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Phytoplankton species diversity in the Parambikulam-Aliyar irrigational canals (Tamilnadu, India)
Abstract
Phytoplankton biodiversity in the Parambikulam�Aliyar irrigational canals (Latitude
10º15’and 10º30’ N and Longitude 76º50’ and 77º10’ E), Tamilnadu, South India were
studied at five stations (S1�S5), Kulanaickenpatti canal (S1), Seelakkampatti canal
(S2), Poosaripatti canal (S3), Kongalnagaram canal (S4) and Pethappampatti canal
(S5). Totally 22 species of phytoplankton, of which 9 species of Cyanophyceae (blue
green algae), 7 species of Chlorophyceae (green algae) and 6 species of
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) were recorded. The total number of species recorded in
each station was found to be in the following order, S1 > S2 = S5 > S4 > S3 (20,
15=15, 12 and 8 respectively). Therefore, diversity vise, S1 was superior with more
number of species and S3 was inferior with less number of species. As appreciable
number of phytoplanktons species were recorded in these irrigational canals, they can
be utilized for inland aquaculture purposes if manages properly.
... Phytoplankton is a key module of the lake biota because it forms the base of the productivity pyramid. Since through photosynthesis of phytoplankton uses carbon and returns oxygen to the water and atmosphere and they are considered important in maintaining the global carbon cycle [4,5]. Any increase in nutrient inputs leads to enhanced primary productivity, phytoplankton may serve as a relevant indicator of the trophic lakes [6]. ...
... The phytoplankton is important in ecological as well as an environmental ecosystem because they have numerous environmental functions and are important not only to aquatic ecosystems but also to the social system. Several Indian researchers' exemplary studies on the phytoplankton distribution with the availability of light [4,5,29], physical, chemical and biological qualities in freshwater lakes [30,31] paved a platform for other biologists to work on this producers and consumers of biological importance. Today, Indian freshwater lakes are facing tremendous ecological stress due to raising pollution from rapid industrialization. ...
... It is remarkable that the Chlorophyceae population was the most abundant group in both stations followed by Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. The present result agreed with pioneer work [4,5,32,33] quantitative analysis in which Chlorophyceae dominated over other groups and contributed as much as (48%) to the total phytoplankton population that too during summer who also suggested that this might be due to physical rather than chemical conditions in which the water temperature and transparency had a direct relationship with phytoplankton population. [34] also in his study reported that Chlorophyceae is a large and important group of freshwater algae. ...
The present study was focused to evaluate the phytoplankton biodiversity in two freshwater perennial lakes of Sulur and Ukkadam of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India. The study period was two years from March 2012 to February 2014. Results revealed that totally 50 species of phytoplankton include 14 Cyanophyceae, 19 Chlorophyceae, 14 Bacillariophyceae, and 3 Euglenophyceae were recorded from the Sulur lake and 36 species of phytoplankton comprising 9 species of Cyanophyceae, 15 species of Chlorophyceae, 10 species of Bacillariophyceae and 2 species of Euglenophyceae were noticed in Ukkadam lake during the study period. The recorded phytoplankton density was ranged between 22,380 and 80,590 cells/l in Sulur lake and 29,350 and 1,16,255 cells/l in Ukkadam lake. Thus, the present study overall dominance of phytoplankton group was Chlorophyceae followed by Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. The phytoplankton population was recorded maximum in Ukkadam lake when compared to Sulur lake. Hence, the study revealed that both Ukkadam and Sulur lakes possess an appreciable quantum of phytoplankton and it can be used for fish culture.
... The physicochemical and biological characteristics of water play an important role in plankton abundance and final yield of aquaculture products. Zooplankton constitutes an important food sources for many omnivorous and carnivorous fishes and also support the necessary amount of protein for their rapid larval growth [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In any freshwater pond or lake, generally there are four zooplankton groups that can be present: Rotifers and crustacean zooplankton of Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda [11]. ...
... Zooplankton species composition and dominance in a particular water body is controlled by several ecological factors, including nutrients load and pollution status. Results about zooplankton abundance in both lakes were similar to those reported for other freshwater bodies [6][7][8][9][10]. ...
... All the 6 species of Cladocera recorded in the Ukkadam lake were also present in the Singanallur lake. Heterocypris dentatomarginatus) which have been recorded in the Ukkadam lake, were absent in the Singanallur lake(Table 3; Figs.[3][4][5][6]. The order of dominance in zooplankton of the Singanallur lake was Rotifera > Copepoda=Cladocera > Ostracoda. ...
In order to assess the suitability of the Ukkadam lake (Lat. 10.99° N and Long. 76.96° E) and the Singanallur lake (Lat. 10.59° N and Long. 77.88° E) of Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu, India) for inland aquaculture, the species diversity and density of zooplankton were assessed for a period of one year (December, 2015 to November, 2016) under four seasons, post-monsoon, summer, pre-monsoon and monsoon. In the Ukkadam lake, a total of 28 zooplankton species, including 7 species of Rotifera, 6 species of Cladocera, 8 species of Copepoda and 7 species of Ostracoda were identified. Their mean density were 4890 ind. l⁻¹ for Rotifera, 5338 ind. l⁻¹ for Cladocera, 5811 ind. l⁻¹ for Copepoda and 8002 ind. l⁻¹ for Ostracoda (total of 24042), and their order of dominance were Ostracoda > Copepoda > Cladocera > Rotifera. In the Singanallur lake, a total of 24 zooplankton species, of which 7 species of Rotifera, 6 species of Cladocera, 6 species of Copepoda and 5 species of Ostracoda were identified with the mean density of 3146 ind. l⁻¹ for Rotifera, 2492 ind. l⁻¹ for Cladocera, 2342 ind. l⁻¹ for Copepod and 2355 ind. l⁻¹ for Ostracoda (total of 10337) in the following order of dominance: Rotifera > Cladocera > Ostracoda > Copepoda. This study revealed that the annual zooplankton abundance was found to be higher in the Ukkadam lake than that of the Singanallur lake (24042 ind. l⁻¹ and 10337 ind. l⁻¹, respectively). When looking seasonal variation both the Ukkadam and the Singanallur lakes showed maximum zooplankton abundance during summer season (25989 ind. l⁻¹ and 10821 ind. l⁻¹, respectively), followed by post-monsoon (24089 ind. l⁻¹ and 9577 ind. l⁻¹, respectively), pre-monsoon (23954 and 10807 in, respectively) and monsoon (20436 ind. l⁻¹ and 10142 ind. l⁻¹, respectively). In both lakes, zooplankton was positively correlated with physico-chemical parameters, such as water temperature, pH, salinity and electrical conductivity, and not properly correlated with dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids. Regarding the diversity indices, considerable degree of differences were seen between these two lakes, the Ukkadam lake showed more diversity and density than those found in the Singanallur lake. When individual lake was considered, considerable degree of differences was seen in the species diversity of each zooplankton group in different season.
