Content uploaded by Lee E Brown
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Lee E Brown on Oct 10, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
EFFECT OF AEROBIC RECOVERY INTENSITY ON
DELAYED-ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS AND STRENGTH
JAMES J. TUFANO,LEE E. BROWN,JARED W. COBURN,KAVIN K.W. TSANG,VANESSA L. CAZAS,AND
JOE W. LAPORTA
Department of Kinesiology, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
ABSTRACT
Tufano, JJ, Brown, LE, Coburn, JW, Tsang, KKW, Cazas, VL, and
LaPorta, JW. Effect of aerobic recovery intensity on delayed-
onset muscle soreness and strength. JStrengthCondRes
26(10): 2777–2782, 2012—Because of the performance dec-
rements associated with delayed-onset muscle soreness
(DOMS), a treatment to alleviate its symptoms is of great inter-
est. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low
vs. moderate-intensity aerobic recovery on DOMS and strength.
Twenty-six women (22.11 62.49 years; 60.33 68.37 kg; and
163.83 67.29 cm) were split into 3 different groups and per-
formed a DOMS-inducing protocol of 60 eccentric actions of
the knee extensors followed by 1 of three 20-minute recovery
interventions: moderate-intensity cycling (n= 10), low-intensity
cycling (LIC; n=10),orseatedrest(CON;n= 6) after the
eccentric protocol. Pain scale (PS), isometric strength (ISO),
and dynamic strength (PT) were recorded before (PRE), imme-
diately post (IP), 24- (24h), 48- (48h), 72- (72h), and 96- (96h)
hours after exercise. For PT, PRE, 48h, 72h, and 96h were
significantly (p,0.05) greater than IP values but not different
from 24h. For PS, IP (4.83 60.36) was greater than that for all
other time periods, whereas 24h (2.91 60.42), 48h (2.62 6
0.53), and 72h (1.97 60.49) were all greater than PRE (0.44 6
0.19) values. Also, 24h and 48h were not different but were both
greater than 72h and 96h (1.13 60.32), whereas 72h was
.96h. For ISO, neither CON nor LIC showed any significant
difference across time. Moderate-intensity cycling showed no
difference between PRE (189.88 640.68), IP (193.75 6
47.24), 24h (186.52 653.55), or 48h (195.36 655.06), but
72h (210.05 653.57) and 96h (207.78 659.99) were signif-
icantly .24h. The 72h was also greater than IP. Therefore,
moderate-intensity aerobic recovery may be suggested after
eccentric muscle actions.
KEY WORDS performance, isometric, cycling
INTRODUCTION
Unaccustomed exercise, primarily involving large
quantities of eccentric muscle actions, induces
muscle damage across a variety of populations
(12,20,24,25,26,27,29), including athletes (9).
This unaccustomed stress results in what is commonly
known as delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Namely,
DOMS is associated with pain, discomfort, and a decrease in
performance. Because of the performance decrements asso-
ciated with DOMS, a treatment to alleviate its symptoms is
of great interest to athletes, and coaches alike.
Coaches and researchers have implemented a variety of
strategies in an attempt to alleviate DOMS. Passive recovery
strategies abound in the literature. Some examples are
nutritional interventions (6,8,31,37), therapeutic modalities
such as ice (13), heat (3,5,13,17,30), and massage (15,19,38),
electrical stimulation (5), anti-inflammatory drugs (10,11,13),
and stretching (13). Additionally, active recovery has also
been considered during the search for effective treatment
strategies. Active recovery methods include light resistance
training (39), high-intensity resistance training (28), aquatic
exercise (32), warm-up and cool-down (18), whole-body
vibration (1,2), and low-intensity aerobic exercise (9). How-
ever, many of these demonstrate conflicting outcomes.
Although there is an abundance of research on passive
recovery strategies, research on active recovery is lacking.
