ArticlePDF Available

The Creation of Business Incubators in Supporting Economic Developments

Authors:

Abstract and Figures

This paper reports, explores and investigates on the initiatives whereby incubators were used to stimulate the economy. Initially the study pursued the role of business incubator organisations and their impacts on the economic developments in the United States of America and the benefits in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states. Incubation programs support diversify economies, commercialise technologies, create jobs and build wealth. According to the National Business Incubation Association (NBIA), business incubators help entrepreneurs translate their ideas into workable and sustainable businesses by guiding them from the beginning to being able to achieve a growing and thriving business. Business incubation provides entrepreneurs with expertise, networks and tools that they need to make their ventures successful. This paper provides evidence which based on current literature concerning business incubators as an effective and innovative tool of economic developments. The research methodologies adopted in this research study are desk-research and case study of 5 incubator organisations in the GCC member states. However, the paper provides guidance, suggestions and recommendations to change the adoption of such programmes in order to stimulate the economic development cycles in the GCC member states.
Content may be subject to copyright.
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
THE CREATION OF BUSINESS INCUBATORS IN
SUPPORTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
Hanadi Mubarak Almubartaki, College of Engineering,
Kuwait University, Kuwait
pro5383526@yahoo.com
Wafi Al-Karaghouli, Information Systems Evaluation and Integration Group (ISEing)
Brunel Business School, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
Wafi.Al-Karaghouli@Brunel.ac.uk
Michael Busler, Richared Stockton Collage, USA
Michael.busler@stockton.edu
Abstract
This paper reports, explores and investigates on the initiatives whereby incubators were used to
stimulate the economy. Initially the study pursued the role of business incubator organisations and
their impacts on the economic developments in the United States of America and the benefits in the
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states. Incubation programs support diversify economies,
commercialise technologies, create jobs and build wealth. According to the National Business
Incubation Association (NBIA), business incubators help entrepreneurs translate their ideas into
workable and sustainable businesses by guiding them from the beginning to being able to achieve a
growing and thriving business. Business incubation provides entrepreneurs with expertise, networks
and tools that they need to make their ventures successful. This paper provides evidence which based
on current literature concerning business incubators as an effective and innovative tool of economic
developments. The research methodologies adopted in this research study are desk-research and case
study of 5 incubator organisations in the GCC member states. However, the paper provides guidance,
suggestions and recommendations to change the adoption of such programmes in order to stimulate
the economic development cycles in the GCC member states.
Keywords: Business Incubators, Sustainable Entrepreneurs, Economic Development, Gulf
Cooperation Council States.
1 INTRODUCTION
For the last twenty-five years, business incubation has been the subject of many research studies in
different countries that attracts researchers, practitioners and policy makers.
Business incubation is a term describing a business development process that is used to grow
successful, and to create sustainable entrepreneurial ventures that will contribute to the economic
developments of a healthy economy. Successful incubation process is about supportive environment
in which new ventures can develop and fulfil their potential growths as well as giving them access to
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
1
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
a wide range of business development resources and tailored services. Business incubators play
significant roles in seeding and developing new ventures and technology transfer with potential
growth in most areas and sectors of the economy.
Pappas (2003) defines an incubation program as a dynamic process of developing and supporting
emerging commercial business or individuals. Incubators nurture young firms, helping them to
survive and grow during the startup period when they are most vulnerable to failure. Incubators
provide hands-on management practice, access to financial resources, and orchestrated exposure to
critical business thinking or technical support services. In addition, the incubator programmes can
offer entrepreneurial firms the facility to share office services, access to equipment and expandable
space.
Hackett and Dilts (2004), conducted a fieldwork in Asia and North America. They stated that, a
business incubator is a shared office space facility that provides a strategy, e.g. ‘‘portfolio’’ or
‘‘client’’ or ‘‘tenant companies’’, value-adding intervention system (i.e. business incubation) of
monitoring and business assistance. The incubator can control and link resources that could assist in
the development of its clients’ new ventures, by simultaneously help containing the cost of their
potential failures.
Incubators could be established for many reasons, depending on the different set of objectives they
can be designed to reflect their own particular operating environments and to represent the
stakeholders. Each incubator will drive one or more objectives, e.g. an economic development,
technology transfer, innovation and commercial viable venture. Also, it leads to the creation of new
and sustainable jobs, acceleration of business growth, development of fast-track companies, reduction
in the rate of failure of new enterprises, empowerment, opportunities for specific groups of
entrepreneurs, and developing a role model for an entrepreneurial culture (DiCarlo, 2001; Lalkaka,
1997a, 1997b, 2000 & 2002).
Business incubators which especially operate by governments, are frequently used as tools to promote
the economic development of a community, a region and a country. In particular, this is evident in the
United States of America (USA), due to the wide spread use of technology-based business incubators
which aims to support local and state-level economic development strategies. The growth of business
incubators has been justified by the well established theoretical arguments in the previous and the
existing empirical evidence, that innovation promotes economic growth (Wagner, 2006).
2 RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW OF BUSINESS INCUBATION
The National Business incubator Association (NBIA) is the world’s leading organisation that
promotes business incubation, entrepreneurship and supports them, in order that incubators can play a
big role in the economic development programme. It provides thousands of professionals with the
information, education advocacy and networking resources to bring excellence to the process of
assisting early–state-start-up companies (NBIA, 2000; Adkins, 2001a, 2001b, 2002a & 2002b).
Business incubation has been seen as an effective and innovative economic development tool in many
countries including the USA.
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
2
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
Also, it is worthwhile mentioning that, the development of the business incubator is a tool to ensure
the success of new entrepreneurs through the provision of resources, networking and capital. In
addition, incubators were originated for different reasons including putting back into the community.
In 1959, Charles Mancuso Son, Ine. (Batavia, NY), purchased a huge multistory building of 850.000
sq foot which included 30 acres of land. The building was previously owned by Johnston Harvester
(the manufacturer of combine harvesters) and later on by Massey Ferguson. Although the family owns
a number of various local businesses, some family members wondered if this latest acquisition was a
wise investment. They paid $180,000 for the building which has been vacant for many years. At the
time, it was evident that the building would require a considerable amount of renovation, especially
with the massive roof that needs complete replacement. The family knew that they would need to
invest more money to restore the facilities before it could be utilised. They employed Joseph
Maneugo (Burger, 1999) as an advisor to assist them in their choice of options concerning what to do
with the next facility and to figure out how much they make profit of their purchase.
