Article

Proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract reduces leg swelling in healthy women during prolonged sitting

Wiley
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Leg swelling is a modern-day affliction of sedentary working women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the intake of grape seed extract (GSE) on leg swelling in healthy Japanese women while sitting. RESULTS: Single intake trials and 14 day intake trials were held in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical study. A prolonged sedentary position was maintained for 6 h after GSE or placebo administration. Leg volume distension, increase in body extracellular fluid, and leg water were significantly suppressed in the GSE groups. CONCLUSION: The intake of GSE is a contributing factor in the inhibition of leg swelling in healthy women during prolonged sitting.

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... Reactive oxygen species (ROS) resources[24]. ...
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The technique of phase-measuring profilometry is reviewed, whereby a sinusoidal grating structure is projected onto a diffuse three-dimensional surface, and the resulting deformed grating image is detected by a solid state array camera and processed by a microcomputer using interferometric phase measuring algorithms. The approach permits parallel acquisition and processing of large amounts of data with high accuracy and speed.Several systems are described, configured with telecentric laser light illumination or general white light diverging illumination, and capable of measurement from a single point of view or over full 360°. Each system consists of an optical projection assembly with phase-shifter, an imaging assembly with high density CCD camera and an IBM AT microcomputer with buffer and control cards.Applications to industrial inspection and medical diagnostics are presented.
Article
Photosensitized hemolysis of human erythrocytes by hematoporphyrin was suppressed by flavonols such as quercetin and rutin at submillimolar concentrations. The suppression of photohemolysis was accompanied by inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the reagents. Quercetin and rutin were photooxidized in the presence of hematoporphyrin and the photooxidation was partially suppressed by 1 mM NaN3, a quencher of singlet molecular oxygen. Flavonols were also oxidized by radicals formed during degradation of lauroyl peroxide. These results indicate that flavonols can function as antioxidants in biological systems by terminating radical chain reactions and removing singlet molecular oxygen. A pharmacological function of flavonols, decrease of the increased permeability and gragility of capillary, was discussed in relation to their antioxidative functions.
Article
The antioxidant activity of catechin monomers and procyanidin (dimers to hexamers) fractions purified from cocoa was studied in two in vitro systems: liposomes and human LDL. Liposome oxidation (evaluated as formation of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was initiated with 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH), 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN), iron/ascorbate, or UV-C; LDL oxidation (evaluated as formation of conjugated dienes) was initiated with Cu2+ or AAPH. Catechin monomers and procyanidin fractions inhibited both liposome and LDL oxidation. Monomers, dimers, and trimers fractions were the most effective antioxidants when liposome oxidation was initiated in the aqueous phase. When oxidation was initiated in the lipid domains, higher molecular weight procyanidins were the most effective. All fractions significantly inhibited Cu-mediated LDL oxidation; no significant effect of procyanidin molecular weight was observed. The hexamer fraction was the least effective with respect to preventing AAPH initiated LDL oxidation. Results reported herein give further evidence on the influence of the oligomer chain length on the antioxidant protection by procyanidins.
Article
In normal conditions vascular permeability is precisely regulated by mechanisms which involve among others the macromolecules of extracellular matrix of the vascular wall. Permeability for a given substance will vary according to the anatomical localisation of the vessel determining also its structure and composition. In some pathological conditions, such as inflammation or diabetes, permeability can be abnormally increased. Increased permeability can be reproduced by i.v. collagenase injection. This permeability increase can be quantified by image analysis using appropriate tracers such as FITC-dextrans or horse-radish peroxidase, on histological sections from control and collagenase treated rats, pretreated or not with procyanidolic oligomers (PCO). We studied cerebral capillaries, aorta and cardiac muscle capillaries. It could be shown that previous treatment of animals with procyanidolic oligomers prevented the permeability increase produced by collagenase injection.
