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Isoflavones, phytohormones and phytosterols
Abstract
A review of isoflavones, plant derived hormones and sterols in the care of the skin. The effects have been shown to include protection of the skin, the reduction of wrinkles, reduction in inflammation and a decrease in pruritis. In some commercial raw materials, there has been improvement in breast and skin firmness and reduction in sun burn cell reaction. Internally, these plants are used for redu-cing the incidence of hot flushes and other discomforts in menopausal women. Riassunto Gli isoflavoni, derivati ormonali delle piante, e gli steroli, sono frequentemente utilizzati per la cura della pelle. Di questi composti sono noti gli effetti topici quali sostanze protettive nei confronti degli inquinanti ambientali o quali sostanze attive nel ridurre il numero e la profondità delle rughe o effi-caci nel mitigare i processi infiammatori e il prurito. Dato il loro uso sempre più frequente nei disturbi della menopausa, utilizzati anche per via sistemi-ca, viene descritta e riportata la formulazione chimica, il meccanismo d'azione e i principi attivi con-tenuti nelle diverse tipologie di estratti vegetali già noti.
... Isoflavon dapat bertindak meniru steroid dengan mengisi ruang stereokimia yang bisa diduduki oleh senyawa estrogenik. Hal ini spacial kimia yang membantu menjelaskan efek nutrisi suplemen herbal (Dweck 2006). ...
... Sifat estrogenik ini tidak mencukupi dalam kekuatan untuk menggantikan estrogen steroid, tetapi mereka memiliki nilai signifikan untuk mengurangi efek penuaan dan meningkatkan kualitas kulit. (Dweck 2006). Senyawa isoflavon memiliki potensi phytoestrogen dengan urutan : >>estradiol coumestrol >8prenylnaringenin >equol > genistein >biochaninA > daidzein > genistein glukuronat *> daidzein glukuronat *> formononetin (aktivitas senyawa bertanda * karena adanya aktivasi enzim yang ada dalam persiapan reseptor) (Dweck 2006 ...
... (Dweck 2006). Senyawa isoflavon memiliki potensi phytoestrogen dengan urutan : >>estradiol coumestrol >8prenylnaringenin >equol > genistein >biochaninA > daidzein > genistein glukuronat *> daidzein glukuronat *> formononetin (aktivitas senyawa bertanda * karena adanya aktivasi enzim yang ada dalam persiapan reseptor) (Dweck 2006 ...
Balangkasua (Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh.) is one of the exotic fruit typical of South Kalimantan, there are two kinds are yellow and purple-peel. This exotic fruit is still relatively low levels of consumption, this is because the harvest period is very short, not yet commercially grown, the growth area is in rural areas that are generally difficult to reach by public. Though the content of the nutritional value and phytochemical compounds that can be utilized. This research was aimed to determine the nutrient content in the pulp and peel and identify isoflavonoid component in the methanol extract of peel, pulp and seeds of purple peel balangkasua. Research result showed that pulp balangkasua contain protein of 8.40%, crude fiber of 21.76%, total acid of 26.90 mg KOH / g as well as vitamin C of 41.50 mg / 100 g, whereas in peel has a protein content of 4.20%, crude fiber of 37.83%, total acid of 13.47% and vitamin C of 38 mg/100 g). Balangkasua was detected contain isoflavonoid compound there were equol and daidzein in seed, pulp was contained genestein, equol and genistin, and in the peel extract was contained genestein.
... Dioscorea villosa (DV), commonly known as " yam " , is a medicinal woodland herb native from the temperate forests of eastern North America. The chemical composition of DV includes protodioscin, methylprotodioscin, dioscine, prosapogenin, epiafzelechin glucopyranoside, saponin glycosides , steroidal saponin, diosgenin, alkaloids, tannins and phytoestrogen89101112. In addition, the rhizomes and roots of DV have been popularly used as a non-conventional treatment of the symptoms of menopause [13,14] , rheumatoid arthritis and hypoprogesteronaemia [8,11]. ...
... The chemical composition of DV includes protodioscin, methylprotodioscin, dioscine, prosapogenin, epiafzelechin glucopyranoside, saponin glycosides , steroidal saponin, diosgenin, alkaloids, tannins and phytoestrogen89101112. In addition, the rhizomes and roots of DV have been popularly used as a non-conventional treatment of the symptoms of menopause [13,14] , rheumatoid arthritis and hypoprogesteronaemia [8,11]. The safety, relatively low cost and easy availability of natural active products make them relevant models for the synthesis of more selective and powerful drugs. ...
... We hypothesised that changes in the weight of these organs might be a result of specific activity of the chemical components of the extract in parenchymal cells, leading to mild hypertrophic or hyperplasic effects that are undetectable by gross or light microscopic examinations. In addition, because DV has been regarded as a phytohormone [8], differences in the number and distribution of hormone receptors in different genders might explain the fact that distinct organs were affected in male and female rats. However, further investigations are required in order to confirm this theory. ...
Dioscorea villosa (DV) has been used in Brazil as an alternative medicine to attenuate menopause symptoms, as well as for the treatment of joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis. In spite of the popular use of DV for the treatment of various disorders, there are limited scientific data regarding safety aspects of this herb. In this regard, we carried out to evaluated both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in experimental models and assess the toxic effects of the acute (single dose) and subchronic (30 days) oral administration of dry extract of Dioscorea villosa in rodents.
The LC analyses were performed to assess the presence of the diosgenin in samples of DV. The antinociceptive study of DV was performed using models of acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced pain in mice. The anti-inflammatory study was accomplished by leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity. A dry extract of DV was tested at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (per os or p.o.). The toxicological properties of the dry extract were evaluated by toxicity assays of acute (5 g/kg, single dose) and subchronic (1 g/kg/day, 30 days) treatment. Haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were studied. The results are expressed as mean +/- S.D., and statistical analysis of the data were performed with the Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test. In all cases differences were considered significant if p < 0.05.
HPLC-DAD analysis of the extract from DV revealed the presence of diosgenin as the major compound. Doses of 200 and 400 mg[fraction slash]kg significantly reduced the amount of acetic acid-induced writhing in relation to the vehicle (p < 0.0001). In the first phase, using the formalin-induced neurogenic pain test, only the 400 mg/kg dose of DV showed significant inhibition of neurogenic pain (p < 0.001). In the second phase, 200 and 400 mg/kg of DV showed significant inhibition of inflammatory pain (p < 0.0001). Significant inhibition of leukocyte migration was observed with doses of 100 (p < 0.001), 200 (p < 0.01) and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.01). Haematological, biochemical and histopathological data obtained in both acute and subchronic toxicological assays revealed only unremarkable changes, which are unlikely to indicate DV toxicity with oral administration.
We found that DV possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in rodent models. In addition, no acute or subchronic toxicity was evident when the herbal extract was administered orally. These results supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat various inflammatory diseases.
... Genistein and prunetin are isoflavones with estrogen-like properties and are therefore classified as phytoestrogensplant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity [17]. Isoflavones are found in phytoestrogenic plants and are present as glycosides (i.e., bound to a sugar molecule) [11]. Due to their structural similarity with 17-β-estradiol, isoflavones are known to have weak estrogenic or hormone-like activity [11]. ...
... Isoflavones are found in phytoestrogenic plants and are present as glycosides (i.e., bound to a sugar molecule) [11]. Due to their structural similarity with 17-β-estradiol, isoflavones are known to have weak estrogenic or hormone-like activity [11]. Estrogens are signaling molecules that exert their effects by binding to estrogen receptors within cells. ...
