ArticlePDF Available

Population status of the Persian Leopard(Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Iran

Authors:
Bahram Kiabi at Shahid Beheshti University
Bahram Kiabi
Bijan F. Dareshouri
Bijan F. Dareshouri
Bijan F. Dareshouri
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Ramazan Ali Ghaemi
Ramazan Ali Ghaemi
Ramazan Ali Ghaemi
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Mehran Jahanshahi
Mehran Jahanshahi
Mehran Jahanshahi
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract and Figures

The range of the Leopard is still known to include large areas of Iran. Data have been gathered mainly at nine sites since 1976. The results show that there are about 550–850 specimens in Iran, some 55% of which live in protected areas. Kurzfassung. Die Verbreitung des Leoparden schliesst weite Teile des Iran ein. Aktuelle Daten seit 1976 wurden vor allem in neun Gebieten gesammelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass im Iran noch etwa 550–850 Leoparden leben, 55% davon in Schutzgebieten.
Figures - uploaded by Bahram Kiabi
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Bahram Kiabi
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Bahram Kiabi
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Bahram Kiabi
Content may be subject to copyright.
Population status of the Persian Leopard
(Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Iran
by Bahram H. Kiabi, Bijan F. Dareshouri, Ramazan Ali Ghaemi,
and Mehran Jahanshahi
Abstract. The range of the Leopard is still known to include large areas of Iran. Data have been
gathered mainly at nine sites since 1976. The results show that there are about 550–850 specimens
in Iran, some 55% of which live in protected areas.
Kurzfassung. Die Verbreitung des Leoparden schliesst weite Teile des Iran ein. Aktuelle Daten
seit 1976 wurden vor allem in neun Gebieten gesammelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass im Iran
noch etwa 550–850 Leoparden leben, 55% davon in Schutzgebieten.
Key words. Large cats, distribution, zoogeography, threatened animals, Persia, Middle East.
Introduction
The Leopard (Panthera pardus) is well known and widely distributed in Iran. There are
several places in Iran with the Persian (Farsi) name of Palang-Kuh, which means leopard
mountain (Palang = leopard and Kuh = mountain).
Iranian Leopards are very variable in size and colouration: both heavy and pale specimens
as well as light and dark specimens are found in different localities. NOWELL & JACKSON
(1996) recognize three subspecies occurring on Iranian territory: P. p. saxicolor Pocock
1927, P. p. dathei Zukowsky 1964, and P. p. ciscaucasica Satunin 1964. However, accord-
ing to MITHTHAPALA (1992), P. p. dathei is not a valid name, and ciscaucasica seems to be a
synonym of saxicolor. It therefore seems that both the smaller and darker Leopards of the
south and the larger and paler Leopards of the north are all better referred to as saxicolor.
The aim of this study was to collect information on the status of the Leopard in Iran, to
make a rough assessment of the population size, and to identify the reasons for the decline of
the species in this country.
Methods
Starting in 1976, one of us (B. H. KIABI) organized a survey among game wardens and hunters to
obtain information on Leopard distribution and abundance. The interviews were conducted
mainly by ourselves and also by some of our undergraduate and graduate students all over the
country. The results of the interviews may be regarded as “guestimates”, combining substantiated
estimates with guesses of the population size, often taking the size of potential habitats into
Zoology in the Middle East 26, 2002: 41–47.
ISSN 0939-7140 © Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg
42 Zoology in the Middle East 26, 2002
Fig. 1. Distribution of the Leopard in Iran. Numbers refer to important areas with Leopards in Iran
(see Tab. 1 for the sites’ names).
account. Most field observations were made during the winter seasons when the large cats are
quite active during day time, searching for mates. Population distribution and abundance were
also determined by means of mapping defecation sites and scat freshness levels. Photos and
measurements were taken of live and dead specimens whenever possible.
Results and discussion
The total area of the Leopard’s distribution range is around 885,300 km². Put another way,
leopards live in 50% of the total land mass of Iran.
