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Comparative evaluation of traditional prescriptions from Cichorium intybus L. for wound healing: Stepwise isolation of an active component by in vivo bioassay and its mode of activity
Abstract
Ethnobotanical field surveys revealed that various parts of Cichorium intybus L. has been used for wound healing in Turkish folk medicine.
The present study aimed at verifying the efficiency of various traditional prescriptions prepared from the aerial parts and roots of C. intybus experimentally and to define the components responsible from the activity by bioassay-guided procedures.
Initially, wound healing activity of the aerial parts, leaves, and roots as well as ashes of either leaves or roots were investigated. Subsequently, roots of the plant were submitted to further detailed investigations. The wound healing activity of the methanolic extract, its subextracts, and fractions were evaluated by using in vivo linear incision and circular excision wound models in rats. The hydroxyproline content of the tissues treated with test ointments were also assessed for the activity evaluation. Moreover, in order to find out a possible involvement of antioxidant activity in wound healing, the test samples were also investigated by DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic concentration were also determined. Additionally anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using the method of Whittle, which is based on the inhibition of acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability. Through the bioassay guided fractionation one compound was isolated and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. For the determination of the activity mechanisms, the fractions were screened for hyaluronidase, collagenase and elastase enzyme inhibitory activities.
Methanolic extract of C. intybus roots was found to possess potent wound healing activity. Then this extract was subjected to successive solvent extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Each solvent extracts were also applied on the same wound models. DCM subextract was found to be the most active one and through chromatographic techniques DCM subextract was fractionated into several fractions and compound 1 was isolated as the compound being responsible from the wound healing activity.
The experimental study revealed that C. intybus methanolic extract displays wound healing effect and β-sitosterol was determined as the active compound responsible from the activity.
... The results of the total phenolic content assay on the extract, sub-extracts and fractions from the roots of C. intybus indicated that CH2Cl2, EtOAc and n-BuOH sub-extracts were rich in phenolic constituents with significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, possibly even contributing to the wound healing process (38). Moreover, C. intybus have been shown to possess a wide variety of pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-tumoral, antiinflammatory (37,39). Comparing the hepatoprotective effects of natural root extract of C. intybus and its root callus extracts has been showed that root callus extract had better activity against CCL 4 hepatotoxicity (40). ...
... Moreover, reduced levels of malondialdehyde and increased levels of antioxidant enzymes are the main mechanisms of CIE for preventing the development of liver fibrosis induced via CCl 4 (43). Hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory actions and free radical scavenging are the major properties of C. intybus that are assumed to be related to its flavonoids (39). ...
The liver is a vital organ which plays a major role in the metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics from the body, and liver disease is a worldwide health problem. The currently available synthetic drugs to treat liver disorders cause further damage to the liver and kidney so it is imperative to find new drugs with least side effects. There are a number of treatment combinations which are derived from medicinal plants and commonly administered as tonic for the liver. In this review, we have introduced most important medicinal plants that are used in liver disorders and have least side effects on kidney. In this regards, we have focused on their active constituents, effects and trial studies, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic characteristics, dosages, and toxicity. Amaranthus spinosus L., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cichorium inthybus L., Phyllanthus species (amarus, niruri, emblica), Picrorhiza kurroa, and Silybum marianum have been extensively administered for the treatment of liver disorders. The introduced medicinal plants can be used for production of new drugs via antioxidant-related properties, hepatoprotective activities and least side effects on kidney for the prevention and treatment of liver disorders.
... Cichorium intybus is a medicinally significant plant; as a result of its widespread distribution, various parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicines all over the world due to its wide range of biological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antibacterial properties [26,[29][30][31]. Significant phytochemicals are found throughout the plant, and the root contains most of them [32]. Various extracts of Cichorium intybus have been found to inhibit tumor growth in a variety of cancer [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. ...
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women. It is a complex condition with many subtypes based on the hormone receptor. The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates cell survival, metabolism, growth, and protein synthesis in response to upstream signals in both normal physiological and pathological situations, primarily in cancer. The objective of this study was to screen for a potential target to inhibit the mTOR using a variety of inhibitors derived from Cichorium intybus and to identify the one with the highest binding affinity for the receptor protein. Initially, AutoDock Vina was used to perform structure-based virtual screening, as protein-like interactions are critical in drug development. For the comparative analysis, 110 components of Cichorium intybus were employed and ten FDA-approved anticancer medicines, including everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor. Further, the drug-likeness and ADMET properties were investigated to evaluate the anti-breast cancer activity by applying Lipinski's rule of five to the selected molecules. The promising candidates were then subjected to three replica molecular dynamics simulations run for 100 ns, followed by binding free energy estimation using MM-GBSA. The data were analyzed using root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), and protein–ligand interactions to determine the stability of the protein–ligand complex. Based on the results, taraxerone (98) revealed optimum binding affinities with mTOR, followed by stigmasterol (110) and rutin (104), which compared favorably to the control compounds. Subsequently, bioactive compounds derived from Cichorium intybus may serve as lead molecules for developing potent and effective mTOR inhibitors to treat breast cancer.
Graphical abstract
... The most common polysaccharide in BSP is glucomannan, which is made up of D-glucose and D-mannose and has a high molecular weight [92]. BSP plays a critical role in the three main phases of wound healing: Inflammation, granulation tissue proliferation, and repair [93]. During the inflammation phase, BSP promotes the expression of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-1, and interferon (IFN)-, increases NO, and promotes neutrophil, monocyte, and macrophage chemotaxis [94]. ...
Wound healing is a complicated process, and the effective management of wounds is a major challenge. Natural herbal remedies have now become fundamental for the management of skin disorders and the treatment of skin infections due to the side effects of modern medicine and lower price for herbal products. The aim of the present study is to summarize the most recent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on major herbal preparations, their phytochemical constituents, and new formulations for wound management. Research reveals that several herbal medicaments have marked activity in the management of wounds and that this activity is ascribed to flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. These phytochemicals can act at different stages of the process by means of various mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, collagen synthesis stimulating, cell proliferation, and angiogenic effects. The application of natural compounds using nanotechnology systems may provide significant improvement in the efficacy of wound treatments. Increasing the clinical use of these therapies would require safety assessment in clinical trials.
... However, various plant parts have global utilization pertaining to conventional medicine due to its widespread distribution (Süntar et al. 2012). The basic constituents are contained in the root but some of the important phytochemical constituents have been found to be present throughout the plant (Bais et al. 2000). ...
More than half of the population in developing nations depends on natural medication for treatment of different sicknesses and problems. Among them, Achillea millefolium from Asteraceae family is one restoratively significant plant called as “yarrow” and revealed as being utilized in folklore medication for sicknesses, for example, skin irritations, convulsive, hepatobiliary, and gastrointestinal issues. Monoterpenes are the most delegate metabolites, establishing 90% of the fundamental oils comparable to the sesquiterpenes, and a wide scope of chemical compounds have likewise been found. Distinctive pharmacological examinations in numerous in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the capability of A. millefolium with anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticancer activities, and so forth loaning help to the reasoning behind various of its conventional uses. Because of the essential pharmacological activities, A. millefolium will be a superior alternative for new medication discovery. Our chapter extensively gathers late phytochemical and pharmacological activities of A. millefolium, and should, accordingly, act as an appropriate reference for future investigation into the plant’s phytochemical profiling and by and large pharmacological assessment.Keywords
Achillea millefolium
PhytochemistryTherapeutic usesPharmacologyConstituents
... However, various plant parts have global utilization pertaining to conventional medicine due to its widespread distribution (Süntar et al. 2012). The basic constituents are contained in the root but some of the important phytochemical constituents have been found to be present throughout the plant (Bais et al. 2000). ...
Capsella bursa-pastoris L. is widely found in countries such as Cyprus, Europe, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan, India, Iraq, Iran, China, Azerbaijan, and in ethnomedical records of many other Asian countries. C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic—a traditional herb belongs to genus Capsella. Animal model-based preclinical studies have provided important comprehensive scientific data of its phytochemistry and phytopharmacology besides its various important uses. The main focus of this chapter aims to provide a detailed information about the traditional uses, scientific evidence-based pharmacological actions, and phytoconstituents from C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic based on the data available from the past 40 years. The data available shows that the plant’s crude extracts and some phytoconstituents have anti-inflammatory, smooth muscles contraction, infertility, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, anticancer, sedative, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential. The data also showed that C. bursa-pastoris (L.) has a good nutritional value due to the presence of plethora of phytoconstituents which include flavonoids, phytosterols, phenolics, etc. Other than immense pharmacological potential, C. bursa-pastoris is a rich source of nutrients also. The available scientific data on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological actions of C. bursa-pastoris suggest that this plant can be a promising target for discovery and development of novel drugs for treating wide range of human ailments due to the safe and effective nature of C. bursa-pastoris. More scientific studies need to be carried out on this plant because different traditional uses and phytoconstituents.KeywordsEthnopharmacologyPhytochemistryPharmacological actionsPhytosterolsPhenolicsFlavonoidsAnti-inflammatory
C. bursa-pastoris
... Moreover, antioxidant defense systems are very important to protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)induced cellular damage. These systems, known as endogenous or exogenous sources, may also contribute positively to the wound healing process (36,37). Three different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of MEPE; the amounts of the total polyphenol content (TPC), the ferric reducing antioxidant assay (FRAP) value, and the DPPH scavenging activity are listed in Table 5. ...
As stated in many ethnobotany studies, Potentilla genus is traditionally used in the treatment of wound healing. In this study, we aimed to investigate to time-course effects of the methanolic extract of Potentilla erecta (P. erecta) (MEPE) on diabetic wounds. The subject of the experiments was 36 Wistar rats, divided into three main groups: non-diabetic control (NDM), diabetic control (STZ-DM), and P. erecta-treated (MEPE). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Full-thickness excisional skin wounds were opened in rats. The wounds were treated with P. erecta root extract in the MEPE groups. The wound area, wound contraction rate, collagen, thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARs), nitric oxide (NOx), and glutathione (GSH) levels in wound tissue were determined for the evaluation of the wound healing on days 0, 3 and 7. Phenolic compounds of MEPE were determined by RP-HPLC-UV. The antioxidant properties were spectrophotometrically determined and the antibacterial properties were tested using the microwell-dilution method. Our results demonstrated that MEPE significantly increased wound contraction rate compared to the STZ-DM group on days 3 and 7. MEPE treated rats showed a statistical increase in the levels of NOx, GSH, collagen and a statistical decrease in the levels of TBARs. Our results, for the first time, may indicate that P. erecta root extract improves and accelerates diabetic wound healing and also alters oxidative events.
