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Slum Clearance and Urban Renewal in the United States

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Abstract

We study the local effects of a federal program that helped cities clear areas for redevelopment, rehabilitate structures, complete city plans, and enforce building codes. We use an instrumental variable strategy to estimate the program’s effects on city-level measures of income, property values, employment and poverty rates, and population. The estimated effects on income, property values, and population are positive and economically significant. They are not driven by changes in demographic composition. Estimated effects on poverty reduction and employment are positive but imprecise. The results are consistent with a model in which local productivity is enhanced.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

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... Finally, urban renewal can be expected to lead to city-level externalities, due to a mitigation of the negative spillovers associated with the neighborhood (e.g. related to crime), a dampening of middle-class flight and an improvement in local governments' fiscal problems (Collins and Shester, 2013). ...
... First, the US urban renewal programs studied by Collins and Shester (2013) and Rossi-Hansberg, Sarte and Owens III (2010), which appear to have had positive impacts, although they share with the PNRU program the recourse to large demolitions, differ from it with regards to the targeting of the program on private housing (rather than public housing in our case) and with regards to the share of private housing in renovated neighborhoods (obviously much higher in the US contexts than in our setting). Additionally, the program studied by Collins and Shester (2013) was based on clearing out entire areas to eliminate slums in order to redevelop central cities areas in a context of economic growth, while the PNRU program was not that radical in its approach and did not benefit from a favorable economic context. ...
... First, the US urban renewal programs studied by Collins and Shester (2013) and Rossi-Hansberg, Sarte and Owens III (2010), which appear to have had positive impacts, although they share with the PNRU program the recourse to large demolitions, differ from it with regards to the targeting of the program on private housing (rather than public housing in our case) and with regards to the share of private housing in renovated neighborhoods (obviously much higher in the US contexts than in our setting). Additionally, the program studied by Collins and Shester (2013) was based on clearing out entire areas to eliminate slums in order to redevelop central cities areas in a context of economic growth, while the PNRU program was not that radical in its approach and did not benefit from a favorable economic context. These factors may contribute to explain why these two previous studies find a significant effect of their urban renewal program while we do not measure any for the PNRU program. ...
Article
We contribute to the evaluation of urban renewal policies based on a large-scale program launched in France in 2004. Using an estimator aimed at avoiding bias in the estimation of treatment effects that are heterogeneous across treatment groups or time periods, and complementing its results with a more precise double fixed effects difference-in-differences estimator, we find no significant aggregate impact of the program on housing prices. We identify four dampening factors that can explain this lack of aggregate impact: a sometimes insufficient level of funding per neighborhood, a stigma effect in the most deprived neighborhoods, the isolation of some neighborhoods located far from city centers, and the concentration of the program's funding on types of operations associated with small impacts on housing prices.
... The project is located in the city of Samarra around the Great Mosque [9]. The Malawa is about a kilometre away from the Shrine of the Imam and the military project surrounding it [10]. The sustainability project is located on the borders of the archaeological area (UNESCO border) [2] because it surrounds an archaeological (see Figure 1). ...
... The largest mosque is in Samarra, and it is one of the most important architectural landmarks in the city [10]. It is one of the largest mosques in the world, and it is still at the forefront in terms of capacity, mastery of beauty, and appearance, among the mosques of the Islamic world. ...
... The mental map of the site 2.2.2. Study of Urban Fabric of the Region: the researchers use an instrumental new strategyto estimate the program's effects on city-level measures of income, property values,so the project site contains an urban fabric based on a pre-layout of the fabric)[10], unlike the organic fabric found in the old city (seeFigure 3)[11]. ...
Article
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This research attempts to put a proposal Sustainable Design Development of the area around the Great Mosque & its Minaret, which it for many years has become a symbol of Iraqi architecture and its history as a result of the skill of Iraqi sculptors and architects in using local materials like bricks in their buildings. The research problem is a knowledge gap about the(SWOT) factors (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) that faced area.. While Research methodology is descriptive and analytical. The Reasons for selecting this project is to raise the percentage of tourism in the area. Subsequently, to grow a good economic city; in addition to the importance of Samarra civilization in making it a destination for tourism for tours, students, poets, and others because it includes many cultural landmarks and needs a space to attract tourists and be a cultural outlet for the city as well as a recreational site embraces their activities and meet their needs. To the archaeological importance of the area near Al-Malwaiya, to attract tourists in the city, and it helps to identify the city heritage.
... Findings from existing literature revealed that numerous studies exist on urban slums in developed and developing countries. Most studies in developed countries have an extraordinary revival of interest in Slum clearance, upgrading and renewal (Collins and Shester, 2013;Johnson and Tashman, 2002;Rossi-Hansberg, Sarte, and Owens, 2010;Jones (2010), Kearns et al. (2019), Yelling (2000) while others were focused on housing demand in urban slum and informal settlement (Agostini, 2011;Kuffer, 2023). It was discovered in the study of Collins and Shester (2013) that slum clearance, upgrade and renewal have a sizable economic impact as it increases property values and income. ...
... Most studies in developed countries have an extraordinary revival of interest in Slum clearance, upgrading and renewal (Collins and Shester, 2013;Johnson and Tashman, 2002;Rossi-Hansberg, Sarte, and Owens, 2010;Jones (2010), Kearns et al. (2019), Yelling (2000) while others were focused on housing demand in urban slum and informal settlement (Agostini, 2011;Kuffer, 2023). It was discovered in the study of Collins and Shester (2013) that slum clearance, upgrade and renewal have a sizable economic impact as it increases property values and income. It was further observed that the estimated effects on income, property values and population were positive and economically significant. ...