... [6] Isocladrastin (7), 13'-hydroxy 6 7 4'-trimethoxy-l, Kashmioenin I 4' -hydroxy-3' ,5' dimethoxy-6, 7 -methylenedioxy-l. [16] 7-O-b-D-Glu-5, 8-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone, aglycone, 5,7,8-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 5, 7, 8 -triacetate isoflavone, 7-hydroxy-5,8,4'-tri-methoxy isoflavone, 7-hydroxy-5, 8, 4'-trimethoxy isoflavone, 7-acetyl-5,8,4'-tri-methoxy isoflavone, 7-hydroxy-6acetyl-4'-methoxy isoflavone. [11] On chemical re-investigation, other compounds from the rhizome were isolated Isoiriskashmirianin (8) andIrisolone (9) [17] and presence of Irisolone methyl ether (10) was also observed. ...
... Aglycone Cardiac activity [26] Iriflogenin Cancer chemopreventive [15] Kashmigenin Antimicrobial [16] Isonigricin (1) Immunosuppressant, antimicrobial [6,24] Isoirisolidone (2) Immunostimulating [24] Irisolidone (3) Cardioprotective, anti-viral [27] Irigenin (4) Antimicrobial [28] Irilone (5) Increase progesteron level [29] Iriskashmirianin (6) Anti-tumor [15] Isocladrastin (7) Anti-bacterial, anti-viral [12] Tectorigenin (13) Analgesic, anti-inflammatory [30] Sl ...
Iris kashmiriana belonging to the family Iridaceae, is found commonly in graveyards in the Kashmir region of India, as well as in some areas of Pakistan. This plant is used as a traditional medicinal plant by different local communities. Ethnopharmacological studies have revealed the presence of isoflavones like isonigricin (1) which is a new isoflavone and isoirisolidone (2) and Irisolidone (3) which were isolated first time from a natural source. This emphasis of this review is to focus on traditional uses, pharmacological uses, as well as phytoconstituents present in this species. But as this species is critically endangered also. By exploring more about this species, it might help in getting this species in the least concern or prevent it from being extinct. Scientific investigation has found that this plant has a lot of pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antitumor, anthelmintic, immunomodulatory, antiseptic, antioxidant, and also used in cold, flu, malaria, joint pain, anti-inflammation, toothache, etc. This plant contains several constituents, including isoflavones, with pharmacological activities some of them are still not been fully explored yet. In this review, an approach was made to study ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological investigations, of Iris kashmiriana, which can be explored more, so that people could know more about this plant, and start growing this medicinal plant
... Recent studies indicate that S. mukorossi oil has abundant phytosterols and arachidonic acid (23.85%) [1,19]. It is reported that phytosterols have an anti-inflammatory effect on skin and are capable of reducing swelling and erythema [22]. Additionally, arachidonic acid is not only an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid in the skin [19] but also plays an important role in reducing skin inflammation [23]. ...
... β-Sitosterol is the major phytosterol in plant oils. It provides a biological function like cholesterol and provides pharmacological and biological activities useful for the treatment of various skin illnesses, such as swelling and erythema [22,30] because of its structural similarity to cholesterol [31,32]. It was reported as a safe chemical without undesirable side effects [32,33]. ...
Sapindus mukorossi seed oil is commonly used as a source for biodiesel fuel. Its phytochemical composition is similar to the extracted oil from Sapindus trifoliatus seeds, which exhibit beneficial effects for skin wound healing. Since S. mukorossi seed shows no cyanogenic property, it could be a potential candidate for the treatment of skin wounds. Thus, we evaluated the effectiveness of S. mukorossi seed oil in the treatment of skin wounds. We characterized and quantified the fatty acids and unsaponifiable fractions (including β-sitosterol and δ-tocopherol) contained in S. mukorossi seed-extracted oil by GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. Cell proliferation and migratory ability were evaluated by cell viability and scratch experiments using CCD-966SK cells treated with S. mukorossi oil. The anti-inflammatory effects of the oil were evaluated by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Antimicrobial activity tests were performed with Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using a modified Japanese Industrial Standard procedure. Uniform artificial wounds were created on the dorsum of rats. The wounds were treated with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel for releasing the S. mukorossi seed oil. The wound sizes were measured photographically for 12 days and were compared to wounds covered with analogous membranes containing a saline solution. Our results showed that the S. mukorossi seed oil used in this study contains abundant monounsaturated fatty acids, β-sitosterol, and δ-tocopherol. In the in vitro tests, S. mukorossi seed oil prompted cell proliferation and migration capability. Additionally, the oil had significant anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. In the in vivo animal experiments, S. mukorossi seed oil-treated wounds revealed acceleration of sequential skin wound healing events after two days of healing. The size of oil-treated wound decreased to half the size of the untreated control after eight days of healing. The results suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil could be a potential source for promoting skin wound healing.
... Moreover, the ability to continuously learn and adapt, often referred to as a 'growth mindset' [29], is deemed pivotal in today's rapidly evolving business landscape, underlying the ability to acquire new knowledge and skills as necessitated by evolving job roles and market conditions. ...
This chapter provides an accessible exploration of the integral role neuroplasticity—the brain’s adaptability—plays in learning, memory, and ultimately, workplace performance. Beginning with an overview of the neurobiology of learning and memory, it elucidates how these processes impact key skills and knowledge in today’s global business environment, and how individual differences affect team performance. The chapter then delves into strategies to enhance neuroplasticity and improve job performance, encompassing cognitive training, brain stimulation, and mindfulness interventions. Finally, it offers practical insights for integrating scientific findings into workplace training and development programs, with a focus on optimizing brain health and harnessing neuroplasticity to boost productivity.
... As this species is being used from many years as traditional or folk medicine, there are very less side-effects reported. It also contains isoflavones like isonigricin, which is a new isoflavone, and isoflavones like isoirisolidone and Irisolidone, these are reported to be isolated for the first time from a natural source (Dweck, 2006). Our study revealed the presence of various categorized compounds in this plant. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Iris Kashmiriana Baker, a traditional medicinal plant, is native to Asia, found in India, Nepal, Afghanistan, Pakistan, as name indicates majorly it's found in Kashmir region of India. Ethnopharmacologically this plant has been used there for the management of joint pain, but there was no scientific literature available. This species also comes under critically endangered species.
Aim of the study
The current study aims to evaluate the effect of Iris kashmiriana Baker against nociception and rheumatoid arthritis in experimental rats with In-silico model.
Material and methods
Various extracts of the plant were investigated for their in-vitro antioxidant activity. Acute inflammation and FCA induced in rat model, then acetic acid-induced writhing in mice were used. These anti-rheumatic results were justified by the computational method.
Results
The total phenolic and flavonoid concentration of HE extracts were found to be 95.30 ± 2.80 mg/g and 18.18 ± 5.88 mg/g respectively. IC50 and maximum inhibition of HE extracts against DPPH and H2O2 were also effective. Among different doses, 400 mg/kg of HE extracts showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in acute inflammation (16.42 %), in analgesic activity, the HE extract was found statistically (p<0.001) reduced (60.15 %) and in arthritis model, maximum inflammation reduced (25.9%) was found with hydro ethanol extract and statistical significant (p<0.001). and the paw thickness was reduced (27.4 %).
Antioxidant activity of HE extract was found to be optimum (37.01%, p<0.001), Superoxide dismutase concentration was found to be optimum (65.12%, p<0.001). In Histopathology, HE 400 mg/kg showed mild inflammation only. The weight of the thymus and spleen were also determined and the HE 400 mg/kg extract inhibited the increase in weight of these organs compared with positive group (28.26 %, and 25.11 %), respectively.
Conclusion
Among all the different extracts and various doses, the iris kashmiriana Baker hydro-ethanolic (60:40) 400 mg/kg extract showed the best response among all different extracts.
... MMP-8 has been reported as a collagenase that can destroy the extracellular matrix [36] in the soft tissue around teeth, which results in periodontitis [37,38]. In 2019, Mahmoudi et al. reported that a plant seed oil (Alyssum homolocarpum) promoted stem cell proliferation and differentiation through β-sitosterol inside the oil [39]. It was reported that SM oil also contains abundant β-sitosterol in the seed kernel pulp [13]. ...
