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How to trap a slug: Commercial versus homemade slug traps
Abstract
The Iberian Slug, Arion lusitanicus Mabille (Stylomatophora: Arionidae), has developed into a destructive pest in Swedish gardens and orchards over the past 10–20 years. Many attempts to eradicate this pest have been made using a variety of different methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two different types of homemade traps made from simple, inexpensive materials (plastic PET bottle or an ice-cream box) compared to one type of commercially sold trap (Slugtrap s IT-PAC AB, Sweden) used with bait and beer as attractants. Experiments were carried out on a private property outside Lund, Sweden, over a period of 7 days. The results showed that a homemade trap, i.e. a box trap, can be as efficient as a commercial trap, particularly due to their similar design. In contrast, the homemade bottle trap was not very successful. Additionally, it was discovered that the bait used in the commercial traps did not increase the number of slugs trapped. It was concluded that the beer was the main slug attractant. Ultimately this study suggests a low-cost alternative for small scale to the rather expensive commercially sold traps.
... Informacje-branzowe/Wyszukiwarka-srodkow- ochrony-roslin/%28action%29/search), and their environmental toxicity is commonly known (rae et al. 2009). That is why some owners of small farms or gardens use traps with attractants, for example beer, to control the pest (haGnEll et al. 2006bhaGnEll et al. , dankowska 2011). Since the effectiveness of beer as slug attractant had already been partially proved (dankowska 2011dankowska , Piechowicz et al. 2014), in this study we decided to focus on determining which components of the volatile fraction of different beer brands could possibly play the role of attractants for A. vulgaris. ...
... The slugs fall into beer traps much more often than into water-containing traps (haGnEll et al. 2006b, kaPPes et al. 2012, Piechowicz et al. 2014). There are thousands of beer brands in the world, and they can vary widely in their chemical composition. ...
Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, an invasive slug, causes losses in crops all over Europe. Small farmers commonly use beer traps to control this pest. Our aim was to check which components of the volatile fraction of beer were important as slug attractants. Five beer brands available at the Polish market: Żubr, Warka Full, Karpackie Pils, Żywiec and Leżajsk Full, were used in the experiments. We examined the slugs’ behaviour in the laboratory, using a star-shaped olfactometer (two-hour tests), and in the field (three-day tests with traps). Particular beer brands attracted the slugs to various extent, depending on the composition of their volatile fraction: the number of slugs caught in the traps was positively correlated with the content of decanoic acid and negatively with that of acrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and CO2
... The traps are often made of bottles or boxes, which in some countries are commercially produced. However, the studies by Hagnell et al. (2006) found them no more effective than DIY traps. The trap itself, its shape and material are not factors on the activity of slugs; only the attractant determines the results of the studies. ...
The global climate changes are causing an increase in the number and harmfulness of slugs. Deroceras agreste (Linnaeus, 1758) (Stylommatophora, Agriolimacidae) is a polyphagous phytophage that damages over 150 species of plants, including many vegetables , cultivated berries and grasses. Other than decrease in yield, slugs cause deterioration of consumer qualities of the products, promote infections of plants, and are intermediate hosts of some parasites of mammals and birds. Thus, slugs impose great losses on agricultural farming, and therefore the objective of our study was determining the variability of locomotor activity of D. agreste slugs in reaction to aromatic substances. We determined repellent or attractive effects of those substances for the purpose of further using the obtained data for plant protection. We tested 52 substances and their mixtures, which were conditionally divided into the following groups: chemical solvents, plant extracts, aromatizers, organic acids and synthetic cosmetic additives. Only dimethyl sulfoxide could be identified as an attractant. All the rest of the substances increased the speed of the slugs to various degrees, but had no significant effect on the direction of the animals' movement. Gasoline increased the speed of the slugs' movement by 3.20 times, xylene by 4.56. The most effective organic acids and aromatizers to increase the moving speed of slugs were avobenzone and formic acid: the first caused a 2.83-fold increase in the moving speed, the other a 3.16-fold increase. Only one of 13 aromatic substances changed the direction of the slugs' movement during the experiment-β-ionone. As with the plant extracts, the highest effect on locomotor activity of slugs was exerted by tree bark of Quillaja saponaria (3.64-fold) and Aesculus hippocastanum extract (4.33-fold). Furthermore, together with Capsicum frutescens, they changed the direction the mollusks were moving in, and therefore could be used as repellents. Synthetic cosmetic additives hydrolyzed silk and chrysalide oil exerted the greatest effects on the lcomotor activity of slugs (3.16 and 3.20 times, respectively). A total of 78.6% of the slugs moved away from chrysalide oil, and thus this oil may be suggested as a repellent, as well as mousse de babassu and cocamidopropyl betaine (84.6% and 78.6%, respectively). Therefore, a large amount of the tested substances to one or another extent made the slugs move faster, but most of them did not alter the direction in which the slugs were moving.
