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The Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion
Abstract
This article is based on a much longer paper published in German in Ernst Forsthoff and Reinhard Horstel (Eds.) Standorte im Zeitstrom: Festschrift fur Arnold Gehlen. Zum 70. Geburtstag am 29.1.1974. Frankfurt am Main: Athenaum, 1974. The longer version documents in detail (33 tables) the results of surveys conducted to test the propositions contained in the five hypotheses presented in this article. The propositions are confirmed or refuted, or they are tentatively supported by the data, or they await further testing. Research is being continued. A complete English translation of the paper is available to interested scholars upon request.
... These factors have a significant role in shaping the broader patterns of public opinion globally, including establishing consensus and polarity. The phenomenon of the spiral of silence as an influential factor in the opinion dynamics, initially proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in 1974 [3], posits that an individual's opinion is influenced by the perception of others who express opposing or supporting opinions, referred to as the opinion climate. This theory establishes a link between individuals' impressions of the prevailing opinion climate and their inclination to express their opinions. ...
... In most of these models, the psychological characteristics of people in changing their status are not considered, i.e., the state transitions of the individuals are presented with a fixed probability matrix. In reality, psychological characteristics, information about the subject, and perception about others' viewpoints effectively change the state of expressing individuals' opinions [3], [17]- [19]. ...
... Given the consistency of the attitude valence and the willingness to self-censor, it is necessary to model how the attitude's confidence changes based on the opinion climate. The user's perception of his/her environment may lead him/her to align with the dominant perspective, enhancing his/her attitude confidence and allowing him/her to express his/her opinion without fear of isolation [3]. ...
The growing popularity of social networks has amplified their capacity to form public opinions. The opinion formation process is affected by social factors and social phenomena. To assess the impacts of social factors on opinion formation while considering consensus and polarity social phenomena, it is essential to employ a model that integrates the dynamics of both individuals’ connections and opinions. However, the existing social network models do not comprehensively consider the abovementioned dynamics, hence, they fail to study consensus and polarity in a single model. In this paper, we present a Directed Homophilic Preferential Attachment (DHPA) model to capture the dynamics of social network generation and rewiring (connections dynamics) and to take the variation of attitudes and characteristics of users when expressing their opinions and their desire to establish relationships with others into account (attitudes dynamics). DHPA provides the necessary facilities for examining the impact of different factors on the opinion formation process. It also enables us to analyze the circumstances for reaching consensus and polarity. It is shown that the network generated by the proposed DHPA model appropriately conforms to real social networks. We have examined the impact of some important social factors, including noisy users, censorship, and boycott campaigns, by conducting sensitivity analysis scenarios on the model, which caused interesting results. For example, why and how do noisy users prevent converging public opinion is shown. Also, we found that censorship on social networks can significantly undermine the formation of consensus in public opinion.
... Under these circumstances, would social media empower religious minorities to engage in political processes or dampen their participation? We rely on the theory spiral of silence (Noelle-Neumann, 1974) to infer the potential outcomes. The spiral of silence focuses on the spread of public opinion (Noelle-Neumann, 1974). ...
... We rely on the theory spiral of silence (Noelle-Neumann, 1974) to infer the potential outcomes. The spiral of silence focuses on the spread of public opinion (Noelle-Neumann, 1974). One of the key assumptions is that political opinion climate perceptions affect opinion expression (Matthes et al., 2017;Noelle-Neumann, 1974), such that fear of isolation and rejection by minorities due to opinion incongruence restrain them from expressing an opinion. ...
... The spiral of silence focuses on the spread of public opinion (Noelle-Neumann, 1974). One of the key assumptions is that political opinion climate perceptions affect opinion expression (Matthes et al., 2017;Noelle-Neumann, 1974), such that fear of isolation and rejection by minorities due to opinion incongruence restrain them from expressing an opinion. Individuals are likely to conceal their political opinions if they believe they represent the opinion of a minority. ...
... The spiral of silence (SOS) was originally used for expressions in face-to-face situations [2]. Expressing opinions on social media depends on the individual's assessment of the climate of opinion, Noelle-Neumann [3]. Kennamer [4] pointed out that Noelle-Neumann was too focused on the influence of the media, ignoring the influence of the reference group. ...
... Noelle-Neumann [8] pointed out that the premise of the silent spiral theory is fear of isolation; therefore, people will closely observe the environment they live in. This ability to observe comes from the inherent "quasistatistical organ" that allows people to perceive the climate of opinion by assessing the distribution and supporting their opinions in their environments to determine where they stand [3]. This behavior will further affect the perception of others' climate of opinion, strengthening those with strong opinions. ...
... Spiral of silence theory contains several key hypotheses [9]. First, out of fear of isolation, people use quasistatistical organs to monitor the distribution of their climate of opinion to see if it is in line with public opinion [3]. Second, people sometimes misunderstand and regard their views as a consensus of public opinion, which affects their willingness to express "minority" opinions out loud [9]. ...