Periodontitis is a common oral disease mainly caused by bacterial infection and inflammation of the gingiva. In the prevention or treatment of periodontitis, anti-bacterial agents are used to inhibit pathogen growth, despite increasing levels of bacterial resistance. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn (SM) seed oil has proven anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation properties. However, the possibility of using this plant to prevent or treat periodontitis has not been reported previously. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of SM oil on experimental periodontitis in rats by using micro-CT and microbiota analysis. The distance between cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest (ABC) on the sagittal micro-CT slide showed that total bone loss (TBL) was significantly lower in CEJ-ABC distances between SM oil and SM oil-free groups on Day 14. Histology data also showed less alveolar bone resorption, a result consistent result with micro-CT imaging. The microbiota analyzed at phylum and class levels were compared between the SM oil and SM oil-free groups on Day 7 and Day 14. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterium. Firmicutes in box plot analysis was significantly less in the SM oil group than in the SM oil-free group on Day 7. At the class level, Bacteroidia, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Clostridia, and Erysipelotrichia were the dominant bacteria. The bacteria composition proportion of Bacilli, Clostridiay, and Erysipelotrichia could be seen in the SM oil group significantly less than in t SM oil-free group on Day 7. Overall, the present results show that topical application of SM oil can reduce bone resorption and change bacteria composition in the ligature-induced periodontitis model. According to these results, it is reasonable to suggest SM oil as a potential material for preventing oral disease.
... Phytoestrogens are described as compounds with a structure similar to 17-estradiol or compounds that have a high affinity for the estrogen receptor and can have a therapeutic effect similar to estrogen [13][14][15][16] . Phytoestrogens have been shown to increase osteoblastic activity while inhibiting the development of osteoclasts 17 . ...
Estrogen deficiency can contribute to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Phytoestrogens are becoming more widely recognized as potential estrogen replacement therapy. The administration of phytoestrogens can cause bone formation, which is marked by an increase in Runx2 expression in osteoblast cells and can be seen using western blot and immunohistochemistry approaches. This review aimed to compare the detection methods of Runx2 in phytoestrogen-induced bone tissue using western blots and immunohistochemistry. Selectivity, sensitivity, processing time, and cost-effectiveness were the parameters that were compared. This review was done by identifying articles in several databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct). The process of selecting the articles used the PRISMA guidelines to create a flowchart with inclusion and exclusion study criteria. Meta-synthesis was done to analyze, identify, and interpret all of the data in the articles systematically. 70 articles in total were obtained from the selection process, with 21 articles being relevant to the topic. The result shows that the selectivity and sensitivity of western blot for detecting Runx2 on tissue were 93.5-100%, respectively, whereas immunohistochemistry selectivity and sensitivity were 45-99.5%, respectively. Compared to immunohistochemistry, western blot can save up to 57.26%. Immunohistochemistry takes 46 hours to process, while Western blot takes 25 hours and 20 minutes. In comparison to immunohistochemistry, the western blot is more selective, sensitive, rapid and affordable for detecting Runx2 in bone tissue.
... It was reported that several isoflavone compounds of S. nigrum L such as β1-solasonine (fruit), diosgenin (fruit), inunigroside A (fruit), solamargin (whole), γ-solamargine (whole), khasianine (whole), solasodine (whole), solanigroside P (whole), solanigroside A (whole) (Kaunda et al., 2019). The level of isoflavon diosgenin in Solanum nigrum L. fruit was 4,000-12,000 ppm (Dweck AC, 2006). ...
Objective:
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the cytotoxic, cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic induction activities of the fruit of S. nigrum L. ethanolic-70% extract against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell.
Methods:
S. nigrum L. ripe fruit was blended and macerated with ethanol 70% and the filtrate was evaporated. The semisolid extract was then analyzed phytochemically. Cytotoxic analysis was performed using MCF-7 cancer and Vero normal cell by MTT method and followed by apoptotic and cell cycle arrest analysis using flow cytometry.
Results:
The phytochemical analysis resulted that extract contained total phenolic and flavonoid compounds with the level of 1.545±0.080% and 0.212±0.002%, respectively. Glycitin was the highest level of isoflavone compound, namely, 375.0844 mg/100 g extract. The cytotoxic evaluation revealed that the extract exhibited a selectively toxic effect between cancer and normal cell. The extract inhibited MCF-7 proliferation with IC50 value about 40.77±4.86 μg/mL and conversely toward Vero cell at lower cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 298.96±27.28 μg/mL. Evaluation of MCF-7 cell cycles demonstrated that the extract arrested the cell cycle in the S phase and continued to the G2/M phase at the half of the IC50 value. The extract induced apoptotic of MCF-7 cell about 43.31% in which this activity was nearly the same with doxorubicin as a positive control (59.14%). However, solamargine was predicted as the most active anticancer compounds by a molecular docking study so that it was suggested to measure the level of this compound.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that the fruit of S. nigrum L. ethanolic-70% extract demonstrated cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cell and nontoxic on Vero normal cell. Solamargine was predicted as the most active anticancer compound. This extract had an opportunity to be developed as a potential anticancer agent to overcome breast cancer diseases.
... In the cosmetic industry, β-sitosterol is valued for its antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties 32,33 and is reported as a safe chemical without undesirable adverse effects. 34,35 The most famous plant oil enriched with β-sitosterol is shea butter, 30,36 which has an unsaponifiable matter ranging from 1.2% to 10%, [37][38][39] with approximately 10% phytosterols found in the unsaponifiable matter. With β-sitosterol accounting for 68% of these phytosterols, it makes up about 0.082%-0.68% of shea butter. ...
Melanogenesis is a complex process that can lead to pigmentation defects. Various chemical skin-lightening products have been developed to treat pigmentation disorders. However, these chemical products can cause harmful adverse effects. Therefore, the development of safer, natural bleaching ingredients is a trend for sustainability. It has been reported that unsaturated fatty acids exhibit significant antimelanogenic effects. Sapindus mukorossi seed oils contain abundant unsaturated fatty acids; however, these have not yet been investigated for beneficial effects on skin tone evenness. In this study, we tested the possibility of using S. mukorossi oil for the treatment of hyperpigmentation in an in vitro model. Free fatty acid compositions and β-sitosterol were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography, respectively. The effect of S. mukorossi oil on melanoma B16F10 cell viability was detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The inhibitive effects of fatty acids and β-sitosterol in S. mukorossi oil on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced melanogenesis was evaluated by detecting melanin formation and tyrosinase activity. Our results showed that S. mukorossi oil produced no significant cytotoxicity in B16F10 cells at various concentrations compared with the control group. The enhancement of melanin formation induced by α-MSH was reduced by S. mukorossi oil. We also found that the primary fatty acid contributing to the antimelanogenesis effect was eicosenoic acid. These results suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil can effectively inhibit melanogenesis and has the potential for future development as a de-hyperpigmentation product within a waste utilization context.
... In this study, 4,7-dihydroxyisoflavone (4.7 DHF), an isoflavone which is a member of flavones family and can be classified as a phytoestrogen and is generally found in the Leguminosae family that comprises chickpeas and soybeans, was preferred as a monomer for cross-linker molecules of HCCP/OCCP. Novel inorganic-organic hybrid cross-linked trimeric and tetrameric polyphosphazenes were synthesized by one-step sell assembly precipitation polymerization between HCCP/OCCP and 4.7 DHF [25,26]. The microsphere structure was identified in detail for morphological, thermal, and spectroscopic properties. ...