... Bottles made up of polyterephtalane ethyl (PET) of 1.5 dm 3 volume were used to prepare traps for the slug collection, to evaluate the attractiveness of different beer samples, (according to the method described by Hagnell et al. [16]). The upper part of each bottle was cut at 0.120 ±0.005 m. ...
The study on the smell preference to for six beer brands in invasive slug Arion vulgaris was carried out under field and laboratory conditions. The effect of beer smell on CO 2 emission was also estimated. Additionally, chromatographic determination (GC-MS) of volatile fraction of the tested beer brands was carried out. Chemical compounds responsible for the attractiveness of beer brands for the slugs were determined using statistical methods. The correlation analysis between the results of performed tests was made. It was shown that components of beer volatile fraction, such as: t-muurolol, aristolene epoxide, decanoic acid, 9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid 2-acetyloxy-1-(acetyloxymethyl)ethyl ester, t-cadinol and oleic acid have a positive effect, and g-elemene and bicyclo[4,1,0]heptane,3,7,7 trimethyl have a negative effect on the attractiveness of beer smell for slugs. Respirometry tests showed an increase in CO 2 emission in slugs exposed to the smell of beer, however, it appeared impossible to indicate unambiguously which chemical compound could be responsible for the observed change in their physiological parameters. The increase in CO 2 emission by slugs A. vulgaris exposed to the smell of beer did not correlate with the results of their smell preference in the field and laboratory tests. On the other hand, only the results of the laboratory tests performed on 6 individuals well correlated with the results obtained during the preference field tests, which indicate, that estimation the slugs' preference may be limited to the laboratory tests.
... Finally, physical methods, such as manual picking, beer traps. and copper tape, are most effective in home gardens, being both time and labour consuming (Hagnell et al. 2006;Laznik et al. 2011). ...
The protection of horticultural crops from slug feeding can be achieved using slug pellets; however, application of molluscicides is not always safe for the environment. There is a need for alternative methods to reduce the palatability of crop plants. Chemical properties of secondary compounds from lichens influence the feeding behaviour of slugs. Liquid extracts of three lichen species (Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg., Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar & Vězda, and Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf) were applied to three different crops and tested for their antifeedant properties against an important agricultural pest, the Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855). All three extracts had specific activity, showing a decrease in grazing intensity as well as slug mass loss after feeding on treated food. Slugs significantly gained mass after feeding under control condition; however, they did not gain mass when fed on extract-treated food. The most effective extract was from P. furfuracea. We propose to use properties of lichen extracts to develop new environmentally friendly molluscicides.
... Neutral pitfall trap method yields low number of individuals (Griffiths et al., 1998), which could be problematic for accurately estimating risk, and depend on slug movement which can be affected by several factors such as vegetation cover. Attractive sampling using beer can be biased toward some species but can yield consistent number of individuals which is interesting in assessing slug activity (Hagnell et al., 2006;Kappes et al., 2012;Piechowicz et al., 2014). Cover boards sampling is biased toward large individuals (Cordoba et al., 2011) but have been used to survey slugs in grasslands (Everwand et al., 2013). ...