Article
Purpose Research on the living conditions of slum dwellers in the inner cities of developing countries has received much attention. Nevertheless, there is little empirical research on the influence of personal attributes on the poor environmental condition of the slum area. This study aims to examine the relationship between the socio-economic characteristics and the physical condition of the slum environment in the inner city of Ibadan, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected through the use of questionnaire administration from a household survey of 491 slum dwellers. Systematic random sampling was used in the selection of the respondents. The study used descriptive, factor and multiple regression to analyse the data collected. Findings The study used descriptive, factor and multiple regression to analyse the data collected. The study reveals an interplay between various socio-economic factors and environmental conditions. The results show that out of ten (10) socio economic variables that were submitted in the regression model, only eight (8) of these variables such as income, household size, occupation, level of education, age, marital status, year of residency and nativity were significant. Originality/value The study concluded that despite the fact that the condition of the slum environment is a product of multiple interrelated factors, personal attributes also contribute to the poor environmental condition of the slum area. The study recommended that improving the socio-economic conditions of slum dwellers would lead to improved environmental conditions.
... While promoting place-oriented national goals, the first-generation policies largely ignored the housing problems of local residents, especially disadvantaged minority populations. By the mid-1960s, United States slum clearance forced the relocation of over 300,000 families, more than half of whom were non-White (Collins & Shester, 2013;HUD 1967;Hyra, 2012;Rapkin, 1980). In the United Kingdom, during the 1950s and 1960s the slum clearance strategy led to the relocation of 2.5 million people living in substandard accommodations to megastructures intended for poor populations (Halsey, 1988, p. 385). ...
... In Israel, too, first-generation renewal policies included brutal eviction of local residents and housing of a new population in the revitalized areas (Margalit, 2013;Nachmany & Hananel, 2019). These policies were justified on the basis of the belief that blight was rooted in powerful negative externalities, so that its elimination or prevention was expected to have positive effects for the city as a whole, and was therefore a broad public purpose, overriding the claims and interests of individuals and groups (Collins & Shester, 2013;Gordon, 2003). In retrospect, it appears that wherever it was implemented, the first-generation bulldozer approach had a negative social impact in the form of displacement and destruction of healthy communities (Carmon, 1999). ...
Article
Urban planning, like any other public policy, is inseparable from the political, economic, and social climate. This study periodizes urban renewal policies on the basis of changes over time in the political-economy regime. The research findings indicate that shifts in the political-economy have had a significant impact on planning and housing policy design and outcomes. Furthermore, the findings show that in the new millennium, following re-centralization processes, a fourth generation of urban renewal policies has emerged. The study discusses the relationship between the four generations and points to potential ramifications of the current policies for various urban groups, especially the most disadvantaged.
... In the aftermath of the great depression and World War II, housing and urban issues rose to the top of the U.S. domestic policy agenda, and the elimination of slums and redevelopment of central cities became prominent objectives. In 1949, Congress authorized the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA) to assist locally planned urban renewal projects with grants of two-thirds (or in some cases three-fourths) of the net project cost to the city [6]. The grant application and project execution processes changed over time, but a typical chronology started with the creation of a Local Public Agency (LPA) that was "enabled" under state legislation to undertake Most of the literatures are overwhelmingly negative in its assessment, disproportionate impact on poor residents, and the use of eminent domain to trump private property rights, huge destruction of neighborhood and loss of the historical buildings [6]. ...
... In 1949, Congress authorized the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA) to assist locally planned urban renewal projects with grants of two-thirds (or in some cases three-fourths) of the net project cost to the city [6]. The grant application and project execution processes changed over time, but a typical chronology started with the creation of a Local Public Agency (LPA) that was "enabled" under state legislation to undertake Most of the literatures are overwhelmingly negative in its assessment, disproportionate impact on poor residents, and the use of eminent domain to trump private property rights, huge destruction of neighborhood and loss of the historical buildings [6]. Moreover, Anderson summarized the results of his research on American public housing slum clearance practice in 1949 under UR program and highlighted that more houses were destroyed than were built and the constructed buildings were predominately high-rent ones, furthermore the housing condition were improved only for those whose housing conditions were best [7]. ...
Article
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Speedy urbanization, illegal and arbitrary developments have contributed to large informal settlements in the capital Kabul. Postwar refugees, the return of internally displaced residents to the city, and rural migration are some causal factors. Today informal settlements cover about more than 69% of Kabul and about 82% of the populations are living in such places and suffering from a very bad condition of life; poor infrastructure, environmental degradation, lack of land for open spaces, parks and medical services are the main problems. Urban Redevelopment (UR) has practiced in many countries, in some regions it was failed but it has considered a well method for slum clearance, dealing with the rapid urbanization, enhancing the quality of life and releasing land for the open space and other public facilities. This paper basically focused on a literature review on urban redevelopment practices in different countries and through the international experiences which took place about the slums, we determined a number of recommendations to deal with the problem and to create a sustainable approach for sensitive redevelopment in the informal settlements of Kabul.
... alues, making the areas economically attractive places for freeway development (Hill, 1967 andTaylor, 2009b). 4 These perceptions were further reinforced by the notion among decision-makers that neighborhoods of color were slums that needed to be bulldozed for urban redevelopment, a belief shared by those who planned the freeway system (Hyra, 2012;W. Collins and Shester, 2013;and M. Miller, 2018). ...
... Some urban regeneration projects are considered to have failed because they have not been able to organize or reverse the city's economic decline. In addition, social unrest, rising crime rates, and a crisis in municipal finances have also been cited as a result of failed urban regeneration projects [12]. In addition to the social problems caused by spatial reconstruction, an unreasonable decision-making mode will also lead to unsatisfactory results. ...
Article
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Urban regeneration has played an important role in Chinese successful urban economic development and is constantly evolving along with the changes in the demands of urban development. However, there have been relatively few studies on urban regeneration evolution. In order to explore the relationship between the evolution of urban regeneration and urban development in China, this paper divides China’s urban regeneration into four stages from the perspective of governance mode, namely, unitary governance, binary governance, tripartite governance, and pluralistic co-governance. It is found that the evolution of urban regeneration is closely related to the core contradictions in the process of urban development, and the development challenges at each period are often caused by the urban regeneration governance mode in the pervious phase. The evolution of urban development and urban regeneration governance mode presents the phenomenon of interaction. Based on the understanding of urban regeneration evolution, this study points out the problems that need to be solved in China’s urban regeneration in the future with suggestions, and the hope is that this study can provide experiences for the urban regeneration development of other developing countries.