Tab. 1 gives preliminary data on the abundance of the Persian Leopard in Iran. According
to this information, there are nine important or major localities for the Leopard in Iran (Fig.
1), most of them within protected areas. For the time being, there are about 550-850 Leop-
ards in Iran (the rounded total of figures given in Tab. 1). This figure is not a population
census, but a first guess. This figure of course may be disputed, and there is no agreement on
the abundance and distribution of the Leopard among zoologists in this country (which is
Mammalia 43
Fig. 2. A large male Leopard killed on the road at Golestan National Park in 1997. Photo: M. JAHANSHAHI.
Fig. 3. A male Leopard shot in Turkman Sahra, next to the border with Turkmenistan (Chapar-Ghoymeh),
in 1995. Photo: R. A. GHAEMI 1995.
44 Zoology in the Middle East 26, 2002
Fig. 4. A young Leopard shot in Ramsar, 1994. Photo: H. VARASTEH.
Fig. 5. An average size male Leopard, Bamu National Park, 1995. Photo: B. F: DARESHOURI.
Mammalia 45
Tab. 1. Rough estimation of the present population of the Persian Leopard in Iran.
A. Better studied area (about 3300 km²).
no. locality population size main threats
1 Tandoreh National Park 12–18 none
2 Golestan National Park 30–45 road kill
3 Chapur-Ghoymeh 4–6 shooting to protect livestock
4 Safee Abad-Dozain (Minoo Dasht) 5–10 shooting to protect livestock
5 Jahan Nama Protected Area 6–10 none
6 Ramsar 5–10 shooting to protect livestock
7 Darestan-Rudbar 10–15 shooting to protect livestock
8 Dena Protected Area 5–10 none
9 Bamu National Patk 15–20 none
total 92–148
B. Other protected areas (about 68,000 km²). The population size has been estimated in two
different ways (B-1 and B-2, respectively).
area pop. size estimated total main threats
Estimation B-1 North of 34°N 140–240 poaching
South of 34°N 70–120 210-360 poaching
Estimation B-2 West of 56°E 150–250 poaching
East of 56°E 60–110 210-360 poaching
C. Remaining potential habitats (about 814,000 km²). The population size has been estimated in
two different ways (C-1 and C-2, respectively).
area pop. size estimated total main threats
Estimation C-1 North of 34°N 120–150 poaching
South of 34°N 130–200 250-350 poaching
Estimation C-2 West of 56°E 160–200 poaching
East of 56°E 90–150 250-350 poaching
Tab. 2. Some characters of five specimens of Persian Leopards. MR = number of middorsal
rossets (between shoulder and tail base); LSL = the largest spot diameter on leg; LSB = the larg-
est spot diameter on belly; LR = the largest rosset diameter; ADR = average distance between
rossets. The figures for the specimen from Bamu NP are approximate figures, based on six differ-
ent photos of the same specimen.
site
no.
fig.
no.
total length
(cm)
weight
(kg)
tail length/
body length
MR LSL
(mm)
LSB
(mm)
LR
(mm)
ADR
(mm)
Golestan NP 2 1 213 86 0.73 19 35x25 55x45 60x62 27
Chapar-
Ghoymeh
3 2 212 66 0.73 21 40x35 44x41 50x69 28
Ramsar 6 3 204 ? 0.76 19 40x40 60x25 60x40 25
Darestan 7 – 175 ? 0.75 22 45x40 50x45 62x50 25
Bamu NP 9 5, 6 200 ? 0.70 20 40x40 – 60x60 25
46 Zoology in the Middle East 26, 2002
Fig. 6. Another photo of the same male Leopard as in Fig. 5 (Bamu National Park, 1995).
Photo: B. F. DARESHOURI.
Fig. 7. The largest skull of a male Leopard so far found comes from Golestan National Park, 1990.
The skull owner is A. R. MEHRJOU.
Mammalia 47
understandable). More in-depth investigations and an effort to make a national survey with
the help of more trained and qualified people will certainly give more realistic figures and a
better picture of the Leopard’s status in Iran. Generally speaking, there is always a tendency
to overestimate the population size. Nowadays, as the natural prey (mainly wild ungulates)
has become so scarce, Leopards have to occupy large territories. As a result, single individu-
als may be recorded at different places, and therefore be recorded several times.