Social networking sites such as Facebook have become the leading social platforms. However, publicly expressing opinions on Facebook may mean that a person has problems with isolation and is observing his or her environment. People who perceive their opinions as belonging to the majority will publicly express them. On the contrary, people who perceive their opinions as belonging to the minority will remain silent, which will lead to a spiral of silence theory. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of silent spirals in social and psychological capital networks by using social network users in Taiwan as the research subject. Structural equation modeling is used to verify the causal relationship between the research hypotheses and variables. Results show that there are significant differences in the mediation effect. Finally, this study presents conclusions and research directions.
... Communication-to-communication dynamics are evident in the field's grand theories (e.g., diffusion of innovations; Rogers, 1962), its most influential frameworks (e.g., uses and gratifications; Katz, Haas, & Gurevitch, 1973), and many prominent theories in interpersonal communication (e.g., uncertainty reduction; Berger, 1986), public opinion (e.g., SoS; Noelle-Neumann, 1974), journalism (e.g., agenda building; McCombs, 1992), and media effects (e.g., social learning theory; Bandura, 1977) arenas. ...
... Conversely, owing to the fear of social isolation as a generative mechanism, individuals will be more likely to withhold their opinions if they consider it to align with the minority. From its original articulation as a theory that explained the public-opinion dynamics of the 1965 West German elections (Noelle-Neumann, 1974), the theory has evolved and expanded by proposing many underlying mechanisms (e.g., Matthes, 2015), 496 Walter et al. ...
A typology rooted in the field's common object-a communicative act-and the notion that communication begets more communication is presented and evaluated. The organizing power of the typology is illustrated by showing key differences and similarities among existing theories in terms of their communicative dynamics concerning information getting and information giving. The typology's ability to systematically expand existing theories and increase the theoretical coverage of the field is exemplified by a focus on the spiral of silence and the transportation-imagery model. This article concludes with a discussion of limitations, caveats, and an agenda for theoretical advancement arising from the typology.
... Even in the opinion of the majority in the early stage, if opinions are contrary to the information from mass media and surrounding people, people with different opinions become silent as D ij > 0 within the surroundings. Thus, the silence spiral [25] can also be explained by our new opinion dynamics theory. ...
The massive amount of text data on the web has facilitated research on the quantitative analysis of public opinion, which could not be visualized earlier. In this paper, we propose a new opinion dynamics theory. This theory that is intended to explain agreement formation and opinion breakup division in opinion exchanges on social media such as Twitter. With the popularization of the public network, we have become able to communicate with instantaneity and interactivity beyond the temporal and spatial constraintsResearch on quantitatively analyzing the distribution of opinion on public opinion that has not been visualized so far utilizing massive web text data is progressingOur model is based on the Bounded Confidence Model, that expresses opinions in as continuous quantity values. However, in the Bounded Confidence Model, it was assumed that people with different opinions move not in disregard but ignoring opinions. Furthermore, in our theory, it modeled so that it can expresser model incorporates the influence from of the external pressure outside and the phenomenon depending on the surrounding situation.
... Noelle Neumann's (1974) spiral of silence is significantly recognized in all participants who assess the climate of opinion and are constantly aware that their deviant opinion can lead to social isolation. How long they will stay silent in their circumstances is immeasurable. ...
This research study is conducted to explore the role of intrapersonal communication on human development of international migrant workers' left behind family (IMWLF). It considers these left behind families to have difficult life conditions due to the separation with their family members. It includes the experience of migrant workers' left behind son, daughter and spouses. Study has explored the variation in qualitative experience in this life condition due to their gender identity. Major focus is on human physiological, psychological, emotional, cognitive, intellectual and spiritual development. Hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative study is conducted through an in-depth interview of 4 participants from international migrant workers' left behind families based on interpretive research philosophy in a cross-sectional time frame on inductive approach. Inductive approach is implied to see the individual development within a wider area of human development. Major finding of this study is that family separation caused by migrant working has highly impacted their human development in various spheres as in studied variables such as physiological, psychological, emotional, cognitive, intellectual and spiritual level. Positive intrapersonal communication skills enhancement is explored as needed for intervention for the qualitative human development of these research participants in specific and in general of international migrant workers left behind families in Nepal.
... Tais discursos, caracterizados pela recusa ao diálogo e pela disseminação de sentimentos de aversão, conduzem à repressão de opiniões divergentes. Este processo resulta em um silenciamento progressivo de perspectivas alternativas, conforme elucidado por(Noelle-Neumann, 1974).A seguir, na figura 2 temos elencados os desafios a serem combatidos no âmbito das redes sociais digitais.Revista de Gestão e Secretariado -GeSec, V. 15, N. 5, P. 01-22, 2024São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brasil. ...
