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Water Pricing, the New Water Law, and the Poor: An Estimation of Demand for Improved Water Services in Madagascar
Abstract
Generalized cost recovery is one of the basic principles of the new Water Law that has recently been adopted by the Malagasy government. However, the effect of this change in policy is still poorly understood. Based on contingent valuation surveys in an urban and a rural area in southern Madagascar, this study analyzes the effect of changes in prices for water services. The results suggest that a minimum size of 90 households in a village is necessary to reach full cost recovery for well construction. Given that this is significantly above the current size of villages in the survey area, full cost recovery seems therefore impossible and subsidies are necessary to increase access to improved water services. Cost recovery for maintenance is relatively easier to achieve. In urban areas, water use practices and willingness to pay for water services depend highly on household income. To better serve the poor, it is therefore suggested that rich households, who rely on private taps, cross-subsidize poor households as a significant number of households is unwilling or unable to pay for water from a public tap. Given that public taps make up a small part of the total consumption of the national water company JIRAMA, lower income from public taps are shown to have only a marginal effect on its total income. However, as experiences in other countries as well as in Madagascar have shown, a fee on public taps is necessary as water for free leads to spoilage, does not give any incentive for the distributor to expand networks, and might therefore be a bad policy for the poor overall.
... Distance and time have a positive impact on the WTP for tap water connections (Whittington et al. 1991;Calkins et al. 2002;Minten et al. 2002;Mehrara et al. 2009). Distance from the water point and WTP are inversely related, the nearer the distance higher the WTP. ...
... The dissatisfaction with the current water situation leads to a higher WTP (Minten et al. 2002;Fujita et al. 2005). Income of the HHs, education, size of the HHs, and age of the respondent are the most significant factors influencing the WTP for improved water supply (Minten et al. 2002;Roy et al. 2004;Mehrara et al. 2009;Wang et al. 2010;Wendimu & Bekele 2011). ...
... The dissatisfaction with the current water situation leads to a higher WTP (Minten et al. 2002;Fujita et al. 2005). Income of the HHs, education, size of the HHs, and age of the respondent are the most significant factors influencing the WTP for improved water supply (Minten et al. 2002;Roy et al. 2004;Mehrara et al. 2009;Wang et al. 2010;Wendimu & Bekele 2011). The education of the HHs (Whittington et al. 1991), and the respondent's education level are significant variables that explain WTP (Wendimu & Bekele 2011). ...
The objectives of the study are to analyse the perception of consumers on piped water supply, the consumers’ willingness to pay for improved water supply, and the factors that affect it. The sample unit is the consumer household of the public health divisions. The sample size is 181. A multistage random sampling procedure was adopted to choose the sample household. Descriptive statistics and structural equation models are used to analyse the data. This study found that consumer satisfaction is influenced by water supply quantity, pressure, timing, and visual aspects. The main factors causing interruptions include pipeline breakage, cyclone impact, summer water depletion, construction work, motor damage, and reservoir cleaning. Households are not well-informed about advance payment, its benefits, and the proper procedure for obtaining a receipt. Household income, education, satisfaction with water quality, the period of the service association, supply water price, and sufficiency of water during summer directly affect consumers’ willingness to pay. Discontent with appearance and taste affects quality dissatisfaction and indirectly willingness to pay.
... This reduces the stress of trekking a long distance in search of water. This conforms with the study of Minten (2002) where he indicated that in Madagascar, women spend an average of 12 minutes daily collecting water. According to WHO, between 50 and 100 litres of water per person per day are needed to ensure that most basic needs are met and few health concerns arise. ...
... This implies that majority has to go in search of water daily and this affects their resourceful and relaxation time. This is in line with the findings of Minten (2002) in Madagascar, where women spend spend a lot of time collecting water on a daily basis. Source: Field Work, 2020. ...
This study assessed the drivers of domestic water consumption pattern in Idah LGA, Kogi State. It focuses on the analysis of the sources of water, the magnitude of household water demand, consumption pattern of water, factors influencing consumption pattern of household water, and the relationship between domestic water supply and consumption pattern in Idah. The methodology involves the use of questionnaires, oral interview, and personal observation to gather necessary information. The sample size of four hundred (400) was selected using simple random technique. The results from the study revealed that boreholes (48.6%) and rivers (47.5%) are the major sources of water to households. The study further revealed that consumption and supply of water are 105.1 liters and 110.4 liters respectively per person per day. It was also revealed that the household activity that consumed more water is cloth washing. The study also revealed that household size (33.6%) is the major determinant of water consumption pattern in the area under study. A large positive linear relationship between the household water consumed and water supplied was found. These factors should be considered in water supply planning in low and middle income countries with limited access to safe potable water, along with interventions which control water wastage.