Ibuprofen (IBU) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and mild to moderate pain. However, it has extremely low aqueous solubility, rapid biotransformation with a half-life of nearly 2 h and poor tissue absorption resulting in poor bioavailability. One of the most important strategies for avoiding NSAID-related toxicity is modified release polymeric systems. Cross-linked polyphosphazene microspheres are attractive systems in drug delivery, as they are biocompatible and biodegradable. In the current work, novel cross-linked inorganic hybrid polyphosphazene microspheres were synthesized by self-assembly precipitation polymerization between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (trimer)/octachlorocyclotetraphosphazene (tetramer) as a cross-linker and 4,7-dihydroxyisoflavone (4.7 DHF) as a monomer. The structure of synthesized microspheres was identified several techniques in detail. IBU was successfully incorporated into the trimeric and tetrameric polyphosphazene microspheres. Particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, morphology, thermal, FT-IR, and XRD analyses, and IBU quantification using UPLC method were carried out to evaluate the microspheres. Considering the higher drug loading values and smaller particle size, trimer-based microspheres (4.7 DHF-TRI-IBU) were selected for further studies. In vitro release studies from 4.7 DHF-TRI-IBU demonstrated modified release pattern which followed zero-order kinetic model. Characteristics of 4.7 DHF-TRI-IBU were found to remain stable at 4 °C ± 1 °C, 25 °C ± 1 °C and 40 °C ± 1 °C during the storage period of 3 months. In vitro characterization analyses showed that spherical, micron-sized 4.7 DHF-TRI-IBU microspheres with prolonged release pattern has the potential of enhancing analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
... Thus, isoflavones could be used in place of steroidal drugs without any major side effects, as shown by estrogenic compounds (Dweck, 2009). The role of special chemistry itself explains the effects of herbal food supplements specially isoflavone in human health (Dweck, 2006). Hence, butterfly model could be the future target for the detail study of isoflavone showing the estrogen positive, negative, and nonestrogenic activities. ...
With the increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of chronic diseases of the digestive tract, such as peptic ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease, and the metabolic syndrome associated with the current obesity epidemic have increased in the population. High cost and adverse reactions have led to the search for herbal medicines. However, the market is more demanding, and it is necessary to look for safer and more effective alternatives that can prevent and cure these diseases. The two projects carried out by Prof. Wagner Vilegas’ group (“Sustainable Use of Brazilian Biodiversity: Pharmacological and Chemical Prospection on Higher Plants” and “Standardized Extracts for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases”), led to an extensive chemical and pharmacological screening of Brazilian plants with ethnopharmacological indications for the treatment of cancer, ulcers, inflammation, diarrhea too. The first project aimed to investigate plant extracts more thoroughly under the chemical and pharmacological basis, whereas the second project was designed in order to standardize the method of preparationof the extracts, to evaluate the and qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the extracts according to pharmacopoeial standards, as well as to deeply investigate the mechanistic basis of the biological activities observed. Several alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, fatty acids, catechins, tannins and phenolic compounds were isolated, identified and/or detected. Pharmacological studies have indicated that some of these medicinal species, commonly used by the population, have proven efficacy for various disorders, with promising results. Therefore, next steps intend the production of pharmaceutical formulations that must have effectiveness and safety of use, which will also facilitate the access to the population to these phytopreparations.
... Several studies have identified the presence of b-sitosterol as an effective component in V. odorata (Dweck 2006;Mittal 2013;Lim 2014). b-Sitosterol is considered as a phytopharmacological agent comprising several phytosterols (Berges et al. 1995;Klippel et al. 1997). ...
Context: As an alternative approach, administration of phytotherapeutic agents in management of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), is rapidly growing each day. Different authors have indicated effectiveness of Viola odorata L. (Violaceae), Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (Boraginaceae) and Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae) in treatment of BPH. However, none have reported the beneficial outcomes of the mixture yet.
Objective: This study evaluates the therapeutical effects of V. odorata, E. amoenum and P. alkekengi mixture on symptomatic BPH patients.
Materials and methods: Eighty six symptomatic BPH patients with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of more than 13 and prostate volume of more than 30 cm³ were randomly allocated to receive a two-week course of placebo (control group) or 1 mL of mixed hydro-alcoholic solution of P. alkekengi, E. amoenum and V. odorata extracts (1.5, 1 and 1.5% respectively) (treatment group).
Results: IPSS score of incomplete urination (42.3 ± 2.04%), frequency of urination (20.08 ± 1.02%), intermittency (40.78 ± 2.16%), urgency (60.91 ± 3.14%), weak stream (50.58 ± 2.14%), straining (55.67 ± 2.53%) and nocturia (40.14 ± 1.89%) in treatment group were significantly decreased after treatment compare to placebo receiving group. Furthermore, the prostate volume (16.92 ± 0.89%) and extant urine volume (28.12 ± 1.36%) also significantly decreased in treatment group compared to control group. No significant side effects or abnormalities in biochemical tests and urinalysis were observed throughout the study.
Discussion and conclusions: Based on results, mentioned mixture is safe and effective in improving life quality of patients suffering from BPH.
... It has been reported some botanical families have isoflavones that mimic the function of estrogenic compounds and contain steroidal structure (Kim et al., 2008). In this regard, N. cataria L. contain β-sitosterol which is similar to human steroids has been used to relieve the complications related postmenopausal syndrome (Dweck, 2006). Several studies suggested estrogens and their receptors (ERs) involved in progression and control cell growth in prostate and breast cancers (De Mayo et al., 2002; Kuiper et al., 1996; Prins et al., 2001). ...
Nepeta cataria L. has been used in traditional medicine of some countries. Here the cytotoxic and apoptogenic activity of methanol extracts, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and acqueous extracts and the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of the plant were evaluated with PC3, DU-145 and MCF-7 cell lines. Cell viability, histograms of PI stained fragmented DNA in apoptotic cells and Western blot analysis of proteins involved in the cascade of apoptosis were compared in all samples. Thirty components were identified as volatile, representing 99.7% of essential oil composition after GC-MS analysis of the oil obtained from aerial parts of the N. cataria by hydro-distillation. The major oil components of the essential oil were nepetalactone stereoisomers. Comparing IC50 values showed estrogen receptor positive PC3 cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of N. cataria in comparison with low hormone-receptor presenting DU-145 cells. Among multiple extracts and essential oils of the plant, only the ethyl acetate extract could significantly decrease cell viability in PC3 cells, in a concentration dependent manner. Ethyl acetate extract of N. cataria treated cells showed a sub-G1 peak in PC3 cells in a concentration dependent manner that indicates the involvement of an apoptotic process in ethyl acetate extract-induced cell death. Western blotting analysis showed that in PC3 cells treated with ethyl acetate (48 h) caspase 3 and PARP were cleaved to active forms. Overall, the results suggest that further analytical elucidation of N. cataria in respect to finding new cytotoxic chemicals with anti-tumor activity is warranted.
... Genistein (GEN; 4,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), one of the most abundant isoflavones in soybeans, is also called a phytoestrogen because of its structural similarity to the human hormone 17β-oestradiol [7]. GEN, a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been extensively used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases and disorders, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and postmenopausal symptoms [8]. ...
The aim of the present work was the optimization of the transdermal delivery of a lyotropic liquid crystal genistein-based formulation (LLC-GEN). LLC was chosen as medium in view of the poor solubility of GEN in water. Membrane diffusion and penetration studies were carried out with a Franz diffusion cell, through a synthetic membrane in vitro, a chick chorioallantoic membrane ex ovo, and ex vivo excised human epidermis. Thereafter, LLC-GEN was combined with electroporation (EP) to enhance the transdermal drug delivery. The synergistic effect of EP was verified by in vivo ATR-FTIR and ex vivo Raman spectroscopy on hairless mouse skin.
... Low levels of testosterone in adult men have been associated with a variety of medical problems which include accelerated osteoporosis, decreased muscle and prostate function, anaemia, and decreased reproductive ability [4][5][6][7]. ...
... Genistein (Gen) is a naturally occurring compound in the class of isoflavonoids. It is well known for its estrogeno-mimetic properties [10]. It has been intensively studied in cases of breast and prostate cancer [11,12]. ...
