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The New Governance: Governing Without Government
Abstract
The term 'governance' is popular but imprecise. It has at least six uses, referring to: the minimal state; corporate governance; the new public management; 'good governance'; socio-cybernetic systems; and self-organizing networks. I stipulate that governance refers to 'self-organizing, interorganizational networks' and argue these networks complement markets and hierarchies as governing structures for authoritatively allocating resources and exercising control and co-ordination. I defend this definition, arguing that it throws new light on recent changes in British government, most notably: hollowing out the state, the new public management, and intergovernmental manage-ment. I conclude that networks are now a pervasive feature of service delivery in Britain; that such networks are characterized by trust and mutual adjustment and undermine management reforms rooted in competition: and that they are a challenge to governability because they become autonomous and resist central guidance.
... In 1996, Rhodes states that the concept 'governance 'is popular but imprecise. (Rhodes R. A., 1996). The concept of "governance" is not new, as the term came to be used since the 1980s and the 1990s (Sharma, 2018) and it has embedded in both political and academic discourse more than two decades. ...
... Interestingly, in 21 st century the concept of governance has taken for granted to be in the field of public administration and perpetually employs the concept with quite different meanings and implications. This paper explores the way to implement the concept of governance which has been adapted from (Rhodes R. A., 1996)and (Rhodes, 2017) by concerning only five separated uses of 'governance' and how to understand them in terms of Thai public service by : 1) being the minimal state 2) being corporate governance 3) being the new public management 4) being the good governance 5) being self-organizing network. ...
... All citizens can build patterns by being a self-organizing network without being under the direction of a centralized entity. Rhodes (1996) states that a network must be independent and self-governing in order to self-organize. Network collaborative is the concept of trusting, mutual benefits, common perception, stakeholder's participation, complementary relationship, interdependence, and interaction to reach public service purpose. ...
The paper is aimed to explore the concept of governance as the term came to be used since the 1980s and the 1990s and the way to employ the concept of governance which has been adapted from Rhodes (1996 and 2017) by concerning only five separated uses of ‘governance’ and how to implement them in terms of Thai public service. It includes: 1) as the minimal state 2) as corporate governance 3) as the new public management 4) as good governance 5) as self-organizing network. However, in terms of Thailand, old-fashioned Thai public administration system, no matter how much the world has changed, the central government still plays the vital role to control and runs public service inevitably. References Baret, S., Hida, E., Hatfield, S., Sandford, N., & Vazirani, J. (2013). Developing an effective governance operating model A guide for financial services boards and management teams. Deloitte Development LLC. Benyaapikul, P. (2021). Thailand’s Path to Economic Recovery and Advancement: Diagnostic Study on the Middle Income Trap and Prospects for Post-Covid Economic Growth. Thammasat Review of Economic and Social Policy Volume 7, Number 2, July – December, 34-79. Björk, P. G., & Johansson, H. (n.d.). TOWARDS GOVERNANCE THEORY :In search for a common ground. Retrieved 2019, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4329/f2483aa88d18f3216fe55e66ada5e915b92b.pdf Bowornwathana, B. (1997). Transforming Bureaucracies for the 21st Century: The New Democratic Governance Paradigm. Public Administration Quarterly , Volume 21. Castells, M. (2000). The rise of the network society: economy, society and culture. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. Chigudu, D. (2014). IMPLEMENTING NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE: CHALLENGES AND OBSTACLES. Journal of Governance and Regulation / Volume 3, Issue 2, 2014, Continued - 1, 43-49. Clark, H. (2011). the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries High Level Interactive Thematic Debate on Good Governance at All Levels. Istanbul. EPPO, E. P. (n.d.). Privatization and Liberalization Policy. Ministry of Energy. Foreign Office, T. G. (2015). Good Governance in Public Sector Reform. Gisselquist, R. M. (2012). Good Governance as a Concept, and Why This Matters for Development Policy . United Nation University, World Institute for Development Economics Research. Hahn, T. (2011). Self-Organized Governance Networks for Ecosystem Management: Who Is Accountable? Ecology and Society. Khan, H. (2011). A Literature Review of Corporate Governance. International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics. Singapore: IACSIT Press. Lhakard, P. (2022). Thailand’s administration and policies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Interdisciplinary Research Review Volume 17, Number 3, 23-27. Limpaphayom, P., & Connelly, J. T. (2004). Corporate Governance in Thailand. Review of Corporate Governance in Asia . Mongkol, K. (2012). Globalizing New Public Management . Research Journal of Business Management : A Pilot Study from Thailand, 19-29. OECD, O. f.-o. (n.d.). Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development Principal Elements of Good Governance. Oman, C. (2001). Corporate Governance and National Development”, An outgrowth of the OECD Development Centre s Experts Workshop in 2000 and Informal Policy Dialogue in 2001 sponsored in part by. OPDC. (n.d.). The Office of the Public Sector Development Commission. Retrieved 2019, from https://www.opdc.go.th/content/OQ/?lang=en Pongpaichit, P. (2001). Paper for Asia Pacific Finance Association (APFA) annual conference. Bangkok. RECOFTC. (2019). The Center for People and Forest. Retrieved Nov 2019, from https://www.recoftc.org/thailand/projects/cf-net/news/%E0%B83%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%AA%E0 Rhodes. (2017). Understanding governance: 20 years on. Article for the 领导科学论坛·国家治理评论 2017, 1-29. Rhodes, R. A. (1996). The New Governance : Governing without Governance. Political Studies, 652-667. ROBINETT, D. (2013, May 14). Corporate Governance Reforms Pay Dividends in Thailand. Published on Private Sector Development Blog. Robinson, M. (2015). From Old Public Administration to the New Public Service ,Implications for Public Sector Reform in Developing Countries. Singapore: UNDP Global Centre for Public Service. Sasanapitak, A., & Amornsiripong, S. (2022). PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AND NEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCE: THE STRATEGIES FOR SMART CITIES SUPPORTING TO REDUCE SOCIAL INEQUALITY. Social Science Asia, 8(4), 55-66. Sharma, A. K. (2018). Governance:the concept and dimensions. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 1-14. Sheng, Y. K. (n.d.). What is Good Governance? Bangkok: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Strokosch, K., & Osborne, S. (2018). “Understanding value co-creation in public services for transforming European public administrations. Literature review on public service reform models. Supanutt Sasiwuttiwat. (2022). Thailand needs new ways of governance. Bangkok: TDRI Insight. Tun, S. K., Lowatcharin, G., Kumnuansilpa, P., & Crumpton, C. D. (2021). Considering the Responsiveness, Accountability and Transparency Implications of Hybrid Organization in Local Governance: A Comparison of Public Service Provision Approaches in Myanmar and Thailand. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review | Vol. 21 No. 2, 125-142. Vartak, P. (2018). CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW WITH A FOCUS ON PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS IN INDIA. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences.
