Honey with Coffee: A new finding in the treatment of Persistent Postinfectious Cough

Abstract

Introduction: Persistent postinfectious cough (PPC) is a cough that persists longer than 3 weeks or perhaps for many months after a common cold or an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). PPC has poor response to routine treatment modalities, so it can be a vexing problem for the patient and the physician alike. Our hypothesis was that honey and/or coffee have some beneficial effects in the treatment of PPC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of coffee and/or honey in the treatment of patients with PPC. Materials and Methods: This was a double blind randomized clinical trial, conducted on adult patients during a 6-year period from 2003 to 2009. Included in this study were 84 adult participants that had experienced PPC longer than 3 weeks. All of them had the history of several referrals to different physicians and despite treatment, their cough had persisted. Patients with other causes of chronic cough, or systemic disease or with abnormal routine laboratory tests were excluded. All the included 84 participants were distributed into three groups. For all the participants, a jam-like paste was prepared. Each 600 grams of the product consisted of "70 grams original instant coffee" in the first regimen, "500 grams of honey" in the second regimen and "70 grams of instant coffee plus 500 grams of honey" in the third regimen. These participants were told to dissolve 25 grams of the prescribed product in about 200 CC of warm water (under 60 o C), and drink this solution every 8 hours for one week. All the participants were evaluated before and at the end of the first week of their treatment, to measure the frequency of their cough. In addition they were under observation for the first month. Results: Comparing the effectiveness of all three treatment regimens, this study found "honey with coffee" as the most effective treatment modality for PPC (P<0.001).

Full text

Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
No.2, Vol. 23, Serial No.63, Spring-2011
1
Honey with Coffee: A new finding in the treatment of
Persistent Postinfectious Cough
* Mohammad-Ali Raeessi
1
, Jafar Aslani
2
, Homa Gharaie
3
, Ali-Akbar Karimi Zarchi
4
, Neda Raeessi
5
,
Shervin Assari
6
Abstract
Introduction:
Persistent postinfectious cough (PPC) is a cough that persists longer than 3 weeks or perhaps
for many months after a common cold or an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). PPC has
poor response to routine treatment modalities, so it can be a vexing problem for the patient and
the physician alike. Our hypothesis was that honey and/or coffee have some beneficial effects
in the treatment of PPC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of coffee
and/or honey in the treatment of patients with PPC.
Materials and Methods:
This was a double blind randomized clinical trial, conducted on adult patients during a 6-year
period from 2003 to 2009. Included in this study were 84 adult participants that had
experienced PPC longer than 3 weeks. All of them had the history of several referrals to
different physicians and despite treatment, their cough had persisted. Patients with other
causes of chronic cough, or systemic disease or with abnormal routine laboratory tests were
excluded. All the included 84 participants were distributed into three groups. For all the
participants, a jam-like paste was prepared. Each 600 grams of the product consisted of "70
grams original instant coffee" in the first regimen, "500 grams of honey" in the second
regimen and "70 grams of instant coffee plus 500 grams of honey" in the third regimen. These
participants were told to dissolve 25 grams of the prescribed product in about 200
CC
of warm
water (under 60
o
C
), and drink this solution every 8 hours for one week. All the participants
were evaluated before and at the end of the first week of their treatment, to measure the
frequency of their cough. In addition they were under observation for the first month.
Results:
Comparing the effectiveness of all three treatment regimens, this study found "honey with
coffee" as the most effective treatment modality for PPC (P<0.001).
Conclusions:
Combination of honey and coffee can successfully treat the PPC at a short time. Thus, it is
recommended for the treatment of PPC.
Keywords: Coffee, Honey, Postinfectious cough, Upper respiratory tract infection
Received date: 15 Nov 2010
Accepted date: 1 Feb 2011
1
Department of otorhinolaryngology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran
2
Department of pulmonology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran
3
Natural Medicines Office in Deputy of Food and Drug, Ministry of Health and
Medical Educations,Tehran, Iran
4
Department of epidemiology and biostatics, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5
Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6
Deputy of Research, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding author:
Department of otorhinolaryngology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: raeessi_ma@yahoo.com, Tel: +982166436737
Original Article

