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Tripartite cooperation, social dialogue and national development
Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in social dialogue demonstrating that consultation between government and key stakeholders contributes to labour peace, social stability and national development. After defining the stages through which social dialogue has developed, the author explains the various ways in which it contributes to economic and social development. He considers four developing countries (Barbados, Indonesia, Kenya and Panama), and one transition economy (Czech Republic), examining how they have used tripartite institutions to achieve social peace, labour market adjustment and socio-economic development. Finally, he offers a model to integrate "new" actors into the tripartite framework for social dialogue.
... Cohering the workplace interest of workers with labour relations practices assured the much-desired social protections for workers in the context of emerging challenges. In the context of current debate over the challenges of neo-liberal workplace re-organisation, and implications on employment relations, the concept of social dialogue has been identified as sustainable framework not only for addressing the concerns of workers, but also as more acceptable path to cohering the interests of actors in the workplace (Fashoyin 2004). In this "bipartite framework", social dialogue is conceptualized as a form of "corporatist interest's mediation"; the goal being to align the interests of workers with the goals of the organisation. ...
... In this "bipartite framework", social dialogue is conceptualized as a form of "corporatist interest's mediation"; the goal being to align the interests of workers with the goals of the organisation. Indeed, as observed in Fashoyin's (2004), challenges facing social partners in employment relations transcend workplace labour relations, encompassing non-workplace interests of workers. Social dialogue has therefore become a sustainable framework through which social partners are encouraged to express their view and make their own contributions in specific labour relations practices and implementations (Ibid). ...
... It has been identified as the "enduring practice" espousing the virtues of bipartite relations in the resolution of conflicting positions between labour and management in employment and nonemployment relations matters. Institutional framework of social dialogue as described by Fashoyin (2004) has the enduring character to promoting negotiation, consultation and exchange of information on employment relations matters. As a framework, it covers not only the traditional arena of employment relations involving collective bargaining of distributional interest, but indeed issues of broad social protection nets. ...
It is argued in this paper that as fundamental components in the pursuit of decent work in the workplace, effective labour relations and social protections have become critical area of concern within the context of contemporary workplace, even with the attendant 'precarity', as influenced by neo-liberal framing. Social protection has a fundamental connection with employment protection thereby assuring social cohesion at the workplace. However, as workers are exposed to the vagaries of labour market reforms, influenced by the competitive labour market environment; concerns remain on how to cohere workplace labour relations practices with social protections in a manner that assure income security, workplace safety, and other social measures that protect work-life balance for workers. This has also become indispensable in ensuring equities and opportunities for both genders at the workplace. Thus, within the context of workplace regimes, the challenges remain on how to promote labour relations principles and practices in a manner that address the issues of workplace tensions and interest of stakeholders. Indeed, in the context of emerging neo-liberal dictates, the process of mainstreaming the two prospects; both at organisational and national employment relations levels raise simultaneous challenges to social partners; on how to integrate the two seemingly contrasts, against the backdrop of the precariousness in employment. This paper therefore analyses these challenges and prospects. The paper contends that it is imperative to cohere labour relations practices with social protections at the workplace. Efforts at integrating workplace labour relations practices with social protections must be seen as integral to decent employment, and therefore be given its deserved attention by the social partners; in promoting the ethos of decent work in the workplace.
... In various ways, social dialogue helps and preserves the stability of the labour market institutions. Neo-liberalism has changed the labour market conditions and thereby influencing the nature of tripartite cooperation (Fashoyin, 2004). Several labour and non-governmental organisations (e.g., SEWA, Mathadi Workers Organisation, Mazdoor Kisan Sangh) have emerged as integral to the social dialogue process. ...
... Several labour and non-governmental organisations (e.g., SEWA, Mathadi Workers Organisation, Mazdoor Kisan Sangh) have emerged as integral to the social dialogue process. In recent years, the scenario has been changed drastically and tripartite cooperation has involved some non-market actors along with the traditional actors, such as Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) and civil society (Fashoyin, 2004). These new forms of tripartite cooperation have occurred mainly in the last few decades, owing to the changes in the product market conditions and emerging links with global value chains, that have impacted the nature of industrial relations as well. ...
... However, given the unequal balance between capital and labour the institutional development is often embroiled in complex processes. The much-anticipated tripartite cooperation across these actors has weakened due to periodic crisis; and often it is the NGOs and Civil society organisations who have been bridging this vacuum (Fashoyin, 2004). The inclusion of these new actors is relevant as in the last few decades the product market has changed a lot and the industrial relations have also changed accordingly. ...
In the era of globalisation, the structure of work has changed considerably. The work is more flexible, and the condition of the worker is extremely vulnerable. In such a complex milieu, social dialogue is very important to protect the rights and entitlements of the weaker section of the workforce. Social dialogue is defined as all types of negotiations, consultations, and exchanges of information between different stakeholders (i.e., government, employer, and worker) on matters of common interest relating to economic and social policy. It can exist as a tripartite or bipartite relationship (e.g., government-employer-worker, labour-management, etc.). Social dialogue helps to build consensus among the major stakeholders in the workplace.
This paper seeks to provide an understanding of how the process of social dialogue has been shaped by the labour codes introduced by the national and state governments in India as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing economic crisis. We aim to evaluate the status of workers' representation in formal and informal unions at the national level.
In that background, we have divided our study into the following sections: Section 1 will give a brief background on social dialogue, its condition, and the role of trade unions in India. We would also like to look at the magnitude of the representation in both informal and institutionalised collectives. In Section 2, we would like to present a conceptual framework for social dialogue in India. Here we also discuss the ‘representation security’ given by the ILO. We would like to compare the Social Dialogue indices and their relevance for the Indian context, as well as how these indices connect with Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 9. Section 3 shall provide centre-state labour codes. Here, we would like to understand the centre-state collaboration or submission in terms of implementing new codes and how these actions will affect workers to a greater extent. In Section 4, we look at challenges in social dialogue in terms of these newly emerging codes and laws. Here we will also explain the positions of both informal and institutionalised bodies and their actions. These associations have either bargained for SDG social securities such as skill development, youth representation, economic security workforces, etc., or not. In the last section, we will discuss the post-pandemic realities and the future of social dialogue in India.
... Social dialogue is an important mechanism for exchanging information and creating an environment for an inclusive discussion on economic development matters (Fashoyini, 2004;Ratnam and Tomoda, 2005). In terms of the principles of social dialogue, there was a general consensus among the respondents that all principles of social dialogue are important in LeD matters. ...
... Notably, information sharing is one of South africa's key tenets in public reform, as it is one of the Batho Pele principles (Department of Public Services and administration, 2013). While Fashoyini (2004) found that a healthy social dialogue allows for the sharing of information to be transparent and information flows both ways, information sharing might improve advisory and strategic planning among stakeholders in the LeD space. ...
... Information sharing integrates people into a system of participatory governance. Fashoyini (2004) found that a healthy social dialogue allows for the sharing of information to be transparent and increases the level of social dialogue. In the context of LeD, participants highlighted that public consultation is key as it involves people who might be directly/indirectly affected by the matter at hand, and leads to greater collaboration between the local government and surrounding communities. ...