Article
Tissues are composed of cells and extracellular matrix (EM). Adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix is mediated by membrane-bound glycoproteins such as fibronectin, laminin and others. Elastonectin was shown recently to be involved in the mediation of interactions between elastic fibers and cells such as human skin fibroblasts (FB) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) from the media of the aorta. A strong interaction between fibers and cells is important for the maintenance of the quality of the vascular wall. We studied the action of procyanidolic oligomers (PCO) on the attachment of fibroblasts from human skin and smooth muscle cells from porcin aorta to elastic fibers. A dose-dependent increase of cell-fiber interaction could be demonstrated with both cell-types. Elastonectin is located on the cell membrane as well as an elastolytic serine-protease exhibiting an age- and pathology-dependent increase in activity. This will result in a degradation of elastic lamellae, the detachment of cells from elastic fibers and a weakening of the vascular wall. The activity of procyanidolic oligomers increasing the resistance of elastic fibers to degradation by elastases and enhancing the interaction between fibers and cells can be considered as favouring the maintenance of the normal functional state of the vascular wall.
Article
Seven flavonoids and three non-flavonoid antioxidants, i.e. butylated hydroxyanisole, chlorpromazine and BW 755 C, were studied as potential scavengers of oxygen free radicals. Superoxide anions were generated enzymatically in a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and non-enzymatically in a phenazine methosulphate-NADH system, and assayed by reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium. The generation of malonaldehyde (MDA) by the ascorbate-stimulated air-oxidised boiled rat liver microsomes was considered as an index of the non-enzymatic formation of hydroxyl radicals. Flavonoids but not non-flavonoid antioxidants lowered the concentration of detectable superoxide anions in both enzymic and non-enzymic systems which generated these SOD-sensitive radicals. The most effective inhibitors of superoxide anions were quercetin, myricetin and rutin. Four out of seven investigated flavonoids seemed also to suppress the activity of xanthine oxidase as measured by a decrease in uric acid biosynthesis. All ten investigated compounds inhibited the MDA formation by rat liver microsomes. Non-flavonoid antioxidants were more potent MDA inhibitors than flavonoids. It is concluded that antioxidant properties of flavonoids are effected mainly via scavenging of superoxide anions whereas non-flavonoid antioxidants act on further links of free radical chain reactions, most likely by scavenging of hydroxyl radicals.
Article
Swelling of the left foot and changes in its vascular volume (VV) were studied in seven healthy subjects during 8 h of seated work without leg movements. Changes in total plasma volume (PV) were calculated from hematocrit values. Reference values (r.v.) were obtained during a working day requiring intermittent physical activity (walking). Significant changes during the first 4 h: the foot swelled by 3.5% (r.v.: 2.2%) and VV was reduced by 0.5% of the foot volume (r.v.: increased by 0.3%). Accordingly, the interstitial fluid volume (IFV) of the foot increased by 4.0% (r.v.: 1.9%). The loss of PV was 6.3%. During the last 4 h the only significant change was an increase in foot volume by 1.9%. It is concluded that (1) foot swelling should be corrected for changes in VV to obtain an exact measure of the change in IFV, (2) prolonged elevated pressure, assumed to occur in the feet during relaxed sitting, does not imply distension ("delayed compliance") of the vascular system as previously suggested, (3) hemoconcentration seems to reach complete stability during the initial period of quiet sitting, (4) loss of PV during sedentary work may be avoided by a modest increase in leg activity.
Article
In this paper, we discuss the problems of measurement of intra- and extra-cellular fluid distribution in living tissues by means of electrical impedance. The intra- and extra-cellular fluid distribution is related to some physiological parameters, such as blood circulation, metabolism of tissues, and the electrolytic concentration of intra- and extra-cellular fluids. Therefore, the information about the distribution of fluids in tissues is quite useful for the diagnosis of various diseases, the monitoring of seriously ill patients, and in medical treatments such as artificial dialysis. We discuss the method of measurement and the results of experiments.
