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This is the review of THE CONCEPT OF CORPORATE STRATEGY.
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1604147Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1604147
167 INNOVAR reseñas críticas
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The Concept of Corporate
Strategy
The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Por
Kenneth R. Andrews. Homewood, Ill.: R. D.
Irwin, 1980 Revised Ed. xi, 180 p.; 24 cm.
Incluye referencias e índice. ISBN 0-256-
02371-9
Kenneth R. Andrews1,como resulta-
do del impacto de su trabajo en la edu-
cación gerencial en la Universidad de
Harvard y en planeación estratégica2,
recoge en The Concept of Corporate
Strategy3 experiencias vividas por un
grupo de profesores4 a lo largo de años
de investigación sobre el tema de Polí-
tica de Empresa, que, en sus palabras,
es “la esencia del libro”5. Andrews, al
1 Kenneth R. Andrews nació en New Lon-
don, CT en 1.916, obtuvo un BA, MS de
Wesleyan University en 1937 y un Ph.D en
literatura en la universidad de Illinois en
1.948. Algunas de sus obras son: The Case
Method of Teaching (1953), Problems of
General Management (1962), Business Po-
licy Text and Cases (1965, 69, 73, 79, and
87), The Concept of Corporate Strategy
(1971, 80) Ethics in Practice: Managing
the Moral Corporation (1989).
2 Andrews, K. (1971). En: The Concept of
Corporate Strategy. Homewood III. Dow-
Jones Irwin., Preface iii.
3 Libro premiado con el McKinsey Foun-
dation Book Award. Distinción otorgada
desde 1962 a aquellos textos que han con-
tribuido de manera significativa a la litera-
tura del management.
4 Los profesores mencionados son: George
Alberth Smith Jr, Melvin Copeland, Geor-
ge Doriot, Richard Merriam, Edmund
Learned, Roland Christensen, Robert
Austin, Charles Bliss, John Glover, Robert
Merry, Clarence Nickerson.
5 Andrews, K. Op. cit; p. iii
hablar de Política de Empresa, se refie-
re a un campo genérico conocido como
“Dirección General”, “Alta Dirección”
o “Dirección de Empresas”.
Este trabajo unido a los de Chandler,
“Strategy and Structure” (1962)6, An-
soff, “Corporate Strategy” (1965)7, y al
del propio Andrews, “Business policy:
text and cases” (1965)8, puede conside-
rarse un texto pionero en el campo del
“Strategic Management”. Como en los
textos mencionados, el autor presenta
conceptos importantes para las empre-
sas desde la estrategia. La diferencia se
encuentra en que propone un mode-
lo del proceso de dirección aplicable a
cualquier situación donde se requiera la
acción. Y a la vez es un modelo realis-
ta, que se basa en la figura del directivo
como alma del proceso, que con sus ha-
bilidades y destrezas logra llevar el mo-
delo a la práctica.
El libro se divide en dos secciones. La
primera es el prefacio, en donde el autor
realiza una distinción con la edición de
1971. La segunda, está conformada por
ocho capítulos. Allí se desarrollan tres
temáticas: 1) El concepto de estrategia
(caps 2 al 5), 2) la diferencia entre for-
mulación y aplicación (caps 6 y 7), y 3)
el director general (caps 1 y 8). A con-
tinuación se examina cada una de ellas.
En la primera temática, el autor desa-
rrolla el concepto de estrategia corpora-
tiva, entendida como el “patrón de los
objetivos, propósitos o metas, y las polí-
ticas y planes esenciales para conseguir
las metas”9. Esta noción permite estable-
cer en qué clase de negocio la empresa
está o quiere estar y qué clase de em-
presa es o quiere ser. Para Andrews, “la
estrategia corporativa sirve de guía du-
rante largos períodos de tiempo para el
desarrollo de la empresa y alcanzar re-
sultados superiores sin privarla de su ca-
pacidad de una respuesta rápida a condi-
ciones cambiantes”10.
Unido al concepto de estrategia, se pre-
6 Chandler, A; (1962). Strategy and Structu-
re: Chapters in the History of the Industrial
enterprise, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
7 Ansoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate Strategy:
An Analytical Approach to Business Po-
licy for Growth and expansion. Ney York:
McGraw-Hill.
8 Andrews, K. et al. (1965). Business Policy:
Text and Cases. Homewood, III: Richard
D. Irwin.
9 Andrews, K. (1971). Op. cit; p. 18
10 Ibid; p. 54.
sentan sus factores determinantes. Se
realiza un análisis de las oportunidades,
peligros, fortalezas, debilidades, valores
personales y responsabilidad social11.