A lamellar lyotropic liquid crystal genistein-based formulation (LLC-Gen) was prepared in order to increase the aqueous solubility of the lipophilic phytocompound genistein. The formulation was applied locally, in a murine model of melanoma, with or without electroporation. The results demonstrated that, when the formulation was applied by electroporation, the tumors appeared later. During the 21 days of the experiment, the LLC-Gen formulation decreased the tumor volume, the amount of melanin and the degree of erythema, but when electroporation was applied, all these parameters indicated a better prognosis even (lower tumor volume, amount of melanin and degree of erythema). Although hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining confirmed the above events, application of the LLC-Gen formulation by electroporation did not lead to a significant effect in terms of the serum concentrations of the protein S100B and serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), or the tissue expression of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) antibody.
... Vitex agnus-castus, "chaste tree", has been used as a tonic for female reproductive disorders, including menstrual disorders (amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea), premenstrual syndrome (PMS, corpus luteum insufficiency, hyperprolactinemia, infertility, menopause, and disrupted lactation (Daniele et al. 2005 (Liu et al. 2001) and ERβ (Jarry et al. 2003). It has been suggested that V. agnuscastus is a source of 3-ketosteroids with progesteronelike activity (Bruneton 1999;Dweck 2006 ...
The purpose of this study is to use a molecular docking approach to identify potential estrogen mimics or anti-estrogens in phytochemicals found in popular dietary herbal supplements.
In this study, 568 phytochemicals found in 17 of the most popular herbal supplements sold in the United States were built and docked with two isoforms of the estrogen receptor, ERα and ERβ (a total of 27 different protein crystal structures).
The docking results revealed six strongly docking compounds in Echinacea, three from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), three from Gingko biloba, one from Sambucus nigra, none from maca (Lepidium meyenii), five from chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus), two from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and two from Rhodiola rosea. Notably, of the most popular herbal supplements for women, there were numerous compounds that docked strongly with the estrogen receptor: Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) had a total of 26 compounds strongly docking to the estrogen receptor, 15 with wild yam (Dioscorea villosa), 11 from black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), eight from muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides or P. uncinatum), eight from red clover (Trifolium pratense), three from damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca or T. diffusa), and three from dong quai (Angelica sinensis). Of possible concern were the compounds from men's herbal supplements that exhibited strong docking to the estrogen receptor: Gingko biloba had three compounds, gotu kola (Centella asiatica) had two, muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides or P. uncinatum) had eight, and Tribulus terrestris had six compounds.
This molecular docking study has revealed that almost all popular herbal supplements contain phytochemical components that may bind to the human estrogen receptor and exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulation. As such, these herbal supplements may cause unwanted side effects related to estrogenic activity.
... Several environmental contaminants and phytoestrogens are known to affect the normal growth and development of the foetus despite the fact that the genome regulates the various stages of the development. Medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals, some of which are known to mimic some hormones in the body (Hughes, 1998;Dweck, 2006). Through the interactions of these phytochemicals with various receptors found in the body, they act as agonist or antagonist in the regulation of various cellular activities. ...
Hybanthus enneaspermus is used by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in southwest Nigeria in antenatal care. We examined the effects of oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of H. enneaspermus (HEaq) on liver weight and assay, maternal-thyroid hormones, foetal growth and litters birth weights in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Twelve pregnant SD rats were used for this study. Control group received distilled water while the test group received 2 g/kg body weight of HEaq orally throughout the period of pregnancy. On day 19 of pregnancy, animals were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation and cervical dislocation. Blood samples were withdrawn into sterile tubes and centrifuged to obtain serum that was used for assay. Liver hormogenate was used for liver function test. The following were assayed; alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), thyroid hormone, thyrotrophin and TSH in both control and treated rats. Some rats were allowed to carry their pregnancy to term. All rules guiding animal care and humane handling methods of laboratory animals in animal experimentation were followed. The results of the study showed a significant increase in serum and liver homogenate level of biomarkers of liver injury (ALP, ALT and AST). The serum T3 and TSH were significantly lowered in all extract treated rats compared to control, while T4 and thyrotrophin were not significantly altered. A significant reduction in placenta and foetal birth weights were recorded in the extract treated group. Oral administration of HEaq during pregnancy adversely affected maternal thyroid hormones, placental and foetal development. HEaq administration to pregnant rats also precipitated increased biomarkers of liver damage.
... Formononetin is a phytoestrogen, with a similar chemical structure to endogenous estrogens, and is rapidly demethylated following ingestion, giving rise to daidzein and equol (Park et al., 2005). All these substances act by binding to estrogen receptors (Dweck, 2006). ...
Previous work in our laboratory has shown that neonatal exposure of mice to an aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds results in a growth retardation, stillbirth and motor disorder.
In the present work, the neurobehavioral development of neonatal mice was examined following treatment of dams with a butanolic extract of the same seeds. Pregnant mice were administered by gavage with the butanolic extract of fenugreek seeds throughout the gestational period. After parturition, pups were tested in a developmental test battery including measures of growth, maturational milestones, and neurobehavioral development. Maternal exposure to the extract resulted in significant alterations of the postnatal age at which the developmental milestones of ear and eye opening, testes descent and vaginal opening were observed. There was a reduced weight gain rate in pups. In addition, the functional state of the rat pup nervous system at different stages of postnatal development showed some neuro-developmental delays in surface righting reflex, negative geotaxis response, pivoting reflex and swimming ability.
The results of this study suggest that fenugreek seeds maternal exposure may lead to some neuromuscular and behavioral deficits in nursing pups.
... Formononetin is a phytoestrogen, with a similar chemical structure to endogenous estrogens, and is rapidly demethylated following ingestion, giving rise to daidzein and equol (Park et al., 2005). All these substances act by binding to estrogen receptors (Dweck, 2006). ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum (L.)), is a medicinal plant whose seeds and leaves are widely used in Moroccan traditional medicine. Consumption of fenugreek seeds during pregnancy has been associated with a range of congenital malformations, including hydrocephalus, anencephaly and spina bifida. In previous work we have shown that exposure of pregnant mice to aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds (AEFS) leads to reduced litter size, intrauterine growth retardation, and malformations. However, there have been no studies to date of its longer-term neurobehavioral effects. We investigated these effects in prenatally exposed mice.
Pregnant females were exposed to 0, 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day AEFS, by gavage, for the whole period of gestation. Pups body weight was measured at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 day of age. Behavior of progeny was evaluated three weeks after birth using the open field, the rotarod test and the continuous alternation task by the T-maze. At 28 postnatal day age, brain of progeny was removed and cut for histological evaluation.
The progeny of exposed mice displayed reduced body weight at birth (1000 mg/kg group: 27%; 500 mg/kg group: 32%) and reduced brain weight (10% in both treated groups). Both males and females mice prenatally exposed to AEFS displayed a significant decrease in the locomotor activity, in the boli deposits during the open field test and in motor coordination. These results seem to show that exposure to AEFS induces a depressive effect in the offspring. Assessment on a continuous alternation T-maze test showed a significant reduction in successful spontaneous alternations in males and females but only in the 1000 mg/kg group.
These results suggest that prenatal exposure of mice to high dose of fenugreek seeds causes growth retardation and altered neurobehavioral performance in the post-weaning period in both male and female.
Stem cells have attracted great interest in the development of tissue engineering. However, the self-regeneration and multi-differentiation capabilities of stem cells are easily impaired during cell transplantation. Recent studies have demonstrated that Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) seed oil has various positive biological effects. However, it is not yet clear whether S. mukorossi seed oil can increase the growth and differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPSCs). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of S. mukorossi seed oil on the proliferation and differentiation of DPSCs. DPSCs with and without S. mukorossi seed oil, respectively, were evaluated and compared. The viabilities of the cells were assessed by MTT tests. The osteogenetic and odontogenetic capacities of the DPSCs were tested using Alizarin red S staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays. In addition, real-time PCR was performed to examine the gene expression of ALP, BMP-2 and DMP-1. Finally, extracellular matrix vesicle secretion was detected via scanning electron microscopy. No significant difference was observed in the viabilities of the DPSCs with and without S. mukorossi seed oil, respectively. However, under osteogenic and odontogenic induction, S. mukorossi seed oil increased the secretion of mineralized nodules and the ALP activity of the DPSCs (p < 0.05). The ALP gene expression of the differentiation-induced DPSCs was also enhanced. Finally, a greater secretion of extracellular matrix vesicles was detected in the DPSCs following odontogenic induction complemented with S. mukorossi seed oil. Overall, the present results show that S. mukorossi seed oil promotes the osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation and matrix vesicle secretion of DPSCs.