A pesquisa visa compreender como comportamento, emoção e subjetividade participam da construção de um conflito ou polarização de ideias como instrumento da Guerra Cognitiva em redes sociais, entre atores ou grupos de atores, como por exemplo na plataforma Twitter e Facebook, através da aplicação de métodos ou modelos computacionais que trabalham a subjetividade entre os mesmos, utilizando-se de algoritmos baseados em aprendizado de máquina. O sentimento dos diálogos dos atores sobre o assunto abordado quanto a polaridade dos conteúdos, classificando as opiniões, por exemplo se são positivas ou neutras ou negativas, é também analisado. Adotaremos técnicas de mineração de texto e análise de sentimentos. O objetivo é desenvolver e apresentar um sistema de processamento e análise de textos que otimize a identificação de polarização de ideias e aperfeiçoe a tomada de decisão multicritério dentro de contextos diversos nas redes sociais, levando em conta sentimentos e emoções. A abordagem consiste em identificar e coletar as opiniões dos usuários do Twitter sobre determinados assuntos, na efervescência dos acontecimentos em torno dos assuntos elencados. São aplicadas as técnicas de mineração de texto e análise de sentimentos para extrair qualificadores dos dados analisados. Além disso, desenvolvemos um sistema de visualização de dados que se apoia na parametrização de intervalos de valores para cores. Nossos dados sugerem o que já se conhece à luz da psicolinguística: o humano, ao expressar-se, pode revelar uma variedade de emoções que experimenta, internamente, e que inspiram sua experiência subjetiva, suas ações, e sua comunicação.
... Hence, when they are worried about the negative effects of correcting misinformation, they would rather avoid challenging others [6]. We further refer to the spiral of silence theory to explain why and how people choose to speak up or keep silent [60]. The basic premise of the theory suggests that individuals tend to retain their opinions and become more silent, as they perceive that societal opinion differs from their opinions. ...
... Формування «уявної більшості» (за термінологією Б. Андресона про «уявні спільноти»), що розділяє певне оціночне судження, зазначається в теоретичних засадах концепції «спіралі мовчання» Е. Ноель-Нойман. Термін «спіраль мовчання» застосовується щодо ситуації, коли люди відчувають потребу, що зростає, приховувати свої погляди, якщо останні не підтримує більшість [5]. Перед тим, як висловити свою точку зору щодо певного явища або ситуації, члени аудиторії схильні несвідомо перевіряти, чи поділяє їхні погляди уявна більшість. ...
... The Spiral of Silence Theory posits that "to an individual, not isolating himself is more important than his judgment" [28]. In the context of online trolling, individuals might be hesitant to report trolling activities because they believe that such behavior is prevalent and accepted in the online environment. ...
The rapid development of social media platforms enables people to communicate among different regions and cultures. At the same time, the network's anonymity also weakens the moral bond of online users, leading to massive online abuses frequently occurring in social media. Online abuse encompasses a wide range of aggressive online activities, and this study mainly focused on trolling, cyberstalking, body shaming, and slut shaming on Chinese social media. This work conducted an exploratory online paper to explore people's experiences of the four types and to understand cyber abuse's potential emotional and behavioral impact on victims. The results shed light on the prevalence and characteristics of online abuse and the relationship between online activities and the frequency of online abuse. The insights gained from this study can help devise evidence-based strategies to tackle online abuse and promote safer online environments for all users.
... Silence may also arise from power inequalities, feelings of exclusion (e.g., Anteby, 2013;Brown and Coupland, 2005;Morrison and Milliken, 2000), and the formation of dominant opinions that quell dissenting views (e.g., Clemente and Roulet, 2015). Noelle-Neumann's (1974) idea of 'spirals of silence' suggests, to avoid isolation or penalization, employees are averse to voicing their opinions when they believe they hold a minority viewpoint. Employees may decide not to speak up about organizational issues (e.g., Edwards, Ashkanasy, and Gardner, 2009;Morrison, 2011), worrying how co-workers might react (Bowen and Blackmon, 2003). ...
Individuals bear the weight of emotional distress when exposed to brutality and suffering in warzones. Yet, immersed in scenes of intense human tragedy, they must publicly mask their emotional turmoil. How then may such individuals cope with the emotional distress they suffer but mute? Through the analysis of 53 unsolicited, personal diaries, non-participant observations in conflict zones, and interviews with Médecins Sans Frontières personnel, we study medical professionals who work in extreme contexts. Employing Goffman's notions of frontstage and backstage behaviour, we reveal silence as an emotional defence mechanism. We argue that this silence is a result of individuals' deliberate choice rather than being muted by external forces. This choice enables individuals to maintain focus and perform critical, often life-saving duties under extreme pressure. We find that silence does not imply an absence of emotion nor diminish emotional distress. Instead, silence functions as a protective measure against potential emotional breakdowns. We illustrate how journaling serves as a private refuge for self-expression, enabling individuals to navigate their emotions and experiences away from scrutiny by others. We contribute to understanding emotional regulation in extreme contexts, and redefine silence as an essential aspect of coping and resilience.
... Although that does not make for an ideal public sphere, social media can be used by people "to challenge discourses, share alternative perspectives and publish their own opinions" (Loader & Mercea, 2011, p. 760). That suggests that stories uploaded by media organizations can be interpreted, reflected upon and discussed in public forums establishing public opinion or what Noelle-Neumann (1974) would refer to as a consensus on what might be the 'prevailing view' of the majority. ...