... In all but one of these studies with both income and education data, higher incomes and levels of education were positively correlated with higher willingness to pay for the examined water good. In three of the studies (Amoah, 2017;Lema &Beyene, 2012 andMinten, Razafindralambo, Burton Randriamiarana, &Larson, 2002), income was also positively correlated with higher willingness to pay, but education was not measured. Hardner (1996) found no effect from higher income on willingness to pay and did not examine education levels. ...
... In all but one of these studies with both income and education data, higher incomes and levels of education were positively correlated with higher willingness to pay for the examined water good. In three of the studies (Amoah, 2017;Lema &Beyene, 2012 andMinten, Razafindralambo, Burton Randriamiarana, &Larson, 2002), income was also positively correlated with higher willingness to pay, but education was not measured. Hardner (1996) found no effect from higher income on willingness to pay and did not examine education levels. ...
Determining the value of environmental goods that impact human populations, such as potable water, is often highly problematic. The all‐too‐common lack of realistic markets for the provisioning of these goods necessitates the use of nonmarket valuation techniques. Contingent valuation surveys are often an appropriate method, thanks to their ability to value hypothetical changes and nonuse values, and their limited prior data requirements. When properly implemented, contingent valuation surveys can estimate the maximum willingness to pay of surveyed individuals, allowing the value of the environmental good to be accurately measured. An analysis of the extant body of contingent valuation studies of rural potable water systems in developing and emerging countries indicates that rural water consumers are willing to pay, often substantially, for the creation of a potable water system or for improvements to existing system. Studies involving changes to existing potable water system, through improving an existing system for greater reliability or sustainability, showed a high degree of consistency in respondents' willingness to pay estimates as a percentage of income or current water tariff. Higher incomes, higher levels of education and youth, among other characteristics, were found to be positively correlated with higher willingness to pay estimates. Future contingent valuation studies focusing on improving comparability through greater methodological consistency, and addressing the impact of community power dynamics, intercommunal cleavages, and subsidies could be especially productive.
This article is categorized under:
• Human Water > Value of Water
• Engineering Water > Planning Water
• Human Water > Water Governance
... The exact groundwater potential of the country is unknown, but it has been estimated to be approximately 2.6 billion m 3 (ADF, 2005). Despite this abundance, many (Minten et al., 2002). This clearly shows that lack of access to safe water supply has implications far beyond the expected individual health concerns, potentially affecting all sustainable development endeavors. ...
... The average water consumption per person per day is thus 12 liters. This figure is significantly lower than the WHO guidelines, which state that the per capita water consumption should be at least 20 liters per day (Mengesha et al., 2002;Minten et al., 2002;and Collick, 2008). The waiting time at the sources varies from 0 to 120 minutes, with a mean duration of 25 minutes and standard deviation of 23 minutes. ...
... Water pricing is actually associated with identified problems as pointed out in Bichi (2010), on which if water pricing issue is treated for free it may lead to less sustainability; lack of incentive for the distributor to expand networks; might therefore be a bad policy for the poor overall as identified by Minten et al (2002); and price has been identified as a modifier for water consumption behavior as it affects supply costs according to Griffin (2001). Water pricing is an effective mechanism to manage water use. ...