... The methanolic extract of chicory displayed wound healing property (Süntar et al., 2012) while the aqueous extract showed antiallergic activity under both in-vitro and in-vivo through inhibiting mast cell-mediated allergic response and reduction in the level of some markers of allergic reactions (reduced plasma histamine levels and histamine secretion from peritoneal mast cells of rat) (Kim et al., 1999). The chicoric acid showed vasorelaxant trait, while the dichloromethane extract of root parts of chicory and two sesquiterpene lactones (8-deoxylactucin and lactucopicrin,) exhibited anticholinesterase activity (Sakurai et al., 2003;Rollinger et al., 2005). ...
In the modern era, the exploration of herbal plants is required to sustain a healthy
and disease-free lifestyle by following traditional medicine system and to develop novel
plant-based drugs for numerous therapeutic uses. Nature provides various therapeutic
agents in the form of this multipurpose and medicinal plant widely known as ‘Chicory’
(Cichorium intybus). It shows wide distribution (major geographically presence in
Asia, South Africa, and Europe) and has a rich history to use in folklore medicines. In
different ethnic-medication systems, folk healers use this herb to cure various ailments
such as diabetes, liver disorders, and others. Various parts of plants contain a range of
major phytochemicals (inulin, esculin, flavonoids, phenolics, sesquiterpene lactones,
caffeic acid, chicoric acid, terpenoids, and vitamins) have potentially be identified and
validated for some medicinal purposes. In pharmacological studies, this plant exhibited
wide-arrays of medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective,
antioxidant, etc. This chapter focuses on the basic introduction of ethnic values of
Cichrium intybus and its possible remedial application for treating a vast number of
ailments.
... The β-sitosterol, from C. intybus roots, has been identified as an agent that inhibits hyaluronidase and collagenase and shows considerable antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. Hence, it displays a wound healing effect (Suntar et al., 2012). C. intybus roots has also shown a dose dependent decrease in edema by diminishing the serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 levels, attenuating the malonylaldehyde levels and increasing the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity in albino rats (Rizvi et al., 2014). ...
The ancient world practically depended on herbal sources of medicines to treat common as well as chronic diseases. Till now, over 80% population in the developing and under developed countries depend on plant materials for the same. Many claims have been justified about the efficacy of modern medicines; it is interesting to know that most of them are derived from plants. The common herbs and spices are exploited by the existing herbal branches of medicines to prepare potential drugs. Occasionally, it also uses rare species of medicinal plants, native to specific climate or region. The screening of new and rare plant species is required to improve the scope of pharmacological alternatives. However, the common herbs and spices provide a more practical, productive as well as a feasible source of medicine. Hence, the current review describes the medicinal benefits of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds, and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) roots. They are not only commonly available but are loaded with essential nutrients that promote overall health and boosts immunity.
... In spite of its traditional use, chicory is not described in the European Pharmacopoeia or in any official Pharmacopoeia of a European Union member state (European Medicines Agency, 2013). However, due to its ubiquitous distribution several parts of the plant have been used globally in traditional medicines (Süntar et al., 2012). ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Cichorium intybus on lipid peroxidation activities of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, inflammatory mediators, myocardial enzymes and histopathology of cardiac tissues in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg) combined with high energy intake in rats. Seed extract of Cichorium intybus (CIE) (250 mg/kg & 500 mg/kg) was administered orally once a day for 3 weeks. Phytochemical investigations of seed extract revealed presence of some active ingredients such as alkaloids, tannins, saponin, phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids. Seed extract of Cichorium intybus confirmed a significant potency towards restoring the blood glucose, an elevation of the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), blood glutathione (GSH), TNF-α and IL-6 and a reduction in the levels of catalase (CAT) was observed following the STZ treatment. Oxidative stress was accompanied by myocardial degeneration as evidenced by histopathological examination of cardiac tissues. Administration of CIE reduced the lipid peroxides level in heart. Serum levels of AST, GSH, LDH and SOD were brought down to physiological levels by CIE in STZ induced DCM rats. CIE also markedly down-regulated serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Catalase that was reduced in serum was brought back to near normal level. The extensive necrotic changes of cardiac tissue by STZ was minimized to normal morphology upon CIE administration. The study demonstrates the cardioprotective effect of CIE via inhibition of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
... In vivo, stigmasterol showed antitumor efficacy against a 1,3-dimethylbutylamine-induced skin carcinoma mouse model (96) and antioxidant activity against EAC in swiss albino mice (92). β-sitosterol is the most abundant phytosterol, present in leaves (39), roots (97), and total areal part extract (26). β-sitosterol increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in cultured macrophage cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced oxidative stress. ...
Cichorium intybus L. (Chicory) is a widely distributed, edible, perennial, herbaceous member of the Asteraceae family. Besides its use in modern Chinese herbal medicine, its ethnomedicinal use is evident in the text from ancient Greece, Egypt and China. It is also used as a food and coffee substitute, which is mainly responsible for its extensive domestication. In recent decades, cytotoxic studies of C. intybus extracts have shown its antitumor potential. These studies also identified metabolite constituents including guaianolides, 6‑methoxyflavone, eudesmanolides, germacranolides, polyacetylene, sterol, anthocyanin, delphinidin, 3,4‑dihydroxyphenethyl and other novel compounds. Many of these phytometabolites have shown positive cytotoxic activities in vitro, and antitumor action in vivo and in clinical trials, demonstrating the potential of C. intybus metabolites as antitumor drugs. Structural activity relationship studies have further confirmed these bioactivities. In this review, we focused on the phytochemicals of C. intybus with reported cytotoxicity and potential antitumor properties. We also discuss their specificity towards tumor cells, structural activity relationship, the involved signaling pathways and molecular mechanism, with the expectation of the future development of efficient and targeted antitumor therapeutic strategies.
... In addition to that, chicory is both a food and a medicinal plant, grown in many parts of the world, that has been used for the treatment of many diseases because of digestive, diuretic, laxative and anti-anaemia effects in global scale [6,7]. ...
... Therapeutic flora usage for treatment of skin ailments are documented in the literature [26], but, no specific study exists treatment of skin diseases. Various medicinal plants are also reported worldwide usage for the cure of skin disorders [7,[27][28][29][30]. The ethnobotanical literature on medicinal usage of flora for various ailments in Pakistan were mentioned in literature [31][32][33][34][35][36][37], but no systematic ethnomedicinal study has specifically focused on skin problems in the tribal areas of Northern Pakistan. ...
Background:
Skin diseases are a major health concern especially in association with human immune deficiency syndrome and acquired an immune deficiency. The aim of this study was to document the ethnomedicinal information of plants used to treat skin diseases in Northern Pakistan. This is the first quantitative ethnobotanical study of therapeutic herbs utilized by the indigenous people of Northern Pakistan for skin diseases.
Methods:
Interviews were taken to obtain information from 180 participants. Quantitative methods including fidelity level (FL), Frequency of citation (FC), Use-value (UV), Jaccard indices (JI), Family importance value (FIV), Relative frequency of citation (RFC) and Chi-square test were applied. Medicinal plants uses are also compared with 50 national and international publications.
Results:
In this study, we recorded 106 plant species belonged to 56 floral families for treatment of skin ailments. The dominant life form reported was herb while the preferred method of utilization was powder, along with leaf as the most used plant part. RFC ranges from 0.07 to 0.25% whereas the highest FIV was recorded for family Pteridaceae. FL values range from 36.8 to 100%. The study reported 88% of new plant reports for the treatment of skin diseases.
Conclusion:
The present study revealed the importance of several plants used to treat skin diseases by the local communities of Northern Pakistan. The available literature supported the evidence of plant dermatological properties. Plants having high UV and RFC can be considered for further scientific analysis. There is dire need to create awareness among local, government and scientific communities for the preservation of medicinal species and ethnomedicinal knowledge in Northern Pakistan.
... Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a conventional sample pre-treatment method for the purification of some active components from crude extracts of herbals. Sometimes, successive extractions by different organic solvents are required to get a stepwise isolation of active components (Süntar et al. 2012;Shi et al. 2007) or to obtain Weiwei Qin and Yang He are co-first authors. (Vitalini et al. 2016;Yang et al. 2014). ...
Liquid–liquid solvent extraction is frequently used in the purification of active ingredients from plants, and repeated extraction by different solvents with different polarity is often demanded to improve purity. According to this demand, two kinds of laminar flow extraction were designed on the microfluidic chip, i.e. a three-phase laminar chip and a successive laminar flow chip, and compared with a current two-phase chip. P. ginseng was used as a model plant to demonstrate extraction performance, and ether and n-butanol were used as the degrease solvent and extraction solvent, respectively. The results demonstrated that the extraction efficiency of a successive laminar flow chip is higher than that of a three-phase laminar flow chip, and that of both chips are higher than that of a two-phase chip. The chip method provided a new way to extract active ingredients from plants, which should be easily automated and integrated with other units to develop a complex system for sample preparation and ingredient detection.
... For this purpose, the newly repaired tissue was removed and the tensile strength was measured [22]. Large amounts of hdyroxyproline in tissues indicate the presence of collagen and accelerated healing [31]. The amount of hyroxyproline indicated by the wound tensile strength parallels the results of incision wound model in this study. ...
Some species of Euphorbia have been used as medicinal plants to treat wounds, and skin diseases, around the world. The solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used successively to prepare extracts of the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii, E. helioscopia, E. macroclada, E. seguieriana subsp. seguieriana, and E. virgata. Linear incision, circular excision wound models and the hydroxyproline assay method were used to assess the wound-healing activity. The inhibition of the increase in capillary permeability induced by acetic acid was used to assay the anti-inflammatory activity. The methanol extract of the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii showed statistically significant wound-healing activity with 43.03% tensile strength for the linear incision wound model and a 65.24% reduction in the area of the wound by day 10 for the circular excision model. The tissue treated with this extract was found to contain 35.47 µg/mg of hydroxyproline. The methanol extract of E. characias subsp. wulfenii inhibited inflammation induced by acetic acid with a value of 34.74%. The results showed that the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii possess wound-healing and anti-inflammatory activities on different models.
... L actucopicrin appeared to be the most potent analgesic among these compounds. Free radicals are known to induce cell damage due to lipid peroxidation and therefore antioxidant activity is known to contribute in the healing process 25 . ...