Article
Renal size and volume decrease with age, accompanied by intrarenal vascular changes. The number of glomeruli decreases and the mass of the juxtamedullary nephrons falls. The result is a decrease in the filtration area of the glomerular basement membrane and decreased permeability. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is reduced with aging. The GFR is approximated by the endogenous creatinine clearance, which falls in parallel with the inulin clearance (the true measure of GFR) and is always greater because of tubular excretion of creatinine. Analytical methods for serum and urine creatinine overestimate its concentration and suffer, to varying degrees, from interferences, making the normal range method dependent. A further uncertainty arises from the use of a correction to standard surface area. Serum creatinine concentration is an insensitive indicator of renal function in the elderly. Deduction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine concentration, weight and age using one of many formulae gives only approximate values, usually too high, and is unsuitable for debilitated and seriously ill patients. Tubular function, in general, is decreased in the elderly. The ability of the kidney to concentrate urine maximally after water deprivation decreases with age, as does the ability to excrete a water and salt load, particularly during the night. Nocturnal polyuria is common in the elderly. The aged kidney can maintain acid-base balance under normal conditions, but not when subjected to an acid load.
Article
The paper summarizes 12 papers by the authors over the last six years on various aspects of standing. This paper is divided into four sections. The anthropometry section discusses foot dimensions (including volume and footprints) and discusses leg-length discrepancy. The criteria section discusses the usefulness, for standing, of various physiological criteria and of body comfort votes. The floor surfaces section discusses concrete, rubber mats and carpet. The posture section discusses standing postures.
Article
Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate the ratio of extracellular water (ECW) to total body water in subjects with end-stage renal disease. The body's resistance was measured at frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The impedance index (height2/resistance) determined at low frequency (5 kHz) correlated most closely with ECW (r = 0.886) using sodium bromide dilution as the standard of comparison. In contrast, the ratio of height squared to resistance determined at high frequency (500 kHz) correlated most closely with total body water (r = 0.974) using deuterium oxide dilution as the standard of comparison. The ratio of resistance at 500 kHz to resistance at 5 kHz was directly correlated (r = 0.767) with the ratio of ECW to total body water. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis may assist in the evaluation of body water distribution in endstage renal disease and other clinical disorders of fluid volume and/or distribution.
Article
Endothelial dysfunction has an important role to play in the pathophysiology of human vascular disease. The maintenance of barrier function is critical to the role of vascular endothelium in cardiovascular haemostasis and this function can be compromised by inflammatory mediators, cytokines or oxidants. Under conditions of oxidative stress a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be generated, which increase the permeability of the endothelial monolayer to fluid, macromolecules and inflammatory cells. The endothelium-derived nitric oxide radical (NO), whose physiological actions include effects on vascular smooth muscle, is normally inactivated by the superoxide radical anion. While large amounts of NO have cytotoxic potential, it is now becoming clear that combinations of NO with ROS can produce either cytotoxic or cytoprotective effects, depending on the relative amounts of each which are present in the target cell or its environment at a particular time. The contribution of NO to oxidant-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction can be assessed in vitro in endothelial monolayers grown on porous membrane supports. In this model, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant, H2O2-induced losses of barrier function can be enhanced or partially offset by NO donor drugs, depending on the concentration of NO donor used. Furthermore, the injurious or cytoprotective effects of these agents appear to be determined by the quantity of NO generated. Since NO is administered clinically by inhalation in conditions such as pulmonary hypertension or the adult respiratory distress syndrome, which are themselves associated with generation of ROS, it is likely that low concentrations of NO may protect the pulmonary vascular endothelium while high concentrations might be expected to combine with ROS to yield intermediates capable of causing further endothelial injury or loss of barrier function.