Domestic water demand and supply is one of the basic requirements which expresses decent health, and measurement of standard of living in an area. The geometric explosion form of population increment in most of our cities has been a major stress burgling on domestic water demand and supply. This situation has made water distribution system very poor, high water pricing to the customers without standard water pricing system. This research is aim at investigating and predicting the affordably of water pricing that customers' can pay for effective domestic water supply and used. The study used contingent valuation (CV) measurement method to elicit information from the customers within the Kaduna Metropolis as case study. End Use Analysis (EUA) was then used to understand the components of household water use, price willingness to pay (affordability), and the extent to which commitment of payment. The survey used Random Sampling methods for selecting 10 areas within Kaduna Metropolis, which includes Rigasa, Tudun Wada, Kawo, Ungwa Pama, and Goni-Gora designated as high density, while Gwamina Road, Marafa, Narayi H/C, Ungwa Rimi Low Cost and Challawa as low density. The low-density areas were further demarcated into three enumeration areas, while high density was demarcated into five for good coverage. The average size of household within the enumerated areas was between 5 to 9 person and water consumption patterns ranged from drinking, bathing, toileting, to washing with a required estimated value of about 369.2 litres of water per day per household. Generally, about 93.9% households responded to agreed and willingly accepted to pay between N1500 and N2500 per month across the status considered. The price was regressed against the water consumption, and the statistical analysis shows significant correlation as domestic water consumption rate tends to be high as price moderately predicted. Though the result do not show any reactions from the Agency, but it is enough to say that the customers will be at advantage, hence putting responsibility of government to play and of which if not done prevent society from achieving optimal resources allocation. 1. Introduction Domestic water demand and supply is one of the basic requirements which expresses decent health, and measurement of standard of living in an area. The geometric explosion form of population increments in most of our cities has been a major stress burgling on domestic water demand and supply. This situation has been due to either ineffective water distribution system from the part of government agency, or high water pricing from the agency to the customers due to no standard water pricing, which has given rise to inadequate supply and incapacitated to meet up the supply. Meanwhile, two-thirds of the world's population has been considered to live under water-stressed regions with per capital water less than 1700 m 3 per year by 2025 according to UNEP (2000) report. And over a billion people around the world lack access to safe drinking water while over two billion have little or no sanitation as reported in Nature (2008). Wang et al (2010) observed that domestic water use is not a major part of water consumption in the world today, it only plays a crucial role in people's daily life, and it is directly related to social welfare and public health issues. The question is therefore asked, why then the world worried on domestic water use and supply than other consumption sectors? The reason could have been answered by the last two phrases of the Wang et al (2010) on the assertion of "social welfare and public health", on which the explosion population required and demand attentions of the authorities of the various regions and countries. The consideration of potable water as essential resources for the possibility of health life,
... The main health problems, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia, are results of poor access to potable water, poor hygiene, and sanitation practices (Minten et al., 2002: Collick, 2008. In these cases, supplying safe drinking water is of critical importance. ...
... Total household income (INCOME) also influences the payment of cash and provision of labour, both with positive signs, as expected. This result is consistent with basic economic theory, which states that an individual's demand for most commodities or services depends on income (Mbata, 2006;Minten, et al., 2002). This also implies that poor households may not make payment for water a priority, as they may have to make choices to spend their limited financial resources for subsistence needs. ...
Access to safe drinking water supply in Ethiopia is among the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa. While both governmental and non-governmental organizations have implemented water supply projects in recent years, many fail shortly after construction due to improper management. In this paper, we examine socioeconomic , institutional and exogenous factors affecting household participation in the management of water supply systems for drinking purposes. A survey was carried out involving 16 water supply systems and 160 households within the Achefer area, in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. The results show that household contributions to water supply system management are positively and significantly affected by user participation during the project design and implementation, by advocacy provided by the project and by greater household income. Thus, for drinking water systems in rural areas to be sustainable, these factors should be included when planning water supply projects.
... The percentage of failed and broken water supply systems is nearly equal to that reported by African Development Fund in 2005. Amount of water use per day: The average water use from functional systems in study A was between 10 and 15 l/day per capita which was significantly less than the WHO guidelines of 20 l/day, (Minten et al. 2002;Mengesha et al. 2003;Collick 2008). In the Achefer and Semada woredas, we found that an increase of household by one person decreases significantly the per capita water consumption by 1.5 l/day. ...
... In the Achefer, Libokemekem and Semada Woredas (Figure 1) were water supply systems were selected at random (Tables 2 and 3), about two thirds were operational, one tenth completely not functioning and the remainder needed major repairs: The percentage of failed and broken water supply systems is nearly equal to that reported by African Development Fund in 2005. Amount of water use per day: The average water use from functional systems in study A was between 10 and 15 l/day per capita was significantly less than the WHO guidelines of 20 l/day, (Mengesha et al., 2003; Minten et al., 2002; and Collick, 2008). In the Achefer, and Semada Woredas we found that an increase of household by one person decreases significantly the per capita water consumption by 1.5 l/day. ...
