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Restructuring of Housing and Ethnic Segregation: Recent Developments in Berlin
Abstract
In Germany, and particularly in Berlin, the fall of the Wall in 1989 and the years following reuni® cation were accompanied by a large in¯ ux of im migrants. Thesènew' m igrants in Berlin are added to the long-resident guestworker population in the western part of the city. This paper investigates the housing situation of the increasing population of foreigners before and after uni® cation as well as the changing segregation of ethnic minorities. After a comparison of the different housing systems in East and West Berlin and their consequences for ethnic segregation in the 1980s, the main elem ents of the housing transform ation since 1990 are identi® ed and related to the changing residential patterns of foreigners. The patterns of four selected nationalities with divergent migration motives are analysed in m ore detail. The paper draws attention to differences between East and W est Berlin as well as to recent convergences between the two parts of the city.
... Previous research on residential segregation in Berlin has analyzed its different dimensions. For example, research has focused on residential segregation driven by ethnicity, ; residential segregation driven by age-group [1,6,7,12,20,21,23,24,29]; residential segregation driven by gender [4,8,15]; segregation driven by socio-economic factors [2, 3, 10, 12-15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 29]; as well as residential segregation driven by digital segregation [24]. Demography, economics, sociology, geography, and ethnographic studies have explored all these dimensions, among other disciplines. ...
... In the case of Berlin, for example, several dimensions of residential segregation have been studied. These include the ethnic dimension, which has been studied in Germany under the concept of migration background ; age or age-group segregation [1,6,7,12,20,21,23,24,29], which corresponds to the fact that different age groups are clustered in different parts of the city; gender segregation [4,8,15], which is a phenomenon associated with unbalanced gender ratios across space; social or socio-economic segregation [2, 3, 10, 12-15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 29], where people are grouped with others with similar socio-economic characteristics, reflecting their economic opportunities; and the digital segregation dimension [24], which attempts to map access to social media and other digital technologies. The different emphases of some previous publications are summarised below (see Table 1). ...
... • Kemper [6,7], Arin [3], and Yamamoto [5,37] contribute to a conceptual, empirical and historical understanding of the emergence of ethnic residential segregation in Berlin from a geographical and economic perspective. • Nakagawa [4,8] and Kröhnert [15] understand gender segregation as a consequence of ongoing migration processes within Germany from a socio-demographic perspective. ...
This paper examines the phenomenon of residential segregation in Berlin over time using a dynamic clustering analysis approach. Previous research has examined the phenomenon of residential segregation in Berlin at a high spatial and temporal aggregation and statically, i.e. not over time. We propose a methodology to investigate the existence of clusters of residential areas according to migration background, age group, gender, and socio-economic dimension over time. To this end, we have developed a sequential mixed methods approach that includes a multivariate kernel density estimation technique to estimate the density of subpopulations and a dynamic cluster analysis to discover spatial patterns of residential segregation over time (2009-2020). The dynamic analysis shows the emergence of clusters on the dimensions of migration background, age group, gender and socio-economic variables. We also identified a structural change in 2015, resulting in a new cluster in Berlin that reflects the changing distribution of subpopulations with a particular migratory background. Finally, we discuss the findings of this study with previous research and suggest possibilities for policy applications and future research using a dynamic clustering approach for analyzing changes in residential segregation at the city level.
... This is particularly true for Germany which, next to the United States, has been one of the main destinations for immigrants in the world in recent decades (Green, 2013). Put differently, even if there are new qualitative (Ehrkamp, 2006;Gurner, 2010) and quantitative (Lersch, 2013) studies on the processes of immigrant segregation in Germany, there are only a handful of studies that look at ethnic spatial divisions and patterns of neighborhood change, and they portray the situation only in the last decade(s) of the 20th century (Waldorf, 1990, Friedrichs & Alpheis, 1991, Friedrichs, 1998Kemper, 1998). The few more recent works available on immigrant segregation in Germany are usually confined to the investigation of global (city-wide) patterns of sociospatial division (Farwick, 2009;Glitz, 2014;Helbig and Jähnen, 2018). ...
