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Karnataka state of environment report and action plan biodiversity sector
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... is initiative focuses on restoring degraded lands through native tree planting, involving local farmers and landowners in conservation activities [30][31][32]. e project has successfully increased forest cover, enhanced biodiversity, and improved the livelihoods of participating communities. ...
The Western Ghats of India, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site, is a biodiversity hotspot crucial for ecological balance and human sustenance. This review explores the vital role of plant ecosystems in this region, highlighting their contributions to carbon sequestration, water regulation, and soil fertility. Despite their importance, these ecosystems face significant threats from deforestation, climate change, and unsustainable land-use practices. The advocates for integrated conservation and sustainable development strategies, emphasizing the need for biodiversity-friendly agricultural practices, robust governance, community involvement, and education. It also underscores the potential of sustainable tourism to generate economic benefits while promoting conservation. Examining successful case studies and outlining future directions, the review calls for a concerted effort to preserve the Western Ghats' ecological integrity, ensuring sustainable development and human well-being for generations to come.
... The Ganga River has lost 80% of its original forest cover in its basin (Smakhtin et al., 2007). Riparian forests adjoining streams and river banks have been almost eliminated outside the protected areas (Gadgil, 2004). Moreover, there has been no quantitative estimation of riparian diversity in Indian rivers. ...
... India is among the top 12 countries in the world for super biodiversity (Gadgil, 2004), and has around 47,000 plant species (Kumar et al., 2007). It remains at the tenth spot on the planet and fourth in Asia in plant assorted variety. ...
In the present study, a medicinal tree named hybrid Eucalyptus was chosen for the extraction of polyphenols from its leaves. Ultrasound has been used for extraction studies, whereas other conventional extraction methods were studied to validate the applied ultrasound assisted extraction method. Various experimental parameters like material to solvent ratio, solvents, and ultrasound irradiation time were employed to obtain the required condition for effective polyphenols extraction. The maximum total polyphenols achieved was 62.24 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of powdered leaves sample with material to solvent ratio of 1:30 and 50% ethanol as solvent with an ultrasonic bath whereas the maximum total flavonoid of 14.20 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE)/g of powdered leaves sample was obtained under the same experimental conditions. The gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS) study of the eucalyptus leaves extract had proved that it contains the required polyphenols of high medicinal value. Also, studies were performed to check 2,2‐diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing anti‐oxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging potential of the leaves extract.
... The project was taken up with the aim to prevent sea erosion and reduce intensity of tsunamis. This is in fact the biggest mangrove forests along the western coast and the forest department is working towards extending it in the future [ [7]. ...
Karnataka has a coast line of 320 kilometres, nicked by many rivers creating islands in the estuarine areas. These islands are spots of biodiversity. Floods are prevalent during the rainy seasons. Due to lack of connectivity, employment and revenue generation models there have been a noticeable rise in the migration of the natives to the main land and cities for employment. The study area 'Mudukudru' is one among 15 islands in the estuary of Kodi Bengre having an area of 156 acres. It has 112 residential units with a total population of 296 people. It falls under CRZ-III and governance of Kallianpur panchayat of Udupi district. The study explores the feasibility of sustainable options for implementing eco-tourism concept for revenue generation that sustains livelihood of the natives as well as the ecosystem by understanding the issues and involving community participation and indigenous approach for economic sustainability.
... Contudo, segundo o mesmo autor, a recuperação e manutenção destas espécies animais não se previa garantida caso as arborizações se expandissem em larga escala sobre a maioria dos terrenos abertos de alimentação. Tal vaticínio acabou entretanto por se verificar no estado de Karnaka na Índia e no próprio Santuário de Ranebennur, conforme nos relata Gadgil (2004), na sequência do continuado avanço das plantações de Eucalyptus sp., Tectona sp., Casuarina sp. e Acacia sp. sobre as florestas e matos baixos nativos. ...
Introdução:
A fauna é uma das componentes ambientais sobre as quais as actividades humanas exercem influências de diversas ordens. Estão neste caso as acções de florestação ou de desflorestação, cujos impactes podem ser encarados, quer a uma escala local quer a uma escala mais vasta, regional por exemplo. Ainda que à escala local os impactes possam ser negativos, estes podem não o ser, necessariamente, à escala regional. No caso particular dos projectos de arborização, os impactes sobre a fauna verificam se sempre e o saldo entre impactes negativos e positivos depende de vários factores. Estes incluem o tipo de formação vegetal pré‑existente – e logo o seu inerente valor faunístico potencial, relativo às suas zoocenoses potenciais, bem como a natureza específica das espécies animais presentes – a espécie de árvore que se pretende instalar, o seu regime de exploração (talhadia ao alto fuste) e, em particular, o tempo decorrido entre os cortes de exploração, o tipo de preparação do terreno, o faseamento da sua instalação, a área do povoamento a instalar e a extensão da mancha contínua que se cria.