... Neighborhoods in 239 cities were graded on a scale of A (most stable/least risky) to D (least stable/most risky). Neighborhoods should had been classified based on riskbased characteristics, such as housing price, age, and location; nevertheless, non-housing attributes including ethnicity, race, and immigration status were strong and influential factors in the process as well (Collins & Shester, 2013). Areas with a lower grade on the maps created by the HOLC faced worse housing market outcomes with regard to house values, homeownership, housing conditions, vacancy rates, and rents over the subsequent decades, and in the wake of the restricted and limited credit access, there was significant persistent housing disinvestment. ...
Article
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The real estate market in the US has historically been shaped by social systems that influence economic foundations, political environments, and social norms, leading to socioeconomic inequality and segregation. Social vulnerabilities, rooted in these systems, result in unequal risk distributions across communities, particularly during disasters. Many case studies have highlighted how marginalized communities suffer disproportionately due to poor housing conditions. This disparity is compounded by historical policies such as the Indian Removal Act, Jim Crow Laws, and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation mapping system, which entrenched housing inequities. Addressing these vulnerabilities requires comprehensive housing policies, community-based initiatives, and interdisciplinary approaches that focus on equitable access to resources, improved housing quality, and resilience against natural hazards. By tackling the root causes of social inequalities, policymakers can foster more inclusive, sustainable, and healthy living environments, mitigating the impacts of disasters on vulnerable populations.
... Secondly, residents in high-rise buildings experience self-esteem and psychological problems as a result of living in sub-standard environments (Larcombe et al., 2019). Thirdly, when integrated into a township, a poorly maintained multi-owned low-cost housing scheme will adversely affect housing prices of surrounding properties, creating negative externalities for society (Collins & Shester, 2013). Hence it is not in the interest of the developer to ignore maintenance and management issues (Correia & Roseland, 2022). ...
... For instance, these could be mobile devices such as tablets that may have a fixed location, but nevertheless produce pings. As such, we take two steps to remove these data: (1) We remove data where the duration of stays that are longer than 12 hours. (2) We remove data in which there are more than 20 stays at the exact latitude and longitude for a given day as another filter to detect immobile devices likely not associated with an individual. ...
Article
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Despite the importance of measuring racial-ethnic segregation and diversity in the United States, current measurements are largely based on the Census and, thus, only reflect segregation and diversity as understood through residential location. This leaves out the social contexts experienced throughout the course of the day during work, leisure, errands, and other activities. The National Experienced Racial-ethnic Diversity (NERD) dataset provides estimates of diversity for the entire United States at the census tract level based on the range of place and times when people have the opportunity to come into contact with one another. Using anonymized and opted-in mobile phone location data to determine co-locations of people and their demographic backgrounds, these measurements of diversity in potential social interactions are estimated at 38.2 m × 19.1 m scale and 15-minute timeframe for a representative year and aggregated to the Census tract level for purposes of data privacy. As well, we detail some of the characteristics and limitations of the data for potential use in national, comparative studies.
... ‫ثِ‬ ( Gibson and Prathes, 1977 ) ‫ثؼهذّ‬ ٍ ‫ههَسٕ‬ ‫رهضاسؽ‬ ‫ً٘هض‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اص‬ Ahuja and Priyadarshini, 2017;Keijts, 2021 ) ‫هـبسکت‬ ‫ثش‬ ) ‫شاؿمرب‬ ‫تَاًوٌذػبصٕ‬ ‫اثش‬ ، ( Eltahir, 2005;Axelrod, 1956;Hawley, 1963 ) ‫هبیٖ‬ ‫هٌبثغ‬ ‫تأه٘ي‬ ‫اثش‬ ، ‫یصَرهٖ‬ ‫ثخهؾ‬ ٍ ‫ههشدم‬ ‫هـهبسکت‬ ‫ه٘ضاى‬ ‫ثش‬ ( Groberg, 1965;Collins and Shester, 2013;Weicher, 1976 ) ‫تهأث٘ش‬ ، ‫ّوبٌّگٖ‬ ‫ؿهْشٕ‬ ‫ثهبصآفشٌٖٗ‬ ‫فشاٌٗهذ‬ ‫ثهش‬ ‫ػبصهبًٖ‬ ‫ث٘ي‬ Davies, 1966;Zhang et al., 2021 ) ( Ryan, 2013: 145;Yamoah et al., 1998;Cestac et al., 2016 ) ...
Article
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Urban laws define power relations to change and reproduce urban spaces. The present article aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of "the law of the endorsement of revitalization, improvement and regeneration of decayed and inefficient urban neighborhoods on the process of urban regeneration in the decayed districts of Hamidia city, Yazd province, Iran, by using statistical methods including the Chi-square test, one-sample T-test and path analysis. The results showed all indicators related to urban regeneration are lower than the expected situation because regenerating drivers, including public-private participation, the socioeconomic empowerment of residents, the provision of financial resources, tax incentives, building incentives, the allocation of urban infrastructure, urban land supply, the reduction of organizational bureaucracy and the improvement of inter-organizational coordination, do not work efficiently in the study area. The results of the one-sample T-test indicated that the above drivers have a significant distance from the expected conditions. According to the path analysis, the variables of socioeconomic empowerment of residents, the allocation of urban infrastructure and the provision of financial resources have the most positive and overall effect on the urban regeneration of the decayed districts, respectively. Variables of the organizational bureaucracy, inter-organizational coordination and urban land supply have the most negative and overall effects, respectively. The ineffectiveness of urban regeneration law in Hamida city may result from its holistic and comprehensive approach. In urban environments like Hamida city with low diversity and low desirability of socioeconomic physical potentials, this approach can reduce the capacity of urban planners and managers to mobilize socioeconomic and spatial resources to revitalize decayed districts.