... We used the information on the country of birth, either of an immigrant or her/his parents, and divide the Berlin residents into nine mutually exclusive categories: 1) natives (Germans without Migrationshintergrund); 2) immigrants from non-European English speaking countries; 3) immigrants from the "old" European Union countries (before the extension in 2004); 4) immigrants from Central Eastern Europe; 5) immigrants from the former Soviet Union (excluding the Baltic states); 6) immigrants from Turkey; 7) immigrants from the Arab states; 8) immigrants from the other G20 countries; and 9) other immigrants. This rather general classification of immigrants not only reflects the different waves of migration to Germany (Green, 2013), but also appears to follow the main lines of ethnic divisions in Berlin in the 1990s (Kemper, 1998). ...
... As we are explicitly interested in the effects of urban structure on the pathways of ethnic neighborhood change, we have selected three covariates: 1) the spatial division into the former East Berlin and West Berlin, 2) the spatial division into the inner-city (roughly defined by the S-Bahn circle) and the outer-city, and 3) the share of public housing. The two macro-spatial features of Berlin were argued to play a key role in the process of segregation and neighborhood change after 1989 (Kemper, 1998;Bernt, Grell, & Holm, 2013). The local concentrations of public housing are often assumed to stimulate the development of immigrant-dense neighborhoods Deurloo, 1997, Arbaci., 2007). ...
Even though the issue of immigrant-native segregation in Europe has been continuously researched for the last thirty years the attempts to illuminate the changing levels of ethnic segregation in the European city in the 21st century leave the case of Germany largely unexplored. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the evolving patterns of segregation and neighborhood change in Berlin in the 2010s (2007-2016). The traditional indices of segregation and the neighborhood typology are used to assess changes in the levels of segregation and patterns of residential intermixing, respectively. We also employ the sequence analysis method to investigate full trajectories of neighborhood change, and a regression tree for the sequences of neighborhood transitions is used to evaluate the effect of urban structure on ethnic neighborhood change. Despite considerable immigration, in total, immigrant-native segregation in Berlin declined over the last decade. Three decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall, along with the selective spatial effects of international immigration, the spatial division of Berlin into the inner- and outer-city appears to be a decisive factor in the evolution of the local patterns of immigrant-native residential intermixing.
... After the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies, the middle of the 20 th century saw a fundamental reshaping of country borders east to the Oder-Neisse river, accompanied by large inner-European refugee movements and resettlements. While Before reunification in 1989, "191,000 foreign immigrants lived in the GDR, corresponding to 1.2 percent of the population" (Kemper 1997(Kemper , 1771, debunking the myth of racial homogeneity behind the Iron Curtain. In both countries, children of migrant workers were viewed as an inconvenient "by-product". ...
... Except for four, all children in the class that I observed attended Islam lessons; 17 out of the 19 kids in the class received government funding for school lunches, and 15 percent of the school's pupils held a special educational needs status. We could see how this school was the product of migration policies that tried to contain so-called guest workers in specific quarters of the city (Kemper 1997). ...
Multi-sited ethnographies allow for a cross-cultural qualitative reading of schooling spaces. − Flags, crucifix and language regimes are sociocultural and political symbols that set the tone for narratives of belonging inside and outside of the classroom. − Transclusion (Biesta 2019) provides a fruitful concept to dissect and interpret how authority over space, language and resources is shared in schooling communities. − Drawing on Biesta's functions of education (qualification, socialization, subjectification), the three case studies give insights into the ways that space-marking indicates how schools prioritize one function of education over another. − Central European schools exist within the complex history of the continent and must be locally contextualized to understand how the "ruinations" (Abu El-Haj 2020) of the myth of monoethnic (Poland), segregated migrant labor districts (Germany) or multicultural communities (Austria) play out in the everyday lives of schools. − In the German-speaking schools, efforts were made to embrace diversity but the German language bias remained an uncontested site of power, achievement and discipline. − At the Polish site, emphasis on homogeneity and competition favors passive learning settings and renders diverse student needs invisible. Purpose: Against the backdrop of a global policyscape of inclusion, this paper investigates how three primary schools (Poland, Austria, Germany) mark entry halls and classrooms with state and religious symbolism and grant presence or absence of multilingualism. Design/methodology/approach: This multi-sited school ethnography investigates how EU educational policy projects on social justice and inclusion are appropriated and negotiated in the spaces of three Central European schools (Abu El-Haj et al. 2017; Levinson, et al. 2018). I build on Gert Biesta's concept of "transclusion" (2019) to interpret how school spaces appropriate EU inclusion policies and create a shared sense of community and belonging. Research limitations: Findings must be treated with caution as these are snapshots into the everyday life of three schools and cannot serve as general claims. Findings: Monoethnic expressions of religious faith (cross), national symbolism (flag) and language regimes co-construct national narratives that draw a line between those who belong and those who do not. Strong national narratives, communicated through entry hall decorations and classroom practices, allow little space for peripheral identities, i.e. migrant students, to claim voice and participate in the classroom and other shared spaces (Poland). Where there is less overlap between entry hall and classroom discourses (Austria), on the other hand, students receive mixed messages when it comes to their acceptance as Austrians. Blank spaces (Germany) presume a possibility to create shared spaces of communication and decision-making that students playfully engage in. However, in both Germany and Austria the ambivalence around space-marking means that language regimes are the more prominent factor in drawing the demarcation line between insiders and outsiders.