... In the context of governance, Rhodes (1996) defines new governance as a process of governing without government, where multiple actors collaborate in complex networks. Kooiman (2003) explores the idea of governing as RAC, Rev. Adm. Contemp., v. 28, n. 6, e240195, 2024 | doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2024240195.en| ...
... Regarding governance and its participatory approach, according to the definitions of Rhodes (1996), Kooiman (2003) e Stoker (1998), the new governance is seen as a collaborative process without a centralized command, where multiple actors are involved in complex networks for decision-making. In the context of pirarucu management, this is evident in the active participation of local communities in resource management, reflecting the idea of participatory governance (Arnstein, 1969;Cornwall, 2008;Fung, 2006). ...
... Governance is an important factor for the success of pirarucu management, as shown in the study. The practices described in the paper reflect the concepts of governance in networks and collaborative processes discussed by Rhodes (1996) and Kooiman (2003). The participation of diverse actors (local communities, NGOs, governments) in managing natural resources is aligned with these principles, creating a shared governance model that increases conservation effectiveness. ...
Objective: to describe and critically analyze the participatory management process of pirarucu, a practice developed and monitored by the Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (IDSM) in the Amazon region, highlighting its impact on local communities, its contribution to the bioeconomy and its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Theoretical approach: based on the premise of bioeconomy, the article also considers theories related to participatory management of natural resources and biodiversity conservation.
Method: a qualitative approach was adopted aligned with quantitative results from data analysis of action research with experts from the Mamirauá Institute on participatory management of pirarucu in the Central Amazon.
Results: The results show that the approach contributes to the conservation of the species and its habitat, promotes local eco-socioeconomic development, strengthens communities with equity, and is aligned with the bioeconomy, in addition to offering lessons for the SDGs.
Conclusions: it is concluded that the management of pirarucu carried out by the Mamirauá Institute integrates riverside communities, incorporating traditional knowledge into management and conservation practices. This initiative conserves the species and strengthens the local economy, ensuring stable income.
Keywords: pirarucu supply chain; sustainable development; Central Amazon; bioeconomy; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
... A sustentabilidade, como conceito central, foi popularizada pelo relatório Brundtland (1987), que define desenvolvimento sustentável como aquele que satisfaz as necessidades do presente sem comprometer a capacidade das futuras gerações de atender a suas próprias necessidades. Elkington (1997) No âmbito da governança, Rhodes (1996) define a nova governança como um processo de governar sem governo, onde múltiplos atores colaboram em redes complexas. Kooiman (2003) explora a ideia de governar como governança, enfatizando a necessidade de novas abordagens para lidar com a complexidade e a dinâmica dos sistemas sociais. ...
... No que diz respeito à governança e sua abordagem participativa, conforme as definições de Rhodes (1996), Kooiman (2003) e Stoker (1998, a nova governança é vista como um processo colaborativo sem um comando centralizado, onde múltiplos atores se envolvem em redes complexas para tomada de decisão. No contexto do manejo do pirarucu, isso é evidente na participação ativa das comunidades locais na gestão dos recursos, refletindo a ideia de governança participativa (Arnstein, 1969;Cornwall, 2008;Fung, 2006). ...
... A governança é um fator importante para o sucesso do manejo do pirarucu, como mostrado no estudo. As práticas descritas no trabalho refletem os conceitos de governança em redes e processos colaborativos, discutidos por Rhodes (1996) e Kooiman (2003. A participação de diversos atores (comunidades locais, ONGs, governos) na gestão dos recursos naturais está alinhada com esses princípios, criando um modelo de governança compartilhada que aumenta a efetividade da conservação. ...
Objective: to describe and critically analyze the participatory management process of pirarucu, a practice developed and monitored by the Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (IDSM) in the Amazon region, highlighting its impact on local communities, its contribution to the bioeconomy and its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Theoretical approach: based on the premise of bioeconomy, the article also considers theories related to participatory management of natural resources and biodiversity conservation.
Method: a qualitative approach was adopted aligned with quantitative results from data analysis of action research with experts from the Mamirauá Institute on participatory management of pirarucu in the Central Amazon.
Results: The results show that the approach contributes to the conservation of the species and its habitat, promotes local eco-socioeconomic development, strengthens communities with equity, and is aligned with the bioeconomy, in addition to offering lessons for the SDGs.
Conclusions: it is concluded that the management of pirarucu carried out by the Mamirauá Institute integrates riverside communities, incorporating traditional knowledge into management and conservation practices. This initiative conserves the species and strengthens the local economy, ensuring stable income.
Keywords: pirarucu supply chain; sustainable development; Central Amazon; bioeconomy; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
... This overlapped with the critical theorists' and feminist critique of the technocratic model of rationality, equating rational systems planning with domination and control (e.g., Merchant, 1980). These trends were furthered by subsequent scholarship on the decentering of the state in policymaking and the turn toward governance (Rhodes, 1996). ...
... Rhodes underscores the reality of policy emerging from actions not derived from just central government but, instead, from self-organizing, complex networks -what he refers to as the hollowing out of the state (Rhodes, 1996). Thus, a central feature of network research is the involvement of nonstate actors in hitherto state-centered functions. ...