... The healing of a wound is a natural response of tissue. At the first stage of healing, homeostasis occurs, and inflammatory cells migrate to this injured area [36]. In this study, the homeostatic activities of TG and LBG were measured by PT and aPTT analyses ( Table 3). ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kitre zamkı (TG) ve
keçiboynuzu zamkı (LBG)'nin antibakteriyel, antioksidan ve homeostatik
aktiviteleri ile birlikte yara iyileşmesi için önemli olan hiyalüronidaz,
kollajenaz ve elastaz inhibitör etkilerini araştırmaktır. Antimikrobiyal
aktiviteleri dört bakteriye karşı test edilerek, antioksidan aktiviteleri
1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH), hidrojen peroksit (H202)
radikal temizleme ve β-karoten ağartma deneyleri ile tespit edilmiştir. Homeostatik
etki Protrombin Zamanı (PT) ve Aktive Edilen Kısmi Tromboplastin Zamanı (aPTT)
test parametreleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Yara iyileştirme potansiyelleri
ise, hiyalüronidaz, kollajenaz ve elastaz inhibisyonu ile belirlenmiştir. TG, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 ve Escherichia coli ATCC25922'ye karşı
antibakteriyel aktivite göstermiştir. Sonuçlar TG ve LBG'nin DPPH temizleme
(sırasıyla %21.0 ve %17.6) ve H2O2 radikal temizleme
(sırasıyla %59.4 ve %79.0) aktiviteleri de dahil olmak üzere antioksidan
özelliklere sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Polisakkaritler, PT ve aPTT'de önemli
azalma göstermiştir. Test edilen iki polisakkarit arasından LBG, 10 mg/mL
konsantrasyonda, önemli hiyalüronidaz ve kollajenaz inhibisyon aktivitesi
göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, bu doğal polisakkaritlerin yara iyileşmesini
desteklemek için kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
... The root of the C. intybus is used as coffee, a substitute or food ingredient after processing and the aerial parts are consumed in salads (23). Different parts of the C. intybus are used in traditional medicines worldwide (24). The phytochemicals are present throughout the whole plant, but are primarily foundin in the roots (25). ...
We investigated the effects of an aqueous root extract of Cichorium intybus on Bcl-2 and cyclin B1 levels in the brain, kidney and liver volumes and changes of serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels in ethanol induced damage in rats. The rats were divided into five groups: non-treated controls (C), maltodextrin in tap water treated (MD), 6.4% ethanol in tap water treated (ET), Cichorium intybus + maltodextrin in tap water treated (CI+MD), and Cichorium intybus + 6.4% ethanol in tap water treated (CI+ET). Rats in the CI+MD and CI+ET groups were treated with 200 mg/kg water extract of Cichorium intybus. Chronic ethanol aMDinistration significantly increased cyclin B1 and decreased Bcl-2 levels in the brain and significantly decreased TAS values, increased TOS values of serum and significantly decreased kidney volume in the ET group. There was no significant difference in the liver volume or liver cell count. Our data revealed that ethanol aMDinistration induces an overexpression of cyclin B1 and decreases levels of Bcl-2 in rat brains and induced oxidative stress in the blood. C. intybus treatment possessed a partial amelioration effect on cyclin B1 levels and TAS values.
... On the basis of different reports on green synthesis, we introduced a swift route of phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Cichorium intybus. The genus Cichorium belongs to family Asteraceae, and it is found abundantly in tropical Asia, North Africa, and Europe [12]. C. intybus plant extract as a traditional medicine is employed for different purposes including liver rejuvenation, skin aliment treatment [13], wound healing [14], antimicrobial [15], and antimalarial activities [16]. ...
The current experiment reveals the anticancer properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Cichorium intybus, a significant medicinal plant. The characteristics of AgNPs were continuously studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Current microscopic results show that produced AgNPs were spherical in shape with an average size of 17.17 nm. A strong peak between 2 and 4 keV showed the greatest ratio of the elemental silver signals, due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The AgNPs, fabricated by green method, had a negative zeta potential of − 9.76 mV, which indicates that the synthesized AgNPs is dispersed in the medium with high stability. The in vitro cytotoxicity effect of AgNPs showed promising anticancer activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay, Hoechst 33258 staining, and upregulation of caspase 3 activity revealed significant apoptosis activities of AgNPs against MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the flow cytometric analyses of cell cycle distribution of MCF7 cells showed that AgNPs treatment has enhanced the sub-G1 peaks, which is an indicator of apoptosis pathway. Overall results in our study suggested that AgNPs fabricated by a biogreen approach could be useful in cancer therapy.
... Significant antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects were responsible for this activity. The dichloromethane subextract possesses β-sitosterol as the active compound [37]. ...
Background: Data from the ethnopharmacological field on the treatment of dysuria are provided and analyzed with regard to traditional healers from Shiraz and in comparison to previous studies. Material and Methods: From April 21 to June 25, 2014, we visited traditional markets called Attari in Shiraz, and plants used in dysuria were collected. Questionnaires asking for general information on the traditional healers named Attars, local names of plant species, plant parts, preparation methods, etc. were prepared in order to gather data from Attars. Results: We visited 40 Attari, and 29 questionnaires were filled in by male Attars. Evaluation of our investigation revealed that Tribulus terrestris, Zea mays, and Cerasus avium were the most common plants suggested by Attars (24, 23, and 23, respectively). Infusion (37%) and decoction (34%) were the most common preparation methods for these plants. 50% of the main effects intended by the Attars were antimicrobial effects, while diuretic effects were reported at 35.7%. The temperament of the plants, as one aspect of the questionnaires, showed that more plants have a hot and dry temperament (47.9%). According to available studies about the plants, we found that flavonoids (78.3%), higher terpenoids (43.5%), and essential oils (39.1%) exist in higher amounts than other components in the plants. Conclusions: We analyzed the information gathered from the questionnaires and from previous studies and found that flavonoids are the most important constituents among the plants, especially those that exist in T. terrestris, Z. mays, and C. avium. Due to the useful effects of flavonoids in urological diseases, we suggest to evaluate and concentrate on the effects of flavonoids in dysuria treatments.
... Inhibitors of the elastase and collagenase enzymes and growth promotors of elastin and collagen have the potential to be developed into anti-aging ingredients. Natural compounds from plants have been shown to inhibit the activity of these enzymes and to promote synthesis of elastin and collagen [2][3][4]. ...
Background
Degradation of components of the extracellular matrix such as elastin and collagen by elastase and collagenase accelerates skin aging. Phytochemicals that inhibit the activity of these enzymes can be developed as anti-aging ingredients. In this study, an investigation of the anti-aging properties of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst (Marula) extracts was conducted in vitro with the aim of developing chemically characterized anti-aging ingredients. Methods
Marula stems, leaves and fruits were extracted using methanol:dichloromethane (DCM) (1:1). The stems were later extracted using acetone, ethanol, methanol:DCM (1:1) and sequentially using hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol. The stem ethanol extract was defatted and concentrated. Elastase and collagenase inhibition activities of these extracts and Marula oil were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The chemical profile of the ethanolic stem extract was developed using Ultra-performance-liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) with MassLynx software. Pure standards were used to confirm the identity of major compounds and were screened for anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activity. ResultsMarula stems extracts were the most active as they exhibited anti-elastase activity comparable to that of elafin (> 88%) and anti-collagenase activity as potent as EDTA (> 76%). The leaf extract had moderate anti-elastase activity (54%) but was inactive agains collagenase. Marula fruits and oil exhibited limited activity in both assays. The ethanolic extract of Marula stems was the most suitable based on its acceptability to the cosmetic industry and its anti-collagenase activity (99%). Defatting and concentration improved its antiaging activity and lowered the colour intensity. Six compounds have been tentatively identified in the chemical profile of the ethanolic extract of Marula stems of which four; quinic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate have been confirmed using pure standards. Epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate were as potent (p < 0.05) as EDTA at 5 μg/ml in the anti-collagenase assay. Conclusions
The ethanolic extract of Marula stems can be developed into an anti-aging ingredient as it exhibited very good in vitro anti-aging activity and its chemical profile has been developed. Epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate contribute to the anti-aging activity of Marula stem ethanol extract.
... In spite of its traditional use, chicory is not described in the European Pharmacopoeia or in any official Pharmacopoeia of a European Union member state (European Medicines Agency, 2013). However, due to its ubiquitous distribution several parts of the plant have been used globally in traditional medicines (Süntar et al., 2012). ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Cichorium intybus on lipid
peroxidation activities of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, inflammatory mediators,
myocardial enzymes and histopathology of cardiac tissues in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy
(DCM). Diabetic cardiomyopathy was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40mg/kg)
combined with high energy intake in rats. Seed extract of Cichorium intybus (CIE) (250mg/kg &
500mg/kg) was administered orally once a day for 3 weeks. Phytochemical investigations of seed
extract revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as alkaloids, tannins, saponin,
phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids. An elevation of the levels of aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD),
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), blood glutathione (GSH), TNF-α and IL-6 and a
reduction in the levels of catalase (CAT) was observed following the STZ treatment. Oxidative
stress was accompanied by myocardial degeneration as evidenced by histopathological examination
of cardiac tissues. Administration of CIE reduced the lipid peroxides level in heart. Serum levels of
AST, GSH, LDHand SOD were brought down to physiological levels by CIE in STZ induced DCM
rats. CIE also markedly down-regulated serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Catalase that was reduced in
serum was brought back to near normal level. The extensive necrotic changes of cardiac tissue by
STZ was minimized to normal morphology upon CIE administration. The study demonstrates the
cardioprotective effect of CIE via inhibition of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
... Chicory intybus (Cichorium intybus L.), is a traditional herbal medicine, which belongs to the Asteraceae family with six species mostly in Europe and Asia (11) also is known as Kasni in Downloaded from nfsr.sbmu.ac.ir at 23:30 +0330 on Saturday October 14th 2017 ٤ Iran (12). This herb is said to have a number of beneficial and therapeutic properties such as its use in the treatment of wound healing (13), depression (14), hypertension (15) jaundice (16), hiccups (17) and diabetes (18). The effects of herbs on diabetes treatment is currently the subject of vast number of studies (9,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). ...
Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease worldwide. Although it is treated with a number of methods including diet therapy, hypoglycemic agents, insulin and some herbs, its' prevalence and complications are rapidly increasing. Chicory intybus has been used as a traditional diabetes treatment in Iran, Egypt, and other countries but there is a lack of convincing evidence on its effect. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of chicory leaf on body weight, serum insulin, glucose and lipids in diabetic male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Four groups were given streptozotocin intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Three of the diabetic groups received varying concentrations of chicory aqueous extract for three weeks (12, 25 and 50 mg /kg body weight). The forth diabetic group and the non-diabetic group received distilled water (diabetic and healthy control groups respectively). Fasting blood glucose, serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL and HDL levels were measured after 3 weeks of treatment. Results: The results did not show any significant effects on fasting blood glucose (173.5±126, 154.5±100, 247.7±46, 170.7±150.8 mg/dL) and serum lipids; LDL(19.5±7.7, 26.4±6.7, 24.2±7.7, 24.7±6.8 mg/dL), HDL(41±22.8, 41.2±12, 44.7±12.1, 40±4.6 mg/dL), TG (103.5±35, 80.4±53.8, 111±70, 94±8.9 mg/dL) and TC (76.2±27.3, 80.4±53.8, 77±18.4, 72.7±15 mg/dl) in Streptozotocin induced diabetic groups receiving 12, 25 and 50 mg/kg aqueous chicory extract and diabetic control groups respectively. Conclusions: Chicory leaf aqueous extract had no significant effects on serum glucose and lipids of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
... Cichorium intybus is well known in the folk and modern medicine for its anticancer [13], antioxidant [14], antidiabetic [15], anti-inflammatory [16], antimicrobial [17], anthelmintic [18], analgesic [19], cardiovascular [20], gastroprotective [21], hepatoprotective [22], immunological [23], reproductive effects [24], wound healing abilities [25], and many other pharmacological applications [17,26]. It is also important to mention the numerous active substances of this species: alkaloids, coumarins, caffeic acid derivatives, sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, terpenoids, and volatile compounds [26]. ...