... Housing segregation is generally understood to be the concentration of ethnic, national-origin, or socioeconomic groups in given neighbourhoods of a city or metropolitan area (Iceland, 2014). Kemper (1998aKemper ( , 1998b cited in Muhammad, Kasim, and Martin (2015a) viewed housing segregation as a spatial separation of population sub-groups within a specific geographical area like a large city. Such sub-groups can be defined formally in terms of age, occupation, income, birthplace, ethnic origin or other measures; or they could equally be specified as social minorities separated from the dominant groups of power differentials (Berkes Gaetani, 2019). ...
Segregation in the housing sector has exposed urban dwellers to series of unfavourable conditions in most cities of developing countries, which are as a result several factors. This paper is aimed at examining the factors influencing segregation in the housing neighbourhoods of Minna, Nigeria. Two-stage cluster sampling methods were adopted in the selection of neighbourhoods and households across the entire sample frame in the administration of 374 questionnaires across the 25 clustered neighbourhoods. Chi-square and Relative Importance Index (RII) as well as mean score to determine neighbourhood geographical segregation indicators pattern across all the 25 neighbourhoods in the study area. The study established that there is a significant difference between low, medium, and high density neighbourhoods in terms segregation factors in the study area. It was therefore suggested that a good urban governance structure should be put in place that will discourage class divisions among spatial entities of the city.
... After the Wende, a quick expansion and integration of infrastructures and public transport in what was to become the capital of reunited Germany became politically urgent. The move of the federal parliament's seat and most West-German government institutions from Bonn to Berlin in 1991 strengthened this process (Kemper 1998b(Kemper : 1766. Political choices in housing policies since the unification (see Bodnar and Molnar 2010) produced a housing system dominated by private rental apartments. ...
This chapter analyses socioeconomic segregation and segregation by migration background for Berlin, Germany. Berlin’s history of division and reunification affected suburbanization patterns and the unequal economic restructuring of the city over time. Within this historical context, we present our empirical results on segregation, and we reflect on the implications of segregation for the daily use of the city. Arguments that segregation affects access to amenities (as in the literature on ‘food deserts’) or reduces access to jobs (as in spatial mismatch theories) are not so useful for Berlin with its strong public transport infrastructure. We find that socioeconomic segregation was moderate and stable for the working-age population between 2007 and 2016, whereas segregation of poor children increased. At the same time, segregation of foreigners and segregation by migration background strongly declined. And yet, even though segregation levels are low and public services are present everywhere, the social use of the city, we argue, may be more segregated than statistical indicators suggest. Drawing on various case studies, we suggest that the use of the overall city reflects segregation patterns of the use of space for other reasons than commonly suggested.
... Scholars have conducted a series of explorations on the housing crowding problems faced by migrants. Some studies on the United Kingdom [17,18], Germany [19], Austria [20,21], New Zealand [22], Spain [23], the United States [24], African countries [25] and other countries have shown that although the standards for insufficient space vary depending on the socio-economic conditions of the countries, the migrants, whether international or domestic, are normally related with the higher levels of housing congestion in the destination cities [26,27]. Studies on China have also shown that, although the contribution of internal migrants to urban development is obvious, migrants in the housing markets in the destination cities are characterized by the poor living quality and high congestion level [28,29], reflecting the contradictions between the economic growth and equality of well-being that need to be resolved urgently in the rapidly urbanizing and industrializing periods in China today. ...