... Phytoplankton is ubiquitous in various aquatic settings and plays a significant role in sustaining aquatic food webs. It also serves as an excellent barometer of environmental and ecological shifts (Manickam et al., 2012) [14] . This group encompasses diatoms, dinoflagellates, cocolithoides (prymenophyceae), cyanophytes, and chlorophytes (Gireesh et al., 2015) [9] . ...
... Phytoplankton is ubiquitous in various aquatic settings and plays a significant role in sustaining aquatic food webs. It also serves as an excellent barometer of environmental and ecological shifts (Manickam et al., 2012) [14] . This group encompasses diatoms, dinoflagellates, cocolithoides (prymenophyceae), cyanophytes, and chlorophytes (Gireesh et al., 2015) [9] . ...
The study was conducted in Blue Bird Lake, which is close to Hisar Airport on National Highway 10 in
the town of Hisar, in the Hisar district of Haryana State, India. Plankton evaluation and quantification
at Blue Bird Lake were monitored from September 2022 to February 2023. The study revealed that the
presence of 46 different genera of plankton, comprising 33 genera of phytoplankton and 13 genera of
zooplankton. The phytoplankton was classified into eight main groups: Bacillariophyceae (6 genera),
Chlorophyceae (12 genera), Cyanophyceae (4 genera), Dinophyceae (3 genera), Hymenomonadaceae
(1 genus), Zygnematophyceae (2 genera), Trebouxiophyceae (2 genera), and Euglenophyceae (3
genera). The zooplankton was classified into six major groups: Copepod (4 genera), Cladocera (2
genera), Rotifers (4 genera), Ascarididae (1 genus), Protozoa (1 genus), and Tubulinea (1 genus).
Analysis of the distribution of phytoplankton across various months indicated that sites 1, 2, and 3 had
the highest number of species of phytoplankton (84 species). Chlorophyceae was the dominant group in
these sites, while Cyanophyceae was the dominant group in Site 4. Among zooplankton, Rotifers were
the dominant group, and the most prevalent species were found in sites 1, 2, 3 and 4. Quantitative
analysis revealed that the maximum quantity of phytoplankton was observed in October (66800
plankton per litre) in sites 1, 2, 3, and 4, while the minimum quantity was observed in November
(28400 plankton per litre). Similarly, the maximum quantity of zooplankton was observed in September
(53000 zooplankton per litre), and the minimum quantity was followed in February (22400 zooplankton
per litre). The study also calculated the Shannon and Weaver diversity index to assess the diversity of
zooplankton and phytoplankton. The highest diversity index for zooplankton was found in site 3 (1.74),
while the lowest was in site 1 (1.37). In the case of phytoplankton, the highest diversity index was
observed at site 4 (2.47), while the lowest was at site 2 (1.47). The overall diversity index for plankton
was highest in sites 3 and 1 (2.28) and lowest in site 2 (2.23).
... Rotifera is one of the indicator organisms in the zooplankton groups. The species of B. calyciflorus considered to be a good indicator of eutrophication [1,[38][39][40]42,43,59,69]. Among rotifera B. angularis, B. calyciflorus, F. longiseta and Lecane spp. ...
... indicate semi polluted waters [4,70], the dominance of Brachionus sp. and F. longiseta in the lake designate eutrophy and are usually recorded in mixotrophic waters [37,71,72]. In rotifera, species such as B. calyciflorus, B. falcatus and Filinia longiseta, some species of Cladocera (D. sarsi and C. cornuta), some species of copepoda (Heliodiaptomus viduus, Mesocyclops hyalinus and Thermocyclops hyalinus) and some species of Ostracoda (Cypris protubera and Hemicypris anomala) are the pollution tolerant species and indicate accumulation of organic matter and also reveal that the lake is being eutrophicated and polluted [1,2,[39][40][41]43,73]. ...
The present investigation was carried out in selected lakes of Co-imbatore: Sulur and Ukkadam, Tamil Nadu, Southern India. The seasonal variations of zooplankton species composition and diversity were studied for a period of two years from March-2012-February-2014, on monthly interval basis of four seasons like summer, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon. Totally 34 species of zooplankton, which include 11 species of Rotifera, 10 species of Cladocera, 7 species of Copepoda and 6 species of Ostracoda were recorded and identified from Sulur lake and 28 species of zooplankton comprising 10 species of Rotifera, 8 Cladocera, 6 Copepoda and 4 Ostracoda were recorded in Ukka-dam lake. The Rotifera was found to be predominant with 34% followed by crustacean zooplankton of Cladocera (31%), Co-pepoda (25%) and Ostracoda (10%) at Sulur lake while in Ukka-dam lake for Rotifera were found to be predominant with 35% followed by Cladocera (30%), Copepoda (27%) and Ostracoda (8%). The population density of zooplankton recorded at Su-lur lake was ranged between 51,895 and 1,07,505 ind./L and in Ukkadam lake it was 89,385 and 1,89,435 ind./L. Zooplankton population was found to be higher in summer months (March to May-2013) while lower in monsoon months (September to November-2012) and intermediate numbers were recorded during post-monsoon season in the Sulur and Ukkadam lakes. The present result revealed that the zooplankton productivity was high. Therefore, it could be continuously utilized for the inland aquaculture purposes if properly water quality management measures are adopted in the lakes ecosystem. Hence at regular intervals monitoring of water quality, proper maintenance and lake management measures should be adopted by public and governmental organizations to sustain these ecosystems for future generations.