Article
The pharmacological treatment of non-complicated chronic venous insufficiency is a current and well-debated topic. The introduction of new products with action on the venous system, improved knowledge on the physiopathology of venous insufficiency and the possibility provided by new analytical instruments, have given new impulse to the consolidation of the clinical value of phlebotonics in this indication. In light of this, 24 patients with non-complicated chronic venous insufficiency were treated with oral administration of Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (Pycnogenols-OPC) 100 mg/day. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment, an instrumental evaluation by optical probe capillaroscope was employed in addition to the traditional subjective clinical parameters: swelling, itching, heaviness and pain. The videocapillaroscope examination was performed at the lower third of the leg and the first toe. Edema in the capillaroscopic field, the number of observable capillaries and the capillary dilatation were the parameter chosen to evaluate the efficacy of treatment. All patients completed the study with no reports of adverse events during the period of observation. The results obtained show a positive clinical response (improved or absent symptoms) in over 80% of patients, with significant improvement of symptoms already evident after the first 10 days of treatment. The mechanism of action of the OPCs explains the rapid reduction of the swelling of the lower limbs and correlated with this are the other evaluable symptoms: heaviness and itching. Particularly striking results were observed for itching and pain which completely disappeared during the course of therapy in 80% and 53% of the patients respectively. Noteworthy is the good correlation between the clinical and instrumental data, with improvement in a total of 70% of patients. The results obtained in the course of this clinical experience, with evident improvement already during the first weeks of treatment, the absence of adverse events added to the benefit of a once-a-day administration, justify the use of OPC in the treatment of non-complicated chronic venous insufficiency.
Article
Proanthocyanidins, extracted from grape seeds, are widely used mainly as nutritional supplements. However, there has not been a systematic report to investigate toxicological studies on proanthocyanidins, especially in oral administration. In our studies, proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds was subjected to a series of toxicological tests to document its safety for use in various foods. The grape seed extract (GSE) was examined for acute and subchronic oral toxicity using Fischer 344 rats and for mutagenic potential by the reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium, the chromosomal aberration test using CHL cells, and the micronucleus test using ddY mice. No evidence of acute oral toxicity at dosages of 2 and 4 g/kg, and no evidence of mutagenicity in the above tests was found. Administration of GSE as a dietary admixture at levels of 0.02, 0.2 and 2% (w/w) to the rats for 90 days did not induce noticeable signs of toxicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of GSE in the subchronic toxicity study was 2% in the diet (equal to 1410 mg/kg body weight/day in males and 1501 mg/kg body weight/day in females). The results of our studies indicate a lack of toxicity and support the use of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds for various foods.
Article
It has been reported that renovascular hypertension activates the renin-angiotensin system, leading to an increase in oxidative stress. We sought to determine whether renal-artery angioplasty improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with renovascular hypertension through a reduction in oxidative stress. We evaluated the response of forearm blood flow to acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, and isosorbide dinitrate, an endothelium-independent vasodilator, before and after renal-artery angioplasty in 15 subjects with renovascular hypertension and 15 controls without hypertension who were matched for age and sex. Forearm blood flow was measured with the use of a mercury-filled Silastic strain-gauge plethysmograph. The forearm blood flow in response to acetylcholine was less in subjects with renovascular hypertension than in controls, although the forearm blood flow in response to isosorbide dinitrate was similar in the two groups. Angioplasty decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures, forearm vascular resistance, and urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and serum malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL), indexes of oxidative stress. After angioplasty, the mean (+/-SD) forearm blood flow in response to acetylcholine was increased in the patients with renovascular hypertension (19.3+/-6.8 vs. 29.6+/-7.1 ml per minute per 100 ml, P=0.002). The increase in the maximal forearm blood flow in response to acetylcholine correlated significantly with the decrease in urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (r=-0.51, P=0.004) and serum malondialdehyde-modified LDL (r=-0.39, P=0.02). Coinfusion of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) augmented the response of forearm blood flow to acetylcholine before angioplasty (P<0.001) but not after angioplasty. These findings suggest that excessive oxidative stress is involved, at least in part, in impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with renovascular hypertension.