The world is experiencing a growing recognition of the role of social dialogue in the pursuit of inclusive sustainable economic development. However, the sidelining of non-governmental actors in South Africa’s local government-led development landscape has hampered this agenda. This alienating culture led to the establishment of local economic development agencies (LEDAs) as structures tasked with fostering a participatory approach to local economic development (LED) for an effective response to developmental challenges. This article explored the role of social dialogue in LED through a case study of one LEDA in South Africa. A qualitative approach was deployed by conducting semi-structured interviews with key gatekeepers in the LED space. The findings reveal that whereas social dialogue is embraced at the national level, there is minimal understanding and usage of social dialogue at the local government level. Nevertheless, social dialogue strategies (information sharing, consultation, negotiation, joint decision-making and problem-solving) are used by the LEDA and its various stakeholders. The article argues that there is a need to align the national social dialogue with the local social dialogue through LEDAs to strengthen institutional arrangements for LED.
... Thus, social dialogue has become its core mission. Social dialogue is a social mechanism suitable to be used especially at the time of 'crises' (Fashoyin 2004), as the state needs to take into confidence the social actors, consult them, arrive at policy solutions and seek their cooperation. However, it is not merely a crisis-driven institution; it also plays important roles such as law making, institution building exercises in developing countries -the classic example is the social dialogue institution such as the Indian Labour Conference in India (see Mathur and Sheth 1969). ...
... Concertation can be informal or institutionalized… It can take place at the national, regional or at enterprise level…" (ILO quoted in Kuruvilla 2006:178; this is extracted from ILO Programme and Budge, 2002-03). Fashoyin (2004) looks at the social dialogue process from the global to local levels and thus identifies seven interdependent levels. ...
... El diálogo social tiene lugar en al menos siete niveles interdependientes, no necesariamente secuencial (Fashoyin, 2004): el internacional (las deliberaciones en la OIT); el continental (Unión Europea); el regional (Mercado Común del Sur); el nacional, que viene en varias formas y tamaños; el sectorial, industrial o comunitario; el empresarial, que es principalmente bipartito; y un diálogo social en el nivel intra de la organización, que es principalmente una rama de la consulta empresarial, y en gran parte es bipartito (Fashoyin, 2004). ...
... El diálogo social tiene lugar en al menos siete niveles interdependientes, no necesariamente secuencial (Fashoyin, 2004): el internacional (las deliberaciones en la OIT); el continental (Unión Europea); el regional (Mercado Común del Sur); el nacional, que viene en varias formas y tamaños; el sectorial, industrial o comunitario; el empresarial, que es principalmente bipartito; y un diálogo social en el nivel intra de la organización, que es principalmente una rama de la consulta empresarial, y en gran parte es bipartito (Fashoyin, 2004). ...
Este artículo realiza una aproximación teórica al diálogo social para el trabajo decente en el nivel nacional, a través de la evaluación y el estudio de caso del funcionamiento de la Comisión Permanente de Concertación de Políticas Salariales y Laborales de Colombia durante el proceso de discusión y aprobación de la Ley 1429/2010, de 29 de diciembre y de la Ley 1780/2016, de 2 de mayo. El diálogo social, elemento constitutivo de las agendas de promoción de condiciones de trabajo decente, no ha sido especialmente protagonista en los desarrollos normativos de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, pero resulta fundamental para las agendas de desarrollo sostenible. Este análisis da cuenta de los retos de implementación que, en el caso colombiano, impiden consolidar relaciones de confianza y voluntad de profundización de los modelos de comunicación para el logro del verdadero diálogo social entre los interlocutores sociales del mundo del trabajo.
... Social dialogue covers a broad range of activities, from informationsharing and consultation to more active forms of negotiation and joint decision-making (Fashoyin 2004;Hall and Purcell 2012;Reinecke et al. 2017). Industrial relations scholars have identified a number of enabling conditions for social dialogue, such as trust, independent workers' and employers' organisations with the necessary skills and access to information, willingness to consult, negotiate and engage in social dialogue, recognition of workers' organisational rights and institutional support including an effective regulatory framework and labour inspectorate (Fashoyin 2004;Ishikawa 2003;Sydow et al. 2014). ...
... Social dialogue covers a broad range of activities, from informationsharing and consultation to more active forms of negotiation and joint decision-making (Fashoyin 2004;Hall and Purcell 2012;Reinecke et al. 2017). Industrial relations scholars have identified a number of enabling conditions for social dialogue, such as trust, independent workers' and employers' organisations with the necessary skills and access to information, willingness to consult, negotiate and engage in social dialogue, recognition of workers' organisational rights and institutional support including an effective regulatory framework and labour inspectorate (Fashoyin 2004;Ishikawa 2003;Sydow et al. 2014). Recently, the Ethical Trading Initiative identified some successful social dialogue models in agricultural sectors of Peru, Mexico and Colombia. ...
How to get workplace social dialogue started at the bottom of Global Value Chains remains a difficult question. Drawing from institutional work literature, we investigate how local unions, supplier and buyer worked together to start the process of social dialogue in the anti‐union context of pineapple plantations in Costa Rica. The process unfolds along four phases each involving specific sets of institutional work. The study highlights the evolving brokerage role of the international buyer and the importance of balancing compliance and commitment approaches to build the foundation for workplace social dialogue.
... The emphasis of the role of social dialogue in mitigating socioeconomic development matters can be traced back to the world economic crisis of the 1980s, when governments, businesses and unions united to tackle the crisis (Fashoyini, 2004). More recently, it can also be argued that it is attributed to tackling the era following the 2008 global financial meltdown, which is still haunting most emerging and developing nations. ...
... Mapping out the merits of social dialogue is not easy without any particular case to refer to, especially in the context of local economic development. Fashoyini (2004) argued that sustainable development is achieved when all the relevant stakeholders play a pivotal role in problem solving and making decisive decisions, and the actual process of implementing the resolutions that are taken is relatively easier if there is participatory governance. Participatory governance emerged in the midst of the global financial crisis that followed the structural adjustments, and more recently, the 2008 global financial meltdown. ...
The world has seen a growing emphasis on the role of social dialogue in matters relating to social and economic development since the 2008 global financial crisis, however social dialogue as an approach to development issues has not been used to describe any multilateral cooperation. The closest utilisation of this concept is “dialogue” in the context of BRICS affairs, where the relationship between the countries is constantly viewed as a multilateral dialogue. This paper utilises the social dialogue approach to show how multilateral social dialogue is used by the BRICS in the pursuit of coexistence. The paper argues that the BRICS and their coexistence can be better understood as a form of an institutionalised multilateral social dialogue, based on cooperation among states that seek to shape the direction of economic and social policy in the international development landscape. The coexistence of the BRICS is further entrenched and demonstrated through the establishment of the BRICS institutionalised social dialogue platforms, which go beyond government interaction to include civil society and business.
