects of mobile phones/smartphones on human body.
In the present era, cellular phones have changed the life style of human beings completely and have become an essential part of their lives. The number of cell phones and cell towers are increasing in spite of their disadvantages. These cell towers transmit radiation continuously without any interruption, so people living within 100s of meters from the tower receive 10,000 to 10,000,000 times stronger signal than required for mobile communication. In the present study, we have examined superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation assay, and effect of functional polymorphism of SOD and CAT antioxidant genes against mobile tower-induced oxidative stress in human population. From our results, we have found a significantly lower mean value of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) enzyme activity, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and a high value of lipid peroxidation assay in exposed as compared to control subjects. Polymorphisms in antioxidant MnSOD and CAT genes significantly contributed to its phenotype. In the current study, a significant association of genetic polymorphism of antioxidant genes with genetic damage has been observed in human population exposed to radiations emitted from mobile towers.
The omnipresence of mobile phone base stations (MPBS) in urban areas has resulted in the population being exposed to non-ionizing radiation (NIR) emitted by this type of radio sources, inasmuch as they have been located near places inhabited or frequently visited by people who are considered more susceptible to electromagnetic radiations. This scenario has been characterized by the constant concerns of citizens and experts about the possible adverse health effects that may occur from exposure to NIR. However, there is also an atmosphere of ignorance and uncertainty regarding the topic which makes it more difficult to evaluate this technological anthropogenic potential risk.. Therefore, it was considered important to analyze the social response in front of the risk generated by the electromagnetic radiation emitted by MPBS, in order to make an integral diagnosis of this situation. To do this, the psychometric paradigm method was adapted and a descriptive and multivariate analysis was carried out, which allowed knowing the social perception of the risk in the area that was considered more critical according to the results that emerged from the diagnosis of urban areas exposed to NIR emitted by MPBS located in the municipality of Cartago (Valle del Cauca). The results of the analyses show that the perception of each individual is based on intuitive judgments and sociocultural factors which result in attitudes and decisions made against the assessed risk which, apparently, in the social imaginary has not been conceived in its entirety as a potential risk factor. That is why, it can be concluded that judgments about the assessed risk differ not only individually but also collectively.
The uncontrolled proliferation of mobile phone base stations (MPBS) in urban centers and especially in areas with facilities considered vulnerable to non-ionizing radiation (NIR) in relation to the type of people they are home to has generated concerns about the potential adverse health effects that may occur in the population, because of the exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by this type of equipment. To address this situation from a technical and environmental approach, a methodology to diagnose areas exposed to NIR issued by MPBS was designed and implemented, which takes into account threatening and vulnerable factors of this potential risk scenario. This methodology is structured through the development of an MPBS inventory, a zoning of the areas exposed to high NIR emitted by these radio-electric sources, and the implementation of a multicriteria matrix. With the interaction of these three elements, a risk map is generated by exposure to NIR emitted by MPBS, which facilitates the location and visualization of areas with high exposure at the territorial level, thus considering the areas of greatest vulnerability. Finally, based on these results a diagnosis of the risk scenario is obtained by the MPBS positioning, being possible to identify critical or high risk areas, which are considered as sensitive areas where NIR emission and immision measurements must be done as a priority and determine the accomplishment of defined limits. The validation of this methodology was made in the municipality of Cartago (Valle del Cauca), where areas highly exposed to NIR emitted by EBTM were diagnosed and high-risk areas were identified.
Significant concern has been raised about possible health effects from exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields, especially after the rapid introduction of mobile telecommunications systems. Parents are especially concerned with the possibility that children might develop cancer after exposure to the RF emissions from mobile telephone base stations erected in or near schools. These questions have followed scientific reports suggesting that residence near high voltage power lines may to be associated with an increased childhood leukemia risk. Epidemiologic studies have been plagued by poor RF exposure assessment and differences in methodology. There are no high-quality epidemiologic studies that can be used to evaluate health risks from RF exposure. Laboratory studies in this area have been somewhat confusing. Some animal studies suggest that RF fields accelerate the development of sarcoma colonies in the lung, mammary tumors, skin tumors, hepatomas, and sarcomas. A substantial RF-induced increase in lymphoma incidence in transgenic mice exposed for up to 18 months has also been reported. In contrast, other studies have not found carcinogenic effects. These conflicting results indicate the need for more well-conducted studies on laboratory animals, supplemented with high-quality in vitro studies to identify effects that need further research in vivo, and to characterize any acting mechanisms, especially at low RF field levels. This paper provides a review of the laboratory studies and indicates what conclusions about RF-induced cancer can be drawn.