The relationships between migration and housing congestion have attracted attention in engaging the public against the COVID-19 pandemic and some other public health crises. In recent years in China, promoting the citizenization (“shimin hua”) of migrants and improving the quality of urbanization have become the focus of attention in the new-type urbanization today. The housing space consumption of migrants is one of the important indices to look into regarding their real living status in the receiving cities: how do the housing consumption behavior and residential quality vary between the local, inter- and intra-provincial migratory patterns? This article uses the micro household data of the 1% population sampling survey conducted in 2015 by the National Bureau of Statistics of China to look into the spatial variance of the aggregate housing space consumption behaviors of the local and non-local population at the prefectural level and above in urban China. This study finds that: a) the longer migratory pattern indicates a thriftier housing space consumption that implies a higher probability of residential overcrowding among the inter-provincial migrants; at the same time, the locals enjoy the greater living comfort than their migrant peers; b) the spatial variance in terms of housing space consumption can be attributed to a series of destination city contexts, such as the geological background, city administrative rank, areal location, local-nonlocal demography, municipal economic growth, and the local residential development levels. The results show that the more “targeted” housing policies are needed to solve the housing difficulties with migrant workers for a goal of human-centered urbanization development. Although we lack the more detailed data-sets to examine the correlation between public health risks (like the COVID-19 pandemic) and housing congestion problems (especially with the population on the move), this research is still illuminating in terms of how to cut down the public health risk in a highly mobile and rapidly urbanizing context like China.
... Such groups probably do not have a high level of income, which forces them to reside in areas where rental prices are lower. As Kemper (1998) argued, "ethnic minorities often are in the weakest of positions in the housing market. ...
The relatively recent social movement known as the “sharing economy” is becoming increasingly visible in online peer-to-peer platforms. One such platform is Airbnb; an accommodation marketplace which provides access to tourist accommodation. These platforms are having an important social and economic impact on tourist destinations such as Málaga, Spain. This paper presents a spatial econometric hedonic model that explains the pricing strategy of Airbnb tourist apartments in Málaga using factors such as host, guest, structural characteristics, and location. In relation to locational factors, the model in this study confirms the impact of spatial spillover effects, accessibility to certain amenities, traffic noise, walkability, and the ethnicity of residents in the neighborhood where the listing is located.
... En Europa, ya durante los años setenta se desarrollaron varios estudios sobre la segregación residencial, pero es a partir de los años noventa cuando se produce una extensa literatura sobre múltiples ciudades. A modo de ejemplo, cabe destacar los trabajos sobre el área urbana de Birmingham y Londres (Petsimeris, 1995;Peach, 1998), Ámsterdam (Deurloo y Musterd, 1998), Colonia (Friedrichs, 1998), Viena (Giffinger, 1998), Berlín (Kemper, 1998), y para algunas ciudades francesas (Guermond y Lajoie, 1999). Mientras, en España, los estudios de segregación comienzan a adquirir todavía más importancia a raíz del boom demográfico de la década 1997-2007. ...
El núcleo turístico de la Pineda, presenta el mayor porcentaje de población extranjera empadronada de la provincia de Tarragona. Una población que, en la práctica totalidad, proviene de países en vías de desarrollo. A partir de la explotación de datos provenientes del padrón municipal de habitantes y el catastro inmobiliario, el trabajo constata y dimensiona la segregación residencial de la población extranjera en este núcleo urbano, así como el papel clave que en este proceso juega la presencia de un parque de viviendas caracterizado por el elevado peso de inmuebles de reducido tamaño. Los resultados del trabajo permiten aportar nuevas evidencias de un proceso infraestudiado en la Geografía urbana española: la concentración de los colectivos más vulnerables en los espacios residenciales configurados a partir de determinados destinos turísticos maduros, especialmente aquellos que concentran vivienda de menor calidad y precio. Palabras clave: segregación residencial, población extranjera, destino turístico, Costa Dorada.
El análisis de la pobreza y la desigualdad se ha convertido en un tema central en la relación entre crecimiento económico y desarrollo humano. Diferentes enfoques teóricos y metodológicos han venido a enriquecer la comprensión de dos fenómenos complejos e intrínsecamente relacionados entre sí. Dichos enfoques no solo han contribuido con el desarrollo de herramientas analíticas de gran utilidad en el estudio académico, sino también los resultados empíricos de investigaciones en el campo han informado y permitido un mejor diseño e implementación de políticas públicas para abordar el desafío de reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad, y avanzar hacia mayores niveles de bienestar y desarrollo humano para la ciudadanía.