A new finding in the treatment of Persistent Postinfectious Cough
2, Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology No.2, Vol. 23, Serial No.63, Spring-2011
Introduction
Cough is a reflex action of the respiratory
tract with a protective nature and defense
mechanism by an explosive expiration to
clear secretions and foreign materials from
the airways (1,2). Generally, cough reflex
is triggered by mechanical or chemical
stimulation of sensory nerve receptors
which are mainly present in the pharynx,
larynx, trachea and bronchi (3). Cough can
also be a warning sign of disease, and
needs to be diagnosed accurately (1).
Despite extensive diagnostic evaluation
guidelines and numerous treatments;
chronic and uncontrollable cough, in a
number of cases, still remains as a
nuisance (4,5). It is a common problem
often resulting in referral to secondary care
(5,6).
Common causes of chronic cough are:
Lung and tracheal diseases, pharyngitis,
upper airway cough syndrome (UACS)
due to upper respiratory tract infections
(URTI) and allergic rhinitis (3,7,8). Other
causes are gastro-esophageal reflux
disease, exposure to environmental
pollution or cigarette smoke, respiratory
tract foreign bodies, psychogenic cough
and persistent postinfectious cough (PPC).
But UACS has been the most common
cause of chronic cough in publications of
the United States (1,6,9).
PPC is a cough that persists longer than
three weeks after a common cold or other
viral respiratory tract infections (7,10). It
is reported as 11–25% of the chronic
cough (1). This cough that is expected to
last only one or two weeks persists for
longer than three weeks or perhaps for
many months (11).
Patients frequently complain of a
persistent tickling or irritating sensation in
the throat, which often leads to paroxysms
of coughing (1). Because of its morbidity
and difficulties, such patients are
frequently referred to cough clinics and
investigated for other causes of cough (1).
It can be a troublesome problem for the
patient and the physician alike (4,5).
Specific infectious etiology of PPC is
rarely confirmed (12). Respiratory viruses,
particularly respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV), adenoviruses parainfluenza,
influenza and etc, have all been implicated
(7,10). The pathogenesis of the PPC is
probably long-lasting and widespread
pharyngeal mucosal inflammation and
desquamation of the epithelial cells with
nerve endings damage, that leads to
hyperactivity of the cough reflex (1,9,12).
This can make it more sensitive to local
irritants and can lead to a vicious cycle and
more damage to mucosa (1,13).
PPC is stimulated by cigarette smoke,
chemical fumes, aerosol sprays, dust,
perfumes, drinking, eating crumbly dry
food, taking a deep breath, laughing,
talking over the phone for more than a few
minutes, changes in ambient temperature
and breathing cold air (1).
Successful treatment of the PPC depends
on making an accurate diagnosis and
giving the specific therapy. Currently
available treatments for PPC are:
bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory
medications, particularly inhaled or
systemic corticosteroids (7,10). narcotics,
centrally acting antitussive agents such as
codeine and dextromethorphan (10-12),
nedocromil sodium and cromoglycate
(7,10,12), inhaled ipratropium bromide
and antihistamines (7,10).
Despite all these treatments, this chronic
cough is usually intractable and has no
remarkable response to routine drugs. So,
it is worth to find a better treatment for
PPC. Based on our previous knowledge
and personal experience, our hypothesis
was that honey and/or coffee may have
some beneficial effects in the treatment of
PPC.
In the Review of Literature, to find some
information, we searched about Honey and
Coffee. To the best of our knowledge, we
did not find any report that has noted such
a therapeutic combination for PPC, but it
was found that:
A- "Honey has been regarded as a health
giving substance since ancient times and