... Social dialogue covers a broad range of activities, from information-sharing and consultation to more active forms of negotiation and joint decision-making (Fashoyin, 2004;Hall and Purcell, 2012;Reinecke et al., 2017). Industrial relations scholars have identified a number of enabling conditions for social dialogue, such as trust, independent workers' and employers' organisations with the necessary skills and access to information, willingness to consult, negotiate and engage in social dialogue, recognition of workers' organisational rights and institutional support including an effective regulatory framework and labour inspectorate (Fashoyin, 2004;Ishikawa, 2003;Sydow et al., 2014). ...
... Social dialogue covers a broad range of activities, from information-sharing and consultation to more active forms of negotiation and joint decision-making (Fashoyin, 2004;Hall and Purcell, 2012;Reinecke et al., 2017). Industrial relations scholars have identified a number of enabling conditions for social dialogue, such as trust, independent workers' and employers' organisations with the necessary skills and access to information, willingness to consult, negotiate and engage in social dialogue, recognition of workers' organisational rights and institutional support including an effective regulatory framework and labour inspectorate (Fashoyin, 2004;Ishikawa, 2003;Sydow et al., 2014). However, implementing social dialogue at the bottom of GVCs is challenging because many production areas are characterised by a low union density limiting unions' ability to defend workers' rights. ...
The globalisation of agri-food systems has stimulated exports of non-traditional crops such as pineapple. In the past two decades, the pineapple boom in Costa Rica - Europe’s largest provider of fresh pineapple - has created new employment opportunities for low-skilled agricultural workers. However, concerns have been raised about the employment quality, in particular worker’s ability to freely join unions and collectively use their voice to negotiate improvements.
This doctoral dissertation examines how different governance mechanisms, involving public and private actors, shape empowerment processes at multiple levels (i.e., worker, union, company, national and transnational level). An interdisciplinary research design, combining agricultural economics with political science perspectives, was developed to shed light on worker’s ability to act in the anti-union context of Costa Rica. Based on extensive field research, we conclude that worker empowerment is limited due to a weak enabling environment and existing power imbalances in the supply chain that prevent workers from speaking up. To overcome these locally embedded challenges, this research found that linkages with international actors, such as a European buyer and trade unions, can provide windows of opportunities to empower workers.
... The growing emphasis on the role of social dialogue in socio-economic development matters can be traced back to the world economic crisis of the 1980s (Fashoyini, 2004). More recently, it can also be argued that it has to be attributed to the latest global financial meltdown. ...
... Participants indicated that information sharing integrates people into a system of participatory governance. Fashoyini (2004) found that a healthy social dialogue allows for the sharing of information to be transparent and increases the level of social dialogue. ...
Local Economic Development Agencies (LEDAs) are tasked with fostering a participatory approach to local economic development (LED) matters and institutions that are socioeconomically sustainable. For this reason, LEDAs are custodians of social dialogue at local level. This study reviewed the role of social dialogue in LED matters and the potential barriers that inhibit social dialogue – through the case study of Enterprise iLembe in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A qualitative approach was adopted and there were semistructured
interviews (12) with officials from various stakeholders (business, municipalities and SALGA). It was found that there was little understanding of social dialogue at local level. This is because social dialogue in South Africa only receives emphasis at national level. Uncertainty/confusion of roles and responsibilities undermined social dialogue between LEDAs, businesses and LED units. The research recommended that different stages of social dialogue be played by different structures, so that the social dialogue is effective.
... As a result of the consultation, the exact wording proposed by the Committee was incorporated in the regulation. Fashoyin (2004) argues that social dialogue between the government and other stakeholders on issues of common interest, such as consultation on proposed government policies, permits key stakeholders to convey their concerns and to have their views incorporated in the formulation or alteration of policies. In South Africa, Arya and Bassi (2011) noticed that the government has been actively involved in consultative processes with industry members to develop industry-specific charters. ...
... They cited the example of the Mining Sector Charter on which the government opened negotiation with diverse stakeholders to specify standards for racially equitable behaviour. Fashoyin (2004) acknowledges that social dialogue is particularly important in developing countries as it contributes to further democracy and good governance. ...
... As a result of the consultation, the exact wording proposed by the Committee was incorporated in the regulation. Fashoyin (2004) argues that social dialogue between the government and other stakeholders on issues of common interest, such as consultation on proposed government policies, permits key stakeholders to convey their concerns and to have their views incorporated in the formulation or alteration of policies. In South Africa, Arya and Bassi (2011) noticed that the government has been actively involved in consultative processes with industry members to develop industry-specific charters. ...
... They cited the example of the Mining Sector Charter on which the government opened negotiation with diverse stakeholders to specify standards for racially equitable behaviour. Fashoyin (2004) acknowledges that social dialogue is particularly important in developing countries as it contributes to further democracy and good governance. ...
... As a result of the consultation, the exact wording proposed by the Committee was incorporated in the regulation. Fashoyin (2004) argues that social dialogue between the government and other stakeholders on issues of common interest, such as consultation on proposed government policies, permits key stakeholders to convey their concerns and to have their views incorporated in the formulation or alteration of policies. In South Africa, Arya and Bassi (2011) noticed that the government has been actively involved in consultative processes with industry members to develop industry-specific charters. ...
... They cited the example of the Mining Sector Charter on which the government opened negotiation with diverse stakeholders to specify standards for racially equitable behaviour. Fashoyin (2004) acknowledges that social dialogue is particularly important in developing countries as it contributes to further democracy and good governance. ...
... Historically, national, regional, and international trade unions have limited their participation in social dialogue to those tripartite arrangements involving representatives of capital, labour, and the state (Fashoyin 2004). The utility of this approach for labour has been dependent upon other historical variables specific to the countries involved (Casey and Gold 2000). ...
... Furthermore it is changing in its scope and inclusiveness (Fashoyin 2004). As discussions about economic development extend beyond the formal labour market to "issues directly expansion of social and labour protections" (Vosko 2002 26). ...
... While social dialogue has been challenged by declining rates of unionisation and decreasing coverage of collective agreements, its role in providing a sustainable context of policy-making remains central. Research shows that social dialogue contributes to more predictable conditions of socio-economic governance (Fashoyin, 2004;Godfrey and Chen, 2022;Grimshaw et al., 2017). This chapter aims to present a set of social policy issues related to ageing that should be of interest to both employer organisations and trade unions as they concern key challenges around the world of labour and work. ...
Chapter presents the desired future research agenda for trade unions and employers’ organisations concerning labour market and social policies in response to ageing populations. It focuses on the multifaceted consequences of population ageing and debates on old-age pensions in which there is considerable space for the engagement of employer organisations and unions. Social partners - representing workers and employers - have not only been the subject of debates and policies, but also active actors in shaping policy responses and formulating research agendas. The research topics tackled in the chapter focus on the common interest in avoiding early ageing, lifelong learning or flexible retirement both in terms of age and partial retirement. The available evidence shows that reactions to the introduction of relevant policy instrument should be thoroughly studied. Finally, the chapter argues for the emphasis on the meta-issues of social dialogue, collective bargaining and tripartite consensus.