The proposed rationale for the majority of the aforemen-
tioned active recovery interventions is that blood flow is
acutely increased in the treated area (9). As a result of this
increased blood flow, more waste is taken away from the
injured site, and more nutrients are delivered, accelerating
repair and remodeling (9). With even more blood flow, it
may be possible to speed up recovery. Eliciting greater blood
flow via exercise that elevates HR may encourage greater
healing. Among active recoveries, aerobic exercise seems
to be the most appropriate treatment strategy because it
increases blood flow without causing more muscle damage
that may occur with higher intensity exercises.
However, to our knowledge, few, if any, studies have
investigated the acute effect of different intensities of aerobic
activity on DOMS and strength. A recovery treatment that
demonstrates an acute recovery may be further investigated
to determine the chronic effect of that treatment. Therefore,
Address correspondence to Lee E. Brown, leebrown@fullerton.edu.
26(10)/2777–2782
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Ó2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association
VOLUME 26 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2012 | 2777
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect
of low vs. moderate-intensity aerobic recovery on DOMS
and peak torque.
METHODS
Experimental Approach to the Problem
This between-groups study examined the effect of 2 different
intensities of aerobic activity on DOMS and strength. The
subjects performed a DOMS-inducing protocol on day 1
followed by 1 of 3 recovery interventions: moderate-
intensity cycling (MIC), low-intensity cycling (LIC), or
rest (CON). Delayed-onset muscle soreness and strength
were recorded immediately post (IP), 24- (24h), 48- (48h),
72- (72h), and 96- (96h) hours after the DOMS-inducing
eccentric protocol and compared with baseline (PRE)
measures.
Subjects
Twenty-six women were randomly assigned to 1 of 3
groups: MIC; n= 10 (21.80 62.66 years, 162.4 68.17 cm,
57.32 69.90 kg, ISO; 197.84 636.36 N$m
21
, and PT240;
96.41 69.87 N$m
21
), LIC; n= 10 (22.40 62.91 years,
163.35 67.56 cm, 60.46 65.34 kg, ISO; 189.88 6
40.68 N$m
21
, and PT240; 89.13 614.80 N$m
21
), or
CON; n= 6 (22.17 61.94 years, 167.00 66.04 cm,
65.12 69.48 kg, ISO; 217.77 634.70 N$m
21
, and PT240;
89.28 613.91 N$m
21
). All the subjects received, read, and
signed a University institutional review board–approved
informed consent before participation. No subjects had
incurred any recent musculoskeletal injury that may have
affected their performance. All the subjects were familiar
with and had experienced DOMS before. The subjects were
instructed to refrain from any physical activity outside of
the investigation and to sustain their normal diet and daily
activities (going to school, driving to work, etc.) for the
duration of the study. Additionally, they were instructed to
avoid any stretching, ice, heat, antiinflammatory drugs, or
any other type of recovery for the extent of the study. The
only methodological difference between groups was the
recovery intervention. Baseline (PRE) anthropometrics, iso-
metric, and dynamic strength were not different between
groups, minimizing within-group variance.
Procedures
For baseline testing (PRE), the subjects reported to the
laboratory, informed consent forms were signed, their mass
was measured using a digital scale (Model # ES200L, Ohaus,
Pine Brook, NJ, USA), and their height using a wall-mounted
stadiometer (Seca Stadiometer, Ontario, Canada). Resting
HR was taken after the subjects were seated for approxi-
mately 5 minutes. Baseline measurements included the fol-
lowing: pain scale (PS), peak isometric torque of the right
quadriceps at 608of knee flexion (full extension = 08) (ISO),
and peak torque of the right quadriceps at 2408$s
21
(PT).
After the PS measurement, the subjects were seated on a
cycle ergometer while wearing an HR monitor (Polar FT1,
Kempele, Finland). They cycled at 80 rpm for 5 minutes, and
the work rate was adjusted until the HR met the require-
ments of their assigned group. The CON subjects cycled at
approximately 50 W. This served as a warm-up before ISO
and PT testing and also as a trial for the investigators to
determine the load at which each subject would cycle during
their recovery intervention.
Within 1 week of PRE, the subjects reported back to
the laboratory for 5 consecutive experimental trial days (days
1–5). On day 1, they completed a 5-minute cycle warm-up at
50 W at a self-selected cadence. Next, they performed the
DOMS-inducing protocol, underwent testing again, and par-
ticipated in their appropriate recovery intervention. On days
2–5, the subjects reported back to the laboratory at the same
time as day 1 and performed the same tests.