Background: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety effect of Zanopause tablet a marketed herbal formulation of Emami Ltd., in pre-menopausal and menopausal women Methods: 50 women patients age range between 40 to 70 years old suffering from pre-menopausal and menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, irregular periods, loss of libido, vaginal dryness and mood swings. Zanopause tablet was given twice a day for 60 days. Results: A significant improvement was observed in clinical symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, irregularity of periods, loss of libido, vaginal dryness and mood swings after ZZT medication. Laboratory investigation showed improved Haemotological levels in all the patients. Other parameters were observed in normal range. On '0 th ' day 7.6-14.1 (G %), 8.1-14.7 (G %) on 45 th day and 8.7-15.2 (G %) on 60 th day. ZZT medication showed a significant increase in Haemoglobin level of patients. 5200-9900 (/cu.mm.) on '0 th ' day, 5600-1100 (/ cu.mm.) on 45 th day and 4.01-5800-9700 (/ cu.mm.) on 60 th day, WBC count was observed in normal range, from the data obtained from blood samples of 50 patients. Upper Abdomen USG was normal in all the 50 patients. Conclusion: Menopause symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, irregularity of periods, loss of libido, vaginal dryness were taken care off. Increase in Haemoglobin levels and status of wellbeing. Reduce pain in knee joints were observed.
W rozdziale pt. „Perspektywa dostosowania gospodarki linearnej w paradygmacie zrównoważonego rozwoju” celem głównym jest zbadanie i przedstawienie podstawowych, negatywnych skutków burzliwego rozwoju gospodarki w modelu liniowym oraz zaprezentowanie modeli zrównoważonego rozwoju. Spośród wielu niekorzystnych dla przyszłości efektów ery rozwoju przemysłowego, Autorzy przedstawili tylko: efekt cieplarniany, degradację ekosystemów, deficyt zasobów wody, wzrost zapotrzebowania i wydobycia podstawowych surowców oraz poszerzające się ryzyko dostaw surowców strategicznych. Na tej podbudowie omówiono różne modele zrównoważonego rozwoju zwracając uwagę na ich silne sprzężenie zwrotne z jakością życia populacji, a zwłaszcza z wymiarem społecznym tej kategorii. W dalszej części podjęto problem polityki UE i Polski w dążeniu do równoważenia rozwoju i zrównoważonej konsumpcji. Podkreślono też rolę organizacji międzynarodowych w zakresie jakości towarów i usług, co jest także domeną towaroznawstwa.
Książkę otwiera rozdział pt. „Perspektywa dostosowania gospodarki linearnej w paradygmacie zrównoważonego rozwoju”, w którym celem głównym jest zbadanie i przedstawienie podstawowych, negatywnych skutków burzliwego rozwoju gospodarki w modelu liniowym oraz zaprezentowanie modeli zrównoważonego rozwoju. Spośród wielu niekorzystnych dla przyszłości efektów ery rozwoju przemysłowego, Autorzy przedstawili tylko: efekt cieplarniany, degradację ekosystemów, deficyt zasobów wody, wzrost zapotrzebowania i wydobycia podstawowych surowców oraz poszerzające się ryzyko dostaw surowców strategicznych. Na tej podbudowie omówiono różne modele zrównoważonego rozwoju zwracając uwagę na ich silne sprzężenie zwrotne z jakością życia populacji, a zwłaszcza z wymiarem społecznym tej kategorii. W dalszej części podjęto problem polityki UE i Polski w dążeniu do równoważenia rozwoju i zrównoważonej konsumpcji. Podkreślono też rolę organizacji międzynarodowych w zakresie jakości towarów i usług, co jest także domeną towaroznawstwa.
W rozdziale drugim pt. „Gospodarka cyrkularna w procesie dostosowania do zrównoważonego rozwoju” Autorzy podjęli próbę wykazania, że ten model gospodarowania jest spójny z wcześniej omówioną koncepcją trwałego i zrównoważonego rozwoju. Jego przewaga nad liniowym modelem realizacji procesów produkcyjnych polega na forsowaniu postaw, zarówno wśród producentów jak i konsumentów, które prowadzą do maksymalnego, oszczędnego wykorzystania surowców, materiałów i energii. Koncepcja ta szeroko wychodzi poza stosowanie recyklingu poprzez ograniczenie nadmiernych zakupów, naprawy, wtórne użytkowanie, ponowne wykorzystanie części i podzespołów. W przypadku energii promowane jest jej kaskadowe wykorzystanie. Gospodarka cyrkularna jest odpowiedzią na nadmierne eksploatowanie zasobów odnawialnych i nieodnawialnych przez obecną populację. Autorzy przytaczają opinie, że zmiana postaw konsumpcyjnych wymaga czasu i zabiegów edukacyjnych. W zakończeniu wskazują na liczne przeszkody w jej rozwoju, konieczność opracowania licznych innowacji radykalnych i uwzględniania ograniczeń wynikających z praw fizyki, chemii i biologii.
W rozdziale 3 pt. „Bariery patentowania w opinii patentujących pracowników uczelni Poznania” prof. Zenon Foltynowicz zauważa, że Polska nie należy do liderów na tle Europy Zachodniej czy Stanów Zjednoczonych pod względem ilości wynalazków zgłaszanych do ochrony. Dlatego też głównym celem było zbadanie i przeanalizowanie barier z jakimi spotykają się pracownicy publicznych uczelni miasta Poznania. Na podstawie badań ankietowych dokonano analizy porównawczej napotykanych utrudnień w tym przedmiocie.. Należą do nich: kilkuletni okres oczekiwania na uzyskanie patentu, wysoki koszt uzyskania i utrzymania ochrony zagranicznej, niewielkie i często rozproszone środki finansowe na badania, trudna współpraca z rzecznikami patentowymi. Praca ma charakter informacyjny i budzi niepokój w kontekście perspektyw realizacji polityki innowacyjnej w Polsce
W kolejnym rozdziale pt. „Zagrożenia ekologiczne systemów przybrzeżnych a jakość żywności pochodzenia morskiego” przedstawiono interesujący problem o dużym znaczeniu dla towaroznawstwa żywności pochodzenia marskiego. Prognozy do 2030 roku wskazują na wzrost popytu na te produkty, których nie zaspokoi akwakultura. W wodach mórz, szczególnie w strefach przybrzeżnych, stwierdza się obecność wielu zanieczyszczeń chemicznych, fizycznych i mikrobiologicznych. Do ostatnio identyfikowanych zanieczyszczeń należą makro, mikro i nanoplastiki, których obecność jest wynikiem rozkładu tworzyw sztucznych przedostających się do wód mórz i oceanów. Mikrogranulki plastiku osadzają się w strefie przybrzeżnej i zagrażają morskim zwierzętom. Ostatnio wykazano obecność ok. 20 fragmentów mikroplastików wielkości 50-500 mikronów pochodzące z 9. rodzajów tworzyw sztucznych. Poprawa gospodarki odpadami z tworzyw sztucznych na lądzie może skutecznie zmniejszyć ich uwalnianie do morza. Przyszedł czas na inteligentne sposoby usuwanie nadmiaru przedmiotów z tworzyw sztucznych z naszego otoczenia oraz na podjęcie badań nad tym nowym problemem.