... The BIAs, this type of actor in the "core" economy, have been well-positioned to defend traditional institutions and practices for themselves (Palier and Thelen, 2010). However, its relative presence in the main channels of interaction on the internet limits its leadership functions aimed at providing crucial collective goods for all in the new digital ecosystem (Fashoyin, 2004). ...
Purpose
This study aims to develop a proprietary indicator to measure the digital presence of the institutions: the digital presence index.
Design/methodology/approach
This research delves into how nonprofit institutions, specifically business interest associations (BIAs), have developed their internet presence by applying essential digital marketing techniques. To this end, and using big data mining tools, this study analyzes the tracking by internet users of 102 BIAs, with their respective websites in 36 countries in Europe and the USA. In addition, the presence and activity of the institutions included in this study on social networks are considered.
Findings
This research serves as a basis for discussing the current gap between social reality and the digitalization of institutions. In this sense, conclusions are drawn on the importance of managerial profiles in decision-making on digitization and the necessary knowledge that, together with Web and social network managers, they must have to articulate the means and techniques that promote the internet presence of the organizations they manage.
Originality/value
Conclusions are drawn according to the geographical scope of the BIAs, and an argument is made about the difficulties of connection and loss of prominence of this type of institutions among their different target audiences, especially among the youngest and most digitized.
... By focusing on producing agreements and reinforcing the legitimacy of public decisions on general socio-economic issues, laws, and policies, ESCs can also be distinguished by their need for validation by the government and/or parliament, which is who their opinions are normally addressed to. This "ratification requirement" (Fashoyin, 2004) means that, to a large extent, an ESC is effective if the agreements reached within the council are adopted by a political authority, unlike what happens, for example, with collective bargaining institutions. ...
Despite its widespread trajectory and global presence, studies on Economic and Social Councils (ESCs) are not frequent. Thus, this study aims to review the existing scientific literature on this institution to identify the main thematic nuclei, agreements, and discrepancies, and detect research gaps and outline future research lines. Based on the application of the PRISMA Protocol, three emerging thematic nuclei on ESCs have been detected: the factors that explain their creation; the factors that influence their effectiveness (and condition their success), and the criteria used to evaluate their effectiveness (related to these institutions’ success or failure). In short, this is the first qualitative synthesis of the international literature on ESCs, focusing on their effectiveness and evaluation. It offers elements for future intervention and studies on these institutions, especially those newly created.
... Al orientarse a producir acuerdos y reforzar la legitimidad de las decisiones públicas sobre temáticas, leyes y políticas socioeconómicas generales, los CES se distinguen también por su necesidad de validación por parte del gobierno y/o el parlamento, a quienes suelen ir dirigidas sus opiniones. Este "requisito de ratificación" (Fashoyin, 2004) provoca que, en gran medida, un CES sea eficaz si los acuerdos alcanzados en su seno son adoptados por una autoridad política, a diferencia de lo que ocurre, por ejemplo, con instituciones de negociación colectiva. ...
Pese a su extendida trayectoria y presencia mundial, no son frecuentes los estudios sobre los Consejos Económicos y Sociales (CES). Así pues, se pretende revisar la literatura científica existente sobre esta institución, a efectos de identificar los principales núcleos temáticos, acuerdos y discrepancias, como así también detectar las lagunas investigativas y esbozar líneas de investigación futuras. Basado en la aplicación del Protocolo PRISMA, se han detectado tres núcleos temáticos emergentes sobre los CES: los factores que explican su creación; los factores que inciden en su eficacia (y condicionan su éxito), y los criterios que son utilizados para evaluar su eficacia (relacionados con el éxito o el fracaso de estas instituciones). En suma, se ofrece la primera síntesis cualitativa de la literatura internacional sobre la temática de los CES, centrada en su eficacia y evaluación, de gran utilidad para la intervención y el estudio futuros sobre estas instituciones, especialmente las de nueva creación.
... This is best demonstrated by comparing the formal institution of tripartism with the informal institution of offloading rice stocks via food transfers. On paper, tripartism is a formal institution that has protected workers' interests in many countries (Fashoyin, 2004). However, in Bangladesh, tripartism is best characterised as a failed institution. ...
Social protection has gained rapid prominence in the global development agenda in the past two decades. Numerous countries across the global South have enacted national social protection strategies in a bid to build state of the art programme portfolios. Bangladesh joined their ranks in 2015 with its National Social Security Strategy (NSSS). This study takes the NSSS as its point of departure to open the ‘black box’ of policymaking in Bangladesh. It particularly focuses on the politics of the food vs. cash debate, the targeting vs. universalism debate, and the role of bureaucrats, donors, NGOs, and labour in Bangladesh’s social protection politics. The thesis aims to critically understand how the wide-ranging, historically-entrenched political contestations in the country underpin the seemingly apolitical decisions in the NSSS. It is based on over sixty in depth qualitative interviews with key informants, weeks of participant observation in meetings and organisations, as well as analysis of hundreds of internal government documents. First, the study finds that labour has fallen victim to the institutional machinations of neoliberal global capitalism, which deliberately and systematically excludes it from policies of social protection. Second, the persistence of colonial era institutions and the power imbalance between producers and consumers in the rice market is shown to tilt the NSSS in favour of food transfers in the short term and cash transfers in the long term. Third, whilst Bangladesh is lauded for the strength of its NGO sector, this study finds NGOs to be a weak actor dependent on idea transfer to protect rental streams. Fourth, the study reveals how donors employ both coercive and ideational means to promote their favoured policies but succeeds where there is a receptive domestic political environment that supports the donors’ ideas, such as by favouring targeted programmes over universalism. And finally, national bureaucrats are seen to be powerful actors engaged in rent-seeking for both personal and organisational gains. The key contribution of the thesis is its critical analysis, which reveals the political nature of several significant social protection debates in Bangladesh, with potential lessons for other developing countries. At the theoretical level, it contributes to a growing body of political settlements analysis of social protection policies by proposing that the unit of analysis be narrowed down to the issue-level. At the methodological level, the thesis brings the vantage point of the state’s bureaucratic machinery to the fore, thereby providing a counterpoint to many studies on Bangladesh that centre non-state actors.
... Mostly it takes the form of exchange of information, peaceful dialogue, grievance procedure, political action. Fashoyin (2004) explained that conflict can be expressed in the following ways; Work-torule: This is a situation where workers report normally for duty but no work will be done at all. It is a strategy designed to prevent lock-out by management and at the same time aimed at pressing for certain things from management. ...
Conflict is inevitable in both private, public and none-profit making organizations in which the conflicts have been majorly addressed through the use of collective bargaining but over the years it has yielded little or no results, meanwhile there was little attention which was paid to the use of conflict resolution strategy to resolve conflict in every establishment in which churches are not left out. The study explores the use of conflict resolution strategy as a tool for resolving mega churches workers conflict in Nigeria with special reference to Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG). Questionnaire was used as the research instruments and descriptive statistics (simple percentage analysis) was used as the method of analysis for the study in which the study concluded that conflict resolution strategy will improve the mega churches workers cordial relationship and also shows that there is a significant positive relationship between conflict resolution strategy and reduction in internal conflict among mega churches workers in Nigeria, the research results from the reliability of the survey instrument shows that conflict resolution strategy should be one of the best mechanism for internal conflict among mega churches workers in Nigeria.