The principal aim of this paper is to show the influence of soil characteristics on the quantitative variability of secondary metabolites. Analysis of phenolic content, flavonoid concentrations, and the antioxidant activity was performed using the ethanol and ethyl acetate plant extracts of the species Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae). The samples were collected from one saline habitat and two non-saline habitats. The values of phenolic content from the samples taken from the saline habitat ranged from 119.83 to 120.83 mg GA/g and from non-saline habitats from 92.44 to 115.10 mg GA/g. The amount of flavonoids in the samples from the saline locality varied between 144.36 and 317.62 mg Ru/g and from non-saline localities between 86.03 and 273.07 mg Ru/g. The IC50 values of antioxidant activity in the samples from the saline habitat ranged from 87.64 to 117.73 μg/mL and from 101.44 to 125.76 μg/mL in the samples from non-saline habitats. The results confirmed that soil types represent a significant influence on the quantitative content of secondary metabolites. The greatest concentrations of phenols and flavonoids and the highest level of antioxidant activity were found in the samples from saline soil. This further corroborates the importance of saline soil as an ecological factor, as it is proven to give rise to increased biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and related antioxidant activity.
... When this extract was subjected to successive solvent extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and n-butanol. DCM subextract was found to be the most active one and through chromatographic techniques DCM subextract was fractionated into several fractions and β-sitosterol was determined as the active compound responsible from the activity (102) . Analgesic and sedative effects: Lactucin, lactucopicrin, and 11 , 13-dihydrolactucin (30mg/kg dose) induced analgesic effects in mice by hot plate and tail-flick tests. ...
Phytochemical analysis showed that the different parts Cichorium intybus contained sesquiterpene lactones (especially lactucin, lactucopicrin, 8-desoxy lactucin,, wound healing and many other pharmacological effects. This review was designed to highlight the chemical constituents and medical importance of Cichorium intybus.
... The efficient wound healing property of ethanol extract may be because of the synergistic effects of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the detected compounds. Similar is the findings of Lai et al. (2011), Suntar et al. (2012a) and Murthy et al. (2013). In order to quantify the ethyl gallate detected in GC-MS, the extract was subjected to RP-UFLC-DAD technique. ...
... Capsicum annuum Solanaceae Fruit, Stalk Capsaicin, Lupeol [59,62,[100][101][102][103] Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Leaves, Seed, Flower, Roots _ [62] Cedrus deodara Pinaceae Leaves, Oil extracted from Stem and Bark. Ascorbic acid, Ethereal oil, Dihydroflavanones [36,54,59,75] Centella asiatica Apiaceae Whole plant, Leaves Madecassoside [62,98,104] Cichorium intybus Asteraceae Roots Beta Sitosterol, Sesquiterpene-lactone [47,[105][106][107][108] Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae Flowers, Seeds Apigenin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Beta Sitosterol [36,109,110] Cotula anthemoides Asteraceae Aerial parts _ [47,57] Crocus sativa Iridaceae Corm, Stigma, Petals Colchicines, Crocetin, Carotenoids [52,111] Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Fruit, Seeds, Leaves Cucurbitane [52,62,112] Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Curcumin [36,51,59,62,111] Cuscuta reflexa Convolvuliaceae Whole plant Myrcetin, Quercetin, Stigmasterol, BetaSitosterol [81,113] Datura stramonium Solanaceae Seeds _ [60] Delphinium denudatum Ranunculaceae Whole plant Beta Sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Campestrol [52,81,88,114] Dioscorea deltoidea Dioscoraceae Rhizome Diosgenin [47,54,57,115,116] Diplocyclos palmatus Cucurbitaceae Seeds, Fruit, Leaves _ [62] Eclipta alba Asteraceae Whole plant Stigmasterol, Daucosterol, Apigenin [36,62,[117][118][119] Ephedra gerardiana Ephedraceae Whole plant Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine [120][121][122][123] Euphorbia wallichi Euphorbiaceae Rhizome Quercetin, Kaemferol, Myricetin [124,125] Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae Fruit, Seeds, Roots, Leaves _ [36,62,126] Fragaria nubicola Rosaseae Rhizome Ellagic acid [47,127,128] Fritillaria roylei Liliaceae Tuber _ [36] Gentiana kurroo Gentianaceae Root Gentianine [129] Geranium wallichianum Geraniaceae Plant tea Stigmasterol, Beta Sitosterol, Ursolic acid [54,57,130] Glycyrrhiza glabra Leguminosae Roots, Rhizome Liquiritin, Lupeol, Glycyrrhetinic acid, Glycyrrhizin, Isoliquiritin [36,101,[131][132][133] Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanaceae Seeds Cleomiscosin A [134] Hypercum perforatum Clusiaceae Aerial parts Hyperforin, Quercetin, Pseudohypericin, Amentoflavone, Chlorogenic acid, Hypericin, Rutin [57,[135][136][137][138] Inula royleana Asteraceae Dried flowers Royleanones [139,140] Iris kashmiriana Iridaceae Rhizome Tectorigenin [141] Juniperus communis Linn Curpessaceae Plant oil Apigenin, Rutin, Quercetin, Lupeol [54,101,142] Inflammation: A Multidimensional Insight ...
Derailed inflammation causes severe damage to the normal tissues resulting in various pathological conditions such as auto-inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Cure of inflammatory diseases is a big challenge. Medicinal herbs used traditionally represent the best option for obtaining effective anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Present review provides a thorough insight about various pathways, consequences and therapeutic strategies of inflammation with prime focus to expose indigenous anti-inflammatory herbal compounds along with their structures and diverse range of mechanisms of action. Over hundred medicinal plants with scientifically reported anti-inflammatory properties were reviewed. Different parts of the plants like roots, stem, bark, leaves, flowers and seeds contain active compounds with potential anti-inflammatory properties. Such compounds act at multiple targets in the inflammatory response pathways and regulate multitude of chemical mediators, enzymes, genes or cellular functions to alleviate inflammation. Although a large number of anti-inflammatory herbal compounds have been isolated but the mechanism of action of bulk of compounds has not been elucidated comprehensively. Besides there is need for conducting well designed clinical trials so that the promising compounds could be used as effective anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents in future.
... Thus, they enhance local neovascularization, extracellular matrix remodeling, cellular migration and fibroblastic differentiation [60] that lead to speed up the dynamic of wound healing. In addition, in terms of β-sitosterol, which has been reported to possess prominent angiogenic activity [61,62], that promote fibroblast multiplication [63] and consequently the healing activity [57,[64][65][66][67]. In our study, high level of βsitosterol was observed in pumpkin oil. ...
Background
Increasing natural drug demand for pharmaceutical uses has encouraged scientifics all over the world to explore medicinal plants recognized as efficient remedies. In this context, extracted oil from pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.) is an interesting target, as it is composed with prominent pharmacological properties to possible wound healing treatments.
Methods
The composition and content of certain bioactive constituents of the cold pressed oil obtained from pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.) were analyzed and studied for their wound healing properties. Uniform wounds were induced on the dorsum of 18 rats, randomly divided into three groups. The wounds were photographed, and topically treated with saline solution (control group), 0.13 mg/mm2 of a reference drug (“Cicaflora cream®”), and 0.52 μl/mm2 of pumpkin’s oil each 2 days until the first group is completely healing and so far biopsies were histologically assessed.
Results
The composition and content of tocopherols, fatty acids, and phytosterols were determined. The results showed an excellent quality of pumpkin oil with high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Linoleic acid: 50.88 ± 0.106 g/100 g of total fatty acids), tocopherols (280 ppm) and sterols (2086.5 ± 19.092 ppm). High content of these bioactive components were in agreement with an efficient wound healing by the mean of an in vivo study. In fact, morphometric assessment and histological findings revealed healed biopsies from pumpkin oil treated group of rats, unlike untreated group, and a full re-epithelialization with reappearance of skin appendages and well organized collagen fibers without inflammatory cells.
Conclusions
This study showed the significance of oil from pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.) as a promising drug to healing wounds in animal assays. As a whole, pumpkin’s oil would be recommended in the nutritional and medicinal purposes.
Medicinal Plant oils are used as a conventional medication for treatment of several illnesses and ailments since old times. Our aim was to estimate the antimicrobial and wound healing properties of fixed oil of some plants as Moringa sp., Saussurea sp., Nigella sp., Cucurbita sp., and Thymus sp . The composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and other active components were identified by using high performance liquid and gas chromatography. Antimicrobial efficacy was done against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram ve ⁺ bacteria), Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , and Candida albicans (Gram ve ⁻ bacteria). Antimicrobial efficacy was estimated using disc diffusion and MIC methods. Wound healing efficacy was estimated using excision wound model in albino mice and the topical application of the fixed oils. Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, α -, β -, γ -tocopherols, β -sitosterol, Stigmasterol and Campesterol are present in the studied oils. The studied oils showed high antimicrobial activities, and black seed oil had largest inhibition zone against K. pneumonia and S. aureus at 100 μ l/ml. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) recorded by Nigella sp. oil (40 μ l/ml) for K. pneumonia, E. coli, C. albicans , and 60 μ l/ml for S. aureus and B. subtilis . All fixed oils speed up the healing process.
Phytochemical investigation of the seeds of Cichorium intybus L (C. intybus) led to isolate n-hexacosane (CI-1), an aliphatic higher ketone, n-nonacosan-3-one (CI-2), two aliphatic acid esters characterized as n-octacosanyl decanoate (CI-3) and n-tricosanyl hexadecanoate (CI-4), two mixed glycerides identified as as glyceryl-1-(hexadec-7- enoyl)-2- tetradecanoyl-3-hexadecanoate (Cl-5) and glyceryl-1- (eicos-9-enoyl)-2,3, bis-eicosanoate (Cl-6), and three e steroidal constituents and their structures were elucidated as as stigmast-5, 22-dien-3β -ol-21-oic acids (Cl-7), stigmasterol-3β-d-glucopyranoside (Cl-8) and stigmast-5, 22-dien-3-β-ol-3-β-d-glucuronopyranoside (Cl-9). The dry seeds powder was defatted and finally extracted with ethanol by using a maceration method. The ethanol was evaporated near to dryness and silica gel was added to the extract and a slurry with the help of methanol solvent was prepared. The slurry was loaded to the column by using petroleum ether and was eluted with a mixture of chloroform and methanol. A series of test tubes were collected and each test tube with 2 mL eluents was collected. Based on the thin layer chromatography (TLC) the content of nine test tubes were considered as pure compounds. The solvent was evaporated from the test tube at room temperature. All the nine compounds from the column were characterized by using Infrared (IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass spectrometry (MS). Eight compounds were previously isolated from the plant and they showed various biological activities. A new compound was isolated for the first time from the plant kingdoms. Based on the chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis the new compound was characterized as stigmasterol carboxylic acid (CI-9). The isolated new compound could be used to treat liver and cardiac diseases.