Mancuso came up with what is considered today to be a revolutionary idea. He rented out the building
to tenants, allowing each tenant to occupy as much space as she or he needs. By letting-out the
building, he was hoping to find enough tenants to guarantee that the facility would reach an
occupancy rate that would generate a profit for the family’s investment. The first tenant in the
building (Batavia, NY) was a sign painter that took up only 2,000 square feet of the available 850,000
square feet. In the first year of the building’s operation, Mancuso only managed to secure 20 to 30
tenants who utilises approximately 90,000 square feet. The building was always reportedly on the
verge of financial trouble, though it leased some of its available space as a warehouse and other space
for services providers and a number of other types of business (Burger, 1999; Adkins et al., 2001;
Lourenco, 2004; Michelle, 2003).
Thus, the first business incubator was born out of economic necessity, as it allowed tenants of the
building to share the expense of various office services. The idea soon caught up on as more people
become a ware of Mancuso’s development strategy and its potential impact on economic development
and its success in job creations in their own communities. The implementing and the success of such
program provide a recognition of John Mancuso being the father of business incubators, and he is
credited with inventing the term “incubator“.
Today, the same incubator is called the Patavia Industrial Center which boasts about 110 tenants with
1,000 people work in the building and run by John Mancuso’s three sons. Today’s incubators do not
function like what was evolved then as a traditional incubator program. The center continues to
encourage entrepreneurships and start-up companies, as anyone can lease space in the Patavia
Industrial Center, due to its decentralisation nature. Furthermore, they can stay as long as they want,
for there is no graduation or exit policy. For this reason, some businesses have been in the incubator
programmes for more than 30 years. The first formal incubator to host an incubation program as we
know them now, was established around 1980 at the Renssealer Polytechnic Institute, which is an
initiative of George Low who became the future president of Renssealetr. The Renssealer program
was revolutionary in its endeavour to introduce students to entrepreneurship in a laboratory setting.
This has been done by role-playing process. Also, by bringing in guest speakers to talk about how to
start a business. The latter process leads to pairing students with local businesses in apprenticeship
positions, and by linking student and faculty entrepreneurs to potential investors. Armed with such
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
3
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
supporting resources, companies began to be launched by both students and faculty alike. Originally,
the Renssealer Polytechnic Institute was housed in a space available on the Renssealer Campus. The
school now occupies two incubator facilities that offer 40,000 square feet of space. The Renssealer,
incubator continues to successfully produce companies for students, faculty, and community residents
who desire to start their own business enterprises (Burger, 1999; Alien, 1985; Alien and Eugene,
1989).
With the industry experiencing unprecedented growth today, there are more than 1,000 business
incubators in North America, comparing to only 12 such organisations at the time back in 1980
(NCEO, 2000). According to Clark & Minor (2000), incubators originally appeared during the
recession which occurred during the early 1980s when large corporations shut down, leaving behind
empty plants and thousands of jobless people. Further, they explain, “As a business incubators popped
up, people began to see them as a means to alleviate economic distress by renovation and utilisation
of idle manufacturing buildings, generating income for investing parties and creating job
opportunities“ (Clark & Minor, 2000). These days, in the USA one new incubator created every week
and the number is growing over time (NBIA, 2000). Like their numbers, incubators’ budgets have
steadily increased to include the number of client companies and 8,000 graduates (small start–up
firms) currently reside in incubators, and more than 4,500 existing business have resulted (graduated)
from these programs. Incubators organisation are offering more services to clients as well as more
specialised ones.
According to the NECO (2000), the Business Incubation Industry conducted a study of incubators in
North America which showed that 19,000 companies and more than 245,000 jobs have contributed to
the economy (NCEO, 2000; Aernoudt, 2004; Wagner, 2006).
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology that has been used in this research study is compromised of desk-research,
interviews and case study of 5 incubator organisations in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
member states.
3.1 Desk-Research: Different Types of Business Incubators
From the current literature, it is evident (see section 2 above) that the number of business incubators is
growing rapidly. At the beginning of 1980, the number was 200, today the number has grown to
approximately 7,000 (NCEO, 2000). The Business incubators are becoming more and more popular
amongst entrepreneurs and those who are aware about the wide array of benefits such organisations
can offer with regard to the resources that fledgling companies need in order to succeed in the long-
term. The different types of incubators reflect the history of the concept. The initial definition is
revitalising the decline in the manufacturing area. They serve as tools for reconversion. National
Business Incubation Association classifies the incubator programmes in various ways, with primary
distinction between non-profit and for-profit organisations.
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
4
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
Non-profit incubators represent about 85% of U.S. incubator population, i.e. around 950 incubators
(Decarlo, 2001). Fall under one of three general categories of organisational structure, is the stand-
alone incubators. These incubators are programs or departments of large tax-except entities and
operate within their tax status. For example, a university or a government can run incubators or
incubators which can work closely with other organisations, whether for-profit or not for-profit in
order to achieve their missions. The NBIA recognises three major types for–profit incubators
depending on how investors anticipate to obtain a return on their investments (Temali and Campbell,
1984). The first type, anticipates return on investment from rents and services fees. These incubators
add to the company development of office services and flexible real estate. The second is a profit
programme treats the incubator as a portfolio of investment and seeks return on equity holding in
start-up companies. The third is with regard to corporate incubators to seek benefits primarily from
spinning out technologies or spinning or medical innovations with strategies.
3.2 Business Incubation and Economic Development
Business incubators contribute to the economy and also they play active roles in the local, the regional
and the national economic developments. Business incubators, however can not transform an
economy and should be integrated into a broader economic policy reform, infrastructure investment
and financing. When approaching a new project of incubators, the development team should fully
understand and formulate the economic purpose or mission of an incubator to achieve the required
return on the resources invested in the program. Business incubators can be used for one or more of
the following three economic development purposes:
New business formation: New business formation is the most common economic
development focus of business incubator around the world. These programs focus on
supporting entrepreneurs from practical business concept development to lunching a product.
The purpose is to nurture businesses until a business becomes stable enough to operate
without the day-to-day support of an incubator (Almubaraki, 2008).
Business stabilisation: A number of countries around the world have begun to investigate the
ways that business incubators can be used to help existing small–to–medium size (SMEs)
enterprises that have become unstable. The purpose of these programs is to provide business
support services and guidance to help to stabilise the business and reduce the chance of
failure.