Recovery Intervention
The MIC and LIC groups performed 20 minutes of cycling
at 80 rpm (16) on a stationary cycle ergometer (Monark
838E, Varberg, Sweden) after testing on day 1. Resistance
during the recovery intervention was adjusted to match
the desired HR. The MIC group cycled at 70% age-
predicted maximum HR reserve, while the LIC group cycled
at 30% age-predicted maximum HR reserve. The CON
group was seated on the cycle ergometer for 20 minutes
without pedaling with the pedals parallel and the right foot
in front.
Pain Scale
The participants rated their quadriceps pain on a scale of
0–10, adapted from McHugh and Tetro (0 = no pain to 10 =
extremely intense pain) (21).
Isometric and Dynamic Strength Testing
The subjects were seated on a Biodex System 3 isokinetic
dynamometer (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA)
with the body stabilized by straps over the thighs, waist, and
chest and the right lateral epicondyle of the femur aligned
with the axis of rotation. Once in position, peak isometric
Figure 1. Pain scale at preexercise protocol (PRE), immediately
postprotocol (IP), 24 (24h), 48 (48h), 72 (72h), and 96 (96h) hours
postprotocol. No significant differences between groups.
Aerobic Recovery on DOMS and Strength
2778
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
the
TM
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
torque of the right quadriceps was assessed at 608of knee
flexion or dynamic peak torque of the quadriceps at
2408$s
21
, in random order. For the isometric test, three
6-second maximal isometric actions of the knee extensors
were performed, separated by 2 minutes of rest (4).
Two minutes of rest was also given between the isometric
and dynamic trials. Dynamic trials were performed with the
range of motion set to 108of knee extension and 908of knee
flexion. The subjects performed 6 maximal concentric recip-
rocal repetitions of the knee extensors and flexors. They did
not receive any visual feedback but were verbally encour-
aged throughout the duration of testing.
Eccentric Protocol
The subjects were securely positioned at 908knee flexion
for unilateral knee extension and flexion of the right leg on
the dynamometer. They performed 6 sets of 10 maximal
eccentric actions of the right knee extensors at 608$s
21
(1)
with the range of motion set to 108of knee extension and 908
of flexion with the dynamometer in continuous passive
mode. They returned to the extended position passively
between each eccentric action of the knee extensors.
One minute of rest was allotted between sets.
Statistical Analyses
Three 3 36 (group 3time) mixed-factor analyses of vari-
ance (ANOVAs) were used to analyze PS, ISO, and PT using
SPSS Version 20 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences,
Chicago, IL, USA). An a-priori alpha level of 0.05 was con-
sidered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Pain scale demonstrated no interaction (Figure 1), but there
was a main effect for time (effect size = 0.51). Immediately
postexercise value was greater than all other time periods’
values, whereas 24h, 48h, and 72h were all significantly
greater than PRE. Values of 24h and 48h were not different
Figure 2. Pain scale collapsed across groups at preexercise
protocol (PRE), immediately postprotocol (IP), 24 (24h), 48 (48h),
72 (72h), and 96 (96h) hours postprotocol. ^ IP, 24h, 48h, and
72h significantly greater than PRE. *IP significantly .24h. #IP
significantly .48h. +IP, 24h, and 48h significantly .72h. ;IP, 24h, and
48h significantly .96h.
Figure 3. Dynamic peak torque at 2408$s
21
at preexercise protocol
(PRE), immediately postprotocol (IP), 24 (24h), 48 (48h), 72 (72h), and
96 (96h) hours postprotocol. No significant differences between groups.
Figure 4. Dynamic peak torque at 2408$s
21
collapsed across groups at
preexercise protocol (PRE), immediately postprotocol (IP), 24 (24h), 48
(48h), 72 (72h), and 96 (96h) hours postprotocol. ^ Significantly greater
than IP.