We explore emerging work around the relational dimensions of public policy. What constitutes a relational frame of analysis is a broad terrain, but some general tenets characterize these approaches, including the foregrounding of relationships between policy actors along with the idea that these relationships are, at least in part, constitutive of the role and identity of these actors. In fact, relationality has long been a feature of studies on policy processes and implementation. More recent scholarship in policy and public administration attempts to more systematically theorize and analyze relationality. This draws from the “relational turn” in sociology and other social sciences. After reviewing the relevant literature on relationality, we offer several propositions on the immediate relevance of the concept of relationality for policy studies. Short of accepting strong ontological and teleological claims regarding relationality and society found in the broader literature, there nevertheless is value in the systematic exploration of the relational dimensions of public policy—i.e., as a mode of description of the practice of policy in the everyday, and as a rich, new lens by which to understand institutions in society. While previous policy literature will acknowledge the relevance of the relational in policy life, there has yet to be a concerted effort to foreground relationship and relationality so as to be the primary focus of analysis.
... Transparency-based accountability has been emphasized in the public governance paradigm since the 1990s, reflecting the trends of globalization and democratization (Rhodes 1996). A key element of this governance model is the formulation and implementation of policies through cooperation and networks among various stakeholders. ...
... This growing focus on external accountability has intensified the pressure on public organizations to become more transparent (Ferlie, Fitzgerald, and Pettigrew 1996;Noblet and Rodwell 2009a). Since public governance reforms may make public employees more aware of and sensitive to public opinion (Rhodes 1996), many public organizations are committed to improving their transparency due to increased public scrutiny (Han and Perry 2020). These changes can place high demands on public employees, raising concerns about the dark side of transparency (Suddaby and Panwar 2022) such as the manipulation of performance information (Kroll and Vogel 2021). ...
Little research has explored the dark side of accountability systems in terms of their negative effects on public employee well-being. This study uses Job Demand-Resource theory to provide an integrated understanding of how accountability systems reflecting the paradigms of traditional bureaucracy, new public management, and public governance impact public employees' well-being, with role clarity and job autonomy as moderating factors. Using responses from 584 public employees, we find that performance-and transparency-based accountability aggravate job stress and health, whereas ethics-based accountability does not, and that role clarity and job autonomy buffer these negative effects. Implications of these findings are discussed.
... Finding answers to these challenges requires governance (Lubell and Morrison, 2021). Governance happens in networks of organizational actors from all societal sectors, including civil society, the private sector, government, and scientific institutions (Rhodes, 1996). ...
... Actors can be individual or organizational actors participating in societal discourse around a specific governance challenge. Analyzing governance more generally (thus, in terms of material and discursive action) centered around an understanding of governance as a network of (organizational) actors follows a governance definition tracing its lineage back at least to Laumann and Knoke (1987), via Rhodes (1996), and has become a predominant paradigm in governance network research (Scott and Ulibarri, 2019). ...
Understanding and tracking societal discourse around essential governance challenges of our times is crucial. One possible heuristic is to conceptualize discourse as a network of actors and policy beliefs.
Here, we present an exemplary and widely applicable automated approach to extract discourse networks from large volumes of media data, as a bipartite graph of organizations and beliefs connected by stance edges. Our approach leverages various natural language processing techniques, alongside qualitative content analysis. We combine named entity recognition, named entity linking, supervised text classification informed by close reading, and a novel stance detection procedure based on large language models.
We demonstrate our approach in an empirical application tracing urban sustainable transport discourse networks in the Swiss urban area of Zürich over 12 years, based on more than one million paragraphs extracted from slightly less than two million newspaper articles.
We test the internal validity of our approach. Based on evaluations against manually automated data, we find support for what we call the window validity hypothesis of automated discourse network data gathering. The internal validity of automated discourse network data gathering increases if inferences are combined over sliding time windows.
Our results show that when leveraging data redundancy and stance inertia through windowed aggregation, automated methods can recover basic structure and higher-level structurally descriptive metrics of discourse networks well. Our results also demonstrate the necessity of creating high-quality test sets and close reading and that efforts invested in automation should be carefully considered.
... These principles include legal certainty, proportionality, and accountability. Such policies must align with existing regulations, ensuring that enforcement measures adhere to good governance principles while incorporating rehabilitative efforts for ASN personnel requiring treatment for drug dependency (Rhodes, 1996). ...
... In regulatory harmonisation, inter-agency coordination facilitates clear role allocation, prevents authority overlaps, and fosters synergy in implementation. Rhodes' (1996) policy network theory highlights that collaboration among policy actors enhances efficiency and effectiveness in addressing complex issues. ...
This study aims to analyse the synchronisation of regulations concerning the dismissal and reinstatement of Civil Servants (PNS) involved in narcotics-related criminal offences, by examining the alignment between Government Regulation (PP) Number 94 of 2021 on Civil Servant Discipline and the Regulation of the Head of the National Civil Service Agency (BKN) Number 3 of 2020 on Technical Guidelines for the Dismissal of Civil Servants. The study employs a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and the general principles of good governance (AUPB). The findings reveal a lack of harmony between these two regulations, as PP 94/2021 stipulates dismissal as a severe disciplinary sanction for civil servants involved in drug abuse, whereas BKN Regulation 3/2020 allows for reinstatement under certain conditions. This inconsistency has the potential to create legal uncertainty and opens the door for subjectivity in the implementation of civil service policies. To ensure legal certainty, this study recommends regulatory harmonisation through a revision of BKN Regulation 3/2020 to align more closely with PP 94/2021. Furthermore, there is a need for stricter standard operating procedures (SOPs), a transparent oversight mechanism, and enhanced capacity-building for personnel management officials in applying the principles of good governance. These measures are expected to ensure legal certainty while supporting a more professional and integrity-driven bureaucratic reform.
... Importantly, clarity of information is deemed essential for defining precise strategies and preventing misunderstandings, especially since governance shifts can generate conflicts arising from ideological differences and adaptation to new roles (Rhodes 1996). The article hopes to contribute to this last aspect, as there is a lack of clear collaboration frameworks for the multi-actor promotion of equality (Gartzia 2021), and the effort of shifting to new roles often goes unnoticed, especially in a potentially conflictual scenario. ...
... Second, our study identifies the potential for role shifts among actors within the policy landscape. We adopt a view of governance as the sumnot necessarily cumulativeof the contributions of actors, a result that emerges through their efforts (Kooiman 1993) and how they adjust to their roles in changing governance scenarios (Rhodes 1996). ...