Raeessi MA, et al
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology No.2, Vol.23, Serial No.63, Spring-2011, 3
its medical use is recorded from around
3000 B.C. onward. Honey has been used,
also in modern times for maintenance of
health and in several diseases (14). World
Health Organization (WHO) has cited
honey as a potential treatment for cough,
URTI and cold symptoms (15). Also it
suggests that honey demulcents may
soothe the throat (15). It can be effective
and recommended to provide some relief
from cold symptoms and cough (15-17). It
is a natural substance, cheap, popular and
safe (15). In addition, honey has
antioxidant efficacies and increases
cytokine release, which may cause its
antimicrobial effects (15). Honey is an
ancient remedy which has been re-
discovered for the treatment of wounds
with induction of tissue repair and
stimulation of wound healing (15,18).
These effects may have been associated
with its hyper osmolarity and with its anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant properties
(15, 16)."
B- "Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, cola
drinks and cocoa (19). Methylxanthines
(such as theophylline and caffeine) are
bronchodilator drugs which are believed to
stimulate breathing efforts and have been
used to prevent apnea (19, 20). Also
caffeine is hypoalgesic, and it has anti-
inflammatory effects (19, 20). It is the
world's most commonly consumed
psychoactive substance that stimulates the
CNS. Caffeine improves vigilance and
psychomotor performance, and increases
levels of self-reported alertness and
decreases levels of self-reported fatigue
and sleepiness."
Considering all above, the aim of this
study was to scientifically evaluate the
therapeutic effects of coffee, honey and
their combination, in treatment of patients
with PPC.
Materials and Methods
This was a double blind randomized
clinical trial of participants presenting with
PPC. It was performed during a 6-year
period at the Baqiyatallah University
Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2003 to 2009.
Our study was conducted on included 84
adult patients which only 74 of them kept
track until the end of this study (42 men
and 32 women).
Ethical Considerations: "The participants
were all volunteers and they were fully
informed about the aim of the study, the
prescribed regimens which consist of
natural safe edible substances, moreover
the follow up sessions and their own duty
as participants. Also they were told about
the benefits of this research, the potential
complications such as dyspepsia and
insomnia, and how to face them. They
were reassured that the data and their files
are kept confidential. Then, an informed
consent was taken from them before they
were enrolled in the study. The project
design of this prospective study was
approved by the Ethics Committee of the
Baqiyatallah University of Medical
Sciences."
In our cough clinic, all the patients were
assessed and registered after their check
list was completed. It was about personal
data including age, sex, weight, education,
occupation, duration of their illness and
presence or absence of systemic disease.
All the participants underwent a
comprehensive history, physical
examination of respiratory system and
complete examination of ear, nose and
throat. They were thoroughly examined for
every abnormality and also underlying
causes of cough. Also routine laboratory
tests and chest X-Ray were taken. Other
evaluations were carried out as necessary.
For example Spirometry, Computed
Tomography (CT scan) of paranasal
sinuses, and High-Resolution Computed
Tomography (HRCT) of thorax.
In patients with chronic cough, there is a
positive relationship between cough
frequency and cough reflex sensitivity
(21). Additionally, in PPC, the frequency
of cough is equal to severity of cough.
Considering these two facts, from now on,
"frequency of cough" represents "severity
of cough" in this article. Thus, all the