Business expansion: Many countries have begun to deploy business incubators to help
existing small–to–medium size enterprises to expand. These programs provide services to
help business owners improving operational efficiency, identifying, accessing new markets,
expanding production capabilities, hiring and managing labour and securing capital. The
purpose of these programmes is typically to help businesses that employ 1-5 employees to
expand to 10-20 employees.
Business incubators offer a range of potential economic development benefits. Their actual impacts
on economic development have generally been measured in terms of basic quantitative measures such
as number of jobs created, firm graduation rates and tax receipts (Lourenco, 2004).
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
5
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
Recently, however, there has been a shift in focus in the literature of business incubation to the
potential role that incubation contributes to the economic development due to facilitating and the
creation of the growth of social and intellectual capital, although empirical evidence of this is still
limited. Social capital has been defined as “social networks”, where reciprocities arise from
participation in these networks and the value that participated members derive from these reciprocities
(Lourenco, 2004; Clark and Minor, 2000; CPAC, 1998).
3.3 Case Studies: Business Incubators in the Gulf Developing Countries
Interviews were conducted with senior executives of 5 incubators Organisations across the GCC
members of states. As a result of the interviews, it was identified that currently, there are 21
incubators across 5 centers in the GCC including Kuwait. Also it has been noted that in developing
countries including Kuwait and other GCC member states, business incubators could be particularly
valuable in contributing to the development of the local economy, promote technology transfer, create
new enterprises and impacts on job creation.
In the GCC member states, the efforts to support entrepreneurship through business incubators and
similar facilities are on the increase. For example, in 2003, Manama in the Kingdom of Bahrain,
through the Bahrain Development Bank and United Nation Industrial Development Organisation
(UNIDO) has established business incubation centre as the first GCC member state who implemented
this program. The reason behind this centre is to support new business formation in the Kingdom of
Bahrain and in cooperation with commercial and the ministry of industrial affairs. The main
objectives are to impact policy making, commercialise research, create companies that export
revenues, create jobs, develop profitable enterprises and raise awareness of potential entrepreneurs.
The category of the center is of mixed-use and governmental non-profit business type. The number of
client firms on site is 35 with 265 employees in client firms. The Total Graduation firms are 15 with
66 employees in graduated firms (Almubaraki, 2008).
In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, BADIR-ICT is first ICT technology incubator to be established in
Saudi Arabia. The BADIR initiative was launched in January 2008 and it is the first operational
incubator program in the Kingdom. It accepted its first tenants and affiliates in November 2008. This
centre is part of the National Badir technology incubator initiative of Saudi Arabia’s national research
institute of King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). Badir focuses on ICT and
ICT related enterprises supporting both technology and services companies with flexible services
suite each segment. Badir’s ICT currently operates as a unit of KACST under a supervisory
committee chaired by the (KACST) Vice President HH Prince Dr. Turki Al-Saud. Other committee
members consist of one representative of major stakeholders including Saudi Telecom Company
(STC), Saudi credit and savings bank, Mowhiba, ministry of commerce, Saudi Arabian Government
investment Authority (SAGiA). The key strategy is focused on the best practice incubation finance
and sustainability could offer; quality clients and investor relations. The BADIR–ICT facility based in
Riyadh which comprises of 30 suites with over 100 rooms and up to 30 incubator business tenants.
The statistics inferences of the BADIR’s ICT technology incubator are, total space of 5,800 square
meters available and 4,400 square meters rented by client firms. The Total number of client firms on
the site is 10 and the number of employees in client firms is 20.
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
6
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
Another initiative is based in Qatar Science and Technology Park which was established in 2008. The
main objectives of being commercialise research, creating companies that deal in export and create
jobs. It manages to develop profitable enterprises and raise the awareness of potential entrepreneurs to
promote applied research technology development and commercialisation in Qatar. Also, to support
the diversify economy of Qatar through applications of technology which accelerates the formation
and growth of start up technology companies. By creating high–value employment opportunities, in
particular for the graduates of Qatar University. The model of the program is governmental not-for
profit, information and communication technologies sectors. The space of business incubator is
12,301 square meters and 3,043 square-meters rented by client firms.
Recently, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has established Dubai Business incubation center to foster
the development of technology venture involving the internet, information technology and other
related technology sectors. Finally, Oman, through the “Knowledge Oasis Muscat” establishes
business incubation programs as joint venture with the U.K. technology park programs. The main
services are business information finance and incubation development with technology transfer. The
program is a non-profit governmental model.
4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Business incubators help in accelerating the economic development process. They provide access for
small business though the provision of resources that small enterprise might not otherwise be able to
access due to capital or network availability and challenges. The difference between business
incubators and small business development centres is that, unlike small business development centres,
incubators in essence, actually nurture or adopt the businesses, supporting them in their infancy until
they can be independent on their own. Further “though some investment groups call themselves
incubators, they offer no guidance or expertise, services or other forms of nurturing“ (Campbell,
2001). They seek true, legitimate business incubation, the programs should carefully be differentiated
between organisation that simply act as landlord to entrepreneurs or professor for business owners and
programs that take on the challenge of embracing the business owner and assuming responsibility for
the growth and success of the business itself .
The development of business incubators might lead to the following issues:
1) Economic development effort intended to stimulate the economy, create jobs, and diversity of the
local economic losses.
2) The commercialisation of research and the transfer of technology into new and different
commercial applications; and
3) The enhancement and sustainability of small business success (Greene & Butler, 1996; NBIA,
1996; Smilor & Gill, 1986).
According to a report by the NBIA (2000), business incubators reduce the risk of small business
failures. In fact statistics show that 87% to 90% of all businesses that graduated out of incubators
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
7
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
programs are still in business. This is in contrast with approximately 20% to 30% of non-incubation
businesses are still in business after the same period of time. The effect of taking up residence in a
business incubator reaches the revenue stream of businesses. The average sales of a firm increase by
more than 400% from the starting time it enters the scheme until the time it leaves the incubator. Also,
start-up firms in incubators have annually increased sales by $240,000 each with added average of 3.7
full-time and part-time fobs per firm (NBIA, 2000).
Table 1 below illustrates the resources and services available to incubator residents that fall into three
categories, i.e. shared office, management/technical assistance, and financing.