Figure 5. Isometric quadriceps peak torque at 608of knee flexion at
preexercise protocol (PRE), immediately postprotocol (IP), 24 (24h), 48
(48h), 72 (72h), and 96 (96h) hours postprotocol. ^72h and 96h
significantly .24h. *72h significantly greater than IP.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
the
TM
|
www.nsca.com
VOLUME 26 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2012 | 2779
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
from each other but were both greater than those of 72h and
96h, whereas 72h was also .96h (Figure 2).
Dynamic strength demonstrated no interaction (Figure 3),
but there was a main effect for time (effect size = 0.11). The
PRE was significantly greater than IP but was not different
from 24h, 48h, 72h, or 96h, whereas 48h, 72h, and 96h were
also significantly greater than IP but were not different from
24h (Figure 4).
The ISO demonstrated a significant time 3group inter-
action (effect size = 0.15). This was followed up with three
136 ANOVAs for each group. The CON and LIC showed
no significant differences across time. The MIC showed no
difference between PRE, IP, 24h, or 48h, but 72h and 96h
were significantly .24h, whereas 72h was also greater than
IP (Figure 5).
DISCUSSION
Unaccustomed bouts of eccentric exercise often result in
DOMS. Because of the performance decrements associated
with DOMS, a treatment to alleviate its symptoms is of great
interest to athletes, coaches, and researchers. The purpose of
this study was to investigate the effect of different aerobic
recovery intensities on DOMS and strength. Our results
showed that DOMS significantly increased immediately
after eccentric exercise and remained elevated for 3 days,
whereas dynamic strength decreased immediately after and
returned to baseline 2 days later. Additionally, isometric
strength remained constant in the CON and LIC groups, but
it increased 3 days after in the MIC group. It is possible that
despite inducing muscle soreness, the MIC group gained
isometric strength throughout the week as a result of cycling
at a greater intensity, which resulted in increased blood flow
to the muscles, aiding in the removal of waste products and
the delivery of nutrients. Also, the MIC, coupled with
a short-term training effect (daily testing), may be partially
responsible for the increase in isometric strength seen in the
MIC group.
The subjects in our study reported the greatest soreness
immediately after exercise. Similar to other studies, soreness
subsided 24–48 hours after exercise, but it was still signifi-
cantly greater than that at baseline (6,13,34). Despite prior
familiarization with the PS, the increase in soreness imme-
diately postexercise may have been misconstrued by the
subjects because of the intense effort of the eccentric pro-
tocol. Nonetheless, soreness was significantly greater than
baseline at 24- and 48 hours postexercise, indicating that
the protocol sufficiently induced DOMS.
The immediate decline in dynamic strength in our study
mimics the results of Close et al. (6), where dynamic torque
returned to baseline 48 hours after exercise. This can be
explained by the findings of Nguyen et al. (23), which elu-
cidate that DOMS and muscle performance are not always
comparable and can return to baseline at different times.
Further, Close et al. also showed that concentric and eccen-
tric strength recovered from eccentric exercise at different
rates (6). This may explain why, in our study, isometric and
dynamic strength were not affected by eccentric exercise in
the same way.
The MIC group did not exhibit a decrease in isometric
strength; rather, they exhibited an increase 3–4 days after
eccentric exercise. This may be explained by an increase of
muscle perfusion during the MIC intervention, possibly aid-
ing in the removal of waste products and in the deliverance
of nutrients. Davis et al. (9) reported a decrease in soreness
over time as a result of increasing the HR during interset rest
periods (and, in turn, an entire resistance training session)
when compared with resting during interset rest periods.
They speculated that elevating the HR before each set of
exercise enhanced muscle perfusion, accelerated H+ release,
and increased nutrient delivery, accelerating tissue repair.
Metabolic byproducts from high-intensity exercise can be
detrimental to subsequent performance (22,35). One conse-
quence of high-intensity exercise is H+ ions from lactate,
which can disrupt contractile mechanisms of skeletal muscle
(22). Removing lactate and its resultant H
+
can be acceler-
ated by increasing skeletal muscle blood flow (22). In our
study, the MIC may have experienced greater levels of
metabolic byproduct removal compared with that in the
CON and LIC groups as a result of their elevated HR and
increased cardiac output (16,33).