L’agroforesterie, et plus particulièrement les systèmes sylvo-arables, sont des systèmes peu étudiés qui présentent des intérêts agronomiques et environnementaux en systèmes tempérés. Les systèmes agroforestiers pourraient notamment fournir un microclimat favorable aux cultures maraîchères conduites en agriculture biologique en contexte pédoclimatique méditerranéen. Cependant, il existe encore peu de références scientifiques sur le sujet, et l’issue des interactions entre arbres et cultures sont encore me connues. En particulier, le microclimat généré par des arbres âgés est susceptible de modifier les relations entre cultures, bio agresseurs et pré dateurs généralistes, qui peuvent conditionner la performance d’une association agroforestière. Cette thèse avait donc comme objectifs :➢ D’évaluer l’impact de l’ouverture de la canopée sur la biodiversité et l’activité densite des coléoptères carabiques.➢ D’identifier comment le microclimat peut influencer les processus de régulation naturelle.Les systèmes agroforestiers se développent sur des temps longs (pluriannuels): l’étude s’est focalisée sur un système ayant déjà des arbres âgés de 20 ans pour en étudier l’impact sur le microclimat et la faune du sol. Pour faire varier ce microclimat, un gradient d’ouverture de la canopée a été réalisé. La température de l’air ambiant, l’hygrométrie et le pourcentage d’ouverture du milieu ont ensuite été mesurés.En premier lieu, la faune du sol a été échantillonnée durant 2 ans (non révolus), et les structures des communautés de Carabidae ont été analysées d’un point de vue taxonomique et fonctionnelle, au moyen de 5 traits écologiques. Les résultats montrent que la structure taxonomique est peu affectée, mais qu’à la fois l’activité-densité spécifique des espèces et les traits fonctionnels sont modifiés par le gradient d’ouverture du milieu. En particulier, la fermeture de la canopée du système agroforestier favorise les espèces ayant une affinité pour des milieux fermés et humides.L’activité journalière de deux prédateurs abondants a été caractérisée dans une période estivale chaude (juillet), et plus douce (septembre). Les résultats montrent qu’à la fois la saison mais également l’ouverture de la canopée peuvent modifier les rythmes journaliers de l’Arachnidae et du Carabidae les plus abondants à cette période (Pardosa hortensis, Pseudoophonus rufipes).Dans un troisième temps, le travail s’est focalisé sur le potentiel de prédation des prédateurs de la faune du sol, au moyen de cartes sentinelles de prédation à deux périodes estivales, juin et aout. Les résultats montrent que sur au moins une période, le potentiel de prédation sur larves de lépidoptères (Cydia pomonella) est différent entre les traitements. Ces différences sont probablement corrélées aux différences d’activité-densité et aux différences microclimatiques induites par les différences de couverts arborés.Dans un dernier temps, l’étude s’est focalisée sur une culture, la salade, et les dégâts causés par les limaces dans les différents traitements, sur les feuilles visibles. Plus de dégâts sous les arbres ont été constatés, malgré une activité-densité d’Arion lusitanicus et de Deroceras reticulatum non supérieures au témoin au mois de juin où les dégâts ont fortement augmenté. Les méthodes utilisées (planches, pots pièges neutres et attractifs) ont présenté des efficacités différentes, dont l’intérêt respectif est discuté.
... Snail traps are available commercially or can be made from locally available materials [12][13][14]. These systems use a food bait alone or combined with a killing agent such as salt or a pesticide like metaldehyde [12,[15][16][17]. ...
Abstract
In pest eradication programs, traps can directly reduce pest populations; however, their application to gastropod programs remains relatively unexplored. The South Florida Giant
African Snail, Liassachatina fulica (Pulmonata: Achatinidae), eradication program allowed a realistic evaluation of their utility. Field studies were conducted to determine the best bait, barrier and trap for use during the eradication program. Immature and adult snails were
attracted to banana fruit and a commercially produced bait but only the commercially produced bait did not attract non-target and pest mammals. Four commercially produced traps and 4 barriers were field evaluated for snail retention efficacy. Snails escaped all traps and
trap/barrier combinations but the rate of escape ranged from 10±100% after 24 hrs. Laboratory studies confirmed that snails can survive crossing a 5 cm barrier of copper tape, salt, insect stickem or antifouling paint. In the laboratory study snails did not cross copper sulfate but they crossed the barrier in the field. Adding salt to traps as a means to retain snails reduced the number of snails trapped. Laboratory studies confirmed that dry salt decreased the number of snails entering traps and snails did not enter traps when the salt was dissolved in water. Two trap types and the commercial bait were selected for a large-scale program test. For three months, trapping along with hand collection and pesticide application were conducted on 114 properties in five locations. Traps caught snails when surveys and regular pesticide applications on the same properties did not detect them. On 21 occasions snails were only found in traps, and both immature and adult snails were caught. This study
showed that traps could be effectively deployed in an eradication program and they could capture snails that may have escaped other control measures.
... Snail traps are available commercially or can be made from locally available materials [12][13][14]. These systems use a food bait alone or combined with a killing agent such as salt or a pesticide like metaldehyde [12,[15][16][17]. ...