... B. ob negative Konsequenzen folgten, ob das Ansprechen ernst genommen wurde, inwieweit Veränderungen herbeigeführt wurden oder wenigsten begründet wurde, wenn nicht). Ein interessantes Phänomen in diesem Zusammenhang ist die Schweigespirale, ursprünglich eingeführt von der Meinungsforscherin Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann (1974). Die Schweigespirale besagt, dass Personen, die denken, dass sie die Mehrheitsmeinung vertreten, ihre Meinung bereitwillig äußern. ...
Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag geht es um konstruktiven und destruktiven Umgang mit kritischen Themen in der Arbeitswelt. Der Autor beschreibt zunächst Wege, auf denen sich Mitarbeitende im Arbeitskontext ausdrücken können. Danach diskutiert er anhand von 6 TakeAway Messages den aktuellen Forschungsstand zum Phänomen des Schweigens in Organisationen, d. h., dass Mitarbeitende zuweilen ih-re Meinung, Ideen, Fragen und Bedenken zurückhalten. Besprochen werden die hinter dem Schweigen stehenden Motive, die das Schweigen fördernden Rahmen-bedingungen und dessen Konsequenzen. Das Schweigen wird zudem als sozialer Prozess dargestellt, der nicht immer bewusst herbeigeführt wird und der durch die "Taubheit" von Entscheidungsträger:innen begünstigt wird.
Abstract This article is about constructive and destructive ways of dealing with critical issues at work. The author descibes the ways in which employees can express themselves in the work context. He uses 6 takeaway messages to discuss the current state of research on the phenomenon of silence in organizations, i.e. that employees sometimes withhold their opinions, ideas, questions, and concerns. Specifically, he discusses the motives behind silence, the framework conditions that promote silence and its consequences. He furthermore introduces silence as a social process, which is not always consciously induced and that is fostered by the 'deafness' of decision-makers.
... In such cultural settings, taking up leadership at the group and organizational level could be discouraged. The theory of spirals of silence posits that in cultural contexts where violence is normalized, individuals become more silent (Camgoz et al., 2023;Noelle-Neumann, 1974). Thus, in contexts with totalitarian, undemocratic cultural traditions and abusive and toxic leadership practices, individuals may avert from leadership with the fear of reprisal. ...
... Do panorama da gestão, tem-se o fortalecimento de determinadas tendências como, por exemplo, a prevalência do cenário de mais alinhado aos valores da direita (liberal e mais militarizado) do que da esquerda (comunista e mais assistencialista), e na forma como o acirramento dessas tendências provoca tensões na execução do atendimento socioeducativo. E, por fim, em como essa temática será tratada também no cenário de comunicação, qual o discurso e conteúdo predominantes, e até na forma como os servidores dos órgãos/instituições executores se pronunciam ou não nas mídias sociais a partir da criação de outras narrativas e compartilhamentos com base na opinião do bloco dominante em que se encontra (D'ALMONTE, 2020;NOELLE-NEUMANN, 1974). ...
O artigo apresenta um mapeamento sobre as instituições brasileiras que executam a política pública da Socioeducação no Instagram, para refletir sobre o processo de polarização e invisibilidade desta temática. Essa proposta de estudo se apresenta pelo histórico de preconceitos e distanciamento com a Socioeducação pela sociedade. Para isso, buscou-se apoio nos conceitos de Socioeducação, Mídia Social Digital, Comunicação Pública, Polarização e Invisibilidade para construir esse debate; uma pesquisa de campo em dados públicos virtuais e abertos para mapeamento das instituições que possuem perfis no Instagram, e a análise dos conteúdos na perspectiva da pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa.
... Relational climate conversations are one promising means of transforming concern into action, yet sixty-seven percent of Americans-approximately the same percent who are worried about climate change-say they "rarely" or "never" discuss climate change with friends and family 9 . Americans' hesitancy to discuss climate change reinforces their incorrect perception that others are not concerned about it, resulting in a self-perpetuating spiral of silence [10][11][12] and pervasive underestimation of others' support for climate mitigation policies 13 . Conversely, talking about climate change engenders further discussion 14 , increases concern 15 , and can result in actions such as giving presentations about climate issues, joining climate organizations, and contacting elected officials 16,17 . ...
Many US residents are worried about the climate crisis, but few are involved in collective climate action. Relational climate conversations are a commonly recommended yet understudied means of encouraging action. This study examines the effects of conversations between US climate activists and non-activists they knew, most of whom were concerned about climate change. Non-activists reported increased knowledge, perceived efficacy, and intention to take action following the conversations, but did not participate in collective climate action more than control groups. Common barriers included low perceived efficacy, lack of knowledge about collective climate action, and psychological distance of action. Activists’ discussion of collective climate action was correlated with an increase in perceived efficacy among non-activists. Because perceived efficacy has been found to predict collective action, these results suggest that focusing on action, more so than solutions in the abstract, could enhance the effectiveness of relational climate conversations.