... The phytoplankton (it is microscopic plant as well as algae -less than 100 microns in diameter) generally occurs as unicellular, colonial or filamentous forms and is generally photosynthetic 2 . Algae are microscopically small organisms, some of them colonize and reach size visible to the naked eye as minute green particles and organisms are finely dispersed all the way through the water and may cause considerable turbidity showing the maximum algal bloom 3,4 . ...
... The pioneers also recorded high population during summer and suggested that this might be due to favourable physical rather than chemical conditions in which the water temperature and transparency were added with phytoplankton population 3,4,44 . Researchers 45 reported that elevated chlorophyceae is a large and important group of freshwater algae. ...
Phytoplankton is playing an important role in maintaining the global carbon cycle. All through photosynthesis, phytoplankton uses carbon and returns to oxygen in water and atmosphere. The present study dealt the physico-chemical characteristics and phytoplankton diversity in freshwater perennial lake of Sulur (Lat. 11º01'46.11" N and Long. 77°07'08.52" E), Coimbatore District, South India, for the period of one year from March 2011-February 2012. Totally 50 species of phytoplankton (14 species of cyanophyceae, 19 species of chlorophyceae, 14 species of bacillariophyceae and 3 species of euglenophyceae) were recorded from the Sulur lake. The overall phytoplankton species composition was caused by chlorophyceae (49%) followed by cyanophyceae (24%), bacillariophyceae (23%) and euglenophyceae (4%). Phytoplankton population was positively correlated with various physico-chemical parameters, such as atmospheric and water temperature, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen in the lake water. Population density of phytoplankton was higher in Sulur Lake which might be due to higher nutrients and favorable water quality condition. Some phytoplankton species recorded, in this study were registered as pollution indicators producing an odor compound that impact water quality. The study revealed that the Sulur lake possesses appreciable quantum of phytoplankton and it can be used for fish culture with continuous monitoring of physico-chemical parameters.
... Fresh water ecosystems are differentiated into various types of planktons (free floating), benthoms (attached to sediments) and epiphytic algae attached to hydrophytes, stones, mud, sand, reservoir rocks and lakes [3,4]. Various studies have been carried out in the Indian context related various aspects of phytoplankton such as seasonal distribution [5,6], diversity of fresh water algae [1,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15], seasonal variations and physical-chemical aspects [6,16,17,18] and algal blooms [19]. ...
... For long time preservation of Lugol's solution, add 0.7 ml per 100 ml of sample and buffrered formaldehyde, add 2.5% final concentration after 1 hour [25]. Formalin: After collection of the sample, 4% of formalin (20g sodium borate, Na2B2O4, + 1 L 37% formaldehyde) are added to 50 ml sample immediately [14]. The samples were identified in Phycology lab at the Madras University, Gundy campus. ...
The present study was conducted in a semi arid region of Karnataka. The study discusses the phytoplankton diversity of the Gogi lake ecosystem. A standard methodology was followed in conducting to complete this study and samples were collected at different points from the lake ecosystem located at the core area of the proposed uranium mining site. Through a field survey, twenty one species of phytoplankton were recorded coming under four classes viz., Bacillariophyceae(8), Chlorophyceae(7),Cyanophyceae (5) Charophyceae (1) and twelve families and Fragilariaceae (4), Bacillariaceae (3), Zygnemataceae(3), Desmidiaceae (2), Oscillatoriaceae (2), Melosiraceae (1), Cladophoraceae (1), Scenedesmaceae (1), Microcystaceae (1), Nostocaceae (1), Phormidiaceae (1), Characeae (1). The data were collected over two seasons- March to May and September to November -2012. A total of 21 species were recorded from the study region of which 10 species were recorded during March to May, while 02 species from September to November, nine species were recorded.
... Fresh water ecosystems are differentiated into various types of planktons (free floating), benthoms (attached to sediments) and epiphytic algae attached to hydrophytes, stones, mud, sand, reservoir rocks and lakes [3,4]. Various studies have been carried out in the Indian context related various aspects of phytoplankton such as seasonal distribution [5,6], diversity of fresh water algae [1,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15], seasonal variations and physical-chemical aspects [6,16,17,18] and algal blooms [19]. ...
... For long time preservation of Lugol's solution, add 0.7 ml per 100 ml of sample and buffrered formaldehyde, add 2.5% final concentration after 1 hour [25]. Formalin: After collection of the sample, 4% of formalin (20g sodium borate, Na2B2O4, + 1 L 37% formaldehyde) are added to 50 ml sample immediately [14]. The samples were identified in Phycology lab at the Madras University, Gundy campus. ...
... Three replicate samples were taken, and the means of these samples were calculated for physico-chemical parameters and the plankton community. Using a Carl Zeiss Axiostar and Euromax (EC 1152) microscope, phytoplankton was identified down to the genus level with the assistance of standard operating manuals, textbooks, and research articles (Davis 1955, Belcher and Swale 1976, Bellinger and Sigee 2015, Johnson and Allen 2012, Manickam et al 2012, Manickam et al 2020. Using a Sedgwick-Rafter cell, the phytoplankton density was counted, and the abundance was reported as cells/L. ...