... El diálogo social ha sido un concepto que ha tenido más utilidad política que científica, lo que la definición más aceptada otorgada por la OIT (Ishikawa, 2004) es también genérica y difusa (Ermida, 2000;Fashoyin, 2004;Quiñones, 2005;Gazier y Boylaud, 2015), lo que ha generado ciertas confusiones y problemáticas para su operacionalización. Una posible explicación para este rendimiento disminuido en términos de investigación es que se ha abordado el tema de una manera particularista situándolo en un contexto específico, el europeo, cuyas estructuras políticas y sociales determinan una escala de acción particular. ...
La Organización Internacional del Trabajo ha hecho grandes esfuerzos en divulgar y promover al diálogo social entre sus miembros al considerarlo central para el "trabajo decente" y porque supone la democratización de las relaciones de trabajo. Sin embargo, la imprecisión del concepto ha generado una serie de problemáticas que dificultan la evaluación de su implementación, resultados y comparación entre diferentes regímenes laborales y escalas geográficas. El presente estudio busca contribuir en definir los componentes ontológicos del diálogo social mediante un análisis de conceptos de los artículos publicados en la Social Sciences Citation Index, y así, diferenciarlo de otros fenómenos propios del mundo del trabajo. Los resultados sugieren que el diálogo social es la máximo expresión del continuo imposición-participación, cuyos componentes ontológicos son la representatividad, el proceso dialógico y un resultado deliberativo.
... P r e p r i n t n o t p e e r r e v i e w e d Thelen, 2010). However, they can no longer serve the leadership functions of providing crucial collective goods for all in the new Digital Ecosystem (Fashoyin, 2004) Definitively, we are facing a new context in which all members of society must take up the challenge of digital transformation (Wood et al., 2019;Zhang, 2019). Classic organizations, such as BIAs, must face a process of adaptation in the face of a changing ecosystem in which hierarchies become weaker, the chain of command moves quickly, and the execution of strategies acquires complete autonomy from them (Sterling, 1997). ...
... According to Table 9, information sharing has been given much emphasis in the U.S. CIIP institutional coordinating mechanism. When it comes to interinstitutional CIIP cooperation to solve challenges, effective multi-dimensional institutional dialogue plays a significant role with a principal goal to set up an information-sharing mechanism (Fashoyin 2004). By the frequency of "threat information sharing/threat information-sharing", it can be argued that such information sharing to a large degree serves as an in-time response to CIIP threats. ...
This study uses a combinative method of quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis applying the discourse-historical approach (DHA), based on a self-built special corpus composed of the U.S. laws, policies and strategy documents that are directly related to critical information infrastructure protection (CIIP); through a Word List ranked by frequency, it is found that there seems to be a coherent securitizing system which has been formed in the U.S. CIIP legislative practices, with some specific considerations in the CIIP policy-making process including the strategy for risk management. By further investigating the internal institutional relationships and institutional mechanisms with corpus tools, four discursive features and strategies of the U.S. CIIP institutional discourse can be discovered: the leading role of private and specific institutions in public-private cooperation; the coexisting characteristics of generality and precision in the process of object definition; the center-divergent institutional settings in executing CIIP execution; and the coordinating discourse patterns for CIIP within the U.S. legislation. Those discursive practices concerning different institutional actors can be further explained in the broader context of the U.S. social reality. This study is not only helpful in better understanding the legal practices in U.S. cybersecurity, but also provides some meaningful insights on CIIP legislation to policy makers in other countries as well as at the international level.
... Today in a Network Society (Castells, 2010;Van Dijk, 2020), the institutions and agents that constitute it must be capable of performing their roles and duties by capitalizing on the benefits and tools generated by the Digital Revolution (Criado et al., 2013;Kravchenko et al., 2019;Marino and Lo Presti, 2018;Matt et al., 2015). As Palier and Thelen, 2010 indicates, this type of actors in the "core" economy has been well-positioned to defend traditional institutions and practices for themselves, but they are no longer able to serve the leadership functions they once did of providing crucial collective goods for all in the new Digital Ecosystem (Fashoyin, 2004). ...
In the context of the new Digital Economy, defined by the massive dissemination of information and commercial content on the Internet and by the new relationship rules established with the development of Social Networks, we can find a set of institutions that have an active role in the rules defined in the Industrial; Social Ecosystem, as well as in the articulation of the necessary policies for the generation of labor and economic development.
These entities, defined in this area as Social Partners (Governments, Business Associations, and Trade Unions), need to adapt their traditional strategies to this new context, in which both mobilization and social dialog are digitized.
This research studies the level of digitization of these social partners in fifteen countries with a high level of Human Development, as per the UNPD Human Development Index (HDI) Ranking, by carrying out a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to present a series of results on their respective levels of digital development. In order to set a measuring tool, a model of Digital Development Indicator is provided to the study.
... There are different ways for establishing social dialogue at workplaces. One of the social dialogue experts at the ILO, Fashoyin, talks about the existence of social dialogue mechanisms at EU, national, regional, sectoral, industry and workplace levels, all of which begins with a social dialogue at a global scale while categorizing social dialogue levels (Fashoyin 2004). One of the primary problems of dialogue mechanisms that have different processes is establishing social dialogue in a country and measures to scale social dialogue are uncertain ( Kenworthy and Kittel 2003). ...
This book focuses on the experience of social dialogue in Turkey, which is a European Union candidate country. It argues that social dialogue constitutes one of the fundamental pillars of European social model and therefore should be analysed not only at the supranational level but also at the national, sectoral and workplace levels. The book critically examines social dialogue processes and mechanisms in Turkey at various levels, with focus on the workplace because it is shaped by socio-cultural elements which contain many variables. The book also identifies the shortcomings and structural impediments of social dialogue, and provides an empirically grounded theoretical explanation of social dialogue in Turkey. In the process, the book explains and clarifies key concepts to help readers grasp important points relevant to social dialogue, and contains interviews with social partners to take into consideration their views and recommendations on social dialogue. These in-depth interviews also provide a rare insight into the dynamics of social dialogue on the ground. By looking at social dialogue at various levels, the book offers a balanced view of its strengths and weaknesses in Turkey. This book is a valuable tool for students, academics and researchers interested in understanding the complex dynamics of social dialogue and workplace relations in Turkey.
... There are different ways for establishing social dialogue at workplaces. One of the social dialogue experts at the ILO, Fashoyin, talks about the existence of social dialogue mechanisms at EU, national, regional, sectoral, industry and workplace levels, all of which begins with a social dialogue at a global scale while categorizing social dialogue levels (Fashoyin 2004). One of the primary problems of dialogue mechanisms that have different processes is establishing social dialogue in a country and measures to scale social dialogue are uncertain ( Kenworthy and Kittel 2003). ...