Table 1 Resources and services of incubator clients
Shared Office Management/Technical Assistance Financing
Conference room Business plans External aided
Photocopying Marketing Internally provided
Receptionist coverage Accounting "Survival Funding"
Word processing/typist Government grants and loans
Security Legal services
Computer equipment Patent assistance
Fax machine Computer training
Office equipment International trade
Business resource library Government procurement
Audio/visual equipment Equity and debt financing
Extra storage Access to sophisticated computer processing
Bookkeeping Access to other resources outside the
incubator
Group health insurance Research and development
Secretarial services Business taxes
Postage machine use Notary services
Binding machine use Desktop publishing and design
Computer software Website design and training
Secured mailboxes Technology support services
Manufacturing equipment Mentoring
Commercial kitchen use Access to interns
Other
Below-market office space
Flexible leases
Dedicated phone services
Common lounge areas
Business waiting areas
Group health insurance
Membership in professional orgs.
Chamber of Commerce benefits
Relocation services
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
8
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
Custodial/Maintenance services
Source: The National Business Incubation Association (2000, p.11-13)
According to the National Business incubator association, there are currently about 1,000 incubator
clients in North American that are classified into 7 main incubator categories, of which the number of
Mixed-use is 43%, with technology comprises approximately 25% of all incubators in North America
(NBIA, 2000; NCEO, 2000; Hackett & Dilts, 2004; Pappas, 2003; JBV, 2002). On the other hand,
manufacturing comprises 10% of business incubators, targeted makes 9% of all incubators, Service
consists 6% of business incubators, empowerment makes up 5% of all incubators, and 2% Other
(NBIA, 2000). Some of the main 5 categories would be explained in more detail as follows:
Mixed–use: this type of incubator accepts clients from a wide variety of business sectors.
They are largely created by local governments to spur economic growth and create jobs
(Burger, 1999). Mixed-use incubators contain a variety of different types of enterprises
including service companies , general contractors, specially foods vendors, marketing firms,
staffing companies, and financial service advisors. Except for restaurant and retail operations,
most start-up businesses are well suited for incubators (JBV, 2002).
Technology incubators: these incubators “focus on enhancing community research and
development in high-technology, rapid-growth industries that have a good chance of
attracting capital and can have a long–term impact on spurring economic growth and creating
jobs“ (Burger, 1999). While firms in all types of business incubators show similar increases in
their annual gross values, but firms from the technology incubators category manage to create
more jobs than other types of incubators (CPAC, 1998).
Manufacturing incubators: provide physical space and technical business assistance for those
in the manufacturing industries (usually lighter manufacturing industries). These incubators
must often provide ample, large production spaces in order to accommodate the physical
manufacturing needs of their clients.
Targeted incubator: are those that focus on specific industry such as software, food
manufacturing, multimedia, arts,…etc. (NBIA, 2000). They may also target populations of a
specific demographic area, e.g. the Houston Women’s Business Centre. The Women’s
Business centre targets “contemporary, fact–track women business owners and career
professionals and proud itself as the first incubator to teach entrepreneurship and in particular
entrepreneurship to women“ (Campbell, 2001). Service incubators, are those that cater their
products and physical space offerings to businesses in service industries, and including
professional services.
Finally, empowerment incubators are also sometimes referred to as “micro enterprise“ or
“community” incubators in the current literature. These organisations tend to focus on
assisting targeted populations in their efforts to develop and support small business
entrepreneurships.
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
9
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
5 CONCLUSION AND REFLECTION
In this study, benefits and issues associated with the adoption of incubators as stimulus for the
economic development have been pursued. This paper describes the important role and the impact of
incubation on the economic development process of a country with supporting lessons from the
current literature. In conclusion and throughout a careful review of the published literature, and the
analysis of the business incubators as effective tool for economic development. The study supports
previous work that suggests that quality initiatives and careful planning of incubators may present a
pathway to stimulate an economy and in particular in the GCC members of states. But that requires a
different approach to the experience in the USA. As little progress will be made in the GCC when
organisations persistently drive an inwards focus on efficiency in their business incubator units,
resulting on conflict with an outward focus on the overall effectiveness of the initiative.
The paper establishes that, first business incubators aspire to become a cluster/catalyst for economic
development. Business inculcators impact wide range of economic activities such as build confidence
amongst the finance community. Also, in supporting start-ups, promoting a culture change and help in
fostering a culture of entrepreneurship. Assist companies out-side the incubators and act as a catalyst
for the development of wider business support structures. The paper shows that business incubation
can be considered as cost–effective economic development process due to the evidence that, if a
thorough and objective feasibility study is planned, performed and best-practice is applied, business
incubation could be an effective tool for economic development at significantly higher cost than
originally anticipated.
However, the evidence shows that there is no such thing as a typical incubator with similar elements.
Incubators come in all shapes and sizes and highly influenced by surrounding (internal and external)
factors. The incubators can be classified in different levels and according to the main objectives (e.g.
job creation, real estate, social inclusion), main sponsors/stakeholders (e.g. university, corporate,
public/private), geographical focus (e.g. rural, urban), target sectors (e.g. biotechnology, arts), target–
development stages (e.g. start-ups, growing businesses), financial structures (e.g. profit, not-for-
profit), and provision of space (e.g. virtual, bricks-and-mortar). Furthermore, the role of business
incubators generating social and intellectual capital and the impact of these forms of capital on
economic development is hard to measure. Largely, is due to the difficulties, which is supported by
the evidence of the available research in this area, which is limited. It is worth mentioning that the
incubators experience in USA is well established, i.e. often innovative and located at the heart of an
environment that encourages entrepreneurism in which public and private entities often work together.
Business angle and untrue capitalists are more powerful than other counties.
Finally, this study has clearly stated that the real added value to business incubation is in supporting
services and business assistance, e.g. the quality of technology support, range of business assistance,
training of interveners, and access to capital. This is evident in both the United States of America and
the developed countries, but still taking shape in the developing countries such as the GCC remember
of states.
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
10
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
6 References
Adkins, D. 2001a. "A Report for the Japan Association of New Business Incubation Organizations
(JANBO): Summary of the U.S. Incubator Industry", Athens, Ohio. National Business Incubation
Association.
Adkins, D. 2001b. "Summary of the United states incubator Industry and prospects for Incubator
model Globalization", National Business Incubation Association, July.
Adkins, D. 2002a. "Personnel communication", Executive Director, NBIA, 18th September.