The rough estimation of the present population of the Persian Leopard in areas other than
the nine better studied areas (Tab. 1B and 1C) was obtained by unconfirmed information
provided by local people, limited field efforts and photographs of tracks (usually of poor
quality). Most field efforts were hindered by the rough terrain, harsh environment, large size
of the potential habitat, lack of necessary equipment, and limited time available. These esti-
mations are divided into groups based on latitude 34°N and longitude 56°E. It is almost
certain that Leopards are more abundant in the north compared to the south, and more abun-
dant in the west compared to the east. In other words, more Leopards live in the north and
northwest than in the south and southeast (cf. Tab. 1).
The coat pattern (spots and rossets) of specimens from the north and the south are quite
similar (Tab. 2 and Figs. 2–6). Our findings are in agreement with ETEMAD (1985), that there
are no geographic differences which would justify a taxonomic separation.
The largest skull as well as the largest specimens in terms of body weight come from Go-
lestan National Park (see also TAJBAKHSH & JAMALI 1995): The length of the skull is 288
mm, its width 181 mm (cf. Figs. 2 and 7).
There are numerous current threats which could have a detrimental effect on Persian
Leopard populations, including accidental and deliberate killing and habitat loss. The Leop-
ards are probably still killed in significant numbers because of their alleged attacks on live-
stock. However, it is probably hard to obtain reliable data on the extent of direct killing of
Leopards because of their protected status.
Acknowledgement. The great help of Mr. SAFAR POURALI DARESTANI is appreciated for providing informa-
tion about Leopards in Darestan.
References
ETEMAD, E. (1985): The Mammals of Iran [In Farsi]. Vol. 2. – Department of Environment,
Tehran.
MITHTHAPALA, S. (1992): Genetic and morphological variation in the Leopard (Panthera pardus),
a geographically widespread species. – PhD thesis, Univerity of Florida, Gainesville.
NOWELL, K. & P. JACKSON (1996): Wild cats. – IUCN, 382 pp.
TAJBAKHSH, H. & S. JAMALI (1995): Nakhjeeran (games and hunting) [In Farsi]. – Museum of
Nature and Wildlife of Iran, Tehran.
Authors’ addresses: Assis. Prof. Dr. Bahram H. Kiabi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sci-
ences, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: b-kiabi@cc.sbu.ac.ir. – Bijan F.
Dareshouri, Office of Environment, QFA, Qeshm Island, Iran. – Ramazan A. Ghaemi, Mehran
Jahanshahi, Golestan Provincial Office of Environment, Gorgan, Iran.
... The subspecies is confined to Southwest Asia with a range extending from Afghanistan to Iran, Iraq, and the Caucasus (Miththapala et al. 1996;Uphyrkina et al. 2001;Breitenmoser et al. 2007;Jacobson et al. 2016). In Iran, the leopard is distributed in a large gradient of different habitats with diverse flora and fauna (Kiabi et al. 2002;Darvishsefat 2006). The estimated population of the Persian leopard in Iran is 550-850, accounting for more than two thirds of its global population (Kiabi et al. 2002;Khorozyan et al. 2005). ...
... In Iran, the leopard is distributed in a large gradient of different habitats with diverse flora and fauna (Kiabi et al. 2002;Darvishsefat 2006). The estimated population of the Persian leopard in Iran is 550-850, accounting for more than two thirds of its global population (Kiabi et al. 2002;Khorozyan et al. 2005). The Iranian range of the Persian leopard comprises more than 75% of the sub-species global extant range (Jacobson et al. 2016). ...
... The Iranian range of the Persian leopard comprises more than 75% of the sub-species global extant range (Jacobson et al. 2016). The major threats facing leopard populations in Iran are prey depletion and retaliatory killings for livestock predation (Kiabi et al. 2002;Khorozyan et al. 2015aKhorozyan et al. , 2015bGhoddousi et al. 2016;Babrgir et al. 2017), which have reduced its wild populations and roaming range considerably. According to a recent study, the Persian leopard has suffered a 72-84% range loss and has been classified among the two subspecies with the greatest amount of uncertain range (Jacobson et al. 2016). ...