Sumario: This study have previously reported the cancer incidence in power linesmen and power station operators based on the Swedish census of 1960 and the cancer registry for the period 1961-79. It now reports incidence of leukaemia and brain tumours in some others occupations, presumably exposed to electromagnetics fields, as well as incidence in occupational sub-cohorts in industries
Data from a population-based case-control study of breast cancer in men were used to examine the hypothesis that occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields increases the risk of breast cancer. Incident cases ( n = 227) diagnosed between 1983 and 1987 were obtained from 10 population-based cancer registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute. Controls ( n = 300) were selected by random digit dialing and from Medicare eligibility lists. Exposure status, defined as ever having been employed in a job which has been classified as involving potential exposure to electromagnetic fields, was assigned without knowledge of case/control status. An elevated risk was found for any job with exposure (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) 1.0–3.7), and risk was highest among electricians, telephone linemen, and electric power workers (OR = 6.0, 95 percent CI 1.7–21) and radio and communications workers (OR = 2.9, 95 percent CI 0.8–10). Risk did not vary with duration of exposed employment. The risk was highest among subjects who were first employed in jobs with exposure before the age of 30 years and who were initially exposed at least 30 years prior to diagnosis. These results lend support to the theory that electromagnetic fields may be related to breast cancer in men. The hypothesis warrants evaluation in women.
With very few exceptions, an exhaustive comparison of the health status of the State Department employees who had served in Moscow with those who had served in other Eastern European posts during the same period of time revealed no differences in health status as indicated by their mortality experiences and a variety of morbidity measures. No convincing evidence was discovered that would directly implicate the exposure to microwave radiation experienced by the employees at the Moscow embassy in the causation of any adverse health effects as of the time of this analysis.
An excess of electrical wiring configurations suggestive of high current-flow was noted in Colorado in 1976--1977 near the homes of children who developed cancer, as compared to the homes of control children. The finding was strongest for children who had spent their entire lives at the same address, and it appeared to be dose-related. It did not seem to be an artifact of neighborhood, street congestion, social class, or family structure. The reason for the correlation is uncertain; possible effects of current in the water pipes or of AC magnetic fields are suggested.
Concern with health effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields has been raised by epidemiologic studies of childhood cancer in relation to proximity to electric power distribution lines. This case-control study was designed to assess the relation between residential exposure to magnetic fields and the development of childhood cancer. Eligible cases consisted of all 356 residents of the five-county 1970 Denver, Colorado Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed with any form of cancer between 1976 and 1983. Controls were selected by random digit dialing to approximate the case distribution by age, sex, and telephone exchange area. Exposure was characterized through in-home electric and magnetic field measurements under low and high power use conditions and wire configuration codes, a surrogate measure of long-term magnetic field levels. Measured magnetic fields under low power use conditions had a modest association with cancer incidence; a cutoff score of 2.0 milligauss resulted in an odds ratio of 1.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-2.9) for total cancers and somewhat larger odds ratios (ORs) for leukemias (OR = 1.9), lymphomas (OR = 2.2), and soft tissue sarcomas (OR = 3.3). Neither magnetic fields (OR = 1.0) nor electric fields (OR = 0.9) under high power use conditions were related to total cancers. Wire codes associated with higher magnetic fields were more common among case than control homes. The odds ratio to contrast very high and high to very low, low, and buried wire codes was 1.5 (95% CI = 1.0-2.3) for total cases, with consistency across cancer subgroups except for brain cancer (OR = 2.0) and lymphomas (OR = 0.8). Contrasts of very high to buried wire code homes produced larger, less precise odds ratios of 2.3 for total cases, 2.9 for leukemias, and 3.3 for lymphomas. Adjusted estimates for measured fields and wire codes did not differ from crude results, indicating an absence of confounding. Limitations to the study are nonresponse (especially for field measurements), differential mobility of cases and controls, and a presumably nondifferential exposure misclassification from the use of imperfect surrogates for long-term magnetic field exposure history. In spite of these concerns, the results encourage further examination of the carcinogenic potential from this form of nonionizing radiation.
Several recent surveys have presented data suggesting an increased risk of leukemia among men with occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields. Eleven pertinent data sets were compiled in order to assess the consistency of this pattern and to identify those occupations most deserving closer examination. Results for total leukemia show a modest excess risk for men in exposed occupations, with an enhanced risk elevation for acute leukemia and especially acute myelogenous leukemia. These studies are inherently limited regarding the effect of electromagnetic fields due to the absence of exposure characterization. Nonetheless, telegraph, radio, and radar operators, power and telephone linemen, and electrical and electronic engineers showed the most consistent results and warrant further study to ascertain potential occupational health hazards.