Adkins, D. 2002b. "A Brief History of Business Incubation in the United States". Athens,
Ohio: NBIA Publications.
Adkins, D., Sherman, H. and Yost, C. A. 2001. "Incubating in Rural Areas: Challenges and Keys to
Success", Athens, Ohio. NBIA Publications.
Aernoudt, R. 2004.Incubators: Tool for entrepreneurship”. Small Business Economics, Vol. 23,
ISS.2: 127.
Alien, David N. 1985. "Business Incubators: Assessing their Role in Enterprise Development",
Economic Development Commentary, Winter, 9, (4): 3-8.
Alien, David N., and Eugene, J. B. 1989. "Evaluation of Multi-Tenant Buildings as a Component in
Local Economic Recovery". Part 1. Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce,
Economic Development Administration. Athens, Ohio: National Business Incubation Association.
Almubaraki, H. 2008. “Procurement of international business incubation – Quantitative and
Qualitative approaches”. Mel Rose Books. www.melrosebooks.com.
Burger, F. 1999. “Business incubators: How successful are they? Area development online”.
Available online: www.area-development.com/past/jan99/feature/incuba.htm.
Campbell, M. 2001. “A happy ending: incubators offer nurturing environment for small business”.
Available online:
moreabcnews.90.com/sections/business/yourbusiness/smallbizbuilder010613.html. [Accessed
12/11/09]
Clark, D. and Minor, T. 2000. “Business incubators: A formula for minority business success”.
Available online: www.tmaonline.net/business_center/articles/incubator.html [Accessed 12/11/09]
CPAC. 1998. “New study shows business incubation has significant economic impact”. Available
online: www.cpac.missouri.edu/newsuse/archive/981209 [Accessed 12/11/09]
DiCarlo, L. 2001. “Incubators on line support”. 18th Jan. Forbes.com [Accessed 30/11/02].
Greene, P. and Butler, J. 1996. “The minority community as a natural business incubator”. Journal of
Business Research, 36: 51-58.
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
11
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
Hackett, S.M. and Dilts, D.M. 2004. "A Systematic Review of Business Incubation Research",
Journal of Technology Transfer 29 (1): 55-82.
JBV 2002. “Lesson 17: Business incubators”. Available online. www.jbv.com/lessons/lesson17.
[Accessed 12/11/09]
Lalkaka, Rustam. 1997a. "Convergence of Enterprise Support Systems: Emerging Approaches at
Asia's Technology Parks & Incubators". Paper presented at Association of University Related
Research Parks. 12th International Conference, June 25-28. Monterey, California.
Lalkaka, Rustam. 1997b. "Lessons from International Experience for the Promotion of Business
Incubation Systems in Emerging Economies". Discussion paper Number 3. Vienna: Small and
Medium Industries Branch of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO),
November.
Lalkaka, Rustam. 2000. "Assessing the Performance and Sustainability of Technology Business
Incubators". Paper presented to New Economy & Entrepreneurial Business Creation in
Mediterranean Countries (International Centre for Science & High Technology, International
Centre for Theoretical Physics, and Third World Academy of Sciences), Trieste, Italy.
Lalkaka, R. 2002. "Technology Business Incubators to help build an Innovation-Based Economy",
Journal of Change Management 3 (2):167-176.
Lourenco, M.S. 2004. “Understanding communications network development and business
incubation: an analysis of three incubators in Louisville, Kentucky”. A dissertation submitted to
the faculty of the graduate School of the University of Louisville in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy.
Michelle, S. 2003. “Business incubation in inner –city emerging markets as an economic development
tool”. A dissertation presented in partial fulfilment – of the requirements for degree Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Texas at Austir, May.
National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) 1996. “Tenth anniversary survey of business
incubators, 1985-1995: A decade of growth”. Athens, OH.
National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) 2000. NBIA publications. Available online:
www.nbia.org.
National Commission on Entrepreneurship (NCEO) 2000. “Building Companies, Building
Communities: Entrepreneurs in the New Economy. Washington, D.C.
Pappas, J. P. 2003. "The University’s Role in Economic Development: From Research to Outreach",
Jossey- Bass.
Smilor, R.W. and Gill, M. 1986. “The new business incubator: Linking talent technology, capital and
know-how”. Lexington, MA, Lexington.
Temali, M. and Campbell, C. 1984. “Business incubator profiles: a national survey”. University of
Minnesota. Hebert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, Minneapolis.
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
12
European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010)
April 12-13 2010, Le Royal Meridien, Abu Dhabi
HanadiMubarakAlmubartaki,Wafi.AlKaraghouli,andMichaelBusler
THECREATIONOFBUSINESSINCUBATORSINSUPPORTINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
13
Wagner, K. V. 2006. “Business development incubator programs! An Assessment of performance in
Missouri”. A Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Doctor of philosophy. Capeila University.
... Business incubators are intended to accelerate the growth and success of startups/small businesses. Experts provide day-to-day support to help tenant companies survive and grow during the period when they are most vulnerable to failure (Almubartaki, Al-Karaghouli, & Busler, 2010). Business support services include: concept ideation, business planning, financial coaching and access to finance, market and competitor analysis, marketing strategy, and talent support through to product launch and access to new markets (Almubartaki et al, 2010). ...
... Experts provide day-to-day support to help tenant companies survive and grow during the period when they are most vulnerable to failure (Almubartaki, Al-Karaghouli, & Busler, 2010). Business support services include: concept ideation, business planning, financial coaching and access to finance, market and competitor analysis, marketing strategy, and talent support through to product launch and access to new markets (Almubartaki et al, 2010). In addition, the incubator programs can offer entrepreneurial firms shared office services, plus access to more equipment and meeting room space. ...
... In addition, the incubator programs can offer entrepreneurial firms shared office services, plus access to more equipment and meeting room space. Different types of incubators include: mixeduse (clients from multiple sectors), technology incubators, manufacturing incubators, and microenterprise incubators (Almubartaki et al, 2010). ...