Businesses have traditionally been seen as reluctant participants in equality policy initiatives. However, emerging governance guidelines increasingly advocate for gender mainstreaming, encouraging active business engagement. Our research examines this potential transformation, focusing on the role of businesses adopting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices compared to traditional equality policy actors – governments, equality organizations, and academia – within the Colombian context. Using a collaborative governance framework and participatory decision-making techniques, we identify potential role shifts toward proactivity and specific contributions from each actor group. Our findings highlight discordant mutual expectations, or “role mismatch”, and divergent perceptions within the business sector, which may undermine traditional actors. These insights emphasize the risks inherent in business participation in equality policy. By delineating contributions and clarifying self-perceptions and mutual expectations, we offer a practical approach to designing participatory processes that foster mutual recognition, trust, and shared responsibility as foundations for advancing equality policies.
... In relation to sustainability, governance is understood as a continuous interaction among organizations involved in networks, exchanging resources and negotiating shared responsibilities. Rhodes (1996) identified four dominant governance characteristics, including the sustainability of inter-organizational interactions driven by resource exchange and negotiation 9) Inclusive Participation ...
... The importance of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private sector actors, and civil society in policy formulation and implementation for public interests through collective and collaborative action has been widely acknowledged (Smith, 2007). Furthermore, governance extends beyond government actors to include the private sector and civil society (Rhodes, 1996). In governance theory, the government is no longer the sole decision-maker in public policy, as other non-governmental actors also hold power in policy formulation. ...
This study aims to analyze the Collaborative Governance of the food security program in Garut Regency, West Java, and to formulate a model for Collaborative Governance in the food security program in Garut Regency, West Java. The theory used to analyze the Collaborative Governance of the food security program in Garut Regency is based on the perspective of Ansell and Gash (2007), which views the collaborative governance process from the dimensions of face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes. The research method used in this study is qualitative descriptive, where primary data is obtained through interviews and observations with purposively selected informants, including officers from the Indonesian National Army (TNI-AD) Headquarters and Kodim 0611, Garut Regency Government OPD (Regional Apparatus Organizations), community members, private sector representatives, and academics. The research findings indicate that: 1) Collaborative governance in the food security program in West Java is carried out by the Garut Regency Government, the community that manages agricultural land, the private sector that assists with distribution, seed provision, and the distribution of harvests, and the Indonesian National Army (TNI-AD), which helps provide pumps and supplies irrigation pipes and wells. Collaborative governance in the implementation of the food security program is not yet optimal based on the dimensions of face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the collaborative process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes, which have not been fully implemented; 2) The supporting factors for collaborative governance are the strong commitment from both the central and regional governments, and the significant potential of natural resources and land, while the inhibiting factors include suboptimal coordination among agencies, limited human resources and budget, complex bureaucracy, environmental factors and climate change, and the lack of synchronization between central and regional policies; 3) The researcher formulated the IALS Collaborative Governance Model for Food Security, which is developed from the Ansell and Gash (2007) model, and is believed to optimize collaborative governance in the implementation of food security in Garut Regency. The novelty of the model lies in the need to add the dimensions of legality, accountability, sustainability, and inclusive participation to the collaborative governance model in order to enhance the capacity and involvement of various collaboration actors specifically, and to optimize collaborative governance as a whole..
... Crucial in analyzing social infrastructure is seeing how it is strengthened and fostered through governance. Governance is referred to in this paper as the act of managing networks, exchanging resources, and negotiating shared goals, such that the boundaries of private and public organizations become blurred and flexible (Stoker, 1998;Rhodes, 1996). Kim and Lim (2017) assert that such an endeavor does not only help in economic development, but also enables more democratic engagement as well as participation within local communities. ...
... Social infrastructure requires an efficient communication system among different organizations and institutions (Pillay and Mitra, 2015;Reich and Benbasat, 2000;Stoker, 1998;Rhodes, 1996). In the VBTS project, communication among different institutions enabled requirements from various components to be addressed simultaneously. ...
This paper examines the implementation of community cellular networks (CCNs) in last-mile communities in the Philippines. As a case study, it takes the Village Base Station (VBTS) project, which aims to deliver telecommunications access to unserved barangays in Aurora province by installing CCNs. This paper explores the social infrastructure that enabled or constrained the maximum utility and sustainability of the project. Through three focus group discussions among key stakeholders in three municipalities in Aurora and document analysis of key project documents, the research reveals a mixed sentiment towards CCNs. Results show that local stakeholders acknowledge CCNs' benefits especially in disaster communication and local governance. However, stakeholders also highlight challenges, primarily financial constraints and maintenance issues. Stakeholders narrate shortcomings in the social infrastructure in the community, with suggestions for enhanced training and transparent communication to ensure CCNs' long-term viability and effectiveness. The findings offer valuable insights for similar initiatives worldwide, especially regarding the dynamics between technology and social infrastructure in developing sustainable technology.
... Autor Definición Rhodes (1996) La gobernanza consiste en las redes autoorganizadas e interorganizacionales. ...
... En los cuerpos teóricos es posible ubicar diferentes ángulos para analizar el concepto de la gobernanza; solo por mencionar algunos: la gobernabilidad (Sánchez, 2006), la corporativa y la administración pública (Ramírez y Bédard, 2012), la nueva gestión pública y las redes autoorganizadas (Rhodes, 1996) o considerando la dimensión territorial (Cerrillo, 2005). Sobre qué enfoque elegir, Helmsing y Ellinger (2011) señalan que en los estudios territoriales se ha puesto énfasis en las instituciones como elemento que estructura las interacciones no solo económicas, sino también las sociales. ...
La estructura del campo mexicano se modificó sustancialmente con las reformas al artículo 27 de la Constitución mexicana en la década de los noventa, situación que intensificó el reto de la gobernabilidad rural. Este artículo analiza las acciones de gobernanza que realizan los actores del Valle del Yaqui las cuales propician formas de organización a partir de cinco dimensiones: 1) coordinación 2) horizontalidad 3) lazos de confianza 4) conflicto y 5) medio ambiente. Para la recolección de información, se entrevistó en las tierras de cultivo a siete organizaciones productoras y se complementó con notas de campo y la observación. El análisis de los resultados muestra dos modelos de gobernanza: el primero se caracteriza por el trabajo en conjunto o asociativo, mientras que el segundo, se destaca por la independencia o individualidad del productor. Ambos modelos presentan ventajas y desventajas, sin embargo, la forma de organización colectiva a diferencia de la individual muestra un mejor desempeño. Se concluye que, la gobernanza territorial podría ser considerada una alternativa en el diseño de políticas públicas que promuevan el desarrollo económico y social a partir del reconocimiento de actores, las particularidades del territorio y el entorno institucional.