Individual Identification of Panthera pardus saxicolor Using Non-Invasive Sampling and Molecular Techniques in Iran: A Case Study in Parvar Protected Area
Article
  • Dec 2022
The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) is an endangered species widely distributed across Iran. Rough estimates indicate 550–850 Persian leopard individuals inhabit the country, which comprises more than two thirds of its global population. Population monitoring of this large carnivore in Iran is one of the main objectives of current conservation planning. Therefore, adopting a more diversified methodology to achieve reliable, cost-effective, and pragmatic measures is urgently needed. We conducted a study for individual identification of the Persian leopard in Parvar Protected Area via fecal sampling and molecular tools and attempted to test the feasibility of this approach. We used 12 previously reported polymorphic microsatellite loci, of which only five were qualified for genotyping analysis. Finally, nine leopard individuals were identified. We measured the ability of the five loci in distinguishing individuals by P(ID)sib. The cumulative observed probability of identity and probability of identity for sibling individuals were estimated to be 0.005 and 0.05, respectively. Data presented on spatial distribution of leopards in this study could help better understand the behavioral ecology and conservation biology of the species. Moreover, our findings will assist future research in developing methodologies for large-scale studies and providing data for effective wildlife conservation.
View
... In another study, it was found that 13 individuals of Persian Leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor) were killed in road accidents from 2007 to 2011 in Iran (Sanei et al., 2012). The Persian Leopard is classified as endangered, and 550-850 individuals have been estimated to survive in Iran (Kiabi et al., 2002). ...
Rabies can lead to carnivores-vehicle collisions: A survey in Fars province, Iran
Article
  • May 2024
Road mortality caused by collisions with vehicles is the most tangible impact of road networks on wildlife. Neurological disorders in animals resulting from infectious diseases such as rabies can exacerbate the risk of road kills. To investigate this aspect, we examined 10 carnivores that had collided with cars and were subsequently transferred to the Bamou Rescue Centre. The Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) results were positive for rabies in four individuals. In addition to these four carnivores involved in vehicle collisions and found to be rabid, three other wild individuals in the province were reported to be infected with rabies without any history of road accidents. Rabies thus poses a significant threat to wildlife biologists, public health officials, and veterinarians who are typically involved in rescuing carnivores involved in road accidents. These findings emphasize the importance of veterinarians being knowledgeable about the potential causes and backgrounds of carnivore road accidents.
View
... The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856 or formerly, Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) as a large carnivore is one of eight leopard subspecies in the world, which is distributed in southwest of Asia Kitchener et al. 2017). Iran has the highest distribution and population of this subspecies (Kiabi et al. 2002;Khorozyan et al. 2005;Sanei and Zakaria 2011;Sanei et al. 2016). Moreover, Iran has most of the core habitat of the Persian leopard with a high diversity of natural landscapes from semi deserts to high mountain areas, making Iran a stronghold for this subspecies (Ebrahimi et al. 2017;Bleyhl et al. 2022;Sanei et al. 2020b;Shahsavarzadeh et al. 2023). ...
An ensemble modeling approach to predict spatial risk patches of the Persian leopard-livestock conflicts in Lorestan Province, Iran
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2023
  • ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R
This study was conducted in the Lorestan Province in the west of Iran with two objectives of identifying major environmental variables in spatial risk modeling and identifying spatial risk patches of livestock predation by the Persian leopard. An ensemble approach of three models of maximum entropy (MaxEnt), generalized boosting model (GBM), and random forest (RF) were applied for spatial risk modeling. Our results revealed that livestock density, distance to villages, forest density, and human population density were the most important variables in spatial risk modeling of livestock predation by the leopard. The center of the study area had the highest probability of livestock predation by the leopard. Ten spatial risk patches of livestock predation by the leopard were identified in the study area. In order to mitigate the revenge killing of the leopards, the findings of this study highlight the imperative of implementing strategies by the Department of Environment (DoE) to effectively accompany the herds entering the wildlife habitats with shepherds and a manageable number of guarding dogs. Accordingly, the identified risk patches in this study deserve considerable attention, especially three primary patches found in the center and southeast of Lorestan Province.