Article
p>Small businesses (those with up to 99 employees) are the most common business type in Canada – comprising 97.9 per cent of businesses, and contributing close to one-third of Canada’s gross domestic product (GDP). Yet a significant number of these businesses fail, with only about 50 per cent lasting at least five years, according to Industry Canada. Social enterprises – businesses that provide valuable products or services while delivering social and sometime environmental returns – struggle even more than small businesses to attract finance, grow, and sustain. What are the similarities and differences between these two groups’ needs, and how can Canada’s three levels of government and the broader business ecosystem better support small businesses and social enterprises to thrive? This paper takes a comprehensive look at key business needs, barriers to success, enabling factors, and policy incentives, drawing upon academic literature, studies and reports from the government, non-profit, and social enterprise sectors, as well as recommendations from business advocacy groups primarily from Canada and the United States. Keywords: Small business, social enterprise, business financing, business growth, business ecosystem, procurement policy</p
... It has been noted in research that in the developing countries, including Saudi Arabia, technology incubators have not been able to come up to expectations. They have not been contributing to the development of the local economy, the transfer of technology, creation of new enterprises, and increase in job creation (Al-Mubaraki et al., 2010). Most of the Arab world faces deficiencies in their infrastructure as also in their products and services like goods, labour and their financial markets as well as slow pace of innovations and technological up-gradation; this is brought out in the 2010-2011 World Economics Forum's Global Competitiveness report (Schwab and Sala-i-Martin, 2010). ...
... Technology incubators aim to bolster the technology development stage of enterprises and new businesses being promoted by business incubators (Smilor, 1987). The first technology incubator to be established in Saudi Arabia was BADIR-ICT, which was launched in January 2008 (Al-Mubaraki et al., 2010). As the first incubator to become operational within a short time, this incubator started to accept its initial projects while working as a part of the National Badir Technology Incubator Initiative of Saudi Arabia's national research institute at the King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology. ...
Article
Full-text available
Technology business incubators support economic growth by developing innovative technologies. However, assessing the performance of technology business incubators in Saudi Arabia has not been well recognised. This study provides a conceptual framework for assessing technology business incubators based on knowledge sharing practices and sharing, diffusion of innovation and individual creativity. Partial least squares structural equation modelling, such as (PLS-SEM) path modelling was used to test the model. The results provide empirical insights about the performance of technology business incubators. The findings show knowledge donation and collection has positive effects on technology business incubator. The importance–performance map analysis shows additional findings and conclusions for managerial actions.
... The first incubator organisations were built on the simplest principle of costeffectiveness. They provide office services to tenants within a building with the aim of costsharing [Almubartaki, Al-Karaghouli, Busler, 2010]. Later, in developed countries, incubators were also used for job creation [Adkins, 2002] and were mostly run by local authorities. ...
Article
Full-text available
Startup campuses are a gathering place for local startups. On the one hand, they bring together innovative startups, and on the other hand, they offer solutions for international market entry through various incubator programmes, investment services, training networks, education, extensive networking capital, and mentoring. Startup campuses should be seen as a 21st century combination of decentralised incubators, accelerators, and business angels. The world’s leading startup and innovation campuses recognise the need to build the right environment and ecosystem for startups to grow quickly and efficiently. Among the startup campus ecosystems, the US Silicon Valley stands out, home to seven of the world’s top ten startups. Currently, five large startup ecosystems (New York, London, Beijing, Boston, and Shanghai) have the best business development capabilities, and two are trying to catch up (Los Angeles and Tel Aviv). Among startup ecosystems, the US leads the race by a significant margin, but European startup campuses are also growing steadily, while South American startup incubators are lagging behind. The study seeks to find out what services startup campuses provide in different regions, what their main activities are, and how successful they are. The topic is also important because startups most often respond to broad societal problems, such as access to basic services at affordable prices, reducing poverty and inequality, and increasing diversity and inclusiveness. On environmental issues, the most common targets are improving food supply and security, clean energy, climate change solutions, water, and sanitation.
... USA National Business Incubation Association mendefinisikan inkubator bisnis sebagai berikut : "A business incubator is an economic development tool designed to accelerate the growth and success of entrepreneurial companies through an array of business support resources and services. A business incubator"s main goal is to produce successful firms that will leave the program financially viable and freestanding" [5]. ...
Article
Full-text available
p>ABSTRACT This paper discusses the design and development of the coahcing log tenant system of INBIS STIKI Indonesia. Coaching log is an accompaniment record recorded in a hard copy file that contains data on tenants, coaches, mentoring records, assignments from coaches to tenants, and results of previous assignments given by coaches to tenants. This hard copy coaching log file cannot be used effectively especially in seeing the development of tenants from time to time or the progress reports of tenants. To solve this problem in this study a web-based log coaching system has been developed which has tenant data management features, data coaches, making mentoring schedules, providing timetables for mentors, coaching logs by coaches, coaching logs by tenants. The system design model used in this study uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) model, system development using the laravel framework, and testing using the blackbox testing method. Based on the results of testing all the features that are owned by this log coaching system can function properly. And the system developed can help INBIS STIKI Indonesia in managing the process of assisting tenants. Keywords: Information System, Coaching Log, Business Incubator. Tenant, Coach ABSTRAK Paper ini membahas tentang perancangan dan pengembangan sistem coahcing log tenan INBIS STIKI Indonesia. Coaching log merupakan catatan pendampingan yang direkam dalam sebuah file hard copy yang berisi tentang data tenan, coach, catatan pendampingan, tugas dari coach kepada tenan, serta hasil tugas sebelumnya yang diberikan oleh coach kepada tenan. File hard copy coaching log ini belum bisa digunakan secara efektif khususnya dalam melihat perkembangan tenan dari waktu ke waktu atau laporan kemajuan tenan. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut pada penelitian ini telah dikembangan sistem coaching log berbasis web yang memiliki fitur pengelolaan data tenan, data coach, pembuatan jadwal pendampingan, pemberian jadwal pendampingan kepada tenan, coaching log oleh coach, coaching log oleh tenan. Model perancangan sistem yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan model Unified Modeling Language (UML), pengembangan sistem menggunakan framework laravel, dan pengujian menggunakan metode blackbox testing. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian semua fitur yang dimiliki oleh sistem coaching log ini secara fungsional bisa berjalan dengan baik. Dan sistem yang dikembangkan bisa membantu INBIS STIKI Indonesia dalam mengelola proses pendampingan tenan. Kata Kunci : Sistem Informasi, Coaching Log, Inkubator Bisnis, Tenan, Pendamping</p