As plantações de eucalipto devem ser encaradas na perspectiva de uma cultura industrial que, embora tendo as suas próprias características, enfermam, no que diz respeito aos impactes sobre a fauna selvagem, dos mesmos defeitos gerais imputáveis às culturas monoespecíficas intensivas, sejam elas agrícolas ou florestais, constituídas por espécies exóticas ou alóctones (choupos, girassol, arroz, trigo, etc.). A silvicultura intensiva, cujo objectivo é maximizar a produção de lenho, leva à constituição de um estrato arbóreo monoespecífico, onde se procura controlar ou eliminar todos os factores, estruturas e organismos que com ele compitam, o que faz distanciar as plantações de cultura intensiva das florestas naturais (como os bosques de carvalhos e galerias ripícolas), ou tradicionais exploradas extensivamente (como os montados), mais complexas nas suas biocenoses.
A monoespecifidade, a uniformidade em termos de estrutura (povoamentos equiénios), as intervenções culturais e extractivas, o corte relativamente precoce do arvoredo, tornam a cultura do eucalipto num sistema ecológico particular.
As implicações destas plantações florestais na diversidade da fauna selvagem têm sido objecto de numerosos estudos a nível mundial desde há mais de três décadas, sendo merecedoras de realce as obras pioneiras dos anos 70 do século XX que abordaram o problema, como as editadas por Smith (1975), DeGraaf (1978), DeGraaf & Evans (1979) ou DeGraaf & Tilghman (1980), nos Estados Unidos da América, ou as de Ford et al. (1979) ou Malcolm & Atterson (1979), na Grã‑Bretanha. Neste sentido, é de realçar o importante progresso que se tem verificado ao nível das preocupações ambientais por esse mundo fora, principalmente no que se refere ao fomento da vida selvagem nas plantações de espécies de rápido crescimento para produção de lenho, nomeadamente na procura de soluções que cumpram este objectivo.
Em traços gerais, os possíveis impactes das plantações intensivas de eucalipto na fauna selvagem dividem‑se em três grandes grupos: 1) sobre as comunidades animais; 2) sobre as espécies ameaçadas e 3) sobre a diversidade faunística da região. Quanto à escala a que se exercem, podemos considerar que os primeiros dois grupos de impactes tendem a verificar se à escala local – ao nível da unidade de gestão – enquanto o terceiro grupo já se verifica a uma escala mais vasta, da paisagem.
... eliminated outside the protected areas (Gadgil, 2004). Moreover, there has been no quantitative estimation of riparian diversity in Indian rivers. ...
The riparian forest community is considered generally to be one of the distinct ecosystems in both composition and structure compared to adjacent upland forest communities. The study was conducted along the three zones of riparian forest in Dikhu river, Nagaland, north-east India. In this study diversity, distribution and population structure of riparian trees from the three zones of riparian forest along the river were analyzed and compared. In each zone 100x100 m2 plot were marked and subdivided into 20 plots of 10x10 m2. 10 plots on each side of the river were taken randomly covering 0.02 ha. Only tree with dbh e” 10cm and dbh above 1.5 m above ground level were recorded as individual species. A total of 29 tree species belonging to 18 families were recorded from the three zones of the river. Tree species richness was highest at the middle zone (19) followed by upper (14) and lower zone (7). The most abundant species and family recorded at upper, middle and lower zones were Melia azaderach of Euphorbiaceae (380 stems ha-1), Terminalia chebula of Euphorbiaceae (432.5 stems ha-1) and Duabanga grandiflora of (365 stems ha-1) of Lythraceae respectively. The Shannon-Wiener index ranged between 1.25 and 0.73, Simpson diversity index ranged between 0.42 and 0.93, Evenness index ranged between 0.47 and 0.37, Index of co-dominance ranged 0.75 and 0.94. Rest of other indices were also estimated and compared. It was found from the study that trees in the riparian forest are highly diverse in their family although recorded few. The various factors affecting the diversity of tree at three zones were discussed. The present study will help us in planning proper strategy for the conservation and management of the riparian zone by evaluating the variability in tree diversity at these three zones.
... eliminated outside the protected areas (Gadgil, 2004). Moreover, there has been no quantitative estimation of riparian diversity in Indian rivers. ...