In this section, theoretical approaches towards social dialogue in industrial relations are presented from multiple perspectives. Under each of these approaches, social partners and how they relate to each other and to the state are discussed.
... In the wake of this, social dialogue has emerged as the mechanism for aiding the process of creating successful partnerships between the private, public and civil organisations (International Labour Organisation, 2014;Economic Development Department, 2015;Gasser, Salzano et al. 2013;Bridgford & Carls, 2012). This is because social dialogue requires the incorporation of all stakeholders when dealing with LED matters, resulting in strong partnerships grounded in social cohesion and inclusive economic growth and development (Gasser, Salzano et al. 2013;ILO, 2014;Fashoyini, 2004). This paper will argue that social dialogue needs to be institutionalised as a participatory mechanism of partnership to strengthen the arrangements for LED. ...
This article presents an argument for the institutionalisation of social dialogue at the local level in South Africa in order to foster effective private-public partnerships. It presents the view that social dialogue is the mechanism of participatory partnerships, due to its principles of common developmental objectives, as well as joint problem-solving and decision-making. In this way, the institutionalisation of social dialogue can strengthen institutional arrangements for LED. This paper will use the case studies of Ghana and Nepal to show how economic opportunities in the informal sector were leveraged through the institutionalisation of social dialogue. It also looks at various ways that the International Labour Organisation fosters LED matters at the local level from asocial dialogue perspective. Because all stakeholders are important in the process of harmonization, equitable economic growth and social cohesion can be achieved through the institutionalisation of an inclusive social dialogue. Further, this paper points out that social dialogue can help promote more critical thinking and engagement on LED matters, and also go a long way towards strengthening the implementation of LED institutions and their various stakeholders and overseeing their practice.
... In political and academic debates, the importance of 'stable' bargaining institutions is often seen as beneficial for the processes and outcomes of collective bargaining (e.g . Fashoyin 2004). Since the effects of stable or unstable collective bargaining institutions have never been investigated directly, the purpose of this article is to investigate what happens to performance when bargaining shifts from one institutional structure to another, i.e. when institutions change, as well as what the effects of stable and unstabl ...
Previous studies on collective bargaining structures and macroeconomic performance have largely ignored the role of stable and instable institutional structures and the effects of institutional change itself. In this article we posit that institutional stability of collective bargaining is of major importance for the moderation of unit labour costs growth. This hypothesis is tested on the basis of data which cover the period 1965?2012 and includes 28 countries. The results show that institutional change impairs the capacity to moderate unit labour cost growth significantly in the subsequent years following the change. This effect also holds for changes in both decentralization and centralization of institutions.
There is renewed interest around the world in the potential of multilevel collective bargaining to contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable model of economic development. Recent country experiences nevertheless highlight tensions and contradictions in the roll‐out of new collective bargaining systems and suggest knowledge gaps regarding the idiosyncrasies of institutional design. This Special Issue provides a critical appraisal of the empirical evidence to date, guided by industrial relations institutional theory, and identifies lessons for policy and practice in the building and sustaining of effective multilevel bargaining systems.
The study examines strategy for conflict resolution in Ebonyi State University Abakaliki. The research was anchored on Power Parity Theory of Industrial Relations propounded by Dubin in 1960. Descriptive survey design was adopted to study a sample of 660 Management and Employees of the University. Data for the study were collected from primary and secondary sources. The instrument used for data collection was structured questionnaire. The research applied Statistical tables and Mean Deviation in data analysis. Findings revealed that negotiation has significantly helped in reducing industrial dispute in Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki; Mediation has significantly helped in curtailing the tide of employer-employee face-off in Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki; and conciliation has significantly reduced industrial disharmony between Management and Staff of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. The implication of the findings is that staff productivity would continue to elude the University if the principles of collective bargaining (conflict resolution strategies) were not adequately applied in resolving any industrial dispute. Hence, it was recommended among others that, there was the need for Management and Staff Members of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, to always engage in negotiation in order to ensure job commitment among staff of the University; there is need for Management and staff of Ebonyi State University to always engage in mediation in order to ensure efficient job performance among staff of the University; and there is need for Management and staff to always engage in conciliation in order to prevent industrial dispute among staff of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki.
Social protection refers to policies and programs implemented by governments to reduce poverty and vulnerability among citizens. The main objective is to create efficient labor markets, minimize exposure to risks, and enhance people’s capability to protect themselves against hazards and income interruption or loss (Dixon, J.E., 1999. Social Security in Global Perspective. Connecticut, US: Greenwood.). Social security, on the other hand, is the protection provided by society through public measures against economic and social distress that could result from sickness, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, invalidity, old age, death, medical care provision, and subsidies for families with children (International Labour Organization, International Labour Office, World Labour Report 2000: Income Security and Social Protection in a Changing World, International Labour Organization, 2000).
This article analyses actual social dialogue experiences in Italy, Portugal and Spain in order to examine the social partners’ participation in COVID‐19 crisis management. It considers the economic and political variables that have helped revitalize tripartism in all three countries relative to the previous economic crisis. The lack of austerity policies and responsibility‐sharing on the part of the social partners and governments paved the way for various agreements that, though differing in content and scope, attest to stronger peak‐level tripartite dialogue.
The collection presents abstracts of reports at the International scientific-practical conference Socially competent management of corporations in a behavioral economy, February 18, 2021. They reflect the theoretical foundations, prospects for ensuring the efficiency of economic entities, prospects for the development of corporations in the development of neo-industrial economy.
This article presents a disaggregated approach to understanding innovation policy governance. It first develops a conceptual framework for differentiating innovation policy domains in terms of the complexity of governance problems and for describing governance approaches and outcomes. The article then advances a theoretical explanation of divergent governance patterns by granting causal primacy to the interplay between government structures and interactive arrangements. It contends that these socio‐political institutions interact differently to structure the resolution of governance problems and thus generate divergent patterns of innovation policy governance. The article illustrates the empirical relevance of its theoretical framework and explanation through a comparative analysis of innovation policy governance in four East Asian economies.
The collection presents abstracts of reports at the International scientific-practical
conference Socially competent management of corporations in a behavioral economy,
February 18, 2021. They reflect the theoretical foundations, prospects for ensuring the
efficiency of economic entities, prospects for the development of corporations in the
development of neo-industrial economy.
The collection presents abstracts of reports at the International scientific practical conference Socially competent management of corporations in a behavioral
economy, February 18, 2021. They reflect the theoretical foundations, prospects for
ensuring the efficiency of economic entities, prospects for the development of
corporations in the development of neo-industrial economy.
Resumen
El presente trabajo aborda la acción de los agentes sociales durante la crisis provocada por el COVID-19, analizando las experiencias de diálogo social tripartito surgidas en España, Italia y Portugal. Se analizan las variables económicas y políticas que han podido favorecer la revitalización del tripartismo en estos tres países en comparación con la anterior crisis económica. En este sentido, la desaparición de las políticas de austeridad y el compromiso mutuo asumido por agentes sociales y gobiernos han impulsado la consecución de diferentes acuerdos que, aunque difieren en su contenido y alcance, evidencian un fortalecimiento del diálogo tripartito al máximo nivel.