Conceptos que le permiten al lector dis-
poner de herramientas para lograr in-
terpretar lo realizado por los directivos
en materia de hechos, opiniones y pers-
pectivas, que surgen por dentro y por
fuera de la empresa.
Con respecto a los valores y la respon-
sabilidad social, Andrews dice: “la em-
presa es la mayor y más heterogénea de
todas las actividades humanas y tiene,
aún más que otras áreas de la actividad
humana, pasadizos secretos de egoísmo
en los que la lucha por la superviven-
cia trae la desesperación”12. Así mismo,
indica que “los rigores de la competen-
cia, no menos duros por ser imperfectos
en el sentido económico, desarrollan en
los moralmente débiles la tentación de
ir a lo suyo y de encubrir, como sea po-
sible, los costes sociales de una activi-
dad económica descuidada y otros per-
juicios al público”.13
La segunda temática aborda la diferen-
cia entre formulación y aplicación de la
estrategia. La primera requiere habili-
dades analíticas para hacer un diagnós-
tico de la empresa y del entorno, la se-
gunda, habilidades administrativas que
le permitan: diseñar una estructura or-
ganizacional, administrar procesos y
ejercer liderazgo.
Para Andrews “la formulación de la es-
trategia no termina cuando empieza
su aplicación. Una empresa está cam-
biando siempre en respuesta a su propio
carácter y desarrollo pasado”14, lo que
hace que la formulación y la aplicación
sean procesos que se complementen.
Andrews concluye que el proceso de re-
troalimentación es fundamental para la
empresa, ya que le indica qué modifica-
ciones realizar en el proceso de formu-
lación y el momento para realizarlas. En
este sentido, una aplicación eficaz re-
quiere que la estructura organizacional
se ajuste a sus necesidades particulares,
apoyada en una subdivisión de tareas,
coordinación de responsabilidades, así
como con un diseño y gestión de siste-
mas de información.
11 Andrews desarrolla el concepto de estrate-
gia en esta edición apoyado en los trabajos
de Michael Porter.
12 Ibid; p. 161.
13 Ibid; p. 11.
14 Ibid; p. 106.
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168 INNOVAR reseñas críticas
REV. INNOVAR. Vol. 19, No. 35, SEPTIEMBREDICIEMBRE DE 2009
Finalmente, el autor retoma el con-
cepto del director general, presentan-
do elementos que lo afectan: identidad,
funciones y características. Andrews
distingue entre director general y direc-
ción general. La dirección de toda una
empresa o una parte autónoma de ella se
define como dirección general, mientras
que el “término director general designa,
pues, al jefe ejecutivo de la organización;
miembros de la oficina del presidente,
vicepresidentes ejecutivos y señores que
tienen responsabilidades interfunciona-
les; y presidentes o directores de divi-
siones, de centros de beneficios multi-
funcionales y de unidades organizativas
similares, parcialmente autónomas”15.
En cuanto a la función del directivo,
Andrews establece que “es determinar
y guiar la estrategia adecuada, adaptar
la empresa a los cambios de su entor-
no y asegurar y desarrollar a las perso-
nas necesarias para llevar a cabo la es-
trategia o para ayudar a una revisión
constructiva de la misma. También debe
asegurarse de que los procesos que esti-
mulan y restringen la prestación indivi-
dual y el desarrollo personal sean con-
sistentes con las necesidades humanas y
estratégicas”.16
En líneas generales, se tiene un libro de
texto gerencial, donde el autor realiza
una explicación lógica, objetiva y pro-
funda de los contenidos, utilizando un
lenguaje claro y atractivo, apoyado por
el uso de títulos, subtítulos y numerales.
Se utilizan casos de empresas17 y cita-
ción de autores para abordar temas es-
pecíficos.
El libro es escaso en citas, sólo veinti-
séis18, siendo el capítulo tres el de ma-
yor número de éstas, al tener ocho, en
contraste con el seis que no tiene nin-
guna. Nueve de las citas corresponden
a publicaciones provenientes de Har-
vard Business Review o de tesis doctora-
les no publicadas al momento de escri-
bir el libro, de estudiantes de Harvard
Business School. Esta situación es ex-
plicable por ser esta institución “un im-
15 Ibid; p. 2.
16 Ibid; p. 112-113.
17 Algunos de los casos utilizados en el libro
son American Motors Corp, General Elec-
tric Co, General Motors Corp, Goodyear
Tire and Rubber Co, Milton Hoteles, IBM,
Pepsico Inc, Uniroyal Inc, Westinghouse
Electric Corp, Xerox Corp
18 Aun cuando se encuentran 26 citas, al eli-
minar las repeticiones, quedan 21.
portante modelo para otras escuelas de
negocios en Estados Unidos al haber
implementado los primeros cursos en
Política de Empresa”19. Una de las di-
ferencias del texto con su primera edi-
ción está en que las citas corresponden,
en su gran mayoría, a textos publicados
a partir de 1970.