... Local governments in mainland China can use 'eminent domain' (or compulsory expropriation) in the public interest to expedite the redevelopment process. This controversial strategy is adopted in many other jurisdictions such as the US (Collins & Shester, 2013), Addis Ababa (Gebre, 2008), Ghana (Larbi et al., 2004), and Hong Kong (Hui et al., 2008). However, violent conflicts resulting in severe injury or death can occur when a local government resorts to forced eviction (Liu & Xu, 2018). ...
Article
Urbanisation is the key to China's modernisation. Extensive urban village redevelopment projects (UVRPs) have recently been implemented in China, with the expectation of generating positive socioeconomic and environmental effects. However, social instability has resulted from conflicts over land and informal settlements. In this study, we investigate the factors influencing conflict levels during the UVRP process. Based on data collected from 439 projects in seven Chinese cities, ordered logit regression reveals that UVRPs with a top-down rather than a bottom-up institutional arrangement are more likely to have violent conflicts. Projects implemented with a bottom-up and villager-funded approach involve lower levels of conflict than those with a bottom-up and private developer-funded approach. Other determinants, including factors related to policies, time, and space along with project specificity, also influence the conflict level during the redevelopment process. These empirical results can inform government approaches to policymaking, thus enabling more positive outcomes for both governments and affected villagers.
... Research into the effects of the implementation of urban renewal is a key focus in the field of sustainable development [2,3]. On the one hand, some scholars propose that urban renewal in developing countries has positive impacts on employment and poverty reduction [4,5]. On the other hand, some scholars claim that urban renewal is a gentrification process that seriously affects spatial justice and causes the displacement of vulnerable groups and social inequality [6,7]. ...
Article
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To achieve sustainable development, the improvement of villagers’ subjective well-being has become the main policy goal of urban village renewal. However, the mechanism of how urban village renewal affects subjective well-being remains untested in previous research. Utilizing the survey data on 414 resettled households in the urban village renewal through a random sample method in Wuhan, China, we adopted the intermediary model to test the mechanism of how urban village renewal affects the resettled villagers’ subjective well-being. We explored the contribution rate of each intermediary variable to subjective well-being through Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and, consequently, proposed corresponding policy suggestions. The results show that the renewal of urban villages can improve the economic conditions, housing conditions, social security status, and living environments of residents and significantly enhance the subjective well-being of the resettled villagers and households. The multi-dimensional changes resulting from the renewal of urban villages increase subjective well-being through complete mediation. The Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition results demonstrate that improvement of the living environment has the strongest influence on subjective well-being, with a contribution rate of 69.81%. In the future, the renewal of urban villages should focus on environmental improvement, protect neighborhood networks, and promote community engagement, so as to realize the sustainable redevelopment of urban villages.
... Urban renewal targeted these areas deemed as "blighted" or "slums," often replacing them with office developments, new commercial centers, or, in this case, freeways (See Chapter 2). Freeways served both to pave over such neighborhoods or to cordon them off from more well-off areas nearby (Baum-Snow, 2007;Mieszkowski and Mills, 1993;von Hoffman, 2008;Collins and Shester, 2013;Manvel, 1968;Carriere, 2011;. The process of urban renewal ultimately eased the condemnation of land for freeway construction. ...
Research
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California’s freeways have come under increasing scrutiny for their disproportionately adverse impacts on low-income populations and populations of color. This study uses empirical research to not only understand but also quantify and describe in detail the historical impacts of freeways on communities of color in four California cities and areas: Pasadena, Pacoima, Sacramento, and San José. In these neighborhoods, freeways displaced many residents, significantly harmed those that remained, and left communities divided and depleted. The four cases differ in notable ways, but they share a disproportionate impact of freeway construction on communities of color. In Pasadena and Pacoima, decision-makers chose routes that displaced a greater share of households of color than proposed alternatives. Demolition and displacement were the most visible and immediate effects of the freeways, but toxic pollution, noise, economic decline, and stigmatization remained long after. In suburban areas, white, affluent interests often succeeded in pushing freeways to more powerless neighborhoods. Massive roadway construction complemented other destructive governmental actions such as urban renewal and redlining. Freeways and suburbanization were key components in the creation of a spatial mismatch between jobs and housing for people of color, with few transportation options to overcome it. Understanding the history of racism in freeway development can inform restorative justice in these areas.
... Mixed-use zoning has been shown to increase property values in Europe (Koster & Rouwendal 2012) and the US (Nakamura et al. 2018). Large urban redevelopment programs from the 1960s in the US (Collins & Shester 2013;Hartley et al. 2021) also point to potential gains from redevelopment. ...
... All urban redevelopment has the tendency to increase local tax revenue (Park, 1985). Urban renewal programs that include retail spaces increase property values first for the subject parcel(s) and subsequently for those nearby (Collins & Shester, 2013;Jayantha & Ming, 2015;Ki & Jayantha, 2010;Song & Sohn, 2007). Similarly, sales prices of homes in neighborhoods with poor food access increase more than the neighborhood average if they are near land development projects that include grocery stores (Caceres & Geoghegan, 2017). ...
Article
The dynamics of urban redevelopment processes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), especially around retail spaces, have gained currency among scholars. Some scholars frame these processes as state-led, informed by party politics, clientelism and meddling, and often resisted by traders and residents. Drawing from Growth Machine theory, this article uses a qualitative case study of the Takoradi Central Market (TCM) in Ghana to reframe this conversation in two important ways. First, it takes a broader view of these redevelopment processes by arguing they are constitutive of often-overlooked neoliberal processes that are disciplining the political-economic and spatial logics of people and spaces across sub-Saharan Africa. The TCM case illustrates the (mis)aligned spatial, economic, and political motives driving various actors within Ghana’s neoliberal placemaking processes that foster accumulation and dispossession around retail spaces under the cover of civic boosterism. Second, rather than simply focusing on local resistance and activism, the article orients us toward a relational understanding of the conflict that exits between market traders and the state by interrogating the embedded alliances and conflicts within and between different actors as they pursue their myriad (mis)aligned economic, spatial, and political motives. It is these inherent conflicts and alliances, and the neoliberal urban redevelopment contexts within which they occur, that must remain central to urban research and policy discourses in SSA.