A new finding in the treatment of Persistent Postinfectious Cough
4, Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology No.2, Vol. 23, Serial No.63, Spring-2011
participants were evaluated for frequency
of their cough before and after the
treatment. Their cough frequency,
according to them, was degreed as: Zero
(0), low (1
+
), moderate (2
+
), and severe (3
+
),
(22).
Patients with PPC for more than three
weeks of duration were included in this
study. But, the ones with systemic disease
and/or abnormal routine laboratory tests
were excluded. As a matter of fact, a high
majority of the patients have more than a
single cause at the same time for chronic
cough (7, 23- 26). Therefore, in this study
we excluded every patient with other
causes of cough, or we first treated that
other condition. Participants' ages ranged
from 21 to 65 years and the peak age was
the third decade (29.7% of patients). Their
weight ranged from 50 to 90 kgs.
Moreover, most of them were highly
educated (Table 1).
For this study, we prepared three types of
medical jam-like pastes, (A, B, and C
products):
1- Each 600 grams of the "A" product
(first regimen), consisted 70 grams of
original instant coffee (caffeinated coffee),
given to every member of the first group
(n=16).
2- Each 600 grams of the "B" product
(second regimen), consisted 500 grams of
honey, given to every member of the
second group (n=14).
3- Each 600 grams of the "C" product
(third regimen), consisted 70 grams of
original instant coffee, and 500 grams of
honey, given to every member of the third
group (n=54).
It's necessary to mention that all the three
products were similar in packaging, color,
shape, viscosity and the taste (by adding
enough edible brown color, coffee essence,
and liquid glucose). Materials of each
product were gently mixed and
homogenized. The natural honey which
was used in this study was obtained from
the mountain region in the west of Iran.
The mentioned samples were produced by
our pharmacist with the proportion of 1, 1, 4.
They were encoded confidentially and
distributed randomly between patients.
This difference of proportion was intended
to show the importance of the third
regimen. It should be considered that the
first and second groups can play the role of
control groups for the third one. These
participants were told to dissolve 25 grams
of the prescribed jam-like paste in about
200
CC
of warm water (under 60
oC
), then
drink this solution. They were asked to
repeat it every 8 hours for one week.
Table 1: Characteristics of participants in the
three treatment groups: Count and "Percentage
within Treatment group"
Factors
Treatment
group 1
Treatment
group 2
Treatment
group 3
Coffee
(n=14)
Honey
(n=12)
honey with
coffee"
(n=48)
Age:
21-30 y
4(28.5)
5(41.3)
13(27)
31-40 y
3(21.4)
4(33.3)
11(22.8)
41-50 y
2(14.2)
2(16.6)
13(27)
51-60 y
4(28.5)
1(8.3)
10(20.8)
61-56 y
1(7.14)
0
1(2)
Sex:
Male:
9 (64.2)
6 (50)
27 (56.1)
Female
5 (35.7)
6 (50)
21 (43.6)
Level of
schooling:
Primary&
Diploma
5 (35.7)
5 (41.6)
13 (27)
Technical
& higher
education
9 (64.2)
7 (58.3)
35 (72.8)
Occupation:
House
worker:
4 (28.5)
3 (25)
12 (25)
Student &
employer:
7 (50)
7 (58.3)
26 (54)
Physician:
2 (14.2)
2 (16.6)
10 (20.8)
They were evaluated before and at the
end of the first week of their treatment,
and the check list for the measurement of