... Autor Definición Rhodes (1996) La gobernanza consiste en las redes autoorganizadas e interorganizacionales. ...
... En los cuerpos teóricos es posible ubicar diferentes ángulos para analizar el concepto de la gobernanza; solo por mencionar algunos: la gobernabilidad (Sánchez, 2006), la corporativa y la administración pública (Ramírez y Bédard, 2012), la nueva gestión pública y las redes autoorganizadas (Rhodes, 1996) o considerando la dimensión territorial (Cerrillo, 2005). Sobre qué enfoque elegir, Helmsing y Ellinger (2011) señalan que en los estudios territoriales se ha puesto énfasis en las instituciones como elemento que estructura las interacciones no solo económicas, sino también las sociales. ...
La estructura del campo mexicano se modificó sustancialmente con las reformas al artículo 27 de la Constitución mexicana en la década de los noventa, situación que intensificó el reto de la gobernabilidad rural. Este artículo analiza las acciones de gobernanza que realizan los actores del Valle del Yaqui las cuales propician formas de organización a partir de cinco dimensiones: 1) coordinación 2) horizontalidad 3) lazos de confianza 4) conflicto y 5) medio ambiente. Para la recolección de información, se entrevistó en las tierras de cultivo a siete organizaciones productoras y se complementó con notas de campo y la observación. El análisis de los resultados muestra dos modelos de gobernanza: el primero se caracteriza por el trabajo en conjunto o asociativo, mientras que el segundo, se destaca por la independencia o individualidad del productor. Ambos modelos presentan ventajas y desventajas, sin embargo, la forma de organización colectiva a diferencia de la individual muestra un mejor desempeño. Se concluye que, la gobernanza territorial podría ser considerada una alternativa en el diseño de políticas públicas que promuevan el desarrollo económico y social a partir del reconocimiento de actores, las particularidades del territorio y el entorno institucional.
... In the governance literature, the traditional understanding of government as the sole source of authority has long been questioned. Governance rather points to a multiplicity of actors exercising authority (Kooiman, 2003;Rhodes, 1996;Rosenau, 2004). While this leads to a redrawing of boundaries between state and society, it does not imply a hollowing out of the state, but rather a change in its role and the manner statecraft is being exercised (Bevir, 2010;Kooiman, 2003;Lynn, 2010;Peters and Pierre, 2004;Rhodes, 1996). ...
... Governance rather points to a multiplicity of actors exercising authority (Kooiman, 2003;Rhodes, 1996;Rosenau, 2004). While this leads to a redrawing of boundaries between state and society, it does not imply a hollowing out of the state, but rather a change in its role and the manner statecraft is being exercised (Bevir, 2010;Kooiman, 2003;Lynn, 2010;Peters and Pierre, 2004;Rhodes, 1996). With governance paradigms diversifying, the logics of state (old public administration), market (new public management) and community (new public governance) are recombined in new ways. ...
In a context of complex and unprecedented challenges, innovations in governance are called for to embrace uncertainty and contingency. As a novel form of governance urban experimentation is intended to foster innovation and promote societal change. Building on the concepts of reconfiguration and multiplicity, scholars direct attention towards the multidimensional, hybrid and recursive nature of transformative change. The article provides an empirical exploration of local experimentation and contextual reconfiguration, illustrating how experimentation is mediated by and transforms local governance settings. It builds on "Dresden-City of the Future: Empowering Citizens, Transforming Cities!", a transdisciplinary research project that aims to facilitate the co-creation of knowledge by researchers and practitioners, and advance the governance of local sustainability transitions. The exploratory study sheds light on processes of realignment between old and new forms of governance, illustrating the shift from hierarchy to co-creation, and from planning and accountability to experimentation and exploration.
... Scholars like Rhodes (1996), who introduced the idea of "network governance," have made significant contributions to the development of governance theory by highlighting the interdependent ties among state and non-state actors in the policy-making process. A change from hierarchical, government-led control to a more cooperative, multi-actor approach involving several stakeholders, including the government, universities, private sector companies, and civil society, is what Rhodes says governance entails. ...
This study examined how regulation by educational regulatory bodies support educational growth in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the National Universities Commission (NUC) the main higher education regulator in The study evaluated the NUC’s contributions and difficulties in regulating higher education by critically analyzing its mandates, which include funding, quality assurance, accreditation, and licensing. The concept was based on governance theory, which emphasizes the value of stakeholder engagement, accountability, and transparency in governing educational systems. Using a qualitative approach, the study examined the NUC’s regulatory function by consulting secondary sources such as reports, policy documents, and scholarly literature. The results showed that although the NUC has made great strides in standardizing academic quality, increasing access to higher education, and integrating information technology in universities, it still faces ongoing difficulties. These include insufficient funding, insufficient staff, inadequate capacity building, and all of which reduce its efficacy in practice than in theory towards national development. The study concluded that improving the NUC’s regulatory competence requires tackling the challenging issues through greater funding, improved institutional autonomy, capacity building, and technology innovation. These changes are essential to guaranteeing the viability of Nigeria’s higher education system and bringing it into line with international standards, for national development.
... Theories of governance also provide a framework for the involvement and interventions of non-governmental organisations. For example, the "new governance" concept, proposed by Rhodes (1996), is a shift from traditional top-down government control to a more collaborative approach involving networks of actors. In this new paradigm, NGOs play an important role in influencing policy-making, delivering services, and engaging citizens at the local level. ...
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) have been increasingly important in strengthening local governance in Bangladesh due to its highly decentralised system and limited resources. This study tries to assess the effectiveness of NGO projects in strengthening local governance in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the study explores how far the NGO-created community groups have successfully been involved with local government affairs and making their representatives accountable to their electorates. The research focuses on three NGO projects conducted in the four Union Parishads, Bangladesh's lowest tier of local government institutions. It is revealed that NGO projects have promoted transparency and accountability in the decision-making processes of Union Parishads. In the case of delivering services, distributing government handouts, and implementing local-level development works, the efficiency and transparency of the Union Parishads have registered improvement. In addition, NGO projects have also promoted the participation of citizens in local governance. Most importantly, NGO-created community groups provide a platform for marginalised groups to voice their concerns and advocate for their needs.