The riparian forest community is considered generally to be one of the distinct ecosystems in both composition and structure compared to adjacent upland forest communities. The study was conducted along the three zones of riparian forest in Dikhu river, Nagaland, northeast India. In this study diversity, distribution and population structure of riparian trees from the three zones of riparian forest along the river were analyzed and compared. In each zone 100x100 m 2 plot were marked and subdivided into 20 plots of 10x10 m 2. 10 plots on each side of the river were taken randomly covering 0.02 ha. Only tree with dbh e" 10cm and dbh above 1.5 m above ground level were recorded as individual species. A total of 29 tree species belonging to 18 families were recorded from the three zones of the river. Tree species richness was highest at the middle zone (19) followed by upper (14) and lower zone (7). The most abundant species and family recorded at upper, middle and lower zones were Melia azaderach of Euphorbiaceae (380 stems ha-1), Terminalia chebula of Euphorbiaceae (432.5 stems ha-1) and Duabanga grandiflora of (365 stems ha-1) of Lythraceae respectively. The Shannon-Wiener index ranged between 1.25 and 0.73, Simpson diversity index ranged between 0.42 and 0.93, Evenness index ranged between 0.47 and 0.37, Index of co-dominance ranged 0.75 and 0.94. Rest of other indices were also estimated and compared. It was found from the study that trees in the riparian forest are highly diverse in their family although recorded few. The various factors affecting the diversity of tree at three zones were discussed. The present study will help us in planning proper strategy for the conservation and management of the riparian zone by evaluating the variability in tree diversity at these three zones.
... Diverse biotic disturbances on the riverine gallery forests and their impacts on key and threatened Grizzled Giant Squirrel and Nilgiri langurhave been discussed in details (Joshua and Johnsingh 1994 and Sunderraj and Johnsingh 2001). Riparian forests adjoining stream and river banks have been almost entirely eliminated outside the protected areas (Gadgil, 2004). ...
... The Ganga river has lost 80% of its original forest cover in its basin (Smakhtin et al. 2007). Riparian forests adjoining stream and river banks have been almost entirely eliminated outside the protected areas (Gadgil 2004). Moreover, there has been no quantitative estimation of riparian diversity in Indian rivers. ...
The tropical regions of the world are highly vulnerable to the loss of biodiversity and the biodiversity of various ecologically important ecosystems in the tropics seems to be in jeopardy. The protected areas alone cannot conserve all the species and, hence, there is the need to expand the conservation approach beyond the boundaries of the protected areas. A study was carried out in two areas known for the conservation of bird species in India, viz. Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary (RBS) and Kokkare Bellur Village Ecosystem (KBV) in the state of Karnataka in South India. In RBS, the top-down approach is followed and bird species are conserved through policy instruments, whereas KBV is a rural ecosystem in which the social instrument has been introduced for the conservation of bird species. Two near-threatened birds Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) and the Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) are conserved in KBV. KBV is one of the five last breeding sites for the globally threatened bird species, the Spot-billed in India. A study was conducted to document the avifaunal diversity using standard methods and understand various important aspects of bird conservation in both the sites. It revealed that both RBS and KBV efficiently conserved several important bird species and had completely different mechanisms to do so. This helped to develop a proper understanding on different facets of top-down and bottom-up approaches of wildlife conservation.
The Western Ghats of India are very rich in amphibian species with 117 species of frogs, toads and caecilians. Eighty-nine species are endemic to this biogeographical region. Analysis of ranges and patterns of geographical distribution of amphibians on the Western Ghats suggest that the southern half of the Western Ghats and the low-medium elevation hills are more diverse in species than the northern half and higher hills. This is attributed to the more widespread rainfall and the less variable climatic conditions in the south. About half the species are apparently localized. Of those species with wider ranges, a majority show patchy distribution. Species preferring the moist evergreen forests as habitats tend to have patchy distributions. This appears to be a result of habitat destruction and fragmentation. The overall patterns of species richness and local endemism are rather different from those of the angiosperms and birds. In birds and angiosperms, a significant proportion of endemics are found on the higher hills. On the contrary, endemic amphibian species are found in the lower altitudinal range of 0-1000 m, with a majority between 800 and 1000 m.
A field guide to the frogs and toads of the Western Ghats
- R J Daniels
Daniels, R.J.R (1997). A field guide to the frogs and toads of the Western Ghats, India. Cobra, Vols 27, 28 and
29.
Amphibian diversity in a few selected environs of Western Ghats
- S Krishnamurthy
Krishnamurthy, S.V (1999). Amphibian diversity in a few selected environs of Western Ghats. In:
Biodiversity of the Western Ghats complex of Karnataka: Resource potential and sustainable utilisation. (Eds:
Hussain, S.A and Achar, K.P). Biodiversity Initiative Trust, Mangalore, pp 253.
Nallur Sacred Tamrind Grove -Devanahalli Taluk; Bangalore -Rural 8. Mydenahalli proposed black buck sanctuary -Sira Taluk; Tumkur district 9
- Kokre Bellur
- Heronary-Maddur Taluk
Kokre Bellur -Heronary-Maddur Taluk; Mandya District
7. Nallur Sacred Tamrind Grove -Devanahalli Taluk; Bangalore -Rural
8. Mydenahalli proposed black buck sanctuary -Sira Taluk; Tumkur district
9. Anjadiv Island-Honnavara Taluk; Uttara Kannada district
10. Myristica swamp and its surroundings in Mahime village in Honavar taluk; Uttara Kannada district
11. Karikanamman forest in Honavar taluk;