Article
Postprandial hyperlipemia is a well-defined risk factor for atherosclerosis. A reasonable contributing mechanism could involve the postprandial increase of plasma lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) affecting the oxidant/antioxidant balance and increasing the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. Wine has been shown to prevent both these events. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of supplementing a meal with grape seed proanthocyanidins (the main phenolic antioxidant of red wine) on plasma postprandial oxidative stress. In two different sessions, 8 healthy volunteers consumed the same test meal rich in oxidized and oxidizable lipids without (control) or with 300 mg of a proanthocyanidin-rich grape seeds extract (GSE). Lipid hydroperoxide concentration, antioxidant status, and LDL resistance to oxidative modification were measured in postprandial plasma. The content of LPO in chylomicrons was 1.5-fold higher after the control meal than after the GSE-supplemented meal. Plasma LPO increased only after consumption of the control meal. The plasma antioxidant capacity increased in the postprandial phase only following the GSE supplemented meal. LDL isolated 3 h after the control meal tended to be more susceptible to oxidative modification (but the difference did not reach statistical significance). An opposite trend was observed following the GSE supplemented meal. In conclusion, the supplementation of a meal with GSE minimizes the postprandial oxidative stress by decreasing the oxidants and increasing the antioxidant levels in plasma, and, as a consequence, enhancing the resistance to oxidative modification of LDL.
Article
To confirm the absorption of proanthocyanidin (PA) into the human body, four healthy adults were administered 2.0 g of PA-rich grape seed extract (GSE). Blood were drawn before intake and 2 h after intake. Through the enzymatic treatment of sulfatase and beta-glucuronidase, blood samples were analyzed by HPLC coupled with mass-spectrometry (LC/MS). Procyanidin B1 [epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-catechin] was detected in human serum 2 h after intake. Its concentration was 10.6 +/- 2.5 nmol/l.
Article
Hypertension increases oxidative stress, which can impair myocardial microvascular function and integrity. However, it is yet unclear whether long-term antioxidant intervention in early hypertension would preserve myocardial perfusion and vascular permeability responses to challenge. Pigs were studied after 12 weeks of renovascular hypertension without (n=8) or with daily supplementation of antioxidants (100 IU/kg vitamin E and 1 g vitamin C, n=6), and compared with normal controls (n=7). Myocardial perfusion and microvascular permeability were measured in vivo by electron beam computed tomography before and after 2 cardiac challenges (intravenous adenosine and dobutamine). Basal left ventricular muscle mass was also obtained. Mean arterial pressure was significantly increased in both groups of hypertensive animals (without and with antioxidants, 123+/-9 and 126+/-4 mm Hg, respectively, versus normal, 101+/-4 mm Hg; both P<0.05), but muscle mass was not different among the groups. The impaired myocardial perfusion response to adenosine observed in hypertensives (normal, +51+/-14%; P<0.05 versus baseline; hypertension, +14+/-15%; P=0.3 versus baseline) was preserved in hypertensive pigs that received antioxidants (+44+/-15%; P=0.01 compared with baseline). Long-term antioxidant intervention also preserved subendocardial microvascular permeability responses in hypertension. On the other hand, antioxidant intervention had little effect on the hypertension-induced myocardial vascular dysfunction observed in response to dobutamine. This study demonstrates that the impaired myocardial perfusion and permeability responses to increased cardiac demand in early hypertension are significantly improved by long-term antioxidant intervention. These results support the involvement of oxidative stress in myocardial vascular dysfunction in hypertension and suggest a role for antioxidant strategies to preserve the myocardial microvasculature.
Article
Flavonoid extracts derived from plant foods have been shown to benefit certain types of fluid retention. However, no studies have investigated these compounds for use in premenstrual fluid retention, a complaint common among women with otherwise normal menstrual cycles. Therefore, we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study into the effect of a daily flavonoid extract (Colladeen, 320 mg oligomeric procyanidins) on premenstrual fluid retention. Fluid retention was assessed at baseline and throughout 4 menstrual cycles of the intervention using validated questionnaires. Leg girth was also measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Thirty subjects completed the study (n = 18 active treatment; n = 12 placebo). Although no significant changes in leg girth measurements were noted, there was a significant improvement in subjective "leg health" scores after flavonoid treatment compared to placebo (p = 0.013). Furthermore, this was accompanied by an improvement in reported premenstrual fluid retention nearing significance (p = 0.066). We conclude that flavonoids supplements may provide a new therapeutic direction to counter premenstrual fluid retention and improve leg health. A larger study is now warranted.