... Amount of water use per day: The average water use from functional systems in study A was between 10 and 15 l/day per capita was significantly less than the WHO guidelines of 20 l/day, ( Mengesha et al., 2003;Minten et al., 2002;and Collick, 2008). In the Achefer, and Semada Woredas we found that an increase of household by one person decreases significantly the per capita water consumption by 1.5 l/day. ...
... The percentage of failed and broken water supply systems is nearly equal to that reported by African Development Fund in 2005. Amount of water use per day: The average water use from functional systems in study A was between 10 and 15 l/day per capita which was significantly less than the WHO guidelines of 20 l/day, (Minten et al. 2002;Mengesha et al. 2003;Collick 2008). In the Achefer and Semada woredas, we found that an increase of household by one person decreases significantly the per capita water consumption by 1.5 l/day. ...
The quantity and position of trees in a landscape can have significant impacts on farm soil and water resources. Here we present a synthesis of local knowledge studies conducted in three micro-catchments of the Blue Nile Basin (Diga, Fogera and Jeldu Woredas) exploring natural and anthropogenic drivers of tree cover change. In total more than 90 purposively selected farmers were interviewed, whilst focus group discussions and feedback sessions were held with larger groups. Local knowledge revealed that all three sites suffered from rapid deforestation of native tree cover over the last 20 years. All three systems were recognized by farmers as declining in agricultural productivity. The decline of native forest in Jeldu was found to be more rapid than the other two sites, partially due to market pressures from the capital city. Fogera and Diga were found to have remnant native forest still present, although certain tree species had disappeared completely due to over-exploitation for their products. This was associated with population expansion which has driven land cultivation into more marginal land (such as steeper slopes and marshy lowlands), resulting in land degradation and heightened pressure on common grazing land. The farmers demonstrated detailed agro-ecological knowledge on how the physical attributes of trees impacted on water and soil resources. Farmers were able to describe the impacts of loss of native tree cover on erosion control, river bank stabilization, protection of headwaters and water quality improvements. There were knowledge gaps on how to integrate native trees into the cereal and horticultural cropping systems. The research findings suggest some potential policy changes and intervention strategies to reach farmers and increase understanding of the functions of trees in watershed management according to on-farm niches and ecosystem service provisioning.
... The percentage of failed and broken water supply systems is nearly equal to that reported by African Development Fund in 2005. Amount of water use per day: The average water use from functional systems in study A was between 10 and 15 l/day per capita which was significantly less than the WHO guidelines of 20 l/day, (Minten et al. 2002;Mengesha et al. 2003;Collick 2008). In the Achefer and Semada woredas, we found that an increase of household by one person decreases significantly the per capita water consumption by 1.5 l/day. ...
This analysis of the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation (HRtWS) uncovers why some groups around the world are still excluded from these rights. Léo Heller, former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights to water and sanitation, draws on his own research in nine countries and reviews the theoretical, legal, and political issues involved. The first part presents the origins of the HRtWS, their legal and normative meanings and the debates surrounding them. Part II discusses the drivers, mainly external to the water and sanitation sector, that shape public policies and explain why individuals and groups are included in or excluded from access to services. In Part III, public policies guided by the realization of HRtWS are addressed. Part IV highlights populations and spheres of living that have been particularly neglected in efforts to promote access to services.