View
... In Iran, where it still has a wide distribution range mainly across the Alborz and Zagros Mountains and their off-shots, it is vulnerable to local extinction in fragmented habitats because of anthropogenic activities (Sanei & Zakaria 2011). Acknowledging that the information was probably incomplete because of the leopard's protected status, Kiabi et al. (2002) proposed that deliberate killing because of their alleged attacks on livestock was probably one of the main threats to leopards in Iran since the mid 1970's. These authors mentioned also accidents with cars and habitat loss as two important additional threats to the leopards. ...
The illegal use of snares and gin traps threatens endangered leopards in Iran
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2018
We report on six cases of snare and gin trap captures of free-ranging Persian leopards Panthera pardus tulliana in northern Iran between 2012 and 2017. Three of these leopards died as result of severe injuries, the three others were rescued, one survived albeit disabled, two could be released to the wild but one of them died less than two months after release. These captures were unintentional, and resulted from snares and gin trap being deployed illegally by farmers to rid their crops and chickencoop from wild boars Sus scrofa (5) and possibly jackals Canis aureus / jungle cats Felis chaus (1), respectively. These cases reveal the growing problem of habitat disturbance and loss for leopard and their natural prey in the Alborz mountain range and Caspian lowlands of Iran.
View
... Для территории Ирана, где сохранилась наиболее крупная и устойчивая популяция данного подвида, его численность оценивается лишь в 550-850 особей (Kiabi et al., 2002). ...
BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANTIATION The inclusion of the Persian leopard in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan (List of rare and endangered species of plants and animals)
Technical Report
Full-text available
  • Jan 2019
As a result of consideration of this justification, the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan has decided to include the Persian leopard in the Red Book of Kazakhstan in April 2021.
View
... The total length of the skull (~ 268 mm) is even smaller than in P. gombaszoegensis, whose skull length varied within 273-330 mm in the Early Pleistocene P. g. toscana (N = 3; Kotsakis and Palombo 1979;Koufos 1992) and within 280-300 mm in P. g. gombaszoegensis (N = 3; Tournepiche 1996; Argant and Argant 2011). The Kryshtaleva lioness is even smaller than some individuals of the leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) whose skulls can reach about 280 mm (Prater 1921;Kiabi et al. 2002;Moqanaki et al. 2010), even if the Pleistocene European skulls of the species very rarely exceed 250 mm (Kotsakis and Palombo 1979 and references therein). There is another European find of a very small lion, the skull from the loess deposits of a quarry near Ghidfalău, Romania (Samson and Kovács 1967), which is also dated to the latest Late Pleistocene. ...
The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea
Article
Full-text available
The fossil record of the cave lion, Panthera spelaea, suggests a gradual decrease in body size, the process peaking just before the extinction of the species at the end of the Late Pleistocene. Such an evolutionary trend appears rather unusual for a large felid species and requires further investigation. This study reviews the cave lions of Ukraine, whose fossils are known from 46 localities dated from 800 kyr to 18–17 kyr ago, with a special emphasis on size changes through time. We describe several important finds including those of Panthera spelaea fossilis from Sambir, Panthera spelaea ssp. from Bilykh Stin Cave and Panthera spelaea spelaea from Kryshtaleva Cave. We make subspecific identifications of specimens from the region and focus on their size characteristics. Our analysis of Ukrainian cave lions agrees with the temporal trend of decreasing size, particularly accelerating during MIS 2, as exemplified by the extremely small female skull from Kryshtaleva Cave. We provide a direct AMS date for this specimen (22.0–21.5 cal kyr BP), which suggests that the Kryshtaleva lioness must have belonged to a Panthera spelaea spelaea population forced south by the spreading ice sheet. We discuss some palaeoecological aspects of the evolutionary history and eventual extinction of the cave lion. Finally, we review the subfossil records of the extant lion Panthera leo known from several Ukrainian sites archaeologically dated to 6.4–2.0 kyr BP. These finds most probably represent the Persian lion Panthera leo persica.