... The Spiral of Silence Theory, originally formulated by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, delves into the dynamics of public opinion and individual behavior within a social context (Noelle-Neumann, 1974). At its core, this theory suggests that individuals tend to conform to prevailing public opinion when they perceive that their own beliefs or viewpoints are in the minority. ...
Purpose: The main objective of this study was to explore the impact of social media on political polarization. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings revealed that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the impact of social media on political polarization. Preliminary empirical review revealed that social media significantly contributes to political polarization through mechanisms like filter bubbles and echo chambers. It emphasizes the need for media literacy programs and critical thinking to navigate these platforms effectively. The implications are substantial, impacting society and democracy. Future research should delve into individual characteristics and cross-cultural variations, while policymakers and social media companies should consider transparency and algorithmic adjustments. By addressing these challenges and promoting informed discourse, we can work towards a healthier democratic environment in the digital age. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Filter Bubble Theory, Spiral of Silence Theory and the Selective Exposure Theory may be used to anchor future studies on political polarization. The study offered four key recommendations. Firstly, there is a need to enhance digital media literacy programs to equip individuals with critical thinking skills to discern credible information on social media. Secondly, social media platforms should prioritize algorithmic transparency and accountability to avoid inadvertently exacerbating polarization. Thirdly, promoting civil and constructive online discourse, discouraging toxic behavior, and enforcing moderation policies can foster a more inclusive online environment. Lastly, supporting independent fact-checking and news verification initiatives can help combat the spread of misinformation and promote reliance on credible sources, thereby reducing the impact of misinformation on political polarization.
... While this paper is purely an empirical study, the results can have strong implications for several theories assuming the hypothesis holds. For instance, the severity of the spiral of silence (Noelle-Neumann, 1974) could be enhanced by an influx of humanlike malicious accounts. The role of bots and fake accounts and their impact on the formation of what is the general public opinion has been studied and it has been shown by simulation that a relatively low percentage of bots can tip the discussion and trigger a spiral of silence, where a small but loud group define the perceived prevailing opinion (Ross et al., 2019). ...
... Indeed, when one's beliefs are perceived to be an outlier relative to others in a social group, fear of isolation can motivate silence and self-censorship 6 . Republicans may be especially prone to this cognitive bias, as they significantly underestimate climate policy support among the broader U.S. public 3 . ...
Most Americans fail to recognize widespread public support for climate change action. Here we investigate how this phenomenon differs for Republican supporters versus opponents of several climate change policies. Surveying a representative sample of Republican voters (N = 1000), we find that misperception of in-group support for climate action is primarily restricted to Republicans already opposed to action. Specifically, those in the minority (i.e., Republicans opposed to climate action) were more likely to erroneously perceive other Republicans as holding views on climate change policy similar to their own. While Republican supporters recognize that most Republicans support climate change policy, they may be discouraged from expressing their support due to an information environment disproportionately portraying Republicans as opposed to climate change action.
... Ograniczanie liczby źródeł faktycznie wykorzystywanych do zdobycia materiałów prezentowanych w mediach oraz ujednolicanie przekazów, które docierają do odbiorców różnymi kanałami, prowadzić może z jednej strony do pogłębiającej się polaryzacji (Müller i in. 2017;Terren, Borge 2021), z drugiej zaś do opisanego już kilka dekad temu zjawiska "spirali milczenia" (Noelle-Neumann 1974). ...
Citizens in Political Information Environment: Areas of Study and Methodological The aim of this paper is to offer a theoretical background for studies on political communication that focus on the role of the audience in the flow of political messages. We start with normative models of democracy and their demands upon citizens and the concept of political information environment. By employing these two concepts, we are able to focus on two dimensions of citizens’ roles in political communication, that is expectations towards media users who are perceived here as citizens, as well as citizens’ expectations towards news media disseminating political information. A combination of the aforementioned concepts provides us with a theoretical background for studies on actual news media consumption and related phenomena, such as news avoidance and selective media exposure.
... Suskunluk sarmalı (Noelle-Neumann, 1974) modeline göre toplumdan izole edilme korkusu nedeniyle insanlar genel düşüncelere katılma ve kendi görüşlerini açığa çıkarmama eğilimindedirler. Bu nedenle, kültürlerarası ortamlarda insanlar diğer kişiler tarafından öteki veya tuhaf olarak görülebileceği endişesiyle kültürel farklılıklarını gösterebilecek duygu, düşünce, tutum ve davranışlarını gizleyebilirler. ...
Halkla ilişkiler uygulayıcıları için önemli olan hedef kitlelerin tutum, düşünce ve davranışlarını etkileyebilecek etkili stratejilerin belirlenmesidir. Bu kitabın amacı ise, halkla ilişkiler uygulamalarının etkinliğini ve kalitesini arttırmaya etki edebilecek duygu, davranış, fikir veya tutum oluşumuna yönelik istenilen sonucu elde edebilmek için gerekli olan stratejilerin nasıl tasarlanacağının ele alınmasıdır.