... Para o caso europeu, Peter Hall (1996) e David Harvey (2006 elencaram os processos de transformação das cidades de modernização capitalista, produto da remoção dos setores mais pobres das cidades desde o século XIX. Contemporaneamente, os processos de reassentamento continuaram sendo realizados no marco de políticas de reestruturação urbana (Collins & Shester, 2013;Doff & Kleinhans, 2011;Kleinhans & Kearns, 2013). ...
Article
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Resumo Os processos de remoção de casas e de reassentamento de famílias, gerados no marco de políticas públicas de desenvolvimento urbano, implicam diversos processos de mobilidades das famílias, em diferentes escalas espaço-temporais. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as práticas e experiências de deslocamento enfrentadas pelas famílias que participaram do Programa Vila Viva, implementado pela Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, no Aglomerado da Serra em Minas Gerais, Brasil. A partir da análise espacial dos conjuntos habitacionais construídos pelo programa e de entrevistas qualitativas semiestruturadas com famílias moradoras do Aglomerado, identificamos transformações significativas nas práticas de mobilidade na vida cotidiana dessas famílias, tanto na sua inserção no âmbito do acesso aos espaços urbanos da cidade, como da vizinhança e dos espaços mais próximos da moradia. Também distinguimos padrões de mobilidades diferentes, associados tanto aos arranjos familiares e à localização da área de reassentamento, quanto ao gênero, à idade, aos recursos econômicos e à situação de saúde dos sujeitos móveis.
... Discourses of urban disposability, in opposition to the ideas of temporal continuity, durability and permanence (Abramson 2016), are the primary justification for pro-growth urban renewal, which signifies that the built environment is deteriorated or physically impaired beyond normal use, and hence necessitates redevelopment (Avila and Rose 2009;Gold and Sagalyn 2010;Gordon 2004). We know from a long line of exhaustive studies that housing demolition takes place through condemnation of buildings that are declared to be unsafe and unsanitary, such as government and private funding-backed urban renewal projects (Highsmith 2009), through declaration of residential and commercial areas as slums (Collins and Shester 2013), blighted (Carriere 2011;Gordon 2004), and obsolete (Abramson 2016). Housing demolition, which on the surface appears to be morally and racially neutral, as if the social had been removed from an entirely technical matter, allows the state and private developers to speed up the turnover of capital in the built environment (Abramson 2016;Weber 2002). ...
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This research is an examination of the role of the urban elite in an earthquake risk-driven urban transformation process in Istanbul, Turkey. By displaying the mechanisms through which urban transformation in Istanbul’s privileged areas is invited and implemented by the urban elite that I locate on the fringes of the growth machine, this research contributes to the literature on urban growth, and specifically the role of the urban elite in this growth coalition. This article displays the urban elite’s ambivalent approach, which I describe as selective opposition: simultaneously occurring growth-controlling discourses and growth-engaging activities by affluent residents, who are neither fully members nor opponents of the growth coalition and who critique growth politics from which they accumulate wealth. This research displays the mechanisms through which the urban elite reproduce their power, privilege, and wealth, and hence sheds light on the processes of inequality reproduction and affluence maintenance.
... According to the Department of Transportation, between 1957 to 1977, the construction of interstate highways across the country displaced more than a million people (Park, 2017). It is estimated that urban renewal from 1949 to 1974 resulted in the demolition of 40,000 housing units, displacing 300,000 households of which about half were people of color (Collins and Shester, 2013). ...
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Scholarship on gendered mobilities has shown that women experience transit differently than men do, particularly regarding personal safety. Not enough studies have considered the everyday interaction of women of color with transit systems. This research employs a photovoice methodology which includes in-depth interviews and phone texting with 22 low-income women of color who ride transit at least a few times a month in Oregon and Utah. Like other gender mobility research, participants discussed sexual harassment on buses, streetcar, and light rail while walking or waiting for public transportation in either crowded areas downtown or desolated spaces outside of it. At the same time, this article makes a unique contribution to this body of literature because it shows that women feel targeted also based on their racial or ethnic identity and not only their gender. The article discusses women's actions every day to increase their sense of safety. Cover letter Dear Editors, I am submitting an article titled, "Public Transit and Gender-Based Harassment: A Photovoice Project in Portland and Salt Lake City." This research employs a photovoice methodology which includes in-depth interviews and phone texting with 22 low-income women of color who ride transit at least a few times a month TriMet in Portland and UTA in Salt Lake City. Like other gender mobility research, participants discussed sexual harassment on buses, streetcar, and light rail while walking or waiting for public transportation in either crowded areas downtown or desolated spaces outside of it. At the same time, this article makes a unique contribution to this body of literature because it shows that women feel targeted also based on their racial or ethnic identity and not only their gender. The article discusses women's actions every day to increase their sense of safety. In addition, participants make suggestions of societal and transit agency changes that would improve safety while engaging with public transportation systems. I have corrected the following issues: 1. I changed the title from "Low-income women harassment in transit: A photovoice project in Oregon and Utah" to "Low-income women harassment in transit: a photovoice project in Oregon and Utah." I made the title is the same in the manuscript and the metadata. 2. The article is already double-spaced. However, the double-space doesn't show up on your pdf. To solve this, I uploaded a pdf version, not word. 3. The manuscript already has page numbers. However, it did not show up when the pdf was built. To solve this, I uploaded a pdf version, not word. Thanks for your consideration, Ivis Cover Letter Manuscript Number: TRD-D-22-00585R2 Low-income women harassment in transit: a photovoice project in Oregon and Utah Dear Assoiate Editos Lingqian Hu, Thank you for evaluating our manuscript and inviting us to resubmit our before Sep 28, 2022. As requested we have changed the title, to convey a clearrer and more direct message. We submitted a separate sheet for the highlights and we also edited them down. With the help of other authors whos's main language is Elglish, proofreading, was accomplished. Edits are shown in red. Thanks again for the opportunity, Ivis Garcia Response to Editor Highlights  Past policies like redlining result in unsafe spaces today.  Truly safe spaces must account for experiences of low-income women of color. Participants suggest societal and transit agency changes that improve safety. Highlights
... According to the Department of Transportation, between 1957 and 1977, the construction of interstate highways across the country displaced more than a million people (Park, 2017). It is estimated that urban renewal from 1949 to 1974 resulted in the demolition of 40,000 housing units, displacing 300,000 households of which about half were people of color (Collins and Shester, 2013). Although black people and women did create several coalitions to resist government policy, most of their opposition was largely ignored (Parson, 1984). ...