The collection presents abstracts of reports at the International scientific-practical conference "Socially competent management of corporations in a behavioral economy", February 18, 2021. They reflect the theoretical foundations, prospects for ensuring the efficiency of economic entities, prospects for the development of corporations in the development of neo-industrial economy.
Collective bargaining is crucial in labour relations. It plays a major role on wages and conditions of service which usually promotes cordial labour-management relations. The significance of labour unions in South African higher education institutions, particularly University of Fort Hare, is to ensure good wages and conditions of service for their members through the instrumentality of collective bargaining between the Union and University management. The study used structured questionnaire to sourced information on the effects of collective bargaining on labour-management relations at the University. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was utilized to analyze data collected. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to interpret the data. The reliability of different instruments that were used in this study was tested by Cronbach alpha coefficients and also computed to determine the validity of question. The study concludes that there is a significant relationship between collective bargaining and labour-management relations at UFH. Recommendations were therefore made in favour of transparency, time bound bargaining, mutual trust, proper communication and accountability among the negotiating parties at UFH for more successful bargaining that will further improve on labour-management relations at the University.
The conflict is a basic structural and integral element of both labour relations and labour law. The transnational solutions for labour conflicts have an increasing complementary role to national systems, mainly in the today's context of globalisation and transnationalisation of industrial relations. For this purpose, the International Labour Organization (ILO), an agency of transnational labour conflicts regulation and a supervising entity of core labour standards enforcement, has implemented supervisory mechanisms either special (complaints and representations) or regular (regular supervisory system). Drawing on the documentary analysis of all the complaints and representations procedures, we intend to clarify the relationship between Portugal and ILO, particularly after 1974. The use of this mechanism reveals emerging social tensions within industrial relations systems, as well as it shows the international projection of the conflicts of interest and expresses the demand for 1 This paper results from the research project Memória Futura: Portugal e a OIT, Dinâmicas de uma Relação. Developed between 2005 and 2008, it was an initiative from the ILO' s Lisbon Office, it was funded by ILO/MTSS and coordinated
Although social dialogue in working life is a novel concept, the democratic management approach, which is one of the primary elements of this concept, has a long history. The workers who had no rights once and passed via various milestones have gained improvements in both social and economic rights. There is a very close relationship between management participation with the rights that the workers have acquired over time with a democratic understanding of politics. This close relationship is summarized in this chapter.
Περίληψη
Η παρούσα μελέτη διαπραγματεύεται δύο γεγονότα που σχετίζονται παραδειγματικά με την Ελληνικότητα και τις επιλεκτικές κατά οικονομική, πολιτική και κοινωνική περίσταση μεθόδους νοηματικής ανατροφοδότησης της. Το πρώτο γεγονός είναι το θριαμβευτικό και πέραν πάσης προσδοκίας επίτευγμα της εθνικής ομάδας ποδοσφαίρου το 2004. Το δεύτερο γεγονός είναι η επίσκεψη του αρχιτέκτονα αυτού του θριάμβου Otto Rehhagel στην Αθήνα τον Μάρτιο του 2013 –περίοδο της οικονομικής κρίσης– ο οποίος αναλαμβάνοντας το ρόλο άτυπου πολιτικού διαμεσολαβητή επιχείρησε να συνεισφέρει στην αποκατάσταση της ελληνο-γερμανικής φιλίας.
Λέξεις κλειδιά: Ελληνικότητα, Ευρωπαϊκό 2004, Rehhagel, οικονομική κρίση.
http://www.hellenicsociology.gr/sites/default/files/praktika_5ou_sunedriou_me_isbn.pdf
There has been an ongoing debate over recent years about the scope of a state’s right of selfdefense against an imminent or actual armed attack by nonstate actors. The debate predates the Al Qaeda attacks against the World Trade Center and elsewhere in the United States on September 11,2001, but those events sharpened its focus and gave it greater operational urgency. While an important strand of the debate has taken place in academic journals and public forums, there has been another strand, largely away from the public gaze, within governments and between them, about what the appropriate principles are, and ought to be, in respect of such conduct. Insofar as these discussions have informed the practice of states and their appreciations of legality, they carry particular weight, being material both to the crystallization and development of customary international law and to the interpretation of treaties.
The international landscape on the regulation of domestic work is changing dramatically. At the hundredth session of the International Labour Conference (ILC) in June 2011, the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the historic Decent Work for Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189) and accompanying Recommendation No. 201. These new international labor standards come sixty-three years after the ILO adopted its first resolution on the conditions of employment of domestic workers and forty-six years after its second such resolution, which recalled the "urgent need" for standards "compatible with the self-respect and human dignity which are essential to social justice" for domestic workers. The robust, comprehensive international norms were adopted after two decades in which the ILO's standard setting has been deeply criticized and its tripartite structure repeatedly challenged to become more representative. Since additional critique of the ILO standards system emerged at the ILC's 101st session in 2012, it would be an overstatement to suggest that the new instruments reflect an unequivocally positive trend in standard setting. Even so, they offer a critical realist basis for considering that ILO standard setting remains salient and that international social dialogue remains possible.
In 2002 the International Labour Organization issued a report titled ‘Decent work and the informal economy’ in which it stressed the need to ensure appropriate employment and income, rights at work, and effective social protection in informal economic activities. Such a call by the ILO is urgent in the context of countries such as India, where the majority of workers are engaged in informal economic activities, and where expansion of informal economic activities is coupled with deteriorating working conditions and living standards.
El diálogo social se ha convertido en un elemento central de la gobernanza socio-laboral en las sociedades contemporáneas. El Derecho Internacional del Trabajo pertrecha un modelo de regulación que imbrica al diálogo social dentro del propio �sistema de Administración del Trabajo�. El marco normativo internacional del trabajo es muy fecundo en reglas que promueven la participación de los interlocutores sociales en el diseño e implementación de las políticas socio-laborales dentro del sistema de Administración del Trabajo. En este sentido, el propio Convenio n. 150 OIT �y todo un conjunto normativo más amplio que se analiza en el estudio- promueve decididamente el diálogo social, estableciendo diversas fórmulas de participación. La fórmula de la consulta tiene una gran centralidad en la regulación internacional, pero debe concebirse como regla de mínimos, dado que existen múltiples manifestaciones normativas que permiten mecanismos de participación �y democratización- mucho más incisivos. Por otra parte, los ámbitos materiales del diálogo social en el sistema de Administración del Trabajo no tienen límites precisos, abarcando numerosas esferas de la política socio-laboral. Dada la �transversalización� de numerosas políticas sociales, la principal encrucijada que afronta el diálogo social es el dilema entre el mantenimiento del tripartismo -y sus límites intrínsecos- o la evolución hacia un multipartismo de articulación más compleja. La renovación estructural del diálogo social es una de las cuestiones pendientes, especialmente cuando se trata de abordar los problemas sociolaborales derivados de la globalización económica. Los �espacios supranacionales� de diálogo social hasta ahora existentes suponen una respuesta muy limitada, imperfecta y débil frente a los nuevos retos sociales que se plantean a nivel global.