Cichorium intybus L. (chicory) is an important medicinal plant with immense economic potential and has recently gained rapid momentum in the functional food sector. In the present study, soil chemistry, phytochemical and molecular diversity was assessed for 50 accessions of chicory collected from diverse agro-climatic zones. Mainly 64 common metabolites were identified from the leaves of 7 chicory accessions collected from different altitudes and among them the pre-dominant metabolites include, methyl commate B (6.3-10.14%), gamma sitosterol (2.79-9.3%) and 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic-acid (2.55-8.42%). Three terpenoid compounds, viz., betulin, kolavelool and betulinaldehyde which were observed at high altitudes (1790, 1901 and 2172 m) were not observed at low altitudes in which betulin has the highest concentration with an average value of 23.53% followed by kolavelool, 7.37% and betulinaldehyde, 7.21%. For molecular diversity analysis, 12 ISSR primers were selected for PCR amplification and 86 bands were generated with an overall polymorphism percentage of 67.44%. The observed Nei’s genetic diversity (H) and Shannon’s information indices (I) were highest for Pulwama (CIN-PU) group of accessions (H = 0.222 ± 0.018; I = 0.343 ± 0.027) and lowest for the Baramulla (CIN-BM) group of accessions (H = 0.115 ± 0.019; I = 0.173 ± 0.028). The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) analysis revealed 56% variation existing within the groups and 44% among the groups of chicory accessions. This study showed that chicory populations vary considerably in terms of their molecular and phytochemical composition as a function of their geographic location. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that chicory phytochemical and molecular diversity was significantly influenced by altitude, soil chemistry, and growing conditions. Using metabolomics and altitudinal variation, cluster analysis showed that geographic origin was correlated with diversity patterns.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Skin diseases are among the most common human health affections. A healthy skin promotes a healthy body that can be achieved through modern, allopathic and natural medicines. Therefore, medicinal plants can be a reliable therapy in treating skin diseases in humans through a diverse range of bioactive molecules they contain.
Aim of the study
This review aims to provide for the first-time scientific evidence related to the dermatological properties of Morocco's medicinal plants and it aims to provide a baseline for the discovery of new drugs having activities against skin issues.
Methods
This review involved an investigation with different search engines for Moroccan ethnobotanical surveys published between 1991 and 2021. The plants used to treat skin diseases have been determined. Information regarding pharmacological effects, phytochemical, and clinical trials related to the plants listed in this review was collected from different scientific databases like PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus. The data were analyzed and summarized in the review.
Results
A total of 401 plants belonging to 86 families mainly represented by Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, and Apiaceae which have been documented to be in common use by Moroccans for managing skin diseases. Among those plants recorded, the most commonly used are Allium cepa L, Chamaeleon gummifer (L.) Cass and Salvia rosmarinus Schleid. Mill. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, while powder and decoction were the most common method of traditional drug preparation. 107 of the 401 plants (27%) have undergone pharmacological validation. A total of 44 compounds isolated from 27 plants were investigated to treat different types of skin diseases, and 25 plants have been clinically studied for their activities against skin diseases.
Conclusion
The beneficial effects of using Moroccan medicinal plants to treat skin diseases, according to traditional practices, have been proven in numerous scientific studies. Therefore, other studies should focus on isolating and identifying specific bioactive compounds from plant extracts, revealing more valuable therapeutic properties. Furthermore, additional reliable clinical trials are needed to confirm their beneficial effect on patients with skin diseases.
The environment is being continuously deteriorated by air pollution and global warming, increased pressure of work or family on life, and changes in lifestyle; these factors have contributed to an increase in the proportion of both females and males with sensitive skin. To this end, the cosmetics market has focused on developing hypoallergenic or skin-soothing and make-up products. Here, we summarize the definition and causes of sensitive skin, list the mechanisms underlying the development of this condition, and review the natural plant products and purified active components that have potential for use in anti-allergic cosmetics. A review of studies that evaluated the anti-allergic properties of natural products was conducted. There has been a progressive increase in the number of natural products identified as potential anti-allergic raw materials in cosmetics. Finally, we suggest strategies for developing anti-allergic cosmetics in the future.
Cichorium intybus, commonly called chicory, is a biennial herb belonging to family Asteraceae. The plant is considered to originate 4000 years ago in Europe and grows in Asia, America, and Africa. Italy is known to cultivate chicory on large scale for the production of seeds. Ayurvedic system of medicine considers the plant as an essential medicinal herb. Various systems of medicine like Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda utilize the medicinal herb as remedy for anorexia, disorders of renal system, and dyspepsia. Leaves are considered to contain high levels of total phenolic and total flavonoid content as compared to other parts of chicory plant. Roots possess near about 40% inulin. Chicory is considered to possess numerous active phytochemicals like vitamins, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, chicoric acid, chicorin and caffeic acid, etc. that are responsible for its bioactivity. Due to the presence of such active phytoconstituents, it has been traditionally used in folklore medication in numerous parts of the world. The plant is reported to be the best substituent for coffee. Ancient Egyptians have cultivated chicory as medicinal plant and since decades it had been used medicinally in regions where the plant has been adopted as well as in indigenous regions. Reported literature on the plant evidences a number of pharmacological activities including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, etc. Besides these pharmacological activities, it has been found to be highly potent against gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and helminths. The basic rationale of the chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of various therapeutic activities of the plant and phytochemical moieties responsible for medicinal repute of C. intybus.
Wound healing is a complex process that consists of several phases that range from hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation (tissue remodeling). Failure in the wound healing process leads to the progression of nonhealing chronic wounds. The wound healing process is affected by many factors including age and sex hormones, nutrition, oxygenation, stress, diabetes, obesity, infection, medications, alcoholism, and smoking and it leads to the development of chronic wounds. Most of the chronic wounds are ulcers associated with diabetes mellitus, ischemia, and venous stasis disease. Also, resistance to bacterial infection, protein adsorption, and increased levels of exudates are delaying the wound healing process. Hence, the researchers are searching for new molecules for the management of nonhealing chronic wounds. The new drug candidates can be discovered from either natural resources or chemical synthesis. In this chapter, the importance of natural sources for the discovery of drug candidates for the management of wounds is discussed.
Cichorium species have been used widely in traditional medicine universally. It is reported as a treatment for various respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as diabetes and rheumatism. A range of constituents including phenolic and poly phenolic compounds, fatty and organic acids and essential oils comprise the chemical composition of Cichorium species. Furthermore, modern investigations on these species has shown different pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, anti-hyperglycemic, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects which are associated with divers molecular pathways and mechanisms. In this chapter, we have summarized comprehensive information regarding traditional and ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical analysis and pharmacological aspects of Cichorium species.
Actaea racemosa (AR) also known as Cimicifuga racemosa, is a perennial plant from Ranunculaceae family which was used as traditional remedies in treatment of various condition like rheumatoid muscular pain, headache, inflammation and dysmenorrhea. Actaea racemosa was basically native to Canada and the Eastern United State. This chapter proposed the ethnopharmacological uses of Actaea racemosa, and its phytochemical properties. Specifically, in this article we focused on use of Actaea racemose for menopausal and post-menopausal symptoms management. Electronic databases including PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies on Actaea racemose and its administration in management of menopausal symptoms. Chem Office software was also used in order to find chemical structures. The key words used as search terms were Cimicifuga racemose, Actaea racemose, Ranunculaceae, Black cohosh, Menopausal symptoms. We have included all relevant animal and human studies up to the date of publication. The analysis on Actaea racemose showed various indications for different plant’s extracts. Approximately 131 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from Actaea racemosa. According to recently studies, the most important chemicals known of the Actaea racemosa are phenolic compounds, chromones, triterpenoids, nitrogen-containing constituents. In addition, in vivo and in vitro studies reported wide range of pharmacological activities for Black cohosh like attenuating menopausal symptoms. Mechanism of action for some ethnomedicinal indications were made clear while some of its activities are not confirmed by pharmacological studies yet. Further investigations on its pharmacological properties are necessary to expand its clinical effective use. Also, additional large clinical trials are recommended for clarifying the effect of Black cohosh.
Cichorium intybus L., also widely known as chicory or kasni, is a perennial herb, native to Europe, northern parts of Africa, and West and Central Asia. It was introduced elsewhere in temperate and semi-arid regions and is widely naturalized in many places for its roots and seeds. In India it is especially cultivated in Gurgaon (Haryana) and Patan (Gujarat) and the seeds are used in Ayurvedic medicines for various ailments. Though the seeds are used in Ayurvedic medicines and being cultivated on a commercial scale, pharmacognostical characteristic features of the seeds or achenes to authenticate the traded material is limited. Botanical pharmacognostical features such as organoleptic, macroscopic and microscopic characters of the seeds were studied. The seeds are angular, faintly pentagonal with 5 conspicuous and up to 9 inconspicuous ridges. In cross section it shows lignified epicarp, single-layered square-shaped testa, and cotyledons with aleurone grains and oil droplets. This study given detailed morphology and anatomy of the traded seeds for their easy identification and botanical authentication.
Herein for the first time a novel acid phosphatase from the seedlings of Cichorium intybus was purified to homogeneity by using various chromatographic techniques (salt precipitation, ion exchange, size exclusion and affinity chromatography) and thermodynamically characterized. The molecular mass of purified enzyme (66 kDa) was determined by SDS-PAGE under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions and by gel-filtration confirmed as dimer of molecular mass 130 kDa. The Michaelis-Menten (Km) constant for -p-NPP (0.3 mM) and (7.6 μmol/min/mg) Vmax. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by phosphate, molybdate and vanadate. Phenyl phosphate, ɑ and β-glycero-phosphate and-p-NPP were found to be good substrate. When temperature increased from (55 °C to 75 °C), the deactivation rate constant (kd) was increased (0.1 to 4.6 min⁻¹) and half- life was decreased from 630 min to 15 min. Various thermal denaturation parameters; change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°) and change in free energy (ΔG°) were found 121.93 KJ·mol⁻¹, 72.45 KJ·mol⁻¹ and 98.08 KJ·mol⁻¹ respectively, confirming that acid phosphatase undergoes a significant process of unfolding during deactivation. The biochemical properties of acid phosphatase from C. intybus on the behalf of biological activity and its relationship to pH variations, thermal deactivation and kinetics parameters provide an insight into its novel features.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Cichorium intybus herb as well as to identify the molecular mechanism of the cytotoxicity. In addition, it aims to investigate its phytoconstituents that are responsible for the bioavailability. The cytotoxic activity of Cichorium intybus herb was assayed by SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay against ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3), liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). The effect on tubulin polymerization was studied to identify the mechanism of cytotoxicity. The binding affinity to the target molecule was examined by docking study. In addition, two flavonoidal compounds were isolated and identified by different spectroscopic methods. The results showed that the methanol extract of Cichorium intybus herb as well as the isolated compounds (myricetin and pinobanksin) possessed a potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 (IC50 =0.95, 4.26 and 7.23 μg/mL), respectively, moderate cytotoxicity against PC-3 (IC50 =25.34, 36.24 and 42.53 μg/mL), respectively, and weak cytotoxicity against SKOV-3 (IC50 >100 μg/mL) for all tested samples. Molecular docking analysis confirmed that both of the isolated compounds showed high binding affinity to colchicine binding site of tubulin microtubules, supported the high cytotoxicity of these compounds.