Article
To investigate the effect of the red vine leaf extract AS 195 on cutaneous microvascular blood flow, transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2), and leg oedema in patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The study was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial for which 129 men and women, aged > or =18 years, with CVI stage I or II were screened. Seventy-one fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomised. A total of 71 patients were divided into two groups. The first group (n = 36) received AS 195 360mg once daily during a first 6-week treatment period, followed by a 4-week placebo washout period and then placebo during the second 6-week treatment period. The second group (n = 35) started with placebo and received AS 195 360mg after the placebo washout. The cutaneous microvascular blood flow in the malleolar region was measured using a newly developed laser Doppler device. TcpO2 was measured using a solid-state electrode. After 6 weeks, patients in the AS 195 group had increased microvascular blood flow values (+241.8 +/- 18.7 arbitrary units [AU] versus a decrease of -41.0 +/- 18.7AU in the placebo group; p < 0.0001). Oxygen increased to 1.35 +/- 0.97mm Hg (placebo: decrease of -7.27 +/- 0.97mm Hg; p < 0.0001). After 6 weeks of treatment the leg circumference was decreased (ankle level: by -0.39 +/- 0.09cm versus +0.29 +/- 0.09cm; p < 0.0001; calf level: by -0.54 +/- 0.05cm versus +0.14 +/- 0.05cm; p < 0.0001). The administration of AS 195 improved objective symptoms of CVI and may prevent CVI deterioration.
Article
Chloasma (melasma), an acquired hypermelanosis, is often recalcitrant to various treatments and an amenable, as well as safe, pigment-reducing modality is needed. We investigated that the reducing effect of proanthocyanidin, a powerful antioxidant, on chloasma in a one-year open design study. Proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE) was orally administered to 12 Japanese woman candidates with chloasma for 6 months between August 2001 and January 2002 and to 11 of these 12 for 5 months between March and July 2002. Clinical observation, L* value (lightening) and melanin index, and size (length and width) measurements of chloasma were performed throughout the study period. The first 6 months of GSE intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 10 of the 12 women (83%, p < 0.01) and following 5 months of intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 6 of the 11 candidates (54%, p < 0.01). L* values also increased after GSE intake (57.8 +/- 2.5 at the start vs 59.3 +/- 2.3 at 6 months and 58.7 +/- 2.5 at the end of study). Melanin-index significantly decreased after 6 months of the intake (0.025 +/- 0.005 at the start vs 0.019 +/- 0.004 at 6 months) (p < 0.01), and also decreased at the end of study (0.021 +/- 0.005) (p < 0.05). GSE is effective in reducing the hyperpigmentation of women with chloasma. The beneficial effects of GSE was maximally achieved after 6 months and these was no further improvement after this period. The latter GSE intake for 5 months may prevent chloasma from becoming worse prior to the summer season. GSE is safe and useful for improving chloasma.
Article
Proanthocyanidins, which belong to a class of polyphenols, are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. Most people ingest trace amounts of proanthocyanidins through foods such as red wine and cranberry juice. However, the functional properties of proanthocyanidins have been little understood. Since 1983, we have studied the antioxidative functions, preventive actions on diseases and utilization of proanthocyanidins. The antioxidative activities of proanthocyanidins were found to be much stronger than vitamin C or vitamin E in aqueous systems. The mechanisms for their antioxidative actions were shown to involve radical scavenging, quenching, and enzyme-inhibiting actions. The preventive actions of proanthcyanidins on diseases relating to reactive oxygen species was examined using animal tests. Proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract was showed to have preventive actions on diseases such as atherosclerosis, gastric ulcer, large bowel cancer, cataracts and diabetes. In human intervention trials, grape seed extract was shown to have preventive effects on the increase in lipid peroxides in human plasma after exercise and on muscle fatigue after training. The uses and manufacturing techniques of proanthocyanidin products were subsequently developed. The products were launched as antioxidants in food additives, ingredients in nutritional supplements, and cosmetics.
The elastic properties of the human great saphenous vein in relation to primary varicose veins
  • Bocking
Expression of integrated hepatitis B virus X variants in human hepatocellular carcinomas and its significance
  • Lotito