... It may take the shape of bias, framing, or illusion making [64,80,81]. It can also manifest as a reinforcement of silence, whether in the era of traditional media [47][48][49] or digital silence in social media [118]. ...
Concerns about the spread of disinformation, information disorder, and fake news have grown to unprecedented proportions in recent years. This study aimed to explore how to mitigate this communication disorder and achieve a balance in the relationship among the public, the media, the dominant institutions, and the digital influencers in society. This study used the grounded meta-synthesis method, which relies on induction, to arrive at a new model according to the objective of the study. The process of open, axial, and selective coding included 101 studies, books, reports, and guides, starting with the Public Opinion by Walter Lippmann, issued in 1922, and ending with the 2022 Edelman Trust Barometer. The results led to the proposal of a new model to reduce communication dysfunction, in which media and information literacy (MIL) plays a crucial role in increasing an individual's ability to resist disinformation and enhancing their ability to monitor the performance of institutions, as well as expanding the circle of influencers in social media. To fulfil the three goals and contribute to achieving a degree of functional balance in communication within societies, the model recommends enhancing MIL. Other intervening variables, such as the fragility of political, cultural, and legal structures, should not be disregarded.
Past research suggests that journalists can (unintentionally) exacerbate affective polarization when reporting on growing levels of polarization in society. However, is there a way for journalists to report on the realities of growing political polarization without dividing people further? In our research with five pre-registered experimental studies (N = 3,414), we develop the polarizing content warning which, based on inoculation theory, warns readers that scientific research suggests reading news content about political polarization may drive further affective polarization. Results indicate that the polarizing content warning can be used both with online news articles and on social media sites, and is able to indirectly reduce affective polarization of readers. Additionally, the polarizing content warning is beneficial both when presented alongside news content and beforehand, and reduces readers’ perceptions of societal polarization, in turn reducing affective polarization. This warning allows journalists to report on societal polarization without further dividing people.
Many universities in the United States have responded to calls for incorporating the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) population into diversity management. universities, however. Universities that have lagged behind may face challenges recruiting LGBT employees. In contrast, There is notable variation in response across major public research Attraction-Selection-Attrition and Spiral of Silence theories suggest that organizations actively welcoming LGBT employees may improve employee recruitment and retention. Organizations may address LGBT employee needs through domestic partner benefits. Using semi-structured questionnaires with human resources personnel at several universities, this study examines how and why domestic partner benefits and alternatives affect recruitment and retention of LGBT employees in public organizations. Findings reveal that domestic partner benefits are important for successful LGBT recruitment and retention and may provide opportunities for improved voice. Soft benefit alternatives were found mainly at universities without domestic partner benefits and offered primarily as good will gestures. Theoretical and practical implications, including contemporary diversity management discussions and organizational performance, are discussed.
【The full text is available upon request】Governments and social media platforms strive to combat the spread of online rumors by fostering a positive public atmosphere of rumor combating. However, the effectiveness of this approach remains uncertain, as do the underlying mechanisms through which public atmosphere mobilizes social media users against rumors. Leveraging insights from psychological attachment theory and ethics research, this study aims to examine the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions for the relationship between public atmosphere and rumor-combating participation (RCP). This empirical study employed a hypothetical scenario method to design two scenarios (i.e., strong vs. weak public atmosphere of rumor combating), and collected 331 valid responses using the MTurk platform. The results provide empirical evidence that public atmosphere significantly facilitates RCP. Moreover, high-level psychological attachment (i.e., identification and internalization) fully mediates the relationship between public atmosphere and RCP, but low-level psychological attachment (i.e., compliance) does not act as a mediator. Further examination of the boundary conditions revealed that moral judgment positively moderates the relationship between public atmosphere and psychological attachment (both high-level and low-level). However, anticipated guilt only exerts a positive moderating influence on the relationship between public atmosphere and low-level psychological attachment. This study provides fresh insights by revealing that public atmosphere can promote RCP by enhancing high-level psychological attachment, while uncovering the distinct moderating roles played by moral cognition and emotion in the process. Therefore, this paper not only advances our theoretical understanding of why and under what conditions public atmosphere influences RCP, but also offers practical insights into strategies for mobilizing social media users to combat rumors.