Plankton is essential to estuarine food webs, providing key food for species like fish larvae, and understanding their dynamics helps us comprehend ecological interactions and energy transfer in aquatic ecosystems. This study examined the plankton community structure, diversity, variability and the environmental variables of water that influenced these communities in a freshwater-dominated estuary along the Northern Bay of Bengal during the dry season. A variety of tools were employed, including a dissecting microscope, a Sedgwick-Rafter cell, and a Hanna multi-parameter meter, to obtain detailed and comprehensive data. From the analyses, in total 37 genera of phytoplankton belonging to 11 classes such as Bacillariophyceae (66%), Coscinodiscophyceae (28%), Fragilariophyceae (1%), Euglenophyceae (1%), Cyanophyceae (1%), others (3%) were recorded. Zooplankton, consisting of multicellular organisms, was represented by 11 genera across five classes, with Monogononta (53%) and Insecta (29%) being the most prevalent. Phytoplankton exhibited a mean abundance of 180,000 ± 20,200 cells l⁻¹ whereas zooplankton showed a mean abundance of 3,000 ± 200 cells l⁻¹. The diversity indices (H′), evenness (J′) and dominance (D) ranged from 1.188 ± 0.015 to 0.19 ± 0.006, 0.9377 ± 0.002 to 0.5118 ± 0.006, 0.365 ± 0.001 to 0.143 ± 0.002 respectively, suggested low to moderate plankton diversity with a suppressed community and moderate to high dominance in the river water. Based on the similarity percentage (SIMPER) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), Phytoplankton and zooplankton varied significantly between stations while non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) indicated greater consistency in phytoplankton communities across stations compared to zooplankton. Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rs) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified transparency, sulfates, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, TDS, pH, and salinity as major influencers of plankton abundance; nitrate had a moderate effect. Spearman’s rank correlations showed significant positive (p < 0.05) correlations between diversity indices and environmental variables. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring and the potential impacts of environmental changes on plankton communities.
... 51 As far as aquaculture is concerned, research on the amount, diversity, and location of algae in aquatic ecosystems, especially freshwater ecosystems, is gaining momentum. 52 Water temperature, transparency, nitrate, nitrite, and total hardness represent the most important environmental factors inuencing the structure of the algal communities including their preference for suitable environmental factors. The highest dominance of Bacillariophyta was encountered mostly in winter. ...
This study aims to assess the impact of intensive aquaculture on a lake that has experienced significant anthropogenic impacts. Specifically, it investigates the consequences of aquaculture activities, such as Trapa cultivation (water chestnut) and fish rearing, on the lake's water quality, trophic state, and floristic diversity, with a primary emphasis on algae and macrophytes. Satellite imageries spanning the last five decades, from 1976 to 2022, were analyzed to understand the impact of urbanization and changes in land use and land cover within the lake's catchment. The study found that aquaculture activities negatively impacted algae and macrophytes' diversity, dominance, and community structure in the freshwater lake. The study reported a total of 61 algal species from five families during both sampling phases. Dominant species belonged to the Chlorophyceae and Euglenophyceae families, alongside several diatom species. Notably, the reported algal species served as bioindicators of organic pollution, as assessed by the algae pollution index. During the second year of sampling, intensive fish-rearing activities disrupted the macrophytic diversity, which was replaced by the proliferated growth of planktonic algae, resulting in the biotic shift of the lake's floristic diversity. The study provides valuable insights into the effective management of lakes impacted by intensive aquaculture, shedding light on the intricate relationships between aquaculture practices and the ecological dynamics of freshwater ecosystems in developing countries.
... The amount of free oxygen in the air due to phytoplankton is estimated to be about 50%. Phytoplankton is a good indicator of environmental change, and they are also a good indicator of environmental change (Manickam et al, 2012) [10] . The phytoplankton comprises mainly diatoms, dinoflagellates, cocolithoides (Prymenophyceae), cyanophytes, and chlorophytes. ...
The study was carried out in the Ottu reservoir in Sirsa city of Haryana, India. Evaluation and quantification of phytoplankton of the Ottu reservoir were monitored from March 2021 to June 2021. The evaluation of the phytoplanktonic population revealed that there 19 genera of phytoplankton belong to class Bacillariophyceae (3 genera), Cyanophyceae (3 genera), Chlorophyceae (11 genera), Euglenophyceae (2 genera) In various months maximum, 123 species of phytoplankton were observed in site two and site 4, and Chlorophyceae found the as dominant group. The highest quantity of phytoplankton was observed in site two, while the minimum quantity was observed in site 3. Shannon and Weaver's diversity index for phytoplankton was found to be maximum in site 1(2.78) and minimum in site 4 (2.05). In site 1 and site 2 significant difference (p<0.05) was observed for the phytoplanktons groups present every month from March to June. However, a non-significant difference was observed in sites 3 and site 4.
... For further examination, 100 mL of each bottle's sample was stored with a 5% buffered formalin solution. With the use of standard manuals, textbooks, and research articles, the algae were identified to the genus level utilising a light microscope (Carl Zeiss Axiostar microscope and Euromax, EC 1152 microscope) [28][29][30][31][32]. Density measurements of algae were performed using a Sedgwick Rafter cell and the abundance was expressed as cells L −1 . ...
Simple Summary
Harmful algae are those which release toxins to the aquatic ecosystems. Excessive growth of these algae can kill fish, create anoxia, impede aquaculture activities and contaminate aquatic food. Therefore, it is important to investigate their occurrence, diversity and abundance in pond aquaculture systems. In this study, we have identified 81 genera of harmful algae from 30 coastal homestead ponds mainly consisting of Microcystis spp. (30.14%) and Actinoptycus spp. (18.32%). Based on taxonomic classes, the community assemblage was dominated by Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Statistical analyses demonstrated that that dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, salinity and transparency influence the abundance of identified algal genera.