At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, post-socialist cities of Europe experienced an active transformation of their socio-demographic and economic structure. A striking feature of post-Soviet cities was the preservation of the disproportionate weight of industry in the economy against the background of a long absence of the real estate market. This phenomenon highlighted the need to solve the problems of socio-economic inequality within the city and restructuring its economy. This is especially true for Russian cities experiencing the shifts in the territorial structure of the population under the influence of transition to market economy, the third industrial revolution and the change of economic- geographical location. This study focuses on identifying trends in the social segmentation of the urban space of St. Petersburg as the second largest city in Russia and a socio-economic center of national importance. The social stratification of the city was studied at the grassroots administrative and territorial level based on the assessment of spatial distribution and the formation of territorial groups of the population with certain qualitative characteristics. The object of the study was 111 municipalities of St. Petersburg. The dynamics of their five most important indicators of demographic, social and economic development in 1989–2018 was analyzed: real estate tax on individuals per capita; the proportion of entrepreneurs; own incomes of municipalities per inhabitant; the proportion of people with an academic degree; cost of housing. Using the rank method, a social welfare rating was compiled. Information for the study was taken from the materials of the general urban planes of St. Petersburg in 1966, 1987 and 2005, the All-Russian population censuses of 2002 and 2010, the databases of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Federal Tax Service, and from the real estate «CIAN» company. The increasing social segregation by income was revealed. The existing differentiation of municipalities in terms of welfare is shown. The poorest are the municipalities of the southern part of the city (Kolpinsky, Nevsky, Krasnoselsky districts and Kronshtadt), while the most prosperous are the municipalities of Petrograd and Central districts, as well as certain territories of the municipal district of Moskovskaya Zastava, the villages of Komarovo, Repino and Solnechnoe.
This paper is concerned with housing mobility within the socialist housing system in Hungary. The statementsof the filtering theory have to be reformulated in the context of East European countries. On the basis of our empirical findings-acquired from three vacancychain surveys-it seems justified to reject the two main hypotheses concerning the role of the state in a socialist housing system. Our empirical data have revealed that the state form of provision cannot be regarded as either typically "social" or as clearly regressive. In addition, the social composition of the mobility processes is highly similar in the state and private spheres: filtering processes are started by higher-status social strata; better-off, higherranked families get better housing in both spheres. In our view both forms of housing provision are structured according to two different principles of allocation. Our results show that the changes in recent years in the Hungarian housing system do not only mean a shift in the proportion of state and private provisions (the latter gaining ground, i.e., strengthening tendencies of privatization) but also a modification of the inner, ecological structure of both forms of provision. Because of the similarity of the social processes in the two main provision forms, the recent privatization tendency has in itself no clear impact on the social outcome of the housing policy.
The myth of Turkish ghettos in West Berlin has mobilized enormous resources and launched farflung activities to disperse Turkish residents. Closer analysis shows that West German society is grossly exaggerating Turkish residential concentrations and overreacting in its measure to combat them.-from Author
The urban underclass has gained considerable currency as a concept to describe the changing face of poverty in the United States. Locating the urban underclass within the theoretical framework of citizenship and social class, this paper broadens conceptualization of the urban underclass to allow a comparative analysis. Using the conceptualization developed, the author analyzes the role of housing in the social and spatial segregation and isolation that have been the hallmarks of the urban underclass in the United States, as well as in the Netherlands, Germany, and England. After comparing the divergent housing policies in the three European countries, the author examines local-level data in one old industrial city in each country. While there is some spatial concentration of poor and minority populations, the neighborhoods in question remain ethnically heterogeneous and do not lack social institutions. In short, they are far removed from the US hyperghetto.
Ethnic residential segregation has been of long-standing concern in cities throughout the world. Policy-makers are faced with decisions that potentially have a profound impact on these segregative patterns. This study illustrates the applicability of a recently developed analytical model of ethnic segregation and relocation in urban housing markets to housing policy evaluations. Using 1981 data for the city of Diisseldorf, West Germany, the effects of two housing policies are analysed: the first hypothesises an increase in housing supply, and the second simulates the effects of an urban renewal project. The results suggest that the accounting model is well suited to this type of analysis, and, as such, offers invaluable insights into spatial and compositional demographic shifts in response to housing policies.
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