Bu kavramsal araştırma makalesinin konusu örgütsel sessizliktir ve örgütlere olan etkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Sessizlik örgütlerde yaygın görülmesine rağmen alan yazında nedenleri, etkisi ve ana bileşenleri hakkında çok fazla araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı örgütsel sessizlik olgusunu irdelemek ve işgörenlerin örgütlerde neden sessiz kalmayı tercih ettikleri üzerine gelecekteki araştırmacılara rehberlik edebilecek bir başlangıç oluşturmaktır. İşgörenlerin örgütsel sorunlarla ilgili olarak ve karar alma süreçlerinde fikirlerini kasıtlı olarak dile getirmemeleri iş akışını bozmaktadır ve gerekli önlemler alınmaması halinde örgütsel seviyeye çıkabilir ve sonucunda işgörenlerin performansını ve motivasyonunun olumsuz yönde etkileyebilir ve beklenmedik büyük mali yüklere yol açabilir. Ayrıca, çalışanı en değerli varlık olarak gören, günümüzün insan kaynağını merkeze alan güncel yönetim yaklaşımlarıyla da çelişmektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma örgütsel sessizlik olgusunu hakkında yapılmış olan çalışmalar ışığında kavramsal bir çerçeve sunmakta neden olabileceği etkileri hakkında bir bakış açısı ortaya koymakta ve örgütlerdeki olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması konusunda çözüm önerilerinde bulunmaktadır.
I develop and test a theory to address instances of “visibly unpopular” norms—norms that are widely seen as neither collectively optimal nor enjoyable to conform with. Based on 76 interviews with Korean professionals engaging with a norm pertaining to excessive drinking at after-hours business gatherings ( hoesik)—widely recognized as undesirable and disapproved of by both individuals and groups—I find that conformity serves as an effective signal of commitment to exchange partners not despite of but precisely because of the conformist’s visible aversion. Insofar as typical conformity with visibly unpopular norms appears “insincere” as such, conformity may continue. Vignette experiments further validate such insincere conformity’s signaling value. The implication is that despite the prevailing notion that norms persist because they promote collectively optimal solutions or are perceived as such, norms widely acknowledged as individually and collectively suboptimal may still endure.
There is increasing evidence fewer people are willing to discuss and debate issues of common concern on social media with their feeds becoming more conflict-laden and toxic. A more nuanced understanding is needed of the motivations and deterrents for individual participation, in different contexts. This article provides a unique perspective from regional Australia by considering the conditions under which a group of social media users in Launceston, Tasmania were more likely to participate in discussion on Facebook and the factors that encouraged participants to present a constructed version of themselves. In doing so, this digital ethnographic case study contributes to evidence about the limitations of Facebook as a place for democratic public debate and may have practical application by helping identify spaces on social media that are more likely to prompt open and honest discussion.
The underlying mechanisms of online political discussions which may involve power dynamics have seldom been explored through a dynamic network approach, even though discussions themselves are inherently relational and dynamic processes. It remains unclear how discussions are shaped over time between egos/alters with different political/sociopsychological/linguistic attributes as well as by the existing discussion ties surrounding them. Based on a stochastic actor-oriented modeling constructed from pre-survey/virtual discussion/post-survey data, we found some evidence that, in the politically heterogeneous context, shared political ideology, alter’s political tolerance level, and the extent of negative/strong/assertive language used by alter are associated with the likelihood of discussion tie creation/maintenance. In the homogeneous context, the extent to which ego perceives alter as politically knowledgeable and personally likable was clearly associated with ego’s tendency to create or maintain discussion ties with alter over time. This study uncovers alter/dyad-centered variables that are critical, but have been overlooked, for communication research.
Opinion diversity is crucial for collective decision-making, but maintaining it becomes challenging in the face of social influence. We propose selective exposure as an endogenous mechanism that preserves opinion diversity by forming exclusive subgroups of like-minded individuals, or echo chambers, which have been often perceived as an obstacle to achieving collective intelligence. We consider situations where a group of agents collectively make decisions about the true state of nature with the assumption that agents update their opinions by adopting the aggregated opinions of their information sources (i.e., naïve learning), or alternatively, replace incongruent sources with more like-minded others without adjusting their opinions (i.e., selective exposure). Individual opinions at steady states reached under these dynamics are then aggregated to form collective decisions, and their quality is assessed. The results suggest that the diversity-reducing effects of social influence are effectively confined within subgroups formed by selective exposure. More importantly, strong propensities for selective exposure maintain the quality of collective decisions at a level as high as that achieved in the absence of social influence. In contrast, naïve learning allows groups to reach consensuses, which are more accurate than initial individual opinions, but significantly undermines the quality of collective decisions.
After defining the concept of political incivility and elucidating the phenomenon from a theoretical standpoint, the chapter draws on empirical research on the impacts of incivility, focusing on three key aspects of discourse. Firstly, there is an escalation in distrust of political representation that ultimately leads to citizens distancing themselves from politics and democratic engagement over time. Secondly, when discourses are grounded in the delegitimisation of others and democratic processes, anti-deliberative and polarised attitudes tend to rise, fostering aversion towards those with differing viewpoints. This undermines the potential for dialogue and engagement among citizens, which is a fundamental element of democratic life. The third dimension under scrutiny is the growth of polarisation, particularly in its manifestation as “affective polarisation”. By highlighting the shared roots of incivility and polarisation, both of which thrive on identification with one's own group and the rejection or distancing from others, the chapter underscores the risks associated with the spread of “uncivil polarisation”. These risks impact both the functioning of democracy and citizens’ relationship with politics.