Article
Scholarship on gendered mobilities has shown that women experience transit differently than men do, particularly regarding personal safety. Not enough studies have considered the everyday interaction of women of color with transit systems. This research employs a photovoice methodology which includes in-depth interviews and phone texting with 22 low-income women of color who ride transit at least a few times a month in Oregon and Utah. Like other gender mobility research, participants discussed sexual harassment on buses, streetcar, and light rail while walking or waiting for public transportation in either crowded areas downtown or desolated spaces outside of it. At the same time, this article makes a unique contribution to this body of literature because it shows that women feel targeted also based on their racial or ethnic identity and not only their gender. The article discusses women’s actions every day to increase their sense of safety.
... At present, a small number of scholars have found that urban renewal projects have a negative or nonsignificant impact on surrounding house prices [7,8], and most scholars have paid attention to the improvement in housing itself or whether the surrounding environment has a positive impact on house prices. Malpezzi [9], Immergluck [10], and Collins and Shester [11] summarized the practical experiences of Western countries and found that urban renewal projects increase the number of amenities, improve the overall environment of surrounding communities and the living conditions of residents, and have a positive spillover effect on house prices. Ahlfeldt et al. [12] and Jayantha and Yung [13] found that urban renewal not only has a positive impact on the price of surrounding houses but also has a certain effect on house rental. ...
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Scientific measurement of the appreciation effect of house prices after the installation of elevators in old residential areas would help build a reasonable urban renewal investment mechanism. Based on the transaction data of second-hand houses in old residential areas with elevators installed in Beijing from 2016 to 2021, a multiperiod DID model is constructed to measure the appreciation effect, dynamic effect, and heterogeneity effect brought by the installation of elevators and to explore the mechanism of the appreciation effect. The research results show that, overall, the installation of elevators boosts the house prices of the entire community, and the appreciation effect appears in advance due to good market expectations. However, the effect of house prices varies by floor. The higher the floor, the greater the appreciation of house prices, while low-rise residential buildings are depreciated by the installation of elevators. Mechanistic research shows that the appreciation of house prices on high floors is mainly due to the improvement in the living environment, and factors such as noise and poor lighting lead to depreciation on lower floors. The results of quantile regression analysis show that the appreciation effect brought by the installation of elevators increases with the increase in the residential value.
... According to the Department of Transportation, between 1957 to 1977, the construction of interstate highways across the country displaced more than a million people (Park 2017). It is estimated that urban renewal from 1949 to 1974 resulted in the demolition of 40,000 housing units displacing 300,000 households of which about half were people of color (Collins and Shester 2013). Although black people and women did create a number of coalitions to resist government policy, most of their opposition was largely ignored (Parson 1984). ...
... Planning theory from the global north has little to offer here since informal settlements were deemed abject and have largely disappeared from developed nations. Vast resources were dedicated to slum clearance and urban renewal in post-war Europe and North America to eradicate housing believed to be sub-standard (although with arguably mixed success, see Collins and Shester, 2013;Yelling, 2000). Attempts to replicate this total clearance model in South Africa ignores the issue that simply providing better housing does not in itself solve the problems of the acutely poor; Robins' (2002) account of Cape Town's Joe Slovo Park offers a salutary lesson here. ...
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For Kristeva (1982) the abject not only caused visceral disgust but posed a threat to the established order of society. The abject is a product of particular times and places but limited attention has been given to understanding the process of transitioning away from abject status. We address this gap here through an examination of the planning profession in post-apartheid South Africa. The paper examines how the abject is fluid and resilient, evolving to fit a changing planning system and broader political economy where a discourse of abjection by race has been replaced by a focus on poverty.
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Penerapan desentralisasi seharusnya memberikan dampak yang positif pada kemajuan daerah. Sejak penerapannya tahun 2001, desentralisasi di Indonesia semakin dalam dan luas diterapkan. Menggunakan kebijakan penataan permukiman kumuh sebagai pendekatan studi akan dilihat dampak dari desentralisasi dan seberapa persisten dampak tersebut hadir. Hasil estimasi dengan menggunakan RD-DiD menunjukkan bahwa penerapan desentralisasi berkorelasi negatif dengan penataan permukiman kumuh di kawasan Jabodetabek. Luas permukiman kumuh lebih besar 45% dibandingkan dengan tahun sebelum desentralisasi atau daerah yang tidak terdesentralisasi. Dengan demikian dalam aspek penataan permukiman kumuh desentralisasi dapat dikatakan tidak berjalan efektif bahkan cenderung membuat keadaan lebih buruk.