In pest eradication programs, traps can directly reduce pest populations; however, their application to gastropod programs remains relatively unexplored. The South Florida Giant African Snail, Liassachatina fulica (Pulmonata: Achatinidae), eradication program allowed a realistic evaluation of their utility. Field studies were conducted to determine the best bait, barrier and trap for use during the eradication program. Immature and adult snails were attracted to banana fruit and a commercially produced bait but only the commercially produced bait did not attract non-target and pest mammals. Four commercially produced traps and 4 barriers were field evaluated for snail retention efficacy. Snails escaped all traps and trap/barrier combinations but the rate of escape ranged from 10–100% after 24 hrs. Laboratory studies confirmed that snails can survive crossing a 5 cm barrier of copper tape, salt, insect stickem or antifouling paint. In the laboratory study snails did not cross copper sulfate but they crossed the barrier in the field. Adding salt to traps as a means to retain snails reduced the number of snails trapped. Laboratory studies confirmed that dry salt decreased the number of snails entering traps and snails did not enter traps when the salt was dissolved in water. Two trap types and the commercial bait were selected for a large-scale program test. For three months, trapping along with hand collection and pesticide application were conducted on 114 properties in five locations. Traps caught snails when surveys and regular pesticide applications on the same properties did not detect them. On 21 occasions snails were only found in traps, and both immature and adult snails were caught. This study showed that traps could be effectively deployed in an eradication program and they could capture snails that may have escaped other control measures.
... Copper can provide an effective barrier to gastropod movement in citrus orchards (Sakovich, 2002), but it is expensive. Traps have also been used traditionally (Clements and Murray, 1991;Hagnell et al., 2006). In terrestrial cropping systems, light to moderate tillage can help reduce gastropod abundance, but this is contrary to the philosophy of conservation tillage (Hammond and Byers, 2002). ...
This book contains chapters that capture the full breadth of the basic and applied information on entomopathogenic (EPNs) and slug parasitic nematodes (SPNs) that are used or have potential in the management of insect pests, molluscs and/or other researched targets such as plant parasitic nematodes. The information includes the remarkable developments and latest achievements in this direction. The volume is divided into seven parts. The two chapters in Part I introduce comprehensive information on beneficial nematodes in general and their importance, with emphasis on crop pest management. In Part II, there are four chapters devoted to covering the different aspects of the morphology, taxonomy, biology and diversity of EPNs. Part III deals with EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria against crop insect pests and consists of seven chapters. Four chapters describe their role in the management of such insects in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera, as well as stored grain pests. Two chapters address the toxic secretions of the EPN-mutualistic bacterial species in the two genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus , and their efficacy against crop insect pests either singly or with EPNs. The last chapter of this part is devoted to the mass production, formulation and application of EPNs. Part IV addresses 11 developed and developing countries as points in case, where the role of EPNs in the integrated pest management strategies implemented in each of these countries is presented. Part V presents the genetics for enhancing the efficacy of EPNs. It contains two chapters dealing with nematode breeding, as well as classical and current methods to achieve such an enhancement. Part VI has three chapters organized for SPNs. In Part VII, there are three chapters to conclude the potential commercialization and future prospects of EPNs and SPNs.
More and more frequently beer is used as an attractant in traps to eliminate the slug Arion lusitanicus auct. non-Mabille. The smell of beer is not indifferent to animals. Hence it is highly probable that it affects the physiological processes in the slug's body. The aim of our study was to examine whether the smell can induce changes in respiration activity (measured as CO2 emission) of adult individuals Arion lusitanicus. The results showed that all the tested brands of beer caused an increase in CO2 emission. Furthermore, in all the samples of studied brands of beer, this increase in CO2 emission correlated negatively to the content of the following compounds: acrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, decanoic acid, (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl ester, bicyclo[4,1,0]heptane and ethyl caprylate.
Sniglarna som ro¨r om i tra¨dga˚rdar och sla¨kttra¨d
- J Hagnell
- C Schander
- T Von Proschwitz
Hagnell, J., Schander, C., von Proschwitz, T., 2004. Sniglarna som ro¨r
om i tra¨dga˚rdar och sla¨kttra¨d. Fauna & Flora 99, 38-41.
Sniglarna som rör om i trädgårdar och släktträd
- Hagnell