Objectives:
Oral mucositis is among the complications of cancer therapy that affects quality of life and imposes remarkable financial costs for patients with cancer. This study aimed to explore, preserve, and scientifically investigate the ethnomedicinal knowledge of traditional healers for treatment of oral mucositis in Zahedan, Iran.
Materials and methods:
Field surveys were performed from September 2018 to October 2018 in Zahedan. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire in Persian. All species recorded for the treatment of oral mucositis were sampled. Samples were identified by a botanist and a voucher specimen of them was deposited in the Herbarium Center of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Kerman, Iran. Information, such as scientific name, family, local name, parts used, and preparation method, were also provided. Literature review on available data on effect of the addressed plant species on mucositis and other relative pharmacological actions, such as wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties, was performed.
Results:
A total of 29 informants (attars) were interviewed and 18 medicaments were recommended, of which three samples were of synthesis or mineral origin and 15 samples were of herbal origin. Drugs were administered both topically and orally. According to recent studies, two herbs were evaluated for their direct effect on mucositis. Some pharmacological properties related to mucositis treatment by the other 11 samples have been confirmed.
Conclusion:
This study provides information on the characteristics of medicinal plants from Zahedan, Iran based on their ethnopharmacological knowledge and pharmacological properties for mucositis treatment.
Background:
Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases associated with heavy complications in treatment. Mucotoxic cancer therapies such as head and neck radiotherapy and some of the chemotherapy agents may lead to oral mucositis. In addition to its economic consequences, mucositis also affects patients' quality of life. In traditional Persian medicine (TPM) manuscripts, several medicaments have been suggested for treatment of mucositis.
Objective:
Considering the public welcome for herbal medicine, the current evidence-based review study is conducted to investigate the herbal remedies which have been proposed for oral mucositis in TPM.
Methods:
At first, a comprehensive survey was done on Qanon fi al-Teb which is the most important textbook of TPM; then the scientific name of the herbs was authenticated according to the botanical textbooks. At last, data banks including Scopus, Pubmed, Web of science and Science direct were investigated for possible relevant properties of each medicinal plant in the literature.
Results:
Totally 30 herbs are introduced in this study. According to the registered documents, 18 herbs are reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive and wound healing properties of which the therapeutic effect of only a few herbs including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Malva sylvestris, Morus nigra, Punica granatum, and Solanum nigrum were directly evaluated against oral mucositis on the literature.
Conclusion:
Despite the lack of human studies on mucositis for the other discussed herbs, their related pharmacological properties can be considered for new natural drug discovery supported by medieval and traditional experiments.
This is Master thesis contains the following items:-
1- Tissue Culture Techniques.
2- Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis Protocol.
3- Cytological and Histological Examination Techniques.
4- Extraction of Bioactive Medicinal Compound Method.
5- RAPD Molecular analysis and Detection Similarity.
6- Statistical analysis.
Cichorium intybus L. is a perennial herb commonly known as chicory, grown in different part of Pakistan under different water resources. It is used as a leafy vegetable, as a salad or as a medicinal plant. This study evaluated for the first time the polyphenolic profiles of chicory leaves grown under different water resources such as fresh, rain and river water. The phenolic compounds from leaves samples were extracted, analysed and quantified using reversed phase HPLC-DAD. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to observe correlations between different samples and phenolic compounds. Results showed that 18 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in chicory leaves. The p-hydroxybenzoic acid was ranged from 32.4 to 375.9 µg/g, quinic acid (4.3–45.4 µg/g), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (9.1–44.6 µg/g), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (21.9–26.6 µg/g), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3.8–9.2 µg/g), coumaric acid (18.7–46.9 µg/g), caftaric acid (8.5–16.6 µg/g), chicoric acid (6.1–18.8 µg/g), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5.3–11.4 µg/g), caffeoyl hexose (17.6–40.1 µg/g), quercetin-3-feruloyl-sophoroside (70.3–162.4 µg/g), 4-feruloyl quinic acid (14.6–104.1 µg/g), quercetin-3-glucoside (6.9–100.8 µg/g), quercetin-di-glucoside (9.2–68.5 µg/g), kaempferol-3-sophoroside (10.3–187.9 µg/g), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (4.6–35.7 µg/g), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (3.5–8.8 µg/g), and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (7.5–42.5 µg/g). The rainwater samples contain high amounts of polyphenols (899.7 µg/g), followed by river water (740.8 µg/g), whereas freshwater samples contain the lowest amounts (677.1 µg/g). Significant variations were observed in different polyphenols. The PCA revealed that significant correlation was present among the samples and different phenolic compounds.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The latex and the aerial parts of Euphorbia characias L. (Euphorbiaceae) have been used as medicinal plant to treat wounds and warts in traditional medicine.
Aim of the study:
The effect of the plant extract was tested in vivo and in vitro with experimental models to find scientific evidence for traditional use in wound healing. Potentially active wound-healer compounds were isolated from the active fraction using fractionation procedures under the guidance of biological assay and the possible role of the compounds in the wound healing process was also determined.
Material and methods:
N-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were successively prepared from the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii. The extracts were tested with linear incision, circular excision wound models and the hydroxyproline assay method to assess the wound-healing activity. The inhibition of the increase in capillary permeability induced by acetic acid, an acute inflammation model, was used to assay the anti-inflammatory activity. Different chromatographic separation techniques on sephadex and silica gel columns, and bioassay guided assay techniques have been used to isolate the active compounds of the plant. Moreover, hyaluronidase, collagenase and elastase enzymes inhibitory effect of active principle were investigated in vitro to find out the mechanism of action.
Results:
The methanol (MeOH-ex) extract of the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii showed significant wound healing activity (linear incision wound model: 43.04%; circular excision wound model 65.24%) and anti-inflammatory activity (34.74%). The methanol extract was separated into its fractions by column chromatography for isolation of efficient compounds. Biological activity of the fractions were assessed and further isolation and purification processes have been carried out in the active fraction. Isolation studies were carried out from the MeOH-ex fraction to obtain active constituents and their structures were elucidated to be quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoside), and quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (guaijaverin). Further in vitro and in vivo assays showed that quercetin derivatives were responsible for the wound-healing eactivity of the plant, and also found to be significant anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities. The amounts of three compounds, isolated from active fraction, were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography. Calibration equation was calculated with dilutions, prepared from pure substances, and assay was performed in total extract, prepared from E. characias subsp. wulfenii. It was detected that the plant had 1.22% quercitrin, 0.35% hyperoside, and 0.11% guaijaverin. The validation of the analytical method was performed by linearity, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification parameters.
Conclusion:
Present study supported the traditional use of the aerial parts E. characias subsp. wulfenii as wound healer and quercetin derivatives were isolated as active components from the active fraction by using bioassay-guided fractionation technique.
Chicories produce a wide range of vegetables with important nutritional value. We determined the variation of sterol, total polyphenol, nitrate contents and antioxidant capacity (SC, TPC, NC, AC) in endive leaves and stem-chicory novel vegetables, cultivated in two Italian regions. Within a given area, the SC was similar in smooth- and curly leafed endives (106.3-176.0 mg/kg FW); sitosterol and stigmasterol were major fractions (45-56 versus 38-43%). The stem SC was independent of landrace (101.5-118.6 mg/kg FW); sitosterol prevailed on stigmasterol and fucosterol (73-76 versus 12-14% versus 8-9%); the latter reached 15.7 mg/kg FW, conferring value as potential antidiabetes food. The planting site affected the AC and TPC of endives (893.1-1571.4 μmTE/100 g FW, 30.8-76.1 GAE100/g FW) and chicory stems (729.8-1152.5 μmTE/100 g FW; 56.2-124.4 GAE100/g FW), while the NC was recurrently below dangerous thresholds. PCA showed that environment was the major cause of variation, though it modestly affected these parameters.
Gypsophila pilulifera, Boiss & Heldr, Caryophyllaceae, is a perennial medicinal herb that grows in the southwestern region of Turkey. Except for only one report on the isolation of cytotoxic saponins from the underground parts of G. pilulifera, there are no published thorough phytochemical or bioactivity studies on this species. In the present study, the free-radical scavenging activity of extracts and fractions of the stems of G. pilulifera was evaluated, using a slightly modified and more precise version of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reported here for the first time. The DPPH assay-guided HPLC-PDA-purification of the active solid-phase extraction fraction (50% methanol in water) of the methanolic extract exhibited verbascoside as the main free-radical scavenger present in this species. The structure of this active compound was resolved by spectroscopy, and the free-radical scavenging potential of verbascoside was determined.
An ethnobotanical study was carried out during summer 2003in the mountainous region of Districts Musakhel and Barkhan of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Plants of 18 different families were collected from mountains, culturable wastes and agricultural fields to figure out the ethnobotanical perception among the local communities. Maximum plants were recorded from family Solanaceae. Most of the species are identified as medicinal plants for curing different common diseases like puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) is useful in inflammatory conditions of urino-genital system and help to relive calculus infection and uterine disorders. Rosa damascena is regarded as refrigerant, for the vital organs, stomach and intestines. Pegnum harmala leaves are used for joint pain, seeds are antiseptic, also as insect repellent when burnt. Chicory (Rumex crispus) is used as pot herb and healing injuries. It is laxative, alternative, tonic and can used in rheumatism, and skin diseases. Acacia nilotica is ued as mouth wash in cancerous and symphilitic infections. It is useful lcoal astringent douche or anemia on gonorrea, cystitis, vaginitis, leucorrhoea, and piles etc. It is an effective tonic in chromic diarrhea and diabetes mellitus. Fried gum is a useful nutritive tonic and aphrodisac in sexual disability. Mentha spicata dried leaves are used as tooth powder for toothache. Many species are used as forage for cattle like Chenopodium album. Some of the species are used as pot herbs like Solanum nigrum and chenopodium album. Some fo the reported species are used as fuel and for other domestic uses like astragalus and Acacia species.