Keywords: Logit Model; Contingency Valuation Model; Improved Water Supply Water is a source of life and a natural resource that sustains life and our environment. Water supply and sanitation conditions in Ethiopia are not different from the general situation of developing countries as a whole. The study was conducted in Horo Woreda of the Horo Guduru Wollega zone, West Ethiopia. A total of 127 households surveyed in the study to generate the data used in the study. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate the households' willingness to pay for the improved water supply service and its sustainability in Horo woreda with objective of recognizing factors which affect household willingness to pay for improved water and estimating willingness to pay of households for improved water using contingency valuation method in the study area. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected analyzed using Descriptive statistical tools. The response of respondents on different source of water they use were significantly different in which almost all of them use natural spring. With respect to Distances of water sources from home of the respondent about 95 respondents said that the distance is far and only 3 respondents said that the distance is near to their home which represents about 74.2 and 2.4% respectively which were the highest and lowest percentage. Of the total respondents interviewed about 96.9% of them reported that as they are willing to pay for improved water if constructed. Whereas only 3 respondents were unwilling to pay for improved water if constructed which represents 3.1% of the total respondent. Contingency valuation method confirmed that the respondents did not behave strategically as tested by student t-test. Factors that affect household willingness to pay were also analyses using logit model. According to logit model household income, family size, educational level and distance of from water source were statistically significant. Therefore, sufficient operation and maintenance training has to be provided for experts of water, energy and mineral office to improve their knowhow on improved water supply to teach society of study area. Water is a source of life and a natural resource that sustains life and our environment. It is one of the precious gifts to mankind and most basic human needs, used for drinking, cooking, hygiene, sanitation, gardening and other leisure uses. Water plays a great role in socioeconomic development of human populations and also for human survival and economic development [1]. Development of this resource is receiving unprecedented attention, as demand continues to rise [2]. In many villages of developing countries , people have to rely on the water source used by both animals and humans. Even when there are surface water sources in close proximity, these water sources are frequently polluted with animal and human waste. Provision of water from these sources usually threatens human health and welfare, augments health costs, and lower workers' productivity and school enrolment [3]. Described as the water tower of Africa, Ethiopia has abundant water resources, including 12 major river basins and 22 natural and artificial lakes. It is estimated that per capita renewable fresh water resources total 1,924 m3 per year. The exact groundwater potential of the country is unknown, but it has been estimated to
A review of the hydrogeological properties of the project has been carried out and a set of 1:500 000 scale hydrogeological maps has been produced, constituting an update and revision of the 1972 overview map. In view of the dearth of borehole data, these maps, based on standard UNESCO legend, are considered to be reconnaissance planning tools. A concise review is presented in Chapter 14, which examines the historical aspects of the accelerating water abstraction rates and highlights the, geomorphological, climatic, drainage and land-use characteristics of the various physiographic domains of the island, along with the current socio- economic trends in terms of projected population growth and future water needs, including water quality. The hydrogeological impacts of constraints such as nature of bedrock composition and structure, rock weathering and erosion surfaces are considered. The current survey involved the collation of hydrological data from nearly 3000 sites, obtained from various central and regional governmental sources. With this information, the hydrological properties of the recognised domains are assessed. A section is devoted to groundwater development, noting the large number of government institutions involved in serving the large rural population. The final section of chapter 14 outlines the methodology and rationale upon which the 1:500 000 hydrogeological maps were based.
La política y la sensibilidad económica y social generada por una gestión eficiente del recurso hídrico, asociada al fortalecimiento competitivo de los polos de desarrollo en la región del Chaco Central, no debería descartar como estrategias de acción: la asignación del valor social, económico y ambiental del agua; la resolución de posibles conflictos entre usos y usuarios que compitan; y el aumento de la participación de las comunidades en la adopción de decisiones.
This report addresses two questions: To what extent does public spending mitigate or exacerbate gender inequities in welfare in developing countries? How can existing allocations of public expenditure be changed to improve gender equity in the use of services such as health and education? It does this through a detailed review and interpretation of the existing literature and through primary analyses on a large sample of developing country data sets. Regarding the first question, we integrate gender considerations into standard benefit incidence analysis, and address in particular the issue of whether and how gender gaps in benefits vary across the income distribution. The second question is addressed through gender-disaggregated econometric analysis of the demand for public services, including health care, education, and water. The paper also sets out the appropriate methodologies for integrating gender into benefit incidence analysis and for comparing impacts by gender of policies affecting the demand for services. The main lesson drawn from the empirical analysis - as well as from a careful reading of the existing literature - is that gender differences in the use of services, and the response of these gaps to changes in incomes and policies, are not universal and do not always occur where they might be most expected. Therefore, they need to be investigated on a case by case basis.
In 1988, families in Kerala State in India were surveyed to ascertain their willingness to pay for household connections to a piped water supply system. In 1991 the families in these communities were surveyed again and their actual decisions recorded. This article explores the validity of the findings of the 1988 study on the basis of actual behavior. It looks at the question of benefit revelation: did people behave as they said they would? And it looks at the question of benefit transfer: did people in one site behave as they were predicted to behave, on the basis of the predictions of a behavioral model for a different site? The data were also used to analyze the policy relevance of behavioral modeling. © 1995 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK.