To further examine the effects of blood flow on muscle
recovery, 2 studies noted that blood flow restriction signif-
icantly reduced the amount of repetitions completed during
resistance exercise when compared with a normal blood
flow condition (35,36). Additionally, Hannie et al. (14)
observed enhanced dynamic strength recovery after a fatigu-
ing bench-press exercise by performing aerobic exercise
between sets. They observed no change in isometric
strength, although improvements were made in dynamic
strength after recovery, whereas our study showed improve-
ments in isometric strength and no change in dynamic
strength after recovery. Although the data from Hannie
et al.’s study (14) and our study are incongruous, the discrep-
ancies may be attributed to the difference in exercise and
recovery protocols. In contrast to our study, they used an
upper-body multijoint exercise, whereas our study used a sin-
gle joint lower-extremity exercise. Conclusively, reduced
blood flow impairs skeletal muscle performance (35,36),
whereas the active recovery in our study demonstrated
enhanced isometric strength at 72- and 96-hour recovery (14).
Increased blood flow to the muscles, by itself, may not
fully explain the increase in isometric torque experienced by
our MIC group. An increase in isometric strength in the
MIC group may also possibly be explained by a short-
term training effect. In a study conducted by Brown and
Whitehurst (4), the subjects performed 3 sets of 8 reciprocal
isokinetic knee extensions and flexions, on 2 occasions
within in 1 week. Their results indicated that the subjects
experienced a velocity-specific increase in rate-of-velocity-
development without an accompanying increase in strength.
Aerobic Recovery on DOMS and Strength
2780
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
the
TM
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
To further investigate the effect of short-term training on
dynamic performance, Coburn et al. conducted a similar
study but increased training volume to 4 sets of 10 and
increased the frequency to 3 days (7). Contrary to Brown
and Whitehurst’s results (4), their results showed an increase
in strength. Therefore, the increase in strength observed
by Coburn et al. (7) may be explained by the increase of
volume during training, compared with that of Brown and
Whitehurst (4). In our study, the subjects performed 3 max-
imal isometric and 6 maximal dynamic muscle actions per
day, for a total of 6 days. These testing procedures resulted
in volumes equaling 18 maximal isometric actions and
36 maximal dynamic extensions of the quadriceps over
approximately 1 week which, when combined with greater
intensity aerobic activity, may have been sufficient to elicit
a short-term training effect. Although neither of the afore-
mentioned studies investigated isometric strength, it may be
postulated that isometric training, when combined with
MIC, might produce similar short-term increases because
of specificity of training.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Enhanced blood perfusion during moderate-intensity aero-
bic recovery, in conjunction with a short-term training effect,
may enhance isometric strength after DOMS. Therefore,
moderate intensity aerobic activity is suggested as a recovery
method after multiple eccentric muscular actions. Further
research should be conducted to determine the chronic
effects of moderate-intensity aerobic recovery after resis-
tance training.
REFERENCES
1. Aminian-Far, A, Hadian, M, Olyaei, G, Talebian, S, and
Bakhtiary, A. Whole-body vibration and the prevention and
treatment of delayed-onset muscle soreness. J Athl Train 46: 43–49,
2011.
2. Bakhtiary, AH, Safavi-Farokhi, Z, and Aminian-Far, A. Influence of
vibration on delayed onset of muscle soreness following eccentric
exercise. Br J Sports Med 41: 145–148, 2007.
3. Brock Symons, T, Clasey, JL, Gater, DR, and Yates, JW. Effects of
deep heat as a preventative mechanism on delayed onset muscle
soreness. J Strength Cond Res 18: 155–161, 2004.
4. Brown, LE and Whitehurst, M. The effect of short-term isokinetic
training on force and rate of velocity development. J Strength Cond
Res 17: 88–94, 2003.
5. Butterfield, DL, Draper, DO, Ricard, MD, Myrer, JW,
Schulthies, SS, and Durrant, E. The effects of high-volt pulsed
current electrical stimulation on delayed-onset muscle soreness.