In this study, the folk medicinal plants of Lalapaşa (Edirne) were researched. During the field works, the information were obtained from local healers, experienced adults and patients by personal interviews and the specimens of the plants were collected. According to the results of the identifications of the specimens, 55 plant taxa are used in therapy in Lalapaşa. These are presented in a table in the text. Among them 44 taxa are wild and 11 taxa are cultivated plants. The folk medicinal plants are mostly used for stomach ailments, hemorrhoids, diabetes, cold and warts.
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) belongs to the family Asteraceae and it is a small aromatic biennial or perennial herb. The whole plant contains a number of medicinally important compounds such as inulin , esculin, volatile compounds (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), coumarins, flavonoids and vitamins. In the present study, we evaluated the phytochemical analysis for the presence of various secondary metabolites and antibacterial activity of the root extracts of chicory against pathogenic bacteria like gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) bacteria by in vitro agar well diffusion method. The hexane and ethyl acetate root extracts of chicory showed pronounced inhibition than chloroform, petroleum ether and water extracts. Root extracts showed more inhibitory action on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi than Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli.
Burns expose the deeper tissues of the skin or body to invasive microbes. Topical preparations for treating burn wounds, to be useful, should ideally have antibiotic power and promote healing. Silver compounds have been the mainstay of topical burn treatment for decades. However, most chemical substances retard wound healing. Several natural agents such as honey and moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO) are believed to protect wounds from infection and promote healing without causing any of the adverse effects of purified chemicals. In this study, we compared the wound healing properties of MEBO, a herbal preparation of Chinese origin, with silver sulphadiazine (SSD), a long-standing conventional burn dressing. Ten adult Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups. They were housed in separate cages and received partial-thickness burn wounds on their dorsal skin. They were then treated with MEBO and SSD. The wounds were inspected daily until day 8, when all the animals were sacrificed, perfused with normal saline, and had their wounds excised and prepared for histology. It was found that animals in both groups were well preserved. No clinical infections occurred. Wound healing was at an advanced stage by day 8 in all the animals. Clinical and histological examination showed that the two agents gave the animals comparable protection and healing possibilities. It is concluded that MEBO is a suitable and efficacious alternative to conventional silver-based topical therapies for treating partial-thickness burn wounds.
During ageing, elasticity of the skin decreases due to enzyme elastase leads to sagging and at the same time hyaluronic acid in the skin also diminishes and skin becomes dry and wrinkled. Hence, there is need to conserve matrix metallo proteins by inhibiting the activity of these matrix metallo proteinases. Certain plant extracts are reported to be good antioxidants. Garcinol and cambogiol present in the fruit rinds of Garcinia indica were reported to be good antioxidants due to presence of phenolic group. Along with this various preparations of G. indica have shown significant antioxidant ability. To check whether fractions separated from fruit rinds of G. indica play a role in prolonging ageing, we fractionated crude Methanolic Extract (ME) into ethyl acetate and Water Fraction (WF) and those fractions were screened for anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase activity. Among tested three fractions, Ethyl Acetate Fraction (EAF) at concentrations as low as 25 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> showed significant hyaluronidase inhibition while water fraction proved to be good elastase and hyaluronidase inhibitor at 90 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>. Water fraction could be further exploited to be used in anti-ageing formulations.
Folk medicine in northwest Anatolia has been studied and 116 remedies prepared from 67 plant and 8 animal species are described, each with vernacular names, methods of preparation and traditional uses.
Traditional medicine used in Central Anatolia; Ankara, Kayseri, Niğde and south-eastern parts of Karaman and Konya provinces have been studied. Two hundred and ninety one folk remedies obtained from 103 plant species belonging to 40 families and 4 animal species are reported with their vernacular names, parts used, methods of preparing remedies and therapeutic usage.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of bismuth subgallate on wound healing. In 40 Wistar rats, two standard wounds (3.5 mm x 2 mm) were made using a biopsy punch on the back of each animal. Test wounds were filled with bismuth subgallate and control wounds with 0.9% saline. At 1, 4, 7, 11 and 18 days, the qualitative evolution of the granulation tissue morphology was observed and digitalized histologic images were evaluated. There were no significant histological differences between test and control. Histometrically, there were statistically significant differences between test and control (ANOVA--days 1 and 4; Student t test, p < 0.05--days 7, 11 and 18) in terms of the following parameters: area of ulceration--day 1; distance between epithelial edges--day 4; area of granulation tissue--days 7, 11 and 18. It was concluded that bismuth subgallate is biocompatible to the healing tissue, and did not interfere with the normal development of wound healing.
The effects of topical administration of an alcohol extract of the leaves of an evergreen plant, Terminalia chebula, on the healing of rat dermal wounds, in vivo, was assessed. T. chebula treated wounds healed much faster as indicated by improved rates of contraction and a decreased period of epithelialization. Biochemical studies revealed a significant increase in total protein, DNA and collagen contents in the granulation tissues of treated wounds. The levels of hexosamine and uronic acid in these tissues, also increased upto day 8 post-wounding. Reduced lipid peroxide levels in treated wounds, as well as ESR measurement of antioxidant activity by DPPH radical quenching, suggested that T. chebula possessed antioxidant activities. The tensile strength of tissues from extract-treated incision wounds increased by about 40%. In addition, T. chebula possessed antimicrobial activity and was active largely against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella. These results strongly document the beneficial effects of T. chebula in the acceleration of the healing process.
The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that inhibit signaling of the constitutive BCR-ABL protein revolutionized the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). These agents have dramatically changed the treatment landscape for CML, shifting the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation to selected patients in the salvage setting. Four BCR-ABL TKIs are now commercially available for the treatment of CML: the first-generation TKI imatinib, and the second-generation TKIs dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib. Continuous treatment with these agents induces durable responses in a high proportion of patients with chronic-phase CML. Research is focused on identifying which patients can discontinue therapy without a recurrence of disease. For the group of patients with resistance to TKIs, multiple alternative therapies are being evaluated. The third-generation TKI ponatinib is a BCR-ABL inhibitor that has demonstrated significant activity, including in patients with the TKI resistance mutation T315I. The homoharringtonine derivative omacetaxine mepesuccinate, which inhibits protein synthesis, has also demonstrated clinical activity in CML, including in patients with TKI resistance due to T315I and in patients who have TKI resistance despite no evidence of ABL mutations. It is essential that clinicians implement these new agents with care and change therapies only when appropriate in order to preserve as many options as possible for future use if needed.
General phytochemical screening of the aerial parts of Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) revealed the presence of steroids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, saponins, fatty acids, alkaloids. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize the bioactive principle from the aerial parts of the plant. It has wide folk medicinal use. For isolation of the compound, the dried aerial parts powder of Ageratum conyzoides was subjected to hot extraction with petroleum ether; this extract was saponified with alcoholic KOH and subjected to chromatography. Isolated compound were purified by chloroform. The isolation and purification afforded white crystalline powder which was subjected to physical, chemical and spectral identification by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and GC-MS. The compound was concluded as stigmasterol and β-sitosterol.
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysine (Lys), and mixtures of them were tested for activity in a polar compound-stripped olive oil (SOO) and in the same oil after addition of 1500ppm of β-sitosterol (phytosterol-added olive oil, PAO) to evaluate the role of phytosterols in the antioxidant activity of oxidized lipid–amine products. None of the added compounds protected either SOO or PAO, when tested alone at 0–400ppm. However, mixtures of PE/Lys and PC/Lys (100/300, 200/200, and 300/100ppm) significantly increased the induction periods of both oils. Furthermore, there was a synergism between the phospholipids and Lys, which was a consequence of the reaction between the carbonyl compounds produced in the oxidation of the phospholipid fatty acid chains and the amino group of Lys. Some of these carbonyl–amine reaction products were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after converting them into volatile derivatives. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated the relationship between the induction periods and the formed products. However, the contribution of carbonyl–amine reaction products to oil stability also depended on the type of oil, therefore suggesting a role of β-sitosterol in the antioxidative activity of the compounds produced by carbonyl–amine reactions. This contribution was also confirmed by the higher synergism observed for PE/Lys and PC/Lys mixtures in PAO than in SOO.
Folk medicine in northwest Anatolia has been studied and 116 remedies prepared from 67 plant and 8 animal species are described, each with vernacular names, methods of preparation and traditional uses.
The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants in protecting phytosterols during heating at 180 °C. Green tea extract, rosemary extract, a mix of tocopherols from rapeseed oil, a mix of synthetic tocopherols, phenolic compounds extracted from rapeseed meal, sinapic acid and BHT were used. After 4 h of heating in oxygen atmosphere β-sitosterol and campesterol oxidation products (7α- and 7β-hydroxysterol, 5α,6α- and 5β,6β-epoxysterol, 7-ketosterol and triols) were estimated by GC. Total content of phytosterol oxidation products in samples ranged from 137 to 374 mg/kg of sample. The effectiveness of antioxidants decreased in the following order: synthetic tocopherols > green tea extract > natural tocopherols from rapeseed oil > rosemary extract > phenolic compounds extracted from rapeseed meal > sinapic acid > BHT.Highlights► We use natural and synthetic antioxidants to protect phytosterols during oil heating. ► We estimate the losses of β-sitosterol and campesterol and the increase of phytosterols oxidation products. ► Content of phytosterol oxidation products depend on used antioxidant. ► The best antioxidants were: tocopherols, green tea extracts, rosemary extracts, phenolic compounds, BHT.
Methodology for measurement of phenolics in fruit juices using HPLC separation and diode array detection is presented. Quantitation of phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides was achieved with minimum sample preparation. Procyanidin quantitation, however, required removal of interfering compounds with Sephadex LH-20 minicolumn chromatography. Good reproducibility and high recoveries (up to 92.3%) were achieved in procyanidin isolation. The methods were used to study the effect of SO2, enzymatic clarification, fining, bottling, concentration, and storage on the phenolic composition of Thompson Seedless grape juice. SO2 addition during processing resulted in higher levels of phenolic acids and procyanidins, but it had no apparent effect on the quercetin glycoside composition. Oxidation of caftaric acid to 2-S-glutathionylcaftaric acid was evident in juices processed both with and without SO2. Enzymatic clarification caused hydrolysis of caftaric, coutaric, and quercetin derivatives, but it showed no effect on the 2-S-glutathionylcaftaric acid. Procyanidins demonstrated sensitivity to the heat applied during bottling and concentration. Storage of concentrates for 9 months at 25°C led to the formation of (hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) (up to 33.5 mg/L), extensive oxidation of cinnamics, and total loss of procyanidins and quercetin glycosides. Colorimetric measurement of phenolics showed no correlation with the HPLC quantitation.
Free sterol and polyamine contents were investigated in chicory leaves of different physiological ages and throughout a postharvest period. The major polyamine present was putrescine (put), especially in the oldest leaves. Spermidine (spd) was present in considerable amounts, showing a tendency to decrease with the increasing physiological age of the leaves. At harvest, the put content in the floral stalk was similar to that in older leaves and it increased during postharvest. The opposite was found for spd, being similar to younger leaves and being constant during postharvest. Free sterol content increased with postharvest and also with physiological age of the leaves. Sitosterol was always the major free sterol present, followed by stigmasterol and campesterol. The stigmasterol to sitosterol ratio rose with time after harvest, older leaves showing higher ratios than younger leaves.