Kolejne dwa rozdziały dotyczą chemii gospodarczej. W pierwszym z nich, pod tytułem „Poprawa bezpieczeństwa stosowania płynów do ręcznego mycia naczyń poprzez zastosowanie hydrofobowego ekstraktu nasion jeżyny”. Autorzy oceniali możliwość zastosowanie hydrofobowego ekstraktu z nasion jeżyny do wytwarzania bezpiecznych płynów do ręcznego mycia naczyń. Z ekstraktu pozyskiwanego w warunkach nadkrytycznego CO2 przygotowano serię preparatów różniących się jego stężeniem od 0 do 0.7%. Stwierdzono, że wyższe stężenie ekstraktu powoduje zmniejszenie wartości liczby zeinowej oraz ogranicza zmiany pH roztworu albuminy wołowej. Oba parametry stanowią miarę działania drażniącego preparatów na skórę. Określono, że w wyniku zastosowania, dodatku surowca roślinnego w prototypach produktów, następuje ograniczenie transepidermalnej utraty wody oraz ich działania wysuszającego skórę. Wykazano, że zwiększanie stężenia ekstraktu prowadzi do istotnego zmniejszenia negatywnego oddziaływania preparatów na skórę rąk, co wpływa na wzrost bezpieczeństwa stosowania płynów do ręcznego mycia naczyń. Trzeba też podkreślić, że zastosowana metoda prowadzi do wykorzystania cennych bio-składników z odpadów przemysłu przetwarzającego owoce aronii.
W następny rozdział 6, jest zatytułowany „Innowacyjne rozwiązania w płynnych detergentach – płynne środki piorące”. Tego rodzaju produkty spełniają wiele wymagań wpisujących się w reguły zrównoważonego rozwoju i gospodarki cyrkularnej. Płynne detergenty zawierają surowce biodegradowalne, działają w obniżonej ich zawartości, są skuteczne w niższych temperaturach i w mniejszej ilości wody oraz są mniej szkodliwe dla włókien. Autorka udokumentowała prawdziwość powyższych argumentów i na tej podstawie zaplanowała badania eksperymentalne z wykorzystaniem enzymu roślinnego bromdelainy. Uzyskane wyniki dla szeregu koncepcyjnych kompozycji potwierdziły skuteczność rozumowania i pozwoliły wybrać jej optymalny skład, który został objęty ochrona patentową.
Celem badań przedstawionych w rozdziale 7 pt. „Potencjał prozdrowotny żywności funkcjonalnej” była ocena zalet prozdrowotnych i aktywności antyoksydacyjnej owoców jagodowych oraz importowanego napoju wieloowocowego na bazie superowoców egzotycznych. Napój importowany z Ameryki Płd. był porównany z owocami jagodowymi pozyskanymi w kraju, takimi jak truskawki, czarne jagody i aronia. W produktach oznaczono zawartość: barwników antocyjanowych metodą Fuleki’ego
i Francis’a, witaminy C według PN-A-04019:1998, polifenoli metodą Folina – Ciocialteu oraz zdolność do redukcji wolnych rodników z wykorzystaniem stabilnego rodnika DPPH*. W celu określenia wpływu rodzaju produktu na analizowane parametry jakościowe zastosowano jednoczynnikową analizę wariancji (ANOVA). Dla sprawdzenia istotności różnić między badanymi produktami przeprowadzono testy post-hoc (test HSD Tukeya).
Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że krajowe mrożone owoce jagodowe charakteryzują się wyższym potencjałem prozdrowotnym niż importowany napój wieloowocowy na bazie superowoców egzotycznych, reklamowany jako żywność funkcjonalna.
Context
Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) is based on humoral theory. Temperament or Mizaj is the result of a combination of four cardinal humors. They are blood, phlegm, yellow bile (Safra) and black bile (melancholy). Like any other disease, acne is the result of humoral imbalance. Acne is a highly prevalent dermatologic problem, which has both physical and psychological effects. The aim of this study was to introduce the etiology of acne and its remedies from the perspective of ITM.
Evidence Acquisition
Etiology and treatment of acne were studied and analyzed from selected medical textbooks of ITM. Some of the effective plants in these books were assessed in a table, and their anti-acne activities were compared with conventional medicine’s database.
Results
From the perspective of ITM, considering six essential schemes for health, diet and herbal remedies as well as manipulation are recommended for acne treatment. Although the introduced plants have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects but some of them have special proven effects on acne formation process. There is also a strong relationship between digestive system and skin.
Conclusions
This paper was rendered to show ancient Persian scholar’s point of view about acne and its treatment, and it was shown that Iranian traditional medicine has practical recommendations for acne treatment.
Context: Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) is based on humoral theory. Temperament or Mizaj is the result of a combination of four cardinal
humors. They are blood, phlegm, yellow bile (Safra) and black bile (melancholy). Like any other disease, acne is the result of humoral imbalance.
Acne is a highly prevalent dermatologic problem, which has both physical and psychological effects. The aim of this study was to introduce the
etiology of acne and its remedies from the perspective of ITM.
Evidence Acquisition: Etiology and treatment of acne were studied and analyzed from selected medical textbooks of ITM. Some of the effective
plants in these books were assessed in a table, and their anti-acne activities were compared with conventional medicine’s database.
Results: From the perspective of ITM, considering six essential schemes for health, diet and herbal remedies as well as manipulation are recommended
for acne treatment. Although the introduced plants have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects but some of them have
special proven effects on acne formation process. There is also a strong relationship between digestive system and skin.
Conclusions: This paper was rendered to show ancient Persian scholar’s point of view about acne and its treatment, and it was shown that Iranian
traditional medicine has practical recommendations for acne treatment.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Plants from Kenyan flora are traditionally used against many ailments, including cancer and related diseases. Cancer is characterized as a condition with complex signs and symptoms. Recently there are recommendations that ethnopharmacological usages such as immune and skin disorders, inflammatory, infectious, parasitic and viral diseases should be taken into account when selecting plants that treat cancer.
Aim:
The present study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxicity of a plethora of 145 plant parts from 91 medicinal plants, most of which are used in the management of cancer and related diseases by different communities in Kenya, against CCRF-CEM leukemia cell line.
Materials and methods:
Extracts from different plant parts (leaves, stems, stem bark, roots, root barks, aerial parts and whole herb) were obtained by cold percolation using different solvent systems, such as (1:1v/v) dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and n-hexane (1), methanol (MeOH) and CH2Cl2 (2); neat MeOH (3), 5% H2O in MeOH (4) and with ethanol (EtOH, 5); their cytotoxicity was determined using the resazurin reduction assay against CCRF-CEM cells.
Results:
At a single concentration of 10 μg/mL, 12 out of 145 extracts exhibited more than 50% cell inhibition. These include samples from the root bark of Erythrina sacleuxii (extracted with 50% n-hexane-CH2Cl2), the leaves of Albizia gummifera, and Strychnos usambarensis, the stem bark of Zanthoxylum gilletii, Bridelia micrantha, Croton sylvaticus, and Albizia schimperiana; the root bark of Erythrina burttii and Erythrina sacleuxii (extracted with 50% CH2Cl2-MeOH), the stem bark of Bridelia micarantha and Zanthoxylum giletii (extracted using 5% MeOH-H2O) and from the berries of Solanum aculeastrum (extracted with neat EtOH). The EtOH extract of the berries of S. aculeastrum and A. schimperiana stem bark extract displayed the highest cytotoxicity towards leukemia CCRF-CEM cells, with IC50 values of 1.36 and 2.97µg/mL, respectively. Other extracts having good activity included the extracts of the stem barks of Zanthoxylum gilletii and Bridelia micrantha and leaves of Strychnos usambarensis with IC50 values of 9.04, 9.43 and 11.09µg/mL, respectively.