Abstract
Algae are the naturally produced food for fish in any aquatic ecosystem and an indicator of a productive pond. However, excess abundance of harmful algae can have detrimental effects on fish health. In this study, the algal communities of 30 coastal homestead fish ponds were investigated to identify the diversity, assemblage and controlling environmental variables of harmful algae from a tropical coastal area. The findings showed that 81 of the 89 genera of identified algae were harmful, with the majority of them being in the classes of Cyanophyceae (50.81%), Chlorophyceae (23.75%), Bacillariophyceae (9.5%), and Euglenophyceae (8.47%). Microcystis spp. alone contributed 28.24% to the total abundance of harmful algae. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in algal abundance were found among the ponds with the highest abundance (470 ± 141.74 × 10³ cells L⁻¹) at pond (S25) near agricultural fields and the lowest abundance (109.33 ± 46.91 × 10³ cells L⁻¹) at pond (S14) which was lacking sufficient sunlight and nutrients. Diversity indices, e.g., dominance (D), evenness (J′), richness (d) and Shannon diversity index (H′) ranged from 0.17 to 0.44, 0.23 to 0.6, 0.35 to 2.23 and 0.7 to 1.79, respectively, indicating a moderate range of diversity and community stability. Community composition analysis showed the assemblage was dominated by Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae, whereas, multivariate cluster analyses (CA) identified 11 major clusters. To identify the factors controlling their distribution or community assemblages, eight environmental variables (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, transparency, nitrates, phosphates and sulphate) were measured. ANOVA analysis showed that the variables significantly differed (p < 0.05) among the ponds, and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) demonstrated that DO, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, salinity and transparency have the most impact on the abundance of algal genera. In addition, analyses with Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that the abundance of total algae, diversity and community were mainly governed by phosphates and sulphates. These results can be used to identify and control these toxic algal groups in the local aquaculture sector.
... Phytoplankton is important in any ecosystem because it performs a variety of environmental tasks and is essential not only to the aquatic ecosystem but also to the social structure. [23][24][25]. The Indian freshwater ecosystem is currently under the most severe ecological stress as a result of excessive pollution due to growing industrialization and urbanization [9]. ...
Freshwater phytoplankton is a taxonomic and functionally diverse group of organisms that play a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycle. Phytoplankton plays a tremendous role in nutrient uptake, food chain and helps to maintain healthy aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplankton is a major primary producer, dominates the entire water column and supports the life below water. We examined the species diversity of freshwater phytoplankton samples from Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu. The study aims to document the diversity of phytoplankton in Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India. We documented 33 phytoplankton species, including 15 Bacillariophyceae species, 10 Chlorophyceae species, 7 Cyanophyceae species, and 1 Euglenophyceae species. Thus, the present study revealed the overwhelming dominance of Bacillariophyceae followed by Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae.
... Each concentrated water sample was then shifted to a glass bottle and reduced to 100 ml with formalin to attain 5% buffered formalin solution for further analysis. The identification of phytoplankton was done up to genus level using a Carl Zeiss Axiostar microscope and Euromax (EC 1152) microscope with the help of standard manuals, textbooks and research articles (Belcher & Swale, 1976;Bellinger & Sigiee, 2015;Davis, 1955;Manickam et al., 2012;Manickam et al., 2020). ...
Homestead ponds may offer an ideal opportunity in contribution to household income , fish consumption through fish culture. Phytoplankton plays a key indicator in pond productivity. However, the phytoplankton communities in the homestead ponds are nearly undetermined in Bangladesh. This study summarizes the phyto-plankton diversity, assemblage and ecological parameters of the homestead ponds in central coastal belt, Bangladesh, based on two seasons. The results revealed that significant differences (p < .05) were found in pH, DO, conductivity, TDS, nitrates , phosphates and sulphates except temperature in monsoon, and transparency in both seasons. A total of 34 phytoplankton genera representatives of five major groups were recorded such as Euglenophyceae (41.5%), Chlorophyceae (30.5%), Cyanophyceae (13%), Dinophyceae (10%) and Bacillariophyceae (5%). A significant difference (p < .05) in phytoplankton abundance was found in both seasons with the highest mean of 186.13 ± 129.34 × 10 4 cells L −1 in monsoon and the lowest mean of 144.40 ± 107.26 × 10 4 cells L −1 during winter. The diversity (H'), evenness (J'), richness (d) and dominance (D) ranged from 1.62 to 2.47, 0.52 to 0.97, 0.37 to 1.15 and 0.10 to 0.28 respectively. Based on SIMPER, the most dominant (>10%) genera for dissimilation within stations and seasons were Euglena spp., Phacus spp., Chlorella spp., Strombomonas spp. and Peridinium spp. ANOSIM results stated that 12 genera of phytoplankton were significant contributors based on average dissimilar-ity. Pearson's correlation coefficient and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that phytoplankton abundance, diversity and community were mainly governed by transparency, dissolved oxygen and nitrates.
... Considering these aspects extensive studies have been carried out in India on the microalgae occurring as phytoplankton. These include seasonal distribution (2)(3)(4), diversity of fresh water algae (4,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) physico-chemical parameters of aquatic system (3,4,(15)(16)(17) and algal blooms (4,18). These works have been carried out with respect to both lotic and lentic ecosystems. ...
A study on diversity, seasonal occurrence, distribution percentage of microalgal taxa and physico-chemical parameters of five community ponds, located in Chinsurah town, Hooghly district of West Bengal, has been carried out. Correlation between occurrence of microalgal genera and some parameters of environment, physico-chemical nature of natural water bodies were explored by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Diversity indices have been calculated using PAST software program. A total of 23 microalgal taxa belonging to four algal classes were recorded and the study indicated that the microalgal diversity vary with variation in physico-chemical parameters of water and light intensity. Out of these genera, occurrence of Chodatella sp. in late summer and Tetrallantos sp. and Synechocystis sp. in winter season were specific. In CCA, multiple variables (dissolved oxygen, water temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, light intensity and inorganic phosphorous) played a significant role in occurrence of microalgal taxa. Observation concluded that the Chlorophycean members were dominant throughout the study period and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index was highest for a site with large number of Chlorophycean member. This study will help in future to assess water quality.