... The concept of governance concerns the ways in which public issues are governed by both public and private actors through formal and informal ways of steering (Rhodes, 1996;Stoker, 1998). In this report, we have defined governance as "the many ways in which public and private actors from the state, market, academia and/or civil society govern public issues at multiple scales, autonomously or in mutual interaction" (definition based on Visseren-Hamakers et al., 2021). ...
Transforming food systems is essential to address climate change, biodiversity loss, malnutrition, and inequality. Current Knowledge and Innovation Systems (KIS), such as are too narrow, fragmented, and slow to adapt, often excluding diverse knowledge holders and failing to support systemic change. A shift is needed toward a Food system Oriented Knowledge and Innovation System (FOKIS) that broadens knowledge types, integrates policies, promotes justice, and strengthens collaboration. Key recommendations include inclusive governance, transdisciplinary approaches, better policy alignment, and empowering underrepresented voices—laying the groundwork for a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable food future.
... [NPG]) tem como principais preceitos privilegiar a participação dos cidadãos na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, o que poderia levar à promoção de uma governança mais inclusiva e responsiva. Embora também tenha suas críticas (Bevir, 2013;Rhodes, 1996;Sørensen & Torfing, 2005;Klijn, 2008), no contexto das minorias étnicas na Amazônia, há uma necessidade de abordagens teóricas de gestão a partir de uma perspectiva que considere a participação dos cidadãos e a colaboração entre os stakeholders. ...
Este artigo aborda a importância de políticas públicas sociais adaptadas à política previdenciária brasileira no contexto da Amazônia. Mais especificamente, examina-se o impacto de práticas do modelo da nova gestão pública sobre a previdência social, tomando como referência a política pública do PREVBarco nas comunidades indígenas da região. A pesquisa qualitativa realizada em 2023 durante uma expedição no rio Madeira, na Amazônia, teve como objetivo entender como os cidadãos dessa região são impactados pelos serviços de Previdência Social, seja por meio do PREVBarco, seja pelo aplicativo on-line do INSS. Ao longo do artigo, discutem-se temas como a sobrecarga administrativa enfrentada pelas comunidades indígenas, a necessidade de políticas públicas mais integrativas e sustentáveis, bem como o papel da participação cidadã na promoção da inclusão social e no fortalecimento da democracia. Com essa narrativa, busca-se contribuir para o debate acadêmico e político sobre a participação dos cidadãos indígenas na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas. Ao destacar os desafios e oportunidades enfrentados por essas comunidades, pretende-se promover uma reflexão mais ampla sobre o papel do Estado e da sociedade civil na construção de uma sociedade mais justa e inclusiva. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de políticas públicas adaptadas a grupos historicamente marginalizados, considerando a negligência enfrentada pelas comunidades indígenas brasileiras. Durante muito tempo, essas comunidades foram relegadas às margens do discurso social, tendo suas vozes silenciadas e suas necessidades desconsideradas. A partir das observações empíricas realizadas em 11 comunidades ribeirinhas que englobam aldeias indígenas, reservas extrativistas e distritos rurais, evidencia-se que a incorporação das percepções desses cidadãos na implementação de políticas públicas não apenas fortalece o exercício da cidadania e a participação política, mas também promove a cocriação de soluções. Esse processo contribui para a formulação e implementação de políticas públicas mais integrativas, inclusivas e responsivas, promovendo uma governança mais democrática e eficiente.
... Governance structures influence how power and resources are distributed among stakeholders, affecting their capacity to shape policy outcomes. Understanding these dynamics is essential for identifying potential sources of support or resistance as well as designing strategies to foster collaboration and build coalitions (Rhodes 1996). Governance structures also impact the capacity for policy innovation and adaptation, determining how effectively new ideas can be integrated into existing systems (Sørensen and Torfing 2009). ...
This article offers a comprehensive examination of integrating transition studies and policy studies in the context of energy transitions , highlighting the importance of participatory governance, reflexive policy frameworks, and innovation ecosystems. By combining insights from transition studies, such as niche innovations, multilevel governance, and socio-technical regime shifts, with policy studies' institutional analysis, the paper provides a holistic framework using Germany's Energiewende as a case study. It explores how participatory governance enhances legitimacy and how reflexive governance adapts to emerging challenges, sustaining long-term transitions. The Energiewende demonstrates the value of inclusive governance, where stakeholder engagement bolsters both policy legitimacy and social acceptance. This approach also shows that empowering local communities can lead to increased trust and cooperation in implementing policies. By leveraging frameworks that support innovation ecosystems, Germany has been able to integrate renewable technologies into existing infrastructures. Additionally, aligning local initiatives with national policies has proven critical in maintaining momentum in transitions. The integration of transition and policy studies reveals that leveraging multilevel frameworks is essential to accelerate sustainable technologies while ensuring equitable stakeholder participation. Further, adaptive measures in the Energiewende highlight how iterative feedback supports continuous learning and flexibility in transition pathways. This integration underscores the necessity of balancing technological innovation with social equity to ensure a just and sustainable transition. This paper argues that integrating these fields offers a better explanatory framework and practical strategies for overcoming transition obstacles. It concludes with recommendations for future research and policy development, emphasizing inclusivity, adaptability, and innovation in creating sustainable systems.
... Multiple definitions exist for governance, both normative and analytical (Schulz et al., 2017). This concept emerged in contrast to command-and-control models, promoting a more inclusive and decentralised approach (Rhodes, 1996). Concerning water governance, participatory, transparent, and multi-scale processes are increasingly emphasised (Allan and Rieu-Clarke, 2010;Hill, 2013;Varady et al., 2013). ...