Conclusions:
The results of this study provided information related to the possible use of some Kenyam medicinal plants, and mostly S. aculeastrum, A. schimperiana, C. sylvaticus, Z. gilletii, B. micrantha and S. usambarensis in the treatment of leukemia. The reported data helped to authenticate the claimed traditional use of these plants. However, most plants are used in combination as traditional herbal concoctions. Hence, the cytotoxicity of corresponding plant combinations should be tested in vitro to authenticate the traditional medical practitioners actual practices.
Metabolite profiles of four different maturity stages (immature, pre-mature, fully-mature, and over-mature) of Cudrania tricuspidata fruit (Moraceae) were analyzed by gas chromatography–time-of-flight-mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis showed distinct patterns based on the maturity stages. Primary metabolites such as amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols were identified as discriminant metabolites that are dependent on four different maturity stages. Secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, lysophosphatidylcholines, and anthocyanins were major metabolites separated according to the different maturity stages. The highest antioxidant activity and relatively high levels of total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were shown at the fully mature stage. In particular, relatively high contents of prenylflavonoids such as artocarpesin (1), 6-isopentenylgenistein (2), alpinumisoflavone (3), 6,8-diprenylgenistein (4), and 4′-O-methylalpinumisoflavone (5), which were reported as antioxidants, were observed and shown to be positively correlated with antioxidant activities, and TPC and TFC. These results suggest that prenylflavonoid, TPC, and TFC were associated with antioxidant activity of the fully mature stage of C. tricuspidata fruit.
Fenugreek – source of compounds with hormonal activity?
Phytoestrogens are an interesting object of researches, due to their significance in a treatment of menopausal symptoms. Fenugreek seeds are partially included to a group of plants containing phytoestrogens. However, a relevance of this herbal drug as a source of phytoestrogens is controversial. Therefore in this report we present results of researches, that focused on potential hormone-like activity of fenugreek seeds and diosgenin, that is a main component of steroid saponins fraction. Performed review of literature date has clearly showed that, uncontrolled intake of fenugreek seeds may expose patient to a risk of hormonal imbalance.
SUMMARY
Fenugreek is a plant providing two medicinal drugs – seed and
herb, which posses an age-old tradition of usage, especially in
Asia. In European countries fenugreek seeds are used as a hypolipidemic
and lowering sugar level in blood agent. During the
last few years several studies have been published, which revealed
also antiphlogistic and antibacterial properties of seeds. This type
of activity is due to a presence of steroidal saponins. On the other
hand, the seeds have neurological activity comprising acetylocholinesterase
inhibition and stimulation of neuron outgrowth.
Numerous studies confirm multidirectional influence of fenugreek
seeds on gastrointestinal tract, i.a. anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective
activity and protection against colon cancer. Seeds of fenugreek
are source of phytoestrogenes, and its use as a constituent of
dietary supplements may arise controversies.
The concept of phytoandrogens, plants that contain androgens or those that stimulate androgenic activity in men, is relatively new. In traditional Chinese medicine a number of phytoandrogens are classified in medicinal plant restoratives for reinforcing yang, and they find their application in the treatment of the kidney yang deficiency diseases. In this review, the phytoandrogens used in traditional Chinese medicine are listed, and their proven applications in the treatment of kidney yang deficiency diseases, such as sexual disorders, cancer, and obesity and associated metabolic syndromes are presented. As a background, the mechanism of action of androgens, their synthesis and metabolism, the interrelations of androgens and estrogens, as well as the state of art methods to detect and analyze these hormonal activities in medicinal plants are discussed.
Phytosterols have been widely studied for their cholesterol-lowering effect. Conjugated phytosterol forms have been found more active than free moieties. There are no reports about the sterol profile of black bean seed coats neither its effects on cholesterol metabolism. The aim of this research was to identify and quantify phytosterols from black bean seed coats and to determine their effects on cholesterol micellar solubility and on mRNA and key protein levels involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism and cholesterol transport in primary rat hepatocytes. Free phytosterols, acylated steryl glycosides, and steryl glycosides were extracted from black bean seed coats. They were identified through HPLC-MS-TOF and quantified through HPLC equipped with UV-visible and evaporative light-scattering detectors. Free and conjugated phytosterols from the coats significantly increased the inhibitory effect of cholesterol micelle formation compared with stigmasterol, which was used as control (P < 0.05). In addition, phytosterols of black bean seed coat decreased lipogenesis by the downregulation of lipogenic proteins such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in primary rat hepatocytes. Regarding β-oxidation, phytosterols upregulated the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and promoted the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. Phytosterols inhibited cholesterol micellar solubility and reduced the activation of the liver X receptor, decreasing hepatic FAS and promoting hepatic β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.
The scientific literature detailing the synthesis of chroman-2-ones by hydrogenation/reduction of the corresponding coumarins is reviewed. The following methods are described: hydrogenation on palladium, platinum, nickel, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, homogeneous hydrogenation, reduction by complex hydrides, reduction by metals, and electrochemical reduction. For each appropriate reaction, the yield, duration and some additional information is given (if available). Moreover, many exceptions and interesting transformations are described.
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogenation of Coumarins
3 Transfer Hydrogenation of Coumarins
4 Reduction of Coumarins with Metals
5 Reduction of Coumarins with Complex Hydrides
6 Homogeneous Hydrogenation of Coumarins
7 Electrochemical Reduction
8 Other Methods of Coumarin Reduction
9 Conclusion
Die Flavonoide stellen wie oben gezeigt eine einzigartige Klasse der Alkene dar, für die die homogene Hydrogenierung bis jetzt nicht bekannt war (außer bei einzelnen funktionalisierten Vertretern). Es wurde gezeigt, dass die gestellte Aufgabe über die traditionelle (elektrophile) homogene Hydrierung nicht gelöst werden kann. Es wurde jedoch eine neue Reaktion gefunden, die Nucleophilhydrierung. Nach dem jetzigen Stand der Entwicklung hat die Nucleophilhydrierung mit Ir-Komplexen nur akademische Bedeutung. Die Bestimmung des Mechanismus ist für praktische Nützung sehr wichtig. Die Homogenhydrierung von 7-Methoxy-3-(pyridin-2-yl)chromon ist sehr effektiv sowohl bei elektrophiler als auch in nukleophiler Durchführung, und liefert das entsprechende Chroman-4-on mit fast quantitativer Ausbeute. It is shown and proven, that the flavonoids represent a unique class of alkenes, for which the homogeneous hydrogenation is not known till now (except for some functionalized representatives). It is proven, that assigned task could not be resolved via traditional (electrophilic) homogeneous hydrogenation. However, a new reaction was discovered, namely nucleophilic hydrogenation. At the current state the nucleophilic hydrogenation by Ir-complexes is only of academical significance. An investigation of the mechanism is needed for its practical usage. Homogeneous hydrogenation of 7-methoxy-3-(pyridin-2-yl)chromone is very effective both in its electrophilic and in nucleophilic versions, and affords the corresponding chroman-4-one in almost quantitative yield.
0-917256-16-6 3) Flavonoids: looking in the face of cosme-ceuticals. SÖFW, 127 (1/2): 8 4) British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, The: 1983. ISBN 0-903032-07-4 Vitex agnus castus - Clinical Monograph
- Isbn E Brand-Garnys
- P Dansic
- Hm Brand
ISBN No. 0-917256-16-6 3) Brand-Garnys E, Dansic van P, Brand HM. (2001) Flavonoids: looking in the face of cosme-ceuticals. SÖFW, 127 (1/2): 8 4) British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, The: 1983. ISBN 0-903032-07-4. British Herbal Manufacturers Association (B.H.M.A) 5) Brown DJ. (1994) Herbal Research Review: Vitex agnus castus - Clinical Monograph
The: 1983. ISBN 0-903032-07-4. British Herbal Manufacturers Association
- Pharmacopoeia British Herbal
British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, The: 1983. ISBN 0-903032-07-4. British Herbal Manufacturers
Association (B.H.M.A)