... Paul and Sreekumar (2009) assessed the biodiversity and seasonal variation in freshwater algae in Thrissur Kol wetlands and reported 169 taxa of Phytoplankton. Manickam et al., (2012) studied the phytoplankton diversity in the Parambikulam-Aliyar irrigation canals in Western Ghats and reported 22 species of phytoplankton. John and Francis (2013) have studied on the algal flora of Idukki District. ...
The interaction of environmental parameters with the planktonic Chlorophycean members has been carried out from the Thiruvananthapuram Museum Lake. A total of 54 species are recorded for a period of two years (February 2013-January 2015). Chlorella sp. was found throughout the study period. Among the total species, Scenedesmus was recorded as the major taxa with nine different species. Scenedesmus quadricauda and S.dimorphus were the dominant species among them. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index for the study period showed good diversity of the species for all the seasons (2.9-3.27). The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) between environmental variables and the dominant chlorophytes indicated an influence of the physical and chemical parameters on their distribution in the Museum Lake.
... Phytoplankton are sensitive to the environmental changes and their distribution varies considerably with respect to seasons, water quality and nutrient concentrations (Thirugnamoorthy and Selvaraju, 2009;Ganai et al., 2010;Manickam et al., 2012). Planktonic communities are influenced by the prevailing physicochemical parameters and these determine their abundance, occurrence and seasonal variations (Rothhaupt, 2000). ...
... In fish larvae and prawn, the higher rate of survival is obtained with live food than the refrigerated plankton food [12] . The physico-chemical and biological characteristics of water play an important role in plankton productivity and final yield of aquaculture products [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] . The present work was carried out to analyze the physico-chemical parameters, and to assess the species diversity and population density of zooplankton of Hale Dharmapuri lake of Dharmapuri town (Tamil Nadu, India) in order to evaluate its suitability for inland aquaculture of fishes and prawns. ...
In order to assess the suitability of the Hale Dharmapuri lake (Latitude 12º8’ 54”N and Longitude 78º10’
38”E) of Dharmapuri town (Tamil Nadu, India) for inland aquaculture, this study was conducted for a
period of one year (March 2015 – February 2016) under four seasons, post-monsoon, summer, pre-monsoon and monsoon. A total of 29 zooplankton species were identified qualitatively, which includes
10 species of Rotifer, 8 species of Cladocera, 6 species of Copepoda and 5 species of Ostracoda. The
mean population of each zooplankton groups from all the seasons recorded was in the following order,
Rotifers > Cladocerans > Copepods > Ostracods. This study revealed that the zooplankton productivity
was found to be maximum during summer season, followed by pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and
monsoon. The population of zooplankton was positively correlated with various physico-chemical
parameters, such as water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolves solids and electrical
conductivity of the lake water. Regarding species diversity, no considerable degree of differences was
seen in the diversity indices values of each zooplankton group in different season, as all the species was
recorded in all the four seasons. However, some degree of difference was seen in the respective index
value between different zooplankton groups in each season, because the number of species in each group
was varies. As appreciable number of zooplankton species diversity was seen in this lake there is hope
for its utilization for inland aquaculture of fishes and prawns, if it is properly managed.
... Therefore, it is suggested that it should have impact on species composition, species diversity, species evenness and species richness of zooplank- ton. The temperature during summer was an important factor, which attributed to zooplankton production favorably due to availability of food in the form of bacteria, phytoplankton and suspended detritus led to higher primary production (Ramakrishnah and Sarkar, 1982; Kumar and Datta, 1994; Bais and Agrawal, 1995; Poongodi et al. 2009; Radhakrishnan et al. 2009; Shanthi et al., 2010; Salve and Hiware, 2010; Manickam et al. 2012a Manickam et al. ,b, 2014). This may be due to lenticness of the lake. ...
Cempedik (Osteochilus spilurus) merupakan ikan air tawar populer di Pulau Belitung. Buku ini memaparkan tentang biologi dan etnobiologi Ikan Cempedik. Bagian awal buku menjelaskan Etnozologi dan Etnoteknologi penangkapan yang berlangsung di Belitung Timur. Selanjutnya ada penjelasan ekologi habitat dan morfologi spesies ini yang didapatkan di Sungai Lenggang. Keragaman genetik melengkapi informasi morfologinya. Identifikasi pankton pada habitat alaminya, kebiasaan makan, dan tingkt kematangan gonad ikan menjadi bab-bab berikutnya. Diakhir buku dipaparkan tentang potensi domestikasi ikan ini sebagai salah satu komoditas akuakultur.
Wetlands are one of the important ecosystems, home to both aquatic and terrestrial organisms and have a well-supported food web. Phytoplankton, one the primary producers, acts as a food source for most of the aquatic organisms are present abundantly in the aquatic ecosystems. They are the largest carbon sink and generate about half the atmospheric oxygen. They are also a very good biological indicator of water quality. The primary productivity of the phytoplankton increases when the nutrient input into the water increases, due to increase in diversity and is considered a notable ecological parameter in the aquatic ecosystems. This review documents the phytoplankton species diversity in the inland waters of Tamil Nadu State. Based on the available information, a total of 578 species of phytoplankton were recorded across the inland waters of Tamil Nadu which includes 185 species of Cyanophyceae, 185 species of Chlorophyceae, 171 species of Bacillariophyceae, 32 species of Euglenophyceae, 4 species of Dinophyceae and 1 species of Chrysophyceae. This baseline analysis will help in understanding the diversity of phytoplankton and will pave a way for upcoming researchers, conservationists and scientists for future studies.