A case-control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that exposure to magnetic fields of the type generated by high-voltage power lines increases cancer incidence in children. The study base consisted of everyone under age 16 years who had lived on a property located within 300 meters of any of the 220 and 400 kV power lines in Sweden during the period 1960-1985. Subjects were followed from their entry into the study base through 1985. A total of 142 cancer cases were identified through a record linkage to the Swedish Cancer Registry. There were 39 leukemia and 33 central nervous system tumor cases. A total of 558 controls were selected at random from the study base. Exposure was assessed by spot measurements and by calculations of the magnetic fields generated by the power lines, taking distance, line configuration, and load into account. Information about historical loads on the power lines was used to calculate the magnetic fields for the year closest in time to diagnosis. When historical calculations were used as exposure assessment for childhood leukemia with cutoff points at 0.1 and 0.2 microtesla (microT), the estimated relative risk increased over the two exposure levels and was estimated at 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-6.3) for 0.2 microT and over; p for trend = 0.02. When the upper cutoff point was shifted to 0.3 microT, the relative risk was 3.8 (95% CI 1.4-9.3); p for trend = 0.005. These results persisted when adjustment for potential confounding factors was made. For central nervous system tumor, lymphoma, and all childhood cancers combined, there was no support for an association.
To determine whether there is an increased cancer incidence and mortality in populations exposed to radiofrequency radiations from TV towers.
An ecological study comparing cancer incidence and mortality, 1972-1990, in nine municipalities, three of which surround the TV towers and six of which are further away from the towers. (TV radiofrequency radiation decreases with the square of the distance from the source.) Cancer incidence and mortality data were obtained from the then Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health. Data on frequency, power, and period of broadcasting for the three TV towers were obtained from the Commonwealth Department of Communications and the Arts. The calculated power density of the radiofrequency radiation in the exposed area ranged from 8.0 microW/cm2 near the towers to 0.2 microW/cm2 at a radius of 4km and 0.02 microW/cm2 at 12 km.
Northern Sydney, where three TV towers have been broadcasting since 1956.
Rate ratios for leukaemia and brain tumour incidence and mortality, comparing the inner with the outer areas.
For all ages, the rate ratio for total leukaemia incidence was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.40). Among children, the rate ratio for leukaemia incidence was 1.58 (95% CI, 1.07-2.34) and for mortality it was 2.32 (95% CI, 1.35-4.01). The rate ratio for childhood lymphatic leukaemia (the most common type) was 1.55 (95% CI, 1.00-2.41) for incidence and 2.74 (95% CI, 1.42-5.27) for mortality. Brain cancer incidence and mortality were not increased.
We found an association between increased childhood leukaemia incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers.
This paper reviews the literature data on the genetic toxicology of radiofrequency (RF) radiation. Whereas in the past most studies were devoted to microwave ovens and radar equipment, it is now mobile telecommunication that attracts most attention. Therefore we focus on mobile telephone frequencies where possible. According to a great majority of the papers, radiofrequency fields, and mobile telephone frequencies in particular, are not genotoxic: they do not induce genetic effects in vitro and in vivo, at least under non-thermal exposure conditions, and do not seem to be teratogenic or to induce cancer. Yet, some investigations gave rather alarming results that should be confirmed and completed by further experiments. Among them the investigation of synergistic effects and of possible mechanisms of action should be emphasised.
In this opinion piece, the author brings together and discusses the collective relevance of possible health effects of microwave or radar exposure in military, broadcasting, and occupational circumstances, with a view to assuring optimal protective practices. Sources of the information presented include 1) historical data, 2) experiences of Polish soldiers, 3) a study of U.S. naval personnel using radar in the Korean War, 4) preliminary findings of exposures to the Skrunda, Latvia, transmitter, 5) data obtained near Hawaiian broadcasting facilities, 6) occupational studies of electronic and electrical workers, including ham radio operators, 7) reproductive outcomes among physiotherapists using short-wave and microwave diathermy, and 8) U.S. foreign service personnel exposed at Embassies in Eastern Europe. Some of the data are available in the peer-reviewed literature, others in abstracts, reports, or other non-peer-reviewed forms. Some were obtained under Freedom of Information statutes and are incomplete. For some of these, there is reason to believe that further evidence desired by the investigator was not obtained. Some are case-referent studies, but most are not. Some are ecological, and all are retrospective. Few have reliable dose estimations, and none has accurate dosage information on each subject. None includes evidence of tissue heating or any short-term effect. Possible outcomes considered included 1) blood count changes, 2) evidence of somatic mutation, 3) impairment of reproductive outcomes, especially increased spontaneous abortion, and 4) increase in cancer incidence and mortality, especially of the hematopoietic system, brain, and breast. The author presents evidence that sufficient microwave exposures are associated with all four of these outcomes, concluding that the possible effects and their timings with respect to exposure are qualitatively similar to those on ionizing radiation. A prudent course of action would be to provide more protection for those exposed than required by present regulations. No systematic effort to include negative studies is made; thus this review has a positive reporting bias.
Health effects of electromagnetic radiation on workers: epidemiologic studies. Bierbaum, PJ and Peters, JM. 91-124 Cincinnati, OH, US Department of Health and Human Services
- Gp Theriault
Theriault, GP. Health effects of electromagnetic radiation on workers: epidemiologic studies. Bierbaum, PJ and Peters, JM. 91-124. 1991. Cincinnati, OH, US Department of Health and Human Services. Proceedings of the Scientific r13 Workshop on the health Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Workers. Ref Type: Conference Proceeding