... However, scholars report evidence that establishing successfully a new venture is problematic if considering that the majority of them is likely to fail within the first five years of their operation (Corman et al., 2005;Snehota, 2011). In this scenario, business incubators have been massively launched all around the world as "supporting" organisations designed to sustain the formation and the early development of new ventures by providing access to basic resources, such as infrastructure, support services and networks (Bergek and Norrman, 2008;Al-Mubaraki et al., 2010;Al-Mubaraki and Busler, 2013;Mian et al., 2016). ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to preliminary attempt to deal with the phenomenon of business incubation from the industrial network perspective (Hakansson et al., 2009). The study draws on the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) insights on new business formation and development in business networks as a starting point to shed light on the incubator–incubatee relationship content and development to see how this specific relationship influences the development process of a mid-stage business venture. The author believes that the IMP tradition – with its focus on interactions in business relationships – can positively contribute to implementing this neglected topic of incubation research. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a longitudinal case study describing a mid-stage start-up venture initiating and developing a business relationship with a private business incubator. The relationship is explored through an abductive research design grounded in the IMP ARA model of analysis. The investigation focuses on how the incubation process unfolds through resources’ and actors’ interactions at different scales of analysis: the focal dyad, the incubation internal environment and the surrounding network. Particular “contextual” emphasis is put on new venture’s prior relationships. The study reveals three main findings. Findings Business incubation results as an emergent, and interdependent, process of interaction that develops among the incubator, the incubatee and external networked actors. In this perspective, the paper aims to re-discuss the role of the incubator in the process of forming and developing a new company considering its minor role in the wider developmental setting surrounding the incubatee. Research limitations/implications The paper introduces IMP concepts to business incubation debates, which can positively challenge and provide novel explanations about the recurring gaps of the literature. Further research should provide more detail on the role and functioning of interactive incubation in a business network context, addressing complex topics such as incubation performance and outcomes. Further research should also deepen and discuss the role of incubation relationships within the set of initial relationships of a new venture. Practical implications This analysis can be used to revise the general approach to the management and configuration of business incubators. Present insights could be helpful, in fact, to design more effective incubation offerings and models, as well as develop best managerial practices targeted at interacting with new venture especially in the resource dimension, both within and outside the incubation environment. Originality/value The incubation dyad, as a unit of analysis, has been scarcely addressed in incubation research. This is central for addressing the role of interactions, relationships and networks in incubation, all elements which have been too scarcely investigated. In addition, the paper deals with a private business incubator, a particular model which is in need for more research. Finally, the case of an established new venture which decides to enter a business incubator at a later stage of its development represents a peculiar case which does not fit classical research typically focused on new ventures “born and raised” entirely in incubation.
... Business incubators can play an active role in local, regional and national economic development. However, they cannot transform an economy and must be integrated into a broader reform of economic policy (Al-Mubaraki & Busler, 2010). They can convey confidence to the financial community and support startups, promoting an entrepreneurship's culture and acting as a catalyst for the development of broader business support structures. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Young people throughout their school careers have high aspirations and expectations regarding the value of all its educational degree's diplomas for employability. However due to the recent economic crisis, these factors were largely set aside. A lot of the Portuguese youth is living hard professional insertion processes and are suffering from low self-esteem and social exclusion. Youth unemployment leaves a “wage scar” that can hold on into middle age, developing a passive attitude and lack of social participation, which in the long run turns out to have negative implications for society. By being aware of this reality, this chapter presents a strategic plan focused on the School of Industrial Studies and Management (ESEIG), in Portugal, but with the potential to be applied elsewhere. The author wishes to contribute for the resolution of the economic crisis that the country is facing.
... Az első inkubátorok megjelenése óta átalakult az intézmények értelmezése, így azok típusai is változtak. A legelső inkubátorok pusztán gazdasági szükségszerűségből születtek azáltal, hogy az épületet bérlő cégek számára lehetővé tették a különböző irodai szolgáltatások költségeinek megosztását (Almubartaki-Al-Karaghouli-Busler, 2010). ...
Article
A vállalkozások indulását és fejlődését támogató szervezetek egyre nagyobb figyelmet kapnak a piaci szereplők és az állami döntéshozók körében egyaránt. Az első, csupán irodákat biztosító inkubátorok után mára a komplex szolgáltatásokat nyújtó szervezetek kerülnek előtérbe Európában és az Egyesült Államokban. Az inkubátorok mellett megjelentek az akcelerátorok is, amelyek rövidebb időszakra intenzívebb programokat kínálnak a vállalkozásoknak. Cikkünk célja, hogy bemutassuk ezen szervezeteket, és értékeljük az eltérő sajátosságaikat. A hazai piac elemzéséhez empirikus felmérést végeztünk. Kutatási eredményünk, hogy a magyar inkubátorok jelentős része még állami, illetve önkormányzati tulajdonú. A nyugati tendenciákkal szemben még nagy arányt képviselnek a hagyományos szervezetek, amelyeknek a fizikai szolgáltatásokból származó bérleti díjak jelentenek fontos bevételt.
Conference Paper
This study aims to develop a comprehensive and integrated model for measuring the performance of business incubators using a systematic review methodology of previous studies in the field, drawn from the Scopus database during the period (2004-2024). These studies were extracted, refined, and compiled into a library of 55 articles using Mendeley software. Through systematic analysis using VOSviewer software, the study found that previous studies utilized 60 different indicators to measure the performance of business incubators. After eliminating duplicate and synonymous indicators, a proposed model for measuring the performance of business incubators based on previous studies was developed. It consists of six main indicators: Innovation, Clients, Services, Networking, Finance, and Sustainability, with each main indicator including sub-indicators highlighting various aspects of business incubator performance.
Chapter
This chapter aims to address science and technology parks as organizational structures that promote links between universities and start-up companies. The authors conducted a case study to the Science and Technology Park of the University of Oporto (UPTEC), based on an interpretative and comprehensive epistemological point of view and a mix-methods approach. The analytical focus was on studying the genesis and development of this STP, its internal organization—functional areas and service range—and its different roles. This case study highlighted the benefits of the development of internal subsystems in a STP, which focused mainly in the incubation role. It also stresses UPTEC as a strong illustration of the triple-helix principles. At the same time, this case presented an imbalance in importance of those subsystems and a lack of result tracking as the biggest challenges faced by this STP.