Debido a su formación literaria, An-
drews se apoya en varios autores para
argumentar sus tesis. Menciona en más
de una ocasión a Barnard, Selznick, Za-
leznik20, Berle21 y Chandler, y al menos
una vez a Glover22, Lilienthal23, Adam
Smith, Simon, Porter24, Prahalad, en-
tre otros.
A pesar de que el libro tiene un conte-
nido preciso y poco retórico, algunos de
los pasajes presentan un lenguaje alta-
mente técnico que dificulta su compren-
sión, lo que hace necesario leer y releer
para comprender la síntesis que el autor
pretende mostrar sobre las experiencias
presentadas. Sin embargo, los dos esque-
mas (o figuras) presentados (págs. 28 y
69), permiten comprender el modelo
propuesto por el autor. Aun cuando el
primer esquema ya se encontraba en la
edición de 1971, sigue siendo un poco
confuso, además su tamaño no colabo-
ra; sin embargo, el segundo se establece
como un interesante aporte, permitien-
do la comprensión de la propuesta co-
nocida como el DOFA25. Apoyando a
los mencionados esquemas, se incluyen,
19 Rumelt, R. (1994). Fundamental Issues in
Strategy. Boston, Harvard Business School
Press. p 10.
20 Zaleznik, A. (1977). “Managers and Lea-
ders: Are They Different?” Harvard Busi-
ness Review, May June 1977, pp 67-78.
21 Berle, A; and G. Means. (1968). The mo-
dern Corporation and Private property.
New York: Macmillan.
22 Glover, J. (1976). “Strategic Decision-Ma-
king: Planning, Manning, organization”
in John D. Glover and Gerald A. Simon,
Chief Executives Handbook. Homewood,
III: Dow Jones-Irwin.
23 Fue uno de los directores de la Tennes-
see Valley Authority en 1933. Andrews lo
menciona al hablar del directivo. Para Li-
lenthal la vida del directivo es la actividad
humana más amplia, más exigente y, con
mucho, la más vasta y sutil de todas.
24 Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy:
Techniques for Analyzing Industries com-
petitors. New York. Free press.
25 Son las iniciales de las palabras: Debilida-
des, Oportunidades, Fortalezas y Amena-
zas.
en el capitulo tres, algunas preguntas de
aplicación, que permiten una ampliar la
comprensión.
Recomiendo este libro por varios mo-
tivos: En primer lugar, presenta un es-
tudio profundo sobre el fenómeno de la
dirección, que va más allá de la explica-
ción de un modelo teórico. En segundo
lugar, desarrolla el concepto de estrate-
gia corporativa, desde la perspectiva que
la empresa debe enfocarse en un nego-
cio específico y concentrarse en generar
ventajas competitivas. En tercer lugar,
enseña la importancia que tiene para
una empresa la formulación y aplica-
ción de una estrategia corporativa sóli-
da, que genere resultados eficaces a tra-
vés de una buena dirección. Finalmente,
porque muestra el concepto de dirección
estratégica como una forma de desplie-
gue de los recursos específicos acumula-
dos por la empresa.
Aun cuando el libro fue escrito para di-
rectores de empresas, el estudio de la
Política de Empresa tiene una aplicación
más amplia que las instituciones llama-
das empresas, y por lo tanto los jefes de
las agencias civiles y militares, directo-
res de hospitales, fundaciones, univer-
sidades y otras organizaciones sin fines
lucrativos son también público primario
para el libro, pues la función principal de
estos agentes es decidir lo que sus orga-
nizaciones deben hacer y lograr que eso
suceda. Otros lectores posibles son:
• Estudiantes de carreras administra-
tivas, a quienes el libro además de
presentarles un modelo de direc-
ción, les enseña que para ser direc-
tores de empresas no basta con la
experiencia, sino que la formación
es indispensable. Andrews dice,
“mucho más importantes que la in-
teligencia, integridad, energía y va-
lor que requieren sus puestos y que
ya son muy difíciles de encontrar,
son las aptitudes de la mente y de
acción que convierten estas cua-
lidades según los diferentes esti-
los individuales en impresionantes
realizaciones”.26 Esta frase permi-
te concluir que para desarrollar los
procesos de formulación y aplica-
ción se requieren habilidades com-
plementarias.