This study focuses on groundwater governance in Mediterranean socio-ecological systems, where anthropogenic and climate-related pressures lead to issues such as overexploitation, salinisation, and pollution, particularly in coastal areas. It provides empirical evidence of the practices and processes that foster governance learning and innovation towards adaptive and sustainable groundwater management, drawing on data from a comparative groundwater governance assessment of four case studies,each representing relevant issues within the mosaic of water challenges in the Mediterranean region. This study addresses several knowledge gaps by proposing a framework aligned with a socio-ecological systems approach, allowing for acomprehensive understanding of groundwater governance by consideringinterconnected social, economic, and environmental dimensions. The assessment process integrates diverse data and knowledge sources, and ensures the active participation of local stakeholders. The findings highlight several cross-cutting themes relevant to water governance innovation. These include transdisciplinary collaborations that recognise the multidimensionality of water governance, the role of cultural and social capital as catalysts for community mobilisation, the potential of community participation tools to promote voluntary behavioural changes, and the creation of social learning spaces to co-design scientifically robust and socially acceptable water management options. Furthermore, this study emphasises the integration of the Theory of Change to effectively engage stakeholders in the co-creation of tailored governance solutions, thereby enhancing the potential for sustainable policy outcomes.
... Besides the involvement of multiple actors beyond the public sector, the primary governance characteristics include: institutionalized horizontal relationships among them and collective policy and decision-making based on interaction, negotiation, and trust rather than hierarchical authority (Emerson et al., 2012;Rhodes, 1996). Governance theorists (e.g. ...
Purpose
This study draws on collaborative public sector innovation to examine the adoption of digital innovations as enablers of public sector accounting reforms. The aim is to shed light on three dimensions of the collaborative process: (1) the actors of collaboration and their roles, (2) the governance and accountability of collaborative networks and (3) the success of the constructs of collaboration in relation to the timing of actors’ involvement and the adherence to the agreed timeframe.
Design/methodology/approach
Our research combines the analysis of publicly available documents with written and oral interviews of senior officials of the Ministries of Finance of four central governments: Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Malta.
Findings
The results identify the involvement of multiple actors across all stages of the innovation process. In addition, the findings show that the actors’ roles vary across stages. Regarding the governance of collaborative networks, we find evidence of shared governance in all cases and meta-governance strategies developed by public actors to improve coordination and safeguard accountability.
Practical implications
The study adds to the existing literature on collaborative public sector innovation by providing insights into the changing roles and governance configurations across the different stages of the innovation process.
Originality/value
This is the first study using collaborative public sector innovation to explore digital innovations supporting public-sector accounting reforms.
... Markets are typically based on competition and/or suspicion and operate through contracts and legal enforcement. Networks are instead thought of as more relational, in that they are based on actors complementing each other rather than competing (Ansell & Gash, 2008;Powell, 1990;Rhodes, 1996). In the present article, we use the concepts of markets and networks not to diagnose different setups, but to describe how the development unfolds, emphasizing market mechanisms or network mechanisms at various stages in a process. ...
Agencification – the process of creating autonomous agencies from central government units – is intended as a means of achieving political decentralization in the post-communist transitional context. However, the present article argues that, in the case of Georgia’s debt enforcement, agencification has become a means of developing a market (economic decentralization). Georgian debt enforcement has changed from being in-house, within the Ministry of Justice, to being the joint responsibility of a public agency (National Bureau of Enforcement; NBE) and private debt enforcement officers. The article reconstructs the reform process by drawing on documents and interview material from various stakeholders in the debt enforcement system. By describing and analyzing the development from 2008 to 2019, we show how the process has resulted in shifting roles for NBE and in various set-ups of debt enforcement. Theoretically, we stress the interplay between mechanisms for institutional change and argue that, while change may be tangible on a superficial level, this serves stability in a commitment to a pro-market agenda. Through the present analysis, we contribute to the agencification literature by showing how the creation of an agency shapes the resultant administrative set-up.
... Dowling et al. (2018) found up to seven distinct definitions of governance in sport that are employed by scholars and vary somewhat from one another in their scoping study of the topic. This may give the impression that the phrase is too multifaceted to be of any value (Rhodes, 1996). Definitions of governance vary depending on the researchers' work or the issue being studied, claim Geeraert et al. (2014). ...
This study compares the opinions of players within the Athletics Federation of India (AFI) and the Badminton Association of India (BAI) regarding governance dimensions to identify areas of strength and improvement. Utilizing a descriptive research design and statistical analyses, perceptions on various governance dimensions were collected from 350 respondents via standardized questionnaires. Significant differences were found in opinions across dimensions such as organization transparency, reporting transparency, democratic processes, control mechanisms, sports integrity, solidarity, and stakeholder representation. Stakeholder representation emerged as a critical dimension with notable disparities observed in both associations. The findings underscore the importance of tailored governance strategies to address specific concerns and enhance transparency, integrity, and stakeholder engagement within sporting organizations. The higher number of significant disparities observed in the BAI compared to the AFI suggests pronounced challenges in governance practices within the former, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Overall, the study provides valuable insights for guiding targeted governance reforms aimed at ensuring the sustainability and success of these sporting organizations.
... Segundo Rhodes (1996), a governança sob a perspectiva dos entes federados trata de coordenação de ações, do exercício do controle, das estruturas de autoridade, da divisão de poder e responsabilidade entre os diversos atores, da alocação de recursos e da governança das ações, ou seja, a capacidade de o governo coordenar as ações com vistas à implementação de políticas públicas. ...
Observando este cenário, entendeu-se importante estudar a relação de governança
entre o órgão gestor das RESEX Lago Cuniã e Rio Ouro Preto e seus conselhos gestores. A pesquisa explora esta relação sob a perspectiva da governança dos recursos comuns, trazida por Hardin e revisitada e reconceituada por Ostrom, que traz a administração dos recursos para a participação coletiva, sendo esta a base teórica deste estudo sob a ótica da governança adaptativa que se dá entre o Conselho deliberativo e o órgão gestor das UC, O ICMBio. Desta forma, destaca-se como objetivo da pesquisa, entender a relação de governança entre o órgão
responsável e o conselho deliberativo de reservas extrativistas federais, no estado de Rondônia.
... Deelproject 4: Zicht op sturingsdynamiek (Waslander, Hooge & Theisens, 2017). De internationale vergelijking, die eveneens deel uitmaakt van het onderzoek, is beschreven in een afzonderlijk werkdocument (Frankowski & Schulz, 2017 Zie ook Osborne (2010), Kooiman (2003), Zehavi (2012) en Rhodes (1997). 5 Zie ook Foucault (1988Foucault ( , 1995, Burchell et al. (1991) en Rose (1999 De sturingstrilogie beoogt de vertaling te maken van abstracte theoretische noties over governmentality naar empirisch onderzoek (zie ook Theisens, Hooge & Waslander, 2016). ...