Article
Mid-20th century urban renewal in the United States was transformational for the physical urban fabric and socioeconomic trajectories of neighborhoods and its displaced residents. However, there is little research that systematically investigates its impacts due to incomplete national data. This article uses a multiple-model machine learning method to discover 204 new Census tracts that were likely sites of federal urban renewal, highway construction related demolition, and other urban renewal projects between 1949 and 1970. It also aims to understand the factors motivating the decision to “renew” certain neighborhoods. I find that race, housing age, and homeownership are all determinants of renewal. Moreover, by stratifying the analysis along neighborhoods perceived to be more or less risky, I also find that race and housing age are two distinct channels that influence renewal.
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Kentlerin kimlikleri tarihlerine güçlü bir şekilde bağlıdır. Köklü tarihe sahip kentler için tarihsel miras unsurları kentin dünü, bugünü ve geleceği arasındaki bağı kurma sürecindeki işlevleri nedeniyle son derece önem arz eder. Kentlerin tarihi ve kültürel bir kimliğe sahip olmaları ile ortaya çıkan tarihi çevreler, açık hava müzesi hüviyetine sahip bölgeler olarak bilinir. Bursa kentinin tarihi çekirdeği olarak adlandırılan yerde bulunan Tarihi Çarşı ve Hanlar Bölgesi, bu çalışmanın araştırma sahasını oluşturmaktadır. Bursa, 1960'lardan itibaren sanayileşmeye paralel olarak yoğun bir biçimde göçlerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu bağlamda 1980'lerle birlikte Tarihi Çarşı ve Hanlar Bölgesindeki tarihi doku, çok katlı apartman blokları tarafından çevrelenmiş; bu durum Hanlar Bölgesinin korunması için birtakım adımları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Günümüzde bu tarihi dokunun ön plana çıkartılması ve yaşatılması için bölgede kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, araştırma sahasındaki kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları ile ortaya çıkan mekânsal değişimi ele almayı hedeflemektedir. Karma araştırma yöntemi ile yürütülen çalışmaya literatür taramaları, uydu görüntüleri, saha araştırmaları, katılımcı gözlem ve anket uygulamaları ile yön verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Osmanlı Döneminde kırsal yerleşme dokusuna sahip olan bölgenin Cumhuriyet Dönemi ile yoğun bir biçimde planlama hareketleri yaşadığı ve fonksiyonel açıdan kentsel yerleşme hüviyetini kazandığı anlaşılmaktadır. 2020 yılından itibaren yaklaşık 40 adet yapının yıkılmasıyla tarihi çevrenin ön plana çıkartılması amaçlanmış ve bu durum araştırma sahasında birtakım sonuçlar doğurmuştur.
Article
Historical structural racism in the built environment contributes to health inequities, yet to date, research has almost exclusively focused on racist policy of redlining. We expand upon this conceptualization of historical structural racism by examining the potential associations of probable blockbusting, urban renewal, and proximity to displacement from freeway construction, along with redlining, to multiple contemporary health measures. Analyses linked historical structural racism, measured continuously at the census-tract level using archival data sources, to present-day residents’ physical health measures drawn from publicly accessible records for Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Outcome measures included average life expectancy and the percentage of residents reporting hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, smoking, insufficient sleep, sedentary behavior, and no health insurance coverage. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine separate and additive associations between structural racism and physical health measures. Redlining, probable blockbusting, and urban renewal were associated with shorter life expectancy and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular conditions, risky health behaviors, and residents lacking health insurance coverage. Probable blockbusting and urban renewal had the most consistent correlations with all 8 health measures, while freeway displacement was not reliably associated with health. Additive models explained a greater proportion of variance in health than any individual structural racism measure alone. Moreover, probable blockbusting and urban renewal accounted for relatively more variance in health compared to redlining, suggesting that research should consider these other measures in addition to redlining. These preliminary correlational findings underscore the importance of considering multiple aspects of historical structural racism in relation to current health inequities and serve as a starting point for additional research.
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The purpose of this research is to highlight the impact that urban renewal had on African American communities in Charlotte, Borth Carolina between the 1950s and 1970s, specifically the Brooklyn community. The work identifies the numerous facets of culture that existed in the Brooklyn community, and how urban renewal led to the destruction of that culture. After establishing a socially inclusive definition of culture, this work portrays the existence of a strong and vibrant culture within the Brooklyn community and how urban renewal was used in the erasure of this culture. Previous research has examined the impact that urban renewal has had on inner cities, on different ethnic groups, and the ways in which white city leaders used urban renewal to continue residential segregation. My research differs by investigating the specific impact that urban renewal had on African American culture, analyzing the effect the destruction of the physical community of Brooklyn had on the community’s culture. This paper relies heavily on my analysis of an oral history project overseen by Dr. Karen Flint, which includes over forty interviews with former Brooklyn residents. My paper concludes that Charlotte’s white leaders’ inherent racism led to the destruction of Brooklyn’s physical community, which contributed to the forced displacement of residents and to the destruction of Brooklyn’s pre-displacement culture. This research is important both to recognize the strength and significance of the Brooklyn community’s culture and to understand how racism in Charlotte’s past has shaped the current residential landscape of Charlotte.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are well-documented links between structural racism and inequities in children’s opportunities. Yet, when it comes to understanding the role of the built environment, a disproportionate focus on redlining obscures other historical policies and practices such as blockbusting, freeway displacement, and urban renewal that may impact contemporary child development. We hypothesized that historical structural racism in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania’s, built environment would be associated with fewer contemporary educational, socioeconomic, and health opportunities. We also hypothesized that these measures would explain more collective variance in children’s opportunities than redlining alone. METHODS We used geospatial data from the US Census, Mapping Inequality Project, and other archival sources to construct historical measures of redlining, blockbusting, freeway displacement, and urban renewal in ArcGIS at the census tract level. These were linked with data from the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 to measure children’s opportunities across domains of education, socioeconomic status, and health. We ran spatial regression analyses in Stata 18.0 to examine individual and collective associations between structural racism and children’s opportunities. RESULTS Historical redlining, blockbusting, and urban renewal were largely associated with fewer contemporary educational, socioeconomic, and health opportunities, and explained up to 47.4% of the variance in children’s opportunities. The measures collectively explained more variance in children’s opportunities than redlining alone. CONCLUSIONS In support of our hypotheses, novel measures of structural racism were related to present-day differences in children’s opportunities. Findings lay the groundwork for future research focused on repairing longstanding harm perpetuated by structural racism.