This work aims to study the seasonal fluctuation in physicochemical characteristics, trophic status, and some pollutants influencing phytoplankton diversity, and water quality at a compact Kafr El-Shinawy drinking-water treatment plant, Damietta - Egypt seasonally during 2018. Phytoplankton distribution was affected by the trophic status of water, level of pollutants, and physicochemical treatment processes of water. The predominance of phytoplankton species, especially Aphanizomenon flos aquae (Cyanophyta), Gomphosphaeria lacustris (Cyanophyta), Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyta), Nostoc punctiforme (Cyanophyta), Oscillatoria limnetica (Cyanophyta), Pediastrum simplex (Chlorophyta), and Melosira granulata (Bacillariophyta) in treated water was much less than in raw water. Trihalomethanes (THMs) levels in treated waters were higher than in raw water, while lower concentrations of heavy metals were recorded in treated water. Intracellular levels of microcystins were lower whereas the extracellular levels were higher in treated water than raw water, and the former recorded the highest level in raw water during summer. Hence, the levels of dissolved microcystins and THMs in treated water were higher especially during summer, the season of luxurious growth of Microcystis species. Trophic state index (TSI) was relatively high in raw water compared with treated water due to high concentrations of nutrients (total-P, total-N, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia) in raw water.
This work aims to study the seasonal fluctuation in physicochemical characteristics, trophic status, and some pollutants influencing phytoplankton diversity, and water quality at a compact Kafr El-Shinawy drinking-water treatment plant, Damietta – Egypt seasonally during 2018. Phytoplankton distribution was affected by the trophic status of water, level of pollutants, and physicochemical treatment processes of water. The predominance of phytoplankton species, especially Aphanizomenon flos aquae (Cyanophyta), Gomphosphaeria lacustris (Cyanophyta), Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyta), Nostoc punctiforme (Cyanophyta), Oscillatoria limnetica (Cyanophyta), Pediastrum simplex (Chlorophyta), and Melosira granulata (Bacillariophyta) in treated water was much less than that in raw water. Trihalomethanes (THMs) levels in treated waters were higher than in raw water, while lower concentrations of heavy metals were recorded in treated water. Intracellular levels of microcystins were lower, whereas the extracellular levels were higher in treated water than raw water, and the former recorded the highest level in raw water during summer. Hence, the levels of dissolved microcystins and THMs in treated water were higher especially during summer, the season of luxurious growth of Microcystis species. Trophic state index (TSI) was relatively high in raw water compared with treated water due to high concentrations of nutrients (total-P, total-N, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia) in raw water. HIGHLIGHTS
Phytoplankton composition was affected by the trophic status level of water and physicochemical treatment processes of water.;
Phytoplankton cells control the levels of heavy metals in water.;
THMs in treated water increased greater than those in raw water by the effect of physicochemical treatment of water.;
Cyanobacteria produced cyanotoxins in water.;
Zooplankton is an important biotic component of aquatic ecosystems. They play a supportive role on economically important fin-fishes and shell-fishes. In the present study, the seasonal variations in freshwater zooplankton biodiversity in the Nagavathi reservoir Dharmapuri District Tamil Nadu, India were studied during January-2011 to December-2011 and correlated with physico-chemical parameters, as utilized for aquaculture of fishes, such as Catla, Rogu and Mirigal. A total of 29 species belongs to four orders of zooplankton such as rotifera (11 species), cladocera (7 species), copepoda (7 species) and ostracoda (4 species) were recorded during the study period. The overall population of zooplankton was found to be higher during summer season (April and May), intermediate during post-monsoon season (December-February) and lower during monsoon season (September-November). The zooplankton species percentage composition were found to be in the following order: rotifera (32%) > copepoda (31%) > cladocera (25%) > ostracoda (12%). The physico-chemical characteristics of reservoir water were positively correlated with zooplankton population. Among the zooplankton, particularly rotifera was the dominant group throughout the study period and the highest count was recorded in the summer season while the lowest incidence was observed in monsoon season.
For enumeration and quantification of plant biodiversity, in-depth studies are to be conducted in the region. Considering the potential impact of development on biodiversity, this need to be assessed from a biodiversity viewpoint to indicate the extent to which the disturbance will have impact on biodiversity. Several field studies were undertaken in order to gather authentic information on enumeration, quantification, and distribution of biodiversity in the study region. In plant biodiversity study, standard field and laboratory methods were followed for data collection and data analysis.
Genetic variations in the caprine growth hormone (c-GH. Gene) were investigated by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of 8 amplified fragments covering almost the entire gene (approx 2.5 kb) in 188 Sirohi goats and was associated with body weights at birth, 3, 6 and 9 months of age. SSCP analysis revealed 4 to 8 unique banding patterns across 8 studied fragments of GH. The promoter and region having exon 3 showed higher level of polymorphism with 8 variants. The fragments consisting of exon 1, exon 4 and exon 5 revealed 6 variants. SSCP patterns in the promoter region had significantly influenced the birth weight. The SSCP variants in fragments consisting of exonic regions had also influenced the body weight at different ages in breed of goat. SSCP analysis has indicated the possibility of marker assisted selection for higher body weight at different ages in Sirohi breed of goat.
The planktonic algae in Gölbasi Lake and their seasonal variations were investigated between April 1997 and March 1998. A total of 69 taxa have been determined. The phytoplankton comprised the members of the Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Dinophyta and Euglenophyta. Bacillariophyta was the most significant algal division of the phytoplankton in Gölbasi Lake. Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Kütz., Cyclotetta meneghimana Kütz., Cyclotella ocellata Pant, and Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr. were the most conspicuous diatoms in terms of occurrence frequency and abundance of individuals in the phytoplankton.