• Profesores que enseñen estrategia:
Este texto les permite relacionar
los postulados de Andrews con los
26 Andrews; Op cit; p. 46
REV innovar 19(35).indb 168 08/04/2010 11:40:23
169 INNOVAR reseñas críticas
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de Barnard, Selznick27 y Chandler,
para lograr construir su propia pro-
puesta frente al concepto de estra-
tegia.
• Investigadores, a quienes el conte-
nido del libro les proporciona ideas
para proyectos y/o artículos en te-
mas diversos. Algunos de ellos se-
rían: responsabilidad social, coordi-
nación, liderazgo, motivación, etc.
27 Selznick, P. (1.957). Leadership in Adminis-
tration: A sociological interpretation. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
Finalmente, para responsables de facul-
tades que se preocupan de la educación
gerencial, ya que la Política de Empresa
es parte importante de la educación pro-
fesional de la dirección. El texto ayuda-
ría a tomar decisiones sobre si la ense-
ñanza de la estrategia es un asunto del
pregrado o del posgrado, y sobre el dise-
ño y gestión del currículo.
AUTOR D E LA RESEÑA :
Hugo Alb erto Rivera R .
Profesor P rincipal de la Univer sidad del Rosario de B ogotá.
Estudia nte del doctorado en A dministración, Uni versidad
de los And es.
Correo e lectrónico
Ha.river a49@unia ndes.edu.co
REV innovar 19(35).indb 169 08/04/2010 11:40:23
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Property in transition (Book I, chapter 1) …The typical business unit of the 19th century was owned by individuals or small groups; was managed by them or their appointees; and was, in the main, limited in size by the personal wealth of the individuals in control. These units have been supplanted in ever greater measure by great aggregations in which tens and even hundreds of thousands of workers and property worth hundreds of millions of dollars, belonging to tens or even hundreds of thousands of individuals, are combined through the corporate mechanism into a single producing organization under unified control and management.… Such an organization of economic activity rests upon two developments, each of which has made possible an extension of the area under unified control. The factory system, the basis of the industrial revolution, brought an increasingly large number of workers directly under a single management. Then, the modern corporation, equally revolutionary in its effect, placed the wealth of innumerable individuals under the same central control. By each of these changes the power of those in control was immensely enlarged and the status of those involved, worker or property owner, was radically changed. The independent worker who entered the factory became a wage laborer surrendering the direction of his labor to his industrial master. The property owner who invests in a modern corporation so far surrenders his wealth to those in control of the corporation that he has exchanged the position of independent owner for one in which he may become merely recipient of the wages of capital.
Book
This book studies the changing strategies and administrative structures of U.S. industrial companies after World War II. It traces the rise of the multidivisional (decentered) type of organization used by firms carrying out the most diverse economic activities. Presented in detail are case studies of du Pont, General Motors, Standard Oil of New Jersey, and Sears. Each firm developed their new structure independently; each thought they were unique in their problems and solutions. The new structures were characterized by autonomous, integrated operating divisions with managers who had authority and facilities to make day-to-day tactical decisions, and a coordinating general office whose senior officers carried on entrepreneurial activities and coordinated, planned, and appraised the work of the divisions. From study of the four firms, Chandler found that (1) analysis of the creation of the new administrative structure required knowledge of the firm's entire administrative former history; (2) changes in organization were related to the way the firm expanded; (3) the patterns of growth reflect changes in the over-all economy, and (4) reorganizations were affected by the state of administrative science at the time. In brief, structure follows strategy, where strategy is the planning and carrying out of different types of growth, and structure is the design of the organization through which the enterprise is administered. Strategy is determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives, and adoption of necessary courses of action and allocation of resources. Structure is the lines of authority and communication between offices and officers, as well as the information and data that flow through these lines. The most complex structures result from the convergence of several basic strategies. Expansion of volume or geographical distribution led to particular structures. The theoretical questions can be framed as, (1) why is there delay in developing new organizations to meet new strategies, and (2) why the new structure emerges in the first place. In summary, found that strategic growth resulted from an awareness of the needs and opportunities (created by exogenous change) to employ existing or expanding resources more profitably. The new strategy required a new structure if the enlarged firms were to be efficient. After detailed examination of the four case studies, which represent decision-making under pressure, the author summarizes by presenting four stages in the history of large U.S. industrial enterprise: initial expansion and accumulation of resources; rationalization of use of resources; expansion into new markets and lines; and development of new structures to allow continuing mobilization of resources to meet short- and long-term market demands and trends. (TNM)
Strategic Decision-Making: Planning, Manning, organization
  • J Glover
Glover, J. (1976). "Strategic Decision-Making: Planning, Manning, organization" in John D. Glover and Gerald A. Simon, Chief Executives Handbook. Homewood, III: Dow Jones-Irwin.