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As Africa is rapidly urbanizing, there is perhaps no other urban policy area more pressing than the elimination of slums along with the development of equitable access to affordable housing for low-income residents, which requires immediate attention. Ethiopia has taken on this challenge through its Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP), a policy that incorporates slum clearance and resettlement through a government-led development of condominium housing targeting those displaced and other low- and middle-income households. However, construction of most condominiums has taken place at large-scale conglomerations on periphery of the city considered peri-urban. These sites are far from the city center where slum clearance took place and where most social and economic activity continue to be concentrated. Utilizing a survey instrument, this study examines the mediating effect of IHDP residents’ perception of access to public, urban facilities, and transportation condition, two dimensions of spatial equity. The analysis found that those living at peri-urban IHDP sites perceive lower levels of spatial equity compared to urban IHDP condominium residents. Moreover, peri-urban residents’ perception of spatial equity is a statistically significant mediating factor on the relationship between their location and lower levels of overall satisfaction living at their IHDP condominiums.
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This paper studies how the expansion of segregated neighborhoods eroded black wealth in prewar American cities. Using a novel sample of matched addresses, we find that over a single decade rental prices soared by roughly 50 percent on city blocks that transitioned from all white to majority black. Meanwhile, pioneering black families paid a 28 percent premium to buy a home on a majority white block, after which their homes lost 10 percent of their value. These findings strongly suggest that segregated housing markets cost black families much of the gains associated with moving north during the Great Migration.
Chapter
The chapter offers a detailed examination of the American national urban agenda and policies from the early decades of the twentieth century to the present day. It explains the complex web of demographic and macroeconomic dynamics that affect urban agenda-setting. Aspects of political culture and ideology are thematized in discussing policy design features of “explicitly urban” and “non-urban” governmental policymaking, concluding that the governance of democratic federalism is a determinant feature in American urban policies. The U.S. case is well suited to come up with generalizations on urban agendas. It offers a wide range of innovative formulations of urban-related program policies, which have been a source of policy transfer for policy design. It is a critical case for policy learning from both an understanding-oriented and an action-oriented perspective, and it is also a paradigmatic case as it has a prototypical value and sets the standards for policy research on urban agendas. U.S. urban policy over the time frame considered herein has been a reference model in urban policy studies, acknowledged worldwide.KeywordsFederalPolicyUrban AgendaGovernment
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Problems with health and safety are associated with informal housing worldwide and have led some governments to respond by implementing clearance policies. However, informal housing plays an important role in providing affordable living space to people with low incomes. Careful evaluation of these informal housing clearance policies and assessment of their impacts is therefore sorely needed. This paper empirically evaluates the effect of the informal housing clearance move of Beijing, induced by an unexpected fire in November 2017. We find that the informal housing clearance move has a significant impact on a city’s housing market, particularly on rents. Further, the informal housing clearance significantly reduces the size of the city’s labor supply in the short term, but as the wage level in the city rises, part of the city’s labor force returns, resulting in insignificant mid- to long-term effects on the labor supply. These effects also extend to the housing and labor markets of the receiving cities. We further build a spatial general equilibrium model with different types of labor and formal and informal housing that considers individual location choices. The model calibration is consistent with the empirical findings. The model simulation shows that in response to the informal housing clearance policy, the utility levels of both Beijing and the receiving cities decrease. We then examine the policy effects of increasing formal housing supply elasticities, the indemificatory housing, and the threshold of entering the formal housing market. We find that increasing formal housing supply elasticity and indemificatory housing while decreasing the threshold of entering the formal housing market can mitigate the increase in rents and decrease in labor supply caused by the informal housing clearance policies, and compensate for the decrease in utility levels.
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The Great Migration significantly increased the number of African American people moving to northern and western cities beginning in the first half of the twentieth century. We show that their arrival shaped “slum clearance” and urban redevelopment efforts in receiving cities. To estimate the effect of migrants, we instrument for Black population changes using a shift-share instrument that interacts historical migration patterns with local economic shocks that predict Black out-migration from the South. We find that local governments responded by undertaking more urban renewal projects that aimed to redevelop and rehabilitate “blighted” areas. More Black migrants also led to an increase in family displacement. This underscores the contribution of spatial policies such as urban renewal towards understanding the long-term consequences of the Great Migration on central cities, and Black neighborhoods and individuals.
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Urban renewal and the built environment have become two of the hottest topics in urban planning studies. Although existing literature has started to examine both of them from different perspectives, a comprehensive review with a bibliometric analysis is necessary to fully reveal the association between them. To overcome these gaps, this paper critically reviews the literature on urban renewal and the built environment and proposes a novel research framework to systematically understand the relationship between them. Based on 155 articles which were published between 2001 and 2020 collected from the Web of Science Core Collection Database, a bibliometric analysis offers the overall development and trajectory of the existing research, and a critical review fully analyzes the relationship between the two topics from three perspectives: main categories of urban renewal, multiple stakeholders, and economic, social and environmental development needs. To better clarify the interaction mechanism between urban renewal and the built environment and guide further research in this area, a future research agenda is also provided.
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This article reviews recent literature using insights from history to answer central questions in urban economics. This area of research has seenapid growth in the past decade, thanks to new technologies that have made available increasingly rich data stretching far back in time. The focus is to review innovative methods to exploit historical information and discuss applications of these data that provide new insights into (i) the long run growth of cities or regional economies and (ii) the spatial organization of economic activities within cities. The review also surveys the growing literature outside urban economics that uses the historical urbanization as a proxy for economic growth, discusses differences between how economic historians and urban economists think about the relationship between urbanization and growth, and considers how these views might be reconciled.
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