View
... The Persian or Iranian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927) is one of the subspecies in danger of disappearance (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005;Khalafvon Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023. Armenia and Azerbaijan (160-275;Kiabi et al. 2002). The number in Afghanistan is unknown, but should be at least several hundred (Habibi, 2004); however, today's rampant leopard fur trade on the Kabul market and over harvest during and after the long-term civil unrest pose the greatest threat to survival of this predator in the country (Mishra and Fitzherbert, 2004). ...
The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine, and a review of the status of Panthera pardus in Palestine
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2023
The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine, and a review of the status of Panthera pardus in Palestine. By: Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa. Reference: Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (November 2023). The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine, and a review of the status of Panthera pardus in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Volume 41, Number 227, November 2023, pp. 1-69. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-khalaf/docs/persian_leopard_in_biblical_zoo_jerusalem & https://www.academia.edu/86370131/The_Persian_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_at_the_Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo_Al_Malha_Al_Quds_Jerusalem_Palestine_and_a_review_of_the_status_of_Panthera_pardus_in_Palestine
View
View
Spatially heterogeneous habitat use across distinct biogeographic regions in a wide-ranging predator, the Persian leopard
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2023
  • BIODIVERS CONSERV
Large carnivores, despite being sensitive to specific habitat conditions, are able to distribute in a wide range of natural habitats. Such pattern of distribution raises the question of whether ecoregional differences should be considered when developing habitat suitability models. We assessed habitat suitability of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) as an example of a wide-ranging predator across four different biogeographic zones of Iran. We used the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to perform a general and ecoregion-specific habitat suitability model and projections of the future distribution of the species for the year 2050. The results showed that the habitat use of leopards in each ecoregion differed depending on the habitat conditions and that, due to smoothing response curves of the explanatory variables, the ecoregion-specific distribution models were suppressed in the general model. Topographic ruggedness, access to prey, NDVI, and human presence affect species' habitat suitability in different orders and gradients across the four ecoregions. We also found that the leopard's response to future climate change varies depending on ecoregions and climate change scenarios. While habitat loss is greater than habitat gain in Hyrcanian and Saharo-Sindian regions, this pattern reversed in Irano-Turanian and Zagros ecoregions. We argued that zoning across wide geographical ranges in niche modelling of widespread species, while may underestimate their environmental tolerance, allows for proper judgments on the required conservation measures in different ecoregions.
View
View
Genetic and morphological variation in the Leopard (Panthera pardus), a geographically widespread species Nakhjeeran (games and hunting)
  • Jan 1992
  • – Department
  • Environment
  • Tehran
  • S Miththapala
– Department of Environment, Tehran. MITHTHAPALA, S. (1992): Genetic and morphological variation in the Leopard (Panthera pardus), a geographically widespread species. – PhD thesis, Univerity of Florida, Gainesville. NOWELL, K. & P. JACKSON (1996): Wild cats. – IUCN, 382 pp. TAJBAKHSH, H. & S. JAMALI (1995): Nakhjeeran (games and hunting) [In Farsi]. – Museum of
Authors' addresses: Assis. Prof. Dr. Bahram H. Kiabi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sci-ences
  • Nature
  • Wildlife
  • Iran
  • Tehran
Nature and Wildlife of Iran, Tehran. Authors' addresses: Assis. Prof. Dr. Bahram H. Kiabi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sci-ences, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: b-kiabi@cc.sbu.ac.ir. – Bijan F.
Nakhjeeran (games and hunting)
  • Jan 1995
  • H S Jamali
TAJBAKHSH, H. & S. JAMALI (1995): Nakhjeeran (games and hunting) [In Farsi]. – Museum of Nature and Wildlife of Iran, Tehran.