Aloe vera gel has a beneficial effect on wound healing. Because angiogenesis is an essential process in wound healing, we hypothesized
that Aloe vera gel might contain potent angiogenic compounds. Here we demonstrate that Aloe vera gel and its extracts are angiogenic on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryo. Out of the three compounds purified
from the final fraction of Aloe vera gel, β-sitosterol showed a potent angiogenic activity in the CAM assay. In the presence of heparin, β-sitosterol stimulated
neovascularization in the mouse Matrigel plug assay and the motility of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in an in vitro wound migration assay. Thus β-sitosterol is a novel plant-derived angiogenic factor which may have potential pharmaceutical
applications for the management of chronic wounds.
The aim of this work was to contribute to the phytochemical characterization ofCichorium intybus L. var.silvestre, chicory. Semi-preparative HPLC analysis was applied to an extract of fresh wild chicory leaves to separate and collect the
main polyphenolic compounds.
HPLC-diode-array detection (DAD), HPLC-MS, and NMR were used for the complete chemical characterization of all the compounds
isolated. The molecules characterized were monocaffeoyl tartaric acid, chicoric acid, monocaffeolyp-hydroxycinnamoyl tartaric acid, caffeoyl feruloyl tartaric acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside.
The chromatographic behaviour of the main components of the extract of the leaves has been compared on three different stationary
phases-LiChrosorb RP18, Luna C18, and Luna Phenyl-Hexyl.
The polysaccharide compositions of cell walls isolated from the laminae and midribs of chicory (cv. Grasslands Puna II) leaves were investigated. The walls, which, except for the walls of xylem tracheary elements in vascular bundles, were non-lignified, were fractionated progressively with 50 mM CDTA, 50 mM Na2CO3, 1 M KOH, 4 M KOH, 4 M KOH + 3.5% H3BO3, and hot water. Monosaccharide and linkage analyses of the polysaccharides in the walls and wall fractions indicated that the polysaccharides were similar to those in the non-lignified walls of other dicotyledons. However, the proportions of pectic polysaccharides were particularly high (67% of the total wall polysaccharides in the laminae). These included homogalacturonans (50% of the total wall polysaccharides in the laminae) and rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). In contrast, the proportions of cellulose, xyloglucans, heteroxylans and glucomannans were particularly low. The xyloglucans were probably fucogalactoxyloglucans. The wall polysaccharides from the leaf laminae differed from those from the midribs in having higher proportions of homogalacturonans, lower proportions of non-pectic polysaccharides, and RG-I with a higher ratio of galactan to arabinan.
The antiradical activity of water soluble components in six vegetables belonging to the Cichorium genus, i.e., three cultivars of red intybus species var. silvestre (Treviso, Chioggia, Verona red chicories), a white intybus species var. foliosum (Belgian chicory), and two vegetables of the endivia species var. latifolium (escarole chicory) and var. crispum (“crispa” chicory), were studied using two biological systems consisting of: (1) microsome membrane rat hepatocyties in which oxidative damage was induced by CCl4; (2) gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus cultures, subjected to damage with cumene hydroperoxyde. The obtained results show that in both systems the red vegetables possess the strongest antioxidant properties and contain different antioxidant compounds whether at a low or high molecular weight, but only those of high molecular-weight (MW > 3500 Da) are able to act as antioxidants in all the used systems. The lower MW fraction (MW < 3500 Da) showed itself to be pro-oxidant in the microsome system. The effects of thermal treatments such as boiling, freezing and freeze-drying were also investigated.
The search for renewable and abundant sources of antioxidants has recently focused on agricultural byproducts, especially promising due to their natural origins and low costs. In particular, plant raw materials are sources of important compounds such as dietary fiber, carotenoids, tocopherols, and polyphenolics, which are mostly discarded during harvesting and processing. Among these vegetal crops, red chicory is attractive because of the large quantity of its byproducts (residues as leaves and stems); moreover, there is no information on its role as a food and feed ingredient. In this study, red chicory leaf residue was evaluated as a natural substitute for synthetic antioxidants for the food and feed industry. After lyophilization, a red chicory extract (RC) was characterized for its phenolic profile and its oxidative stability as compared to BHT. RC was shown to reduce lipid peroxidation of different oils in the Rancimat test. In addition, the antioxidant property of RC was studied in a model system by evaluating the Saccharomyces cerevisiae response to oxidative stress by means of gene expression. In this analysis, the RC extract, added to the yeast culture prior to oxidative stress induction, exhibited a pleiotropic protective effect on stress responsive genes.
The anthelmintic activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) herbage has been attributed to sesquiterpene lactones. Chicory leaves contain significant amounts of lactucin (LAC), 8-deoxylactucin (DOL), and lactucopicrin (LPIC), but the proportions of these three sesquiterpene lactones vary among forage chicory cultivars. To determine whether the individual compounds differ in anthelmintic activity, we prepared sesquiterpene lactone-enriched extracts from leaves of two forage chicory cultivars, 'Grasslands Puna' (Puna) and 'Forage Feast', and tested their effects on the hatching of a predominantly Haemonchus contortus egg population. The dominant constituents in the Puna and Forage Feast extracts were DOL and LAC, respectively; LPIC concentrations in the two extracts were similar. Extracts from both cultivars inhibited egg hatching at all concentrations tested (P<0.001), but there were significant differences in egg responses to the two extracts (P<0.001). With Puna, egg hatching decreased sharply in a linear fashion when the combined LAC, DOL, and LPIC concentrations ranged from 0 to 5.0mg/ml. A biphasic effect on egg hatching occurred with the Forage Feast extract. The fraction of eggs that hatched decreased gradually to 65% as the sesquiterpene lactone concentrations increased from 0 to 6.7 mg/ml. Treatment with higher concentrations resulted in a sharp decline in egg hatchability. Concentrations of sesquiterpene lactones required for 50% lethality were determined by probit dose-effect analysis to be 2.6 mg/ml (95% confidence interval: 2.4-2.8 mg/ml) for the Puna extract and 6.4 mg/ml (95% confidence interval: 5.9-7.2mg/ml) for the Forage Feast extract (P<0.0001). These concentrations provided 1.3 and 1.5mg/ml of DOL and 0.8 and 3.9 mg/ml of LAC for Puna and Forage Feast extracts, respectively. Results suggest that LAC has minimal effect on egg hatching and that DOL or other constituent(s) in the extracts is inhibitory. Quantitative analyses of free sesquiterpene lactones in chicory leaf extracts suggest that Puna may be a better cultivar than Forage Feast for use in bioactive pastures for gastrointestinal parasite control in small ruminants.
The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of β-sitosterol (SIT), the most common phytosterol in the diet, and to investigate its involvement in NF-κB and STAT1 pathways as potential mechanisms. In addition, the activity of the phosphatase SHP-1 as a negative modulator to these pathways, was investigated. Utilizing murine J774A.1 macrophages, cells were treated with various physiological concentrations of SIT and stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 6h. Results indicate that 1 and 16 μM SITs increased SHP-1 activity by 300% and 200%, respectively. Similar results were obtained using western blot analysis. Additionally, we observed reductions in the release of some pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as an increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 with SIT treatments. The results also demonstrate the inhibition of STAT1 with SIT treatment. Moreover, translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus was inhibited with SIT as indicated by decreased phosphorylation and the use of ImageStream cytometry. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages by inactivating STAT1 and NF-κB, which could be mediated by the activation of SHP-1.
A phytochemical investigation of the stems of Piper galeatum yielded one novel amide, 1-(3'-hydroxy-5'-methoxycinnamoyl)-piperidine (5) along with four known compounds, i.e. beta-sitosterol (1), cyclostachine-A (2), piperine (3) and piperolein-B (4). The structures of all the five compounds, isolated for the first time from this plant were unambiguously established on the basis of their detailed spectral analysis. The structure of cyclostachine-A (2) was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies and structures of known compounds were confirmed by comparison of their physical and/or chemical data with those reported in the literature, which were in complete agreement. Additionally, the crude extracts as well as the isolated pure compounds were screened for their activity to inhibit TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha)- induced expression of cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) on the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Among all, beta-sitosterol (1) was found to be the most active compound, which was taken for further studies. beta-sitosterol also significantly inhibited the TNFalpha-induced expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin, which also play key role in various inflammatory diseases. The functional correlation of cell adhesion molecules inhibition was assessed by cell adhesion assay using human neutrophils. We found that beta-sitosterol significantly blocks the adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial monolayer. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of inhibition of cell adhesion molecules, we investigated the status of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and were able to establish that beta-sitosterol significantly blocked the TNFalpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB.
beta-Sitosterol, normally present in vegetable-containing diets, comprises an important component of cholesterol controlling functional foods. It has been associated with cardiovascular protection, exerting its effect mainly through increasing the antioxidant defense system and effectively lowering the serum cholesterol levels in humans. However, its anti-inflammatory effect on endothelium is unknown. Attachment of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium and the subsequent migration of cells into the vessel wall are early events in atherogenesis, this process requiring the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules. We examined the effect of beta-sitosterol (0.1-200 microM) on (i) the expression of vascular adhesion molecule 1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 by cell ELISA and (ii) the attachment of monocytes (U937 cells) in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) by adhesion assay. The effect on nuclear factor-kB phosphorylation was also examined via a cell-based ELISA kit. Results showed that beta-sitosterol inhibits significantly vascular adhesion molecule 1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 expression in TNF-alpha-stimulated HAEC as well as the binding of U937 cells to TNF-alpha-stimulated HAEC and attenuates the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kB p65. This study extends existing data regarding the cardioprotective effect of beta-sitosterol and provides new insights into understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of beta-sitosterol on endothelial function.
Sixteen edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative properties, using the sulforodamine B (SRB) assay, on four human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer LNCaP, amelanotic melanoma C32 and renal adenocarcinoma ACHN. After 48 h of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp. cardunculus on C32 and ACHN cell lines with IC(50) of 21 and 18 microg/ml, respectively. Mentha aquatica showed a selective antiproliferative activity on breast cancer while significant activity was exerted by Cichorium intybus on melanoma. These species contained the highest amount of phenolics. The acute toxicity of the hydroalcohol extracts from all the plants were evaluated by using the Microtox acute toxicity test. This bacterial test measures the decrease in light emission from the marine luminescent Vibrio fischeri bacteria when exposed to organic extracts. This inhibition test was revealed to be highly sensitive, cost effective and easy to operate, requiring just 15 min to predict the sample toxicity. All the extracts analyzed resulted to give values very less than a limit of 20% value, demonstrating so an irrelevant toxicity for the human health. In contrast, Echium vulgare and Malva sylvestris showed bioluminescence inhibition values of 19.42% and 17.32%, respectively, just under the established limit.