Lake Naivasha, a shallow tropical lake in Kenya's Rift Valley, has an unstable water column and is moderately eutrophic. Nutrient (bottom-up) control of primary production is more important than grazing (top-down) control. Experimental nutrient enrichment was used to investigate bottom-up control in more detail. Minor nutrients were not found to be limiting, whilst nitrogen was more limiting than phosphorus with an algal preference for ammonium over nitrate. Sediments form a phosphorus sink but there is hypolimnetic release from the one area showing regular temporary stratification. This indicates that the rate of primary production in the water column could double if conditions change to allow lake-wide nutrient release from sediments. Both external and recycled nutrient regeneration are important.
Seasonal abundance of population structure of net zooplankton (NZP) was
studied in connection with physico-chemical parameters of Kamal sayer, a low
flushing >200 years old, shallow (8-10 m depth), fresh water lake at Burdwan
(23° 16' N; 87° 54' E). About 13 taxa of NZP were recorded, of which 2 each
belonged to Copepods and Decapods, 5 to Rotifers, 3 to Cladocerans and 1 to
Ostracods. Rotifers expressed superiority in species abundance followed by
Decapods, Copepods, Cladocerans and Ostracods. Low values of hardness,
nitrate and phosphate, and high values of dissolved oxygen (DO) were
suggestive of this lake’s oligotrophic nature. The abundance of Copepods also
indicated stable aquatic environmental conditions. Net zooplankton abundance
were found to exhibit positive relationship with pH, DO, combined carbon
dioxide, nitrate and phosphate; hence these variables were the important
factors governing the abundance of zooplankton in lake Kamal sayer.
A study of the temporal changes in the phytoplankton community structure in the eutrophic Barra Bonita Reservoir (São Paulo State, Brazil) was carried out during 30 days (samples were taken daily for 10 days and, thereafter, on every other day) in two distinct seasonal periods (dry and rainy seasons). Monthly sampling occurred in the period July 1993 to June 1994. One hundred and thirty-one taxa were registered. A greater diversity (112 taxa) was observed in winter than in summer (79 taxa). In the monthly analysis, 90 taxa were identified. The highest values for species diversity and richness were observed in July 1993 and the lowest in April 1994. The phytoplankton dynamics in this system are apparently dominated by competitive exclusion and disturbance. Within theseasonal cycle, the phytoplankton community structure was determined by underwater light availability, mixing by wind, precipitation and the consequent loss of Cyanophyceae biomass in the upper waters by spillage, and nutrient (principally phosphorus) inputs from anthropogenic sources. The environmental variability in this polymictic system may be favouring a phytoplankton community in equilibrium, with dominance alterations of Bacillariophyceae biomass (Aulacoseira granulata), R-strategists, and Cyanophyceae biomass (Microcystis aeruginosa), S-strategists. Short periods (i.e. 10 days) in non-equilibrium conditions with increased species diversity and coexistence can perhaps be explained by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.
Condenser cooling water for the Kaiga nuclear power plant, Kaiga of Kamataka state is drawn at the rate of 1,25,205 m3hr1 from the Kadra reservoir and discharged back to the reservoir through a 1.2 km long open channel. The heated effluents reduce solubility of oxygen and accelerate loss of oxygen locally due to increased biological activity. Applications of biological indices are the effective tool for the assessment of qualities of water and biota. During the study period of two years 49 and 22 genera of phytoplankton and zooplankton respectively were recorded at surface waters. Diversity indices indicate oligotrophic nature of the lake. Dissimilarity was more amongst the plankters in between intake and discharge points. Preference of habitats indicates marginal change of rankings of plankton in zones within 500m and beyond 500m from the point of discharge. Studies revealed that there was negative impact of evaluated temperature on plankton upto 500 m from discharge point.
Seasonal change in the abundance of autotrophic picoplankton (APP) was investigated once or twice a week in relation to some environmental variables in a hypereutrophic pond, from July 1999 to June 2000. Cell density of APP ranged between 0.3105 and 10.1105cellsml–1, overlapping the lower range of APP abundances given in the literature for hypereutrophic systems. The pattern of seasonal change in concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (0.3–20.3molPl–1) was similar to that of cell density of APP, suggesting that phosphorus limitation on APP abundance. By contrast, nitrogen limitation seemed unlikely since the pattern of seasonal change in concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was different from that of APP cell density. We could not find any coupled oscillations between APP abundance and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, or between that of APP and ciliates. The dominant ciliate taxa, based on their cell densities, were Cinetochilum margaritaceum, Cyclidium glaucoma, Halteria grandinella, Strobilidium sp. and Urotricha spp. The relative contribution of the 2m fraction to total chlorophyll concentration was seasonally high (up to 16.2%), indicating seasonal importance of APP abundance as food for heterotrophs.
The phytoplankton samples were collected from the Veeranam lake for a period of one year from March-2005 to February-2006. The physico-chemical parameters of water such as air-temperature, water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were observed and their ranges were: 30.1-36.5 degrees C, 29.0-34.4 degrees C, 7.9-8.4, 1.2-2.5 mgl(-1), 7.6-9.2 microS and 2.5-5.2 mgl(-1). Totally 160 species of phytoplankton belonging to different taxonomic groups were identified. Among these 74 species to belong to Bacillariophyceae, 43 species to Chlorophyceae, 38 species to Cyanophyceae and 5 species to Euglenophyceae. The phytoplankton density was high (1705 cells l(-1)) during the summer season and low (760 cells l(-1)) during the winter season. Bacillariophyceae formed the dominant group. Species diversity index (H'), species richness (SR) and species evenness (J') were calculated.
An algal community was used to assess the quality of water of Haranbaree dam and Mosam river of Maharashtra. Pollution tolerant genera and species of 4 groups of algae from each of 3 stations of Haranbaree dam and Mosam river were recorded. By using Palmer's index of pollution for rating of water samples the total score of each station of study area was greater than 20 indicating the confirmed high organic pollution. 34 pollution tolerant genera were recorded at all stations of dam and river. Out of 34 pollution tolerant genera, 27 genera and 33 genera were observed at the dam and river sites respectively. In present study 22 pollution tolerant species are observed at dam and river sites.
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