Conventional wisdom amongst environmentalists holds that the cutting of tropical forest for livestock production is not only bad business but also bad for the environment. In particular, it is thought that conversion to pasture leads to a rise in the sedimentation of waterways and reservoirs, an increase in flooding and loss of dry season water supply. Using the case of the Rio Chiquito watershed (which drains into Lake Arenal, Costa Rica), the paper questions this conventional wisdom. The paper demonstrates that both livestock production and the associated downstream hydrological impacts represent important values to the local economy; values that significantly outweigh expected returns from options for reforestation or forest regeneration. Given that non-hydrological externalities associated with livestock production are expected to be of minimal importance in the watershed, there is little reason as is often proposed to foster large-scale reforestation of the watershed or to purchase land for protection. Instead efforts should focus on how to maximize the complementary returns from livestock and the support to hydroelectric power provided by water production.
Water pricing is an important way of improving water allocation and encouraging users to conserve scarce water resources. Prices which accurately reflects water's economic, or scarcity value give information to users, which they use to make choices regarding water consumption and use. Thus water pricing can affect water use efficiency, at both the individual and social levels. In practice water pricing schemes may be designed to meet many objectives: policymakers may wish to discriminate among different categories of users or use water charges to raise revenues for general purposes. Because different levels of decisionmakers may interpret such pricing policies differently, this can lead to undesirable outcomes and, sometimes, to disputes. This work presents water pricing experiences across 22 countries in various sectors and over time. Country case studies are presented in a structured form allowing easy comparison of results. The information shows that countries have different reasons for charging for water, including cost recovery, redistribution of income, improvement of water allocation, and water conservation. Pricing schemes often comprise both fixed and variable components. Fixed prices vary greatly across countries, reflecting countries' various objectives in charging for water. However, volumetric charges for urban and agricultural water are relatively similar across countries. But per meter charges for industrial water vary more widely across countries, reflecting the different use of subsidies and the inclusion of pollution taxes that vary by industry. For urban and agricultural water, all developing countries, and some developed countries, set charges on the basis of average rather than marginal cost of supply. Countries do not generally adjust charges by region even though the costs of supplying water may vary greatly across regions. Agricultural water users generally pay something for the operations and maintenance costs of irrigation systems, ranging between 20-75 percent of total costs. Few countries attempt to recover capital costs from users. The willingness of countries to undertake water pricing reforms and successfully implement them cannot be solely explained by their water scarcity levels nor by the size of their budget deficits. However, high income countries are relatively more open to reforming water pricing policies. Almost all country reports discuss the need for volumetric pricing, metering, moving away from uniform tariffs, and abolishing minimum prices. Many specify the need to significantly increase water charges to all users. Several country reports discuss the use or the need to use of measures, such as pollution taxes, to protect the environment. Several countries recognize the need to provide incentives to water suppliers and consumers.
This chapter examines the practices and approaches that have come to be known as integrated water-resources management (IWRM). It begins with an analysis of integrated approaches to water-resources management at different levels, including watershed management, agricultural water management, basin management, national policies and governance, and transnational decision making. From this analysis, IWRM is seen not as a single approach but as a wide range of approaches to manage water and related resources – a meta-approach or meta-concept that both transcends and links the various levels at which management takes place.
Because many rural people are poor, it is usually assumed that rural water supplies must be financed by government agencies. It is now widely recognized, however, that many rural people can and will pay for improved water supplies, and that sustaining and extending services depends on mobilizing this willingness to pay. This article describes a study of willingness to pay for water in Brazil. The study shows that surveys of actual and hypothetical water-use practices can provide policy-relevant information on willingness to pay, which is shown to vary according to household socioeconomic characteristics and the characteristics of the existing and new supplies of water. In rural Brazil, tariffs for yard taps can be increased substantially before significant numbers of households would choose not to connect to an improved system, whereas provision of free water at public taps can protect the poor without jeopardizing the financial viability of the scheme. © 1990 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK.