J Athl Train 32: 15–20, 1997.
6. Close, GL, Ashton, T, Cable, T, Doran, D, Noyes, C, McArdle, F,
and MacLaren, DP. Effects of dietary carbohydrate on delayed onset
muscle soreness and reactive oxygen species after contraction
induced muscle damage. Br J Sports Med 39: 948–953, 2005.
7. Coburn, JW, Housh, TJ, Malek, MH, Weir, JP, Cramer, JT,
Beck, TW, and Johnson, GO. Neuromuscular responses to three
days of velocity-specific isokinetic training. J Strength Cond Res
20: 892–898, 2006.
8. Cooke, MB, Rybalka, E, Williams, AD, Cribb, PJ, and Hayes, A.
Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after
eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals. J Int
Soc Sports Nutr 6: 13, 2009.
9. Davis, WJ, Wood, DT, Andrews, RG, Elkind, LM, and Davis, WB.
Elimination of delayed-onset muscle soreness by pre-resistance
cardioacceleration before each set. J Strength Cond Res 22: 212–225,
2008.
10. Donnelly, AE, Maughan, RJ, and Whiting, PH. Effects of ibuprofen
on exercise-induced muscle soreness and indices of muscle damage.
Br J Sports Med 24: 191–195, 1990.
11. Donnelly, AE, McCormick, K, Maughan, RJ, Whiting, PH, and
Clarkson, PM. Effects of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on
delayed onset muscle soreness and indices of damage. Br J Sports
Med 22: 35–38, 1988.
12. Francis, K and Hoobler, T. Delayed onset muscle soreness
and decreased isokinetic strength. J Strength Cond Res 2:
20–23, 1988.
13. Gulick, DT, Kimura, IF, Sitler, M, Paolone, A, and Kelly, JD. Various
treatment techniques on signs and symptoms of delayed onset
muscle soreness. J Athl Train 31: 145–152, 1996.
14. Hannie, PQ, Hunter, GR, Kekes-Szabo, T, Nicholson, C, and
Harrison, PC. The effects of recovery on force production, blood
lactate, and work performed during bench press exercise. J Strength
Cond Res 9: 8–12, 1995.
15. Hilbert, JE, Sforzo, GA, and Swensen, T. The effects of
massage on delayed onset muscle soreness. Br J Sports Med
37: 72–75, 2003.
16. Kang, JIE, Walker, H, Hebert, M, Wendell, M, and Hoffman, JR.
Influence of contraction frequency on cardiovascular responses
during the upper and lower body exercise. Res Sports Med 12:
251–264, 2004.
17. Kuligowski, LA, Lephart, SM, Giannantonio, FP, and Blanc, RO.
Effect of whirlpool therapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed-
onset muscle soreness. J Athl Train 33: 222–228, 1998.
18. L aw, RY and Herbert, RD. Warm-up reduces delayed onset muscle
soreness but cool-down does not: A randomised controlled trial.
Aust J Physiother 53: 91–95, 2007.
19. Lightfoot, JT, Char, D, McDermott, J, and Goya, C. Immediate
postexercise massage does not attenuate delayed onset muscle
soreness. J Strength Cond Res 11: 119–124, 1997.
20. Marginson, V, Rowlands, AV, Gleeson, NP, and Eston, RG.
Comparison of the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage
after an initial and repeated bout of plyometric exercise in men and
boys. J Appl Physiol 99: 1174–1181, 2005.
21. McHugh, MP and Tetro, DT. Changes in the relationship between
joint angle and torque production associated with the repeated bout
effect. J Sports Sci 21: 927–932, 2003.
22. Neric, FB, Beam, WC, Brown, LE, and Wiersma, LD.
Comparison of swim recovery and muscle stimulation on
lactate removal after sprint swimming. J Strength Cond Res 23:
2560–2567, 2009.
23. Nguyen, D, Brown, LE, Coburn, JW, Judelson, DA, Eurich, AD,
Khamoui, AV, and Uribe, BP. Effect of delayed-onset muscle
soreness on elbow flexion strength and rate of velocity
development. J Strength Cond Res 23: 1282–1286, 2009.