Article
Full-text available
One of the biggest barriers for the development of incubators in Europe is the lack of entrepreneurship and the underdevelopment of seed financing and business angel networks. While incubation is increasingly being used as a tool for promoting entrepreneurship and start-ups, leading to new policy incentives, the content of the concept is becoming more and more polysemic. Completely different approaches tend to be associated with the incubator concept, which hence becomes more of an umbrella concept. This paper aims to combine a conceptual analysis with an analysis of economic reality, both in the U.S.A. and in Europe. It warns against non-accurate evaluations of the impact of incubators if one does not take into account the different types of incubators. The paper focuses on the dynamic process of incubatio and concludes by underlining the importance of close links between incubators and business angels networks.
Article
Full-text available
This article systematically reviews the literature on business incubators and business incubation. Focusing on the primary research orientations--i.e. studies centering on incubator development, incubator configurations, incubatee development, incubator-incubation impacts, and theorizing about incubators-incubation--problems with extant research are analyzed and opportunities for future research are identified. From our review, it is clear that research has just begun to scratch the surface of the incubator-incubation phenomenon. While much attention has been devoted to the description of incubator facilities, less attention has been focused on the incubatees, the innovations they seek to diffuse, and the incubation outcomes that have been achieved. As interest in the incubator-incubation concept continues to grow, new research efforts should focus not only on these under-researched units of analysis, but also on the incubation process itself.
Article
The ways in which business incubators enhance theirclients' social capital by helping to develop their communication networks areexamined.The central research questions focus on whether businessincubation facilitates network development for incubated entrepreneurs and thestructure of those entrepreneurs' networks. One-hour field interviews were conducted with officers, entrepreneurs, andofficials from three different business incubators in Louisville,Kentucky.Interviewees were asked to provide information regarding thespecific activities performed by the incubator to enhance clients' networks,the relationships formed by entrepreneurs who participate in networkingactivities, the primary ties in each entrepreneur's network, and the resourcesobtained through those ties.Analysis of the interviews indicates that thethree incubators implemented five direct and nine indirect networkingactivities, all of which were designed to create relationships between theirclients and other members of the business community. Data also reveal that incubated firms' networks consist of trustworthy andtransactional (low trust) relationships, as well as vertical and horizontalrelationships.Incubator mediation does facilitate the creation of severaldifferent types of relationships for incubated entrepreneurs. (SAA)
Article
In this age of exponential technology development and relentless globalisation, innovation and entrepreneurship have become the prime drivers of economic growth. Measures to build an innovation-based economy are outlined. One such measure is the establishment of technology business incubators to nurture nascent ventures by providing focused counselling and facilitation services together with smart workspace and shared office facilities. An incubator, often sited within a technology park and affiliated to a technical university or research institute, provides a platform for convergence of support in a synergistic system. The state, business, venture capital and community each have special roles to play in stimulating the venture creation process. Examples are given of incubation arrangements in the USA and in China, Brazil and India — each customised to the local conditions and culture. The performance of this modality has now to be enhanced by identifying and applying good practices through systems of benchmarking and continuous learning. With some 3,500 incubators worldwide today, the need is felt — and the e-capability exists — to establish a virtual World Incubation Network.
Article
There is broad recognition today that entrepreneurial, knowledge-based enterprises are prime creators of economic growth and that such ventures need special business development services. However, there is no consensus yet on the most effective means of providing such support nor on the methods for evaluating the performance of these services. This paper looks at approaches to assessing the impacts of technology business incubation (TBI) from the view-points of the clients, the sponsors and the community. The purpose is to measure benefit-costs and to use the results to help the management improve incubator performance. The assessment process has to start with identifying the various inputs and outcomes as pre-determined by the sponsors, then measuring such effects to the extent that the required data is available. Assessment metrics are reviewed. The basic questions that need to be addressed: What are the comparative advantages derived by early-stage ventures within the incubation process as compared to those outside it, and in comparison to other business development services? When does public support for incubation make sense? And can business incubators become financially self-sustainable - and do they need to be? In this context, recent assessments of TBIs in Brazil and China are reviewed.
Article
A study of public policy factors affecting entrepreneurs was conducted through 18 focus groups including more than 250 U.S. entrepreneurs. Two questions were addressed: how can policymakers lay the policy foundation needed by an entrepreneurial economy, and how can more communities become "entrepreneurial hotspots?" Four general themes emerged from the focus groups: (1) the biggest challenge faced by the participants was finding and keeping talented people; (2) a successful entrepreneurial community depends on the local business culture (and especially networks); (3) good public policy maintains the entrepreneurial boom; and (4) the needs of entrepreneurs are mostly ignored by local economic development policies. Four key issues or needs were identified: (1) access to people, (2) access to seed capital, (3) access to information and infrastructure, and (4) proper relationship of government to entrepreneurs. The focus groups identified five critical local and regional factors needed for entrepreneurs to thrive: (1) diversity in sources of capital, (2) an enabling culture, (3) strong local networks, (4) a supportive infrastructure, and (5) "entrepreneur-friendly" government. Five broad policy implications emerged: (1) focus on people, (2) fund infrastructure needs, (3) re-examine the role of colleges and universities, (4) symbols matter, and (5) seed local networks. The secret of an entrepreneurial community is how regional development strategies and networks work together. Government's most effective tool is to stimulate building of networks and spur regional commitment to entrepreneurial development.
Article
Subsidiaries of multinational firms play an important role in the globalization of innovation, yet we have an incomplete idea of the influences on their innovative activity. Drawing on prior research in international business and strategy, we identify two sets of factors that influence the absorption and utilization of knowledge in multinational corporation subsidiaries: (a) the range of external and internal knowledge sources available; and (b) the subsidiary capabilities associated with knowledge absorption and utilization. We find that knowledge absorbed from the host country is useful to subsidiary innovation. We also find support for the role of subsidiary capabilities: both sourcing capability and combinative capability have a significant influence on the scale and quality of innovation. Journal of International Business Studies (2008) 39, 901–919. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400383
Business Incubators: Assessing their Role in Enterprise Development
  • David N Alien
Alien, David N. 1985. "Business Incubators: Assessing their Role in Enterprise Development", Economic Development Commentary, Winter, 9, (4): 3-8.
Evaluation of Multi-Tenant Buildings as a Component in Local Economic Recovery . Part 1. Report prepared for the U
  • Alien
  • N David
  • J B Eugene
Alien, David N., and Eugene, J. B. 1989. Evaluation of Multi-Tenant Buildings as a Component in Local Economic Recovery . Part 1. Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration. Athens, Ohio: National Business Incubation Association