Foreword Preface 1. Valuing Public Goods Using the Contingent Valuation Method 2. Theoretical Basis of the Contingent Valuation Method 3. Benefits and Their Measurement 4. Variations in Contingent Valuation Scenario Designs 5. The Methodological Challenge 6. Will Respondents Answer Honestly? 7. Strategic Behavior and Contingent Valuation Studies 8. Can Respondents Answer Meaningfully? 9. Hypothetical Values and Contingent Valuation Studies 10. Enhancing Reliability 11. Measurement Bias
This paper takes advantage of nationally representative cross-sectional household data sets from 1993, 1997 and 1999, to examine changes in poverty in one province of Madagascar, Fianarantsoa. The authors find that poverty in this province rose from an already high 74 percent in 1993 to 81 percent in 1999. This pattern of change, which corresponds to the evolution of macroeconomic policy during this period, was restricted primarily to urban areas. Populations in rural areas witnessed persistent increases in poverty despite market reforms, as structural constraints affected their ability to escape poverty. A strong correlation between "remoteness" (as measured by various proxies) and high levels of poverty support this finding. Small scale agricultural households were hit particularly hard in the 1990s, and the data suggest that these are the very households that have been extending their land use by clearing and cultivating increasingly fragile lands. The use of models of household consumption to decompose changes in poverty into returns and endowment effects, substantiate the hypothesis that decreases in land productivity among these small-holders contributed to increases in poverty. These decompositions also reveal that increased access and returns to education between 1993 and 1999 contributed to declines in poverty.
PIP
This review focuses on forests in the humid tropics and on two of their potentially most important benefits. These include hydrological benefits, such as erosion control and regulation of stream flows, and non-timber forest products, such as rubber, rattan, fruits, and nuts. The first benefit is motivational. Host countries capture only a small proportion of the global benefits, which stem from biodiversity conservation. Demonstration of palpable local benefits could help to build support for biodiversity-oriented projects. The second benefit is the magnitude of domestic benefits that could influence project financing. Sufficiently large net domestic benefits could justify financing of a project on narrow economic grounds, with biodiversity conservation as a by-product. Overall, it is noted that the quantifiable benefits of forest preservation in providing hydrological services and non-timber forest products are highly variable. These classes of domestic benefits may in general be smaller than popularly supposed. In view of this, the need for financing conservation from the Global Environmental Facility or other global sources is emphasized rather than placing the burden on domestic resources.
Results of household willingness to pay surveys in five small Moroccan cities reveal that respondents would pay 7 to 10% of total household expenditures for individual water connections and subsequent commodity charges despite already having reliable and free standpost service. The study also illustrates that relatively low cost, rapid and reliable survey techniques to learn about water demand characteristics are possible and, therefore, should routinely be incorporated into the planning for all developing country water projects.
amélioration de cette pompe à domicile vous coûterait _________ Fmg par mois, voudriez-vous payer ce________ Fmg pour que la construction/l'amélioration de cette pompe ait lieu dans votre maison ? 1. Oui, je voudrais payer 2. Non, je ne voudrais pas payer
- Supposez Que
Supposez que l'installation/l'amélioration de cette pompe à domicile vous coûterait
_________ Fmg par mois, voudriez-vous payer ce________ Fmg pour que la
construction/l'amélioration de cette pompe ait lieu dans votre maison ?
1. Oui, je voudrais payer
2. Non, je ne voudrais pas payer, je continuerais à utiliser le système existant
actuel
3. Je ne sais pas, je ne suis pas sure
Urban water supply and sanitation sector review: a strategy for future IDA assistance
GOM (Government of Madagascar), Urban water supply and sanitation sector review: a strategy for future
IDA assistance, 2000.
Valeur économique de l'alimentation en eau urbaine : Etude de cas sur l'alimentation en eau de la ville de Fianarantsoa
- R Razafindralambo
Razafindralambo, R., Valeur économique de l'alimentation en eau urbaine : Etude de cas sur l'alimentation
en eau de la ville de Fianarantsoa, January 2001.
Développement Urbain: Note de Stratégie, Document provisoire
GOM (Government of Madagascar), Développement Urbain: Note de Stratégie, Document provisoire,
2001.
Economic analysis of land-use change in a watershed context, paper presented at UNESCO symposium
- B Aylward
Aylward, B., Economic analysis of land-use change in a watershed context, paper presented at UNESCO
symposium, Kuala Lumpur, 2000.
je voudrais payer 2. Non, je ne voudrais pas payer, je continuerais à utiliser le système existant actuel 3. Je ne sais pas
- Oui
Oui, je voudrais payer
2. Non, je ne voudrais pas payer, je continuerais à utiliser le système existant
actuel
3. Je ne sais pas, je ne suis pas sure
- Mics Instat