The Global South (or Low-Income Countries, LICs) long has been advocating for the establishment of a Loss and Damage (L&D) Fund to address vulnerability and limited adaptation capacity in response to disasters exacerbated by climate injustices, which finally gained international recognition of late. This essay focuses on two key moments that led to this landmark agreement: at COP19, when Philippines climate delegate Naderev "Yeb" Saño advocated for L&D in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan; and during COP27, when global leaders invoked the historic floods in Pakistan as the agreement was reached. We consider how these two disasters were invoked during the passing of L&D in ways that critically interrupted the prevailing spiral of silence to articulate "disasters" to "climate" and "climate" to "justice" in the global climate policy arena. These discourses reveal, then, part of the expanding imaginary emerging to address human agency and inequities in an age of the climate disasters, including the idea of a "global majority."
An urban natural history museum and university partnered with rural conservation organizations to support a climate learning network in southwestern Pennsylvania, a region with a fossil fuels heritage. Network members recognized the urgent need to address climate change at the system scale and wanted to talk about climate action, but they had doubts about what climate actions to take, how much their actions matter (efficacy), and whether it was necessary to talk about climate change directly. Future visioning showed promise as a tool for identifying compelling actions and expanding participants’ climate narratives to embrace systemic climate action.
Bu çalışma, örgütsel iletişim ve örgütsel sessizlik türleri ile psikolojik rahatlığın öğretilerini birlikte incelemeye yönelik olarak nicel yöntemler kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın amacı, "örgüt" bağlamı içerisinde önemli bir konumda olan örgütsel iletişimdeki sessizlik türlerinin, örgüt içindeki çalışanlarda psikolojik rahatlık ile bağlantılı olarak ortaya çıkan sonuçlarını bilimsel yöntemler ile sunmaktır. Bu amaç kapsamında, çalışma özel bir bankada 351 adet çalışanın katılımcı olarak katılması ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, bu üç kavramın birlikte kullanılması ve özel bir bankada çalışan katılımcılara uygulanması sonucunda elde edilen istatiksel verinin yorumlanması ile literatüre zengin ve özgün bir kaynak olarak sunulmuştur. Analiz sırasında kullanılan değişkenler ile ana ve alt hipotezler oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonucunda, psikolojik rahatlık tutumunun, örgütsel iletişim ve örgütsel sessizlik tutumları arasında aracı bir rolü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuca göre, çalışana, yöneticiye ve sisteme yönelik önerilerde bulunularak, psikolojik rahatlık kavramının örgütsel iletişim ve örgütsel sessizlik arasındaki önemine vurgu yapılması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır.
This study was created using quantitative methods to examine the types of organizational communication and organizational silence together with the teachings of psychological comfort. The aim of the study is to present the results of the types of silence in organizational communication, which occupy an important position in the context of "organization", in connection with the psychological comfort of the employees in the organization with scientific methods. Within the scope of this purpose, the study was carried out in a private bank with the participation of 351 employees. The study is presented as a literature rich and original source with the interpretation of statistical data obtained as a result of using these three concepts together and applying them to participants working in a private bank. Main and sub-hypotheses were created with the variables used during the analysis. As a result of the study, it have been determined that the psychological comfort factor has an intermediary role between the factors of organizational communication and organizational silence.. According to this result, by making suggestions to the employee, manager and system, it became clear that the concept of psychological comfort should be emphasized on the importance between organizational communication and organizational silence.
For many policy issues, people holding the majority opinion often do not act in accordance with their beliefs. While underestimating public opinion appears as a likely cause, correcting this misperception often fails to motivate those in the majority to act. Investigating further, we surveyed a nationally representative sample (N = 1,000) of Republican voters about vaccination. Despite a majority supporting vaccines, Republicans on average underestimated other Republicans’ support. However, this misperception occurred primarily among anti-vaccine Republicans—a group that reported a greater willingness to share their vaccine views. We show how an information environment overrepresented with minority views may discourage majority view holders from speaking out even when they are aware of their majority status. That is, instead of experiencing pluralistic ignorance, those in the majority may be discouraged from expressing their views due to anticipated social conflict from engaging in an information environment disproportionately made up of minority views.
This paper collects the results of an investigation that aims to determine which type of crimes appear to a greater and lesser extent in the press. At the same time, it intends to elucidate how the media carry out the information production processes and how journalists relate to police sources. This study analyzes the publication of crime news (N=308) in the city of Barcelona (Spain) through the technique of content analysis, using a codebook and, secondarily, some in-depth interviews. The results indicate an overrepresentation of crimes that attempt against people -such as murders, injuries, and homicides- and underrepresentation of crimes against property -such as theft, fraud, and damages-. The lack of respect for the presumption of innocence, the submission to the immediacy of journalism, and the holding of "parallel trials" are some of the dysfunctions in the news coverage found in this study.
Using a modified group-pressure technique, conformity among Norweigians and French was measured. 3 different experiments were performed. In all cases, the level of conformity was higher in Norway than in France. The results are discussed in terms of the prevailing cultural and political differences (the National Character) existing in each country. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4GB45M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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