Raeessi MA, et al
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology No.2, Vol.23, Serial No.63, Spring-2011, 5
the frequency of their cough was
completed. The participants were under
observation for the first month even if
the cough was cured. Study investigators
who checked patients' signs and
symptoms were unaware about the
prescribed regimen. The process of this
research is illustrated in the attached
flow diagram.
All the analyses were carried out using
SPSS version 15.0 software. Continuous
variables were presented as mean and
standard deviation. Categorical variables
were presented as absolute and relative
frequencies. One-way ANOVA, Chi-
square test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test
were used for comparison groups. All
reported P-values were based on two-sided
hypotheses.
Results
In this clinical trial the mean and (standard
deviation) of age, weight and duration of
their illness were according to appearance:
39.9 (12.6) (years), 74.9 (10.9) (kgs), and
3.1 (3.4) (months). The distribution of
mentioned base line data are shown in the
table number 1. Also, the frequency of
cough before and after the treatment was
degreed as: 2.97 (0.16) and 0.82 (0.81). In
all three groups, the difference between
variables including age, sex, duration of
disease and frequency of cough before
the treatment, according to statistics were
not significant (P>0.05), (Table 2).
Chi-square test showed the distribution of
variables including sex, education and
occupation were the same in these three
groups (P>0.05). The cough frequency
was similar in all three groups before the
treatment (P>0.05).
According to Wilcoxon Signed Rank test,
the frequency of cough before and after
each treatment proved to be significant
(P<0.05). Therefore, all the three regimens
were effective in treating the condition.
Analysis of variances showed that the
difference between the means of
"frequency of cough before and after the
treatment" with three regimens were
significant (P<0.001).
In addition, Post Hoc Tests (Tukey)
showed that the change of "cough
frequency before and after the treatment"
in the first and second groups were not
significant whilst the mean of "change of
cough before and after the treatment" in
the third group was lower and the mean
differences was statistically significant
(P<0.001).
Table 2: Mean (STD) differences between
treatments and some explanatory variables
Variables
Treatment
group 1
Treatment
group 2
Treatment
group 3
P-
value
coffee
(n=14)
honey
(n=12)
honey
with coffee
(n=48)
Age:
years
(std)
41.9 (14.8)
36.8 (10.2)
40.1 (12.6)
>0.05
(NS)*
Weight:
Kgs (std)
74.6 (11.3)
78.4 (8.8)
74.1 (11.4)
>0.05
(NS) *
Duration
of illness:
months
(std)
3.3 (1.4)
2.3 (1.5)
3.3 (4.1)
>0.05
(NS) *
Frequency
of cough:
a- before
the
treatment:
degree
(std)
3.0 (0.0)
3.0 (0.0)
3.0 (0.2)
>0.05
(NS)*
b- after
the
treatment:
degree
(std)
1.8 (0.4)
1.4(0.5)
0.4(0.6)
<0.001
(S)**
________________________________________________________
* NS= Not Significant
** S = Significant
Discussion
PPC is usually intractable and has no
effective response to routine treatments.
Considering the great number of people
around the world suffering from PPC,
every reasonable and safe remedy is worth
to be thoroughly investigated. Our
hypothesis was that the honey and/or
coffee have therapeutic effect on PPC.

A new finding in the treatment of Persistent Postinfectious Cough
6, Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology No.2, Vol. 23, Serial No.63, Spring-2011
Generally, it seems that the effect of honey
in treatment of PPC is about that sweet
substances naturally cause reflex salivation
and may also cause the secretion of airway
mucus which can improve mucociliary
clearance in the airway, and lead to a
demulcent effect in the pharynx, thereby
they reduce cough (24). Moreover, honey
by its properties such as hyper osmolarity,
as an anti-inflammatory substance, can
expedite repairing and healing of the
pharyngeal mucosal irritation (14).
This study demonstrated that the
"combination of honey with coffee" (the
"C" product) was the most effective
treatment modality for PPC. It concedes
that the efficacy can be due to the
synergistic effect of these two substances.
Despite the fact that the exact mechanism
of action of the combination of honey and
coffee is almost unveiled and is not yet
fully explained; this combination can bring
about notable improvements in mucosal
tissue healing by repairing the "nerve
ending damage" due to "mucosal
irritability" and "mucosal desquamation".
These can provide possible explanation for
the role of "combined coffee and honey",
in the successful treatment of PPC.
However applying our innovate therapy,
we could treat PPC and also eliminate
"unpleasant consequences" of the illness
for the patients and the physicians (1, 27).
The advantages of this new treatment
modality are: (a) It is more effective
especially in a short time. (b) It has natural
edible substances which makes it safe and
agreeable. (c) It is cost effective and easily
available.
Conclusion
PPC can be successfully treated by
"combination of honey and coffee" at a
short time. We therefore recommend the
use of this effective treatment modality for
PPC patients. It is suggested that further
studies should be carried out in different
clinical settings.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank and appreciate all
the people who helped us in this research
project, especially Dr. Mohsin Reza
Heidari for his assistance in editing the
manuscript.

Raeessi MA, et al
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology No.2, Vol.23, Serial No.63, Spring-2011, 7
Flow Diagram
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