24. Nosaka, K, Newton, M, and Sacco, P. Delayed-onset muscle
soreness does not reflect the magnitude of eccentric
exercise-induced muscle damage. Scand J Med Sci Sports 12:
337–346, 2002.
25. Pettitt, RW, Udermann, BE, Reineke, DM, Wright, GA, Battista, RA,
Mayer, JM, and Murray, SR. Time-course of delayed onset muscle
soreness evoked by three intensities of lumbar eccentric exercise.
Athl Training Sports Health Care 2: 171–176, 2010.
26. Pullinen, T, Mero, A, Huttunen, P, Pakarinen, A, and Komi, PV.
Hormonal responses to a resistance exercise performed under the
influence of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res 16:
383–389, 2002.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
the
TM
|
www.nsca.com
VOLUME 26 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2012 | 2781
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
27. Pullinen, T, Mero, A, Huttunen, P, Pakarinen, A, and Komi, PV.
Resistance exercise-induced hormonal response under the influence
of delayed onset muscle soreness in men and boys. Scand J Med Sci
Sports 21: 184–194, 2011.
28. Sakamoto, A, Maruyama, T, Naito, H, and Sinclair, PJ. Acute effects
of high-intensity dumbbell exercise after isokinetic eccentric
damage: Interaction between altered pain perception and fatigue on
static and dynamic muscle performance. J Strength Cond Res 24:
2042–2049, 2010.
29. Soctt, KE, Rozenek, R, Russo, AC, Crussemeyer, JA, and
Lacourse, MG. Effects of delayed onset muscle soreness on selected
physiological responses to submaximal running. J Strength Cond Res
17: 652–658, 2003.
30. Stay, JC, Richard, MD, Draper, DO, Schulthies, SS, and Durrant, E.
Pulsed ultrasound fails to diminish delayed-onset muscle soreness
symptoms. J Athl Train 33: 341–346, 1998.
31. Stock, MS, Young, JC, Golding, LA, Kruskall, LJ, Tandy, RD,
Conway-Klaassen, JM, and Beck, TW. The effects of adding leucine
to pre and postexercise carbohydrate beverages on acute muscle
recovery from resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 24: 2211–2219,
2010.
32. Takahashi, J, Ishihara, K, and Aoki, J. Effect of aqua exercise on
recovery of lower limb muscles after downhill running. J Sports Sci
24: 835–842, 2006.
33. Temfemo, A, Carling, C, and Ahmaidi, S. Relationship between
power output, lactate, skin temperature, and muscle activity during
brief repeated exercises with increasing intensity. J Strength Cond Res
25: 915–921, 2011.
34. Vaile, JM, Gill, ND, and Blazevich, AJ. The effect of contrast water
therapy on symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Strength
Cond Res 21: 697–702, 2007.
35. Wernbom, M, Augustsson, J, and Thomee, R. Effects of vascular
occlusion on muscular endurance in dynamic knee extension
exercise at different submaximal loads. J Strength Cond Res 20:
372–377, 2006.
36. Wernbom, M, Ja
¨rrebring, R, Andreasson, MA, and Augustsson, J.
Acute effects of blood flow restriction on muscle activity and
endurance during fatiguing dynamic knee extensions at low load.
J Strength Cond Res 23: 2389–2395, 2009.
37. White, JP, Wilson, JM, Austin, KG, Greer, BK, St John, N, and
Panton, LB. Effect of carbohydrate–protein supplement timing on
acute exercise-induced muscle damage. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 5:
5, 2008.
38. Zainuddin, Z, Newton, M, Sacco, P, and Nosaka, K. Effects
of massage on delayed-onset muscle soreness, swelling,
and recovery of muscle function. J Athl Train 40: 174–180,
2005.
39. Zainuddin, Z, Sacco, P, Newton, M, and Nosaka, K. Light
concentric exercise has a temporarily analgesic effect on
delayed-onset muscle soreness, but no effect on recovery
from eccentric exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 31: 126–134,
2006.
Aerobic Recovery on DOMS and Strength
2782
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
the
TM
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