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Abstract This paper analyses the sweeping changes in industrial relations in South Korea that have taken place since democratisation in 1987, which gave workers the right to organise themselves, and critically reviews the development of social dialogue since the financial crisis of 1997. A number of international labour specialists have maintained that social dialogue plays an important role in enhancing economic restructuring and the stability of industrial relations in order to compete in a global economy. Contrary to the positive assessment of social dialogue, the paper argues that the Korean Tripartite Commission has not reduced the antagonism between unions and employer organisations due to the influence of embedded, state-led economic development. The financial crisis of 1997 merely provided a catalyst to propel the ‘historic compromise’ of February 1998, without creating effective institutional arrangements to maintain social dialogue. It is worth noting that the uncertainty of social dialogue results from the inability of the Korean Tripartite Commission to encourage employers and workers to trade off wage restraint for job security in the context of a lack of social welfare protections. The paralysed Korean Tripartite Commission provides fertile ground for reflecting on the complex relationship between social dialogue and institutional arrangements.
Many scholarly articles on corruption give the impression that the world is populated by two types of people: the 'sanders' and the 'greasers'. The 'sanders' believe that corruption is an obstacle to development, while the 'greasers' believe that corruption can (in some cases) foster development. This paper takes a critical look at these positions. It concludes that the evidence supporting the 'greasing the wheels hypothesis' is very weak and shows that there is no correlation between a new measure of managers' actual experience with corruption and GDP growth. Instead, the paper uncovers a strong negative correlation between growth in genuine wealth per capita --a direct measure of sustainable development--and corruption. While corruption may have little average effect on the growth rate of GDP per capita , it is a likely source of unsustainable development. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Sustainable Democracy is a joint report of twenty one social scientists, from eleven countries and four academic disciplines, who collaborated over the period of two years under the name of the Group on East-South Systems Transformations (ESST). Their report identifies the principal political and economic choices confronting new democracies in Southern and Eastern Europe and South America, while evaluating their merits and feasibility in the light of current social science knowledge. The scientists explore the social, political and economic conditions under which democracy is likely to generate desirable and politically desired objectives, as well as, whether it is likely to last. It is argued that the state has an essential role in promoting universal citizenship and in creating conditions for a sustained economic growth. Special emphasis is placed on the interdependence between political and economic reforms.
Market liberalism and state interventionism are both challenged as modes of democratic government by this book. It suggests that the development of private interest governments might be a more viable policy alternative for the future. It also questions whether the state could devolve certain public policy responsibilities to interest associations in specific economic sectors. The book focuses specifically on interest associations in a disaggregated, rather than global, approach to economics and politics. Ten Western industrialized countries are covered, subjects ranging from advertising with self-regulation, private accountancy regulation and the British voluntary sector to four comparative papers on the corporatist arrangements in the governance of the dairy industry.
Industrial relations have changed profoundly over the past 20 years in Latin America. There is greater respect for human rights and freedom of association. The level of conflict has lessened and efforts at tripartite consultation are discernible. The overall pattern, however, is unclear. The author reviews the transformations that have occurred since the early 1980s: political upheavals, democratization, structural adjustment, social and institutional changes. He analyses and illustrates the latest reforms in labour law and the difficult progress towards independence for the social partners given the interventionalist tradition of the State is industrial relations. -Author
This book contains five papers on the role of institutions in changing labor markets in Europe. "Introduction" (Peter Auer) explores the following topics: institutions and labor market forces; macroeconomic policy; redistribution of working times; equality of opportunity; and industrial relations and social dialogue. "Small-Economy Macroeconomics" (Ronald Schettkat) discusses monetary and fiscal policies aimed at achieving stability, economic growth, and unemployment. "Working Time: From Redistribution to Modernization" (Gerhard Bosch) considers the following topics: working time in Austria, Denmark, Ireland, and the Netherlands; causes of variations in national working time profiles; and work sharing, employment policy, and work organization. "Equal Opportunities and Employment Policy" (Jill Rubery) addresses the following topics: an equality perspective on employment performance in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries; employment performance from a gender equality perspective; equal opportunities by age and education; social equality and social exclusion; and equality, employment performance, and employment practices. "Industrial Relations and Social Dialogue" (Jelle Visser) examines the following topics: the European mosaic of persistent diversity; trade unions and employers' associations as means of collective representation; patterns of collective bargaining and coordination; bipartite and tripartite national institutions and corporatism; and the role of social dialogue and social learning. One hundred two tables/figures/boxes are included. Most papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)
This is the second Global Report issued under the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) followup to the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. The Report traces the history of forced labor starting in the 1920s. It surveys the many forms of forced labor found in the world and the various responses to them, with the aim of mobilizing greater support for their eradication. It analyses the efforts of the ILO and of other international agencies in preventing or eliminating these forms of forced labor and in rehabilitating its victims. It closes by proposing a specific program of action for discussion and approval by ILO constituents, that strives for a holistic approach to eliminating forced labor.
This innovative study reviews the remarkable economic and labour market recovery made by four small European countries: Austria, Denmark, Ireland and the Netherlands. It analyses their success and highlights the specific factors responsible, in particular the promotion of social dialogue and the institution of critical macroeconomic and labour market policies. While assessing the progress and examining the remaining problems in these four countries, the book compares their progress with that of other European Union countries and examines how similar policies and action could help combat unemployment and make progress towards full employment. Based on reports prepared as a follow-up to the 1995 World Summit on Social Development, the study presents a detailed comparative analysis of the four countries, giving a substantial, broad overview of the economic and labour market situation in each country. The study shows that developed Welfare States in Europe, whose institutions and social actors have previously been criticized for being “sclerotic” and not being able to deliver on jobs, have recently demonstrated a fair capacity for adjustment, resulting in labour market success. However, it is not deregulation which has caused the turnaround, but new efforts by social partners and governments to jointly arrive at new regulations, policies and institutions, and efficient combinations of these. The study makes relevant policy recommendations for promoting further growth and social progress in these countries, as well as in others across Europe.
New frontiers in European industrial relations
- Hyman
- A Ferner
French-speaking Africa” in Trebilcock
- Martens George
Protocol for the implementation of a prices and incomes policy
- Barbados
Social dialogue: An international overview
- Muneto Ozaki
- Marleen Rueda-Catry
Protocol three for the implementation of a social partnership
- Government Barbados
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Informal discussion on the state of the art of social dialogue
- Ilo
Report of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization
- Ilo
The politics of adjustment: International constraints, distributive conflicts, and the state
- Stephan Haggard
Resolution concerning tripartism and social dialogue
- Ilo
Tripartite consultation at the national level on economic and social policy
- Ilo
voice at work - Global report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Report of the Director-General International Labour Conference 88thSession Geneva
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- Haggard Stephan
discussion on the state of the art of social dialogue”. InFocus Programme on Strengthening Social Dialogue 13-14 Dec
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Latin America” inTrebilcock
- Oscar Hernández Álvarez
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