... Since the 1990s, the Swedish school system has changed thoroughly, its governance is based on new public management (NPM), with an emphasis on "explicit standards and measures of performance; managing by results; value for money; and closeness to the customer" (Rhodes, 1996, p. 655). This has been combined with the introduction of incentive structures into public service, structures such as market competition, quasi-markets, and consumer choice (Rhodes, 1996). Many national reforms have also been implemented, such as decentralisation, the right to choose a school, and the establishment of independent schools (i.e. ...
... The rise of 'new governance' has profoundly impacted national education systems in the Global South. New Governance is cauterized by the "movement from government to governance" (Pierre, 2000) and has also been called "governing without government" (Rhodes, 1996). The governance literature suggests that nation states need to tackle numerous governance challenges in an era of heightened economic transnationalism and economic globalization while reforming social systems, such as education (Pierre & Peters, 2000;Pierre, 2000;Pierre, 2009;Rhodes, 1997;Stoker, 1998). ...
The ascendancy of new governance has had a drastic impact on all levels of policy reforms. I apply regime theory to the modes of governance that drive the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) by illuminating how the changing role of governance, at the regional level, is impacting national educational developments. The primary purposes, structures, and processes of trans-regional governances, focusing on inter-sector spillover, are then studied to illuminate the role of non-economic spaces within CARICOM. This paper suggests that the non-economic pillar of Caribbean integration – functional cooperation – influences national educational systems by giving rise to what I call educational trans-regionalism: a multi-layered process of ‘networks’ and ‘interactions’ in which new institutions and mechanisms proliferate as they seek to coordinate, regulate, disseminate, and translate educational policy discourse from the regional governing panopticon.
... For our analysis, we define (transboundary) collaboration as the practice of facilitating and functioning in multiorganizational arrangements to solve problems that cannot or will not be simply addressed by single organizations. Rhodes (1996) contends that service delivery networks grounded in trust and mutual adjustment can challenge competitiondriven management reforms. In our context, these networks, influenced by dominant informal groups, pose challenges to governance by resisting centralized direction. ...
In recent years, scholarly interest has surged in exploring the emergence of new governance regimes that redefine the self‐governing capacities of local communities in water management, navigating security challenges to ensure compliance to central government water laws and regulations. Embracing polycentric governance across various levels of political interaction provides insights into the factors driving the establishment of these regimes, particularly in regions with limited state presence, and where the threat of climate impact has become visible by climate extreme events as drought. This approach emphasizes the importance of decentralized, collaborative systems for effectively and sustainably managing water resources. Such systems promote equitable water use, regional stability, and resilience to drought through innovative, community‐driven solutions aimed at addressing water scarcity challenges. While the former, polycentric governance, involves multiple centers of authority making decisions collaboratively, the latter, decentralized governance, refers to communities independently managing their affairs. To understand evidence related to these dynamics, we focus on actors' interactions around the downstream area of the transboundary Mira River Basin, between Ecuador and Colombia. Employing mixed method approaches such as qualitative interviews, policy analysis, and participatory observation provides comprehensive insights into the complex interactions shaping transboundary water governance and community responses. These methods facilitate a thorough understanding of how institutional arrangements and governance structures evolve and adapt in diverse sociopolitical contexts, offering valuable lessons for sustainable water management strategies on ( local ) scale or on ( cross‐border ) collaboration. This is particularly crucial in addressing the challenges posed by drought scenarios, ensuring resilience and adaptability in water governance worldwide.
... Ansell and Gash (2008) emphasize that addressing complex societal challenges-such as climate change, social inequality, and public health crises-requires coordinated action and shared responsibility among multiple actors. Similarly, Rhodes (1996) introduced the concept of governance as selforganizing networks, underscoring the shift from hierarchical control to horizontal collaboration. ...
This chapter explores the concept of participatory governance in the United Kingdom, with a particular focus on Bristol as a case study. It examines how citizen engagement enhances transparency, accountability, and trust in governance, emphasizing the role of participatory mechanisms such as the Bristol Quality of Life (BQoL) Surveys in shaping policy decisions. Using theoretical frameworks like Arnstein’s Ladder of Participation and Fung’s Democracy Cube, the study evaluates the effectiveness of participatory governance in fostering inclusive decision-making. While Bristol’s approach demonstrates strengths in policy responsiveness and public engagement, challenges such as digital exclusion, socio-economic disparities, and resource constraints persist. A comparative analysis with national governance trends highlights both the successes and limitations of Bristol’s model. The chapter concludes by discussing policy implications, advocating for greater inclusivity, institutional capacity-building, and digital accessibility to enhance participatory governance in urban settings.
... Governance, as highlighted by Khushnood and Erii (2020), is an age-old concept often associated with government. However, it has recently been defined as new processes, methods, or ways of governing society (Jolly, 2002;Stoker, 1998;Rhodes, 1996). Good governance encompasses the norms and foundations guiding experts in a nation. ...
The study focuses on FDI inflows to South Asian countries between pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods and the relationship between FDI inflows and good governance in South Asian countries over the period of 1990 to 2021. T test, panel co-integration test and dynamic panel data analysis are employed to accomplish the objectives of the study. The impact of COVID-19 on South Asia’s FDI inflows is found to be significant and particularly inflow of FDIs has experienced a significant drop in all other South Asian countries, except India during the pandemic period. Additionally, the study confirms a positive relationship between good governance and inflow of FDIs in South Asian countries. Hence, the present study strongly recommends improving infrastructure facilities while ensuring a higher level of good governance to attract more FDI to the countries in South Asian region.
Since 2019, the European Union has encouraged the establishment of 'new' university alliances, that is transnational strategic groupings involving more than three hundred higher education institutions in the European Union and associated partner countries. This paper treats the European Universities Initiative (EUI) as an instance of a meta-organization and investigates how decision-making processes have unfolded thus far reflecting four 'classic' decision-making models (i.e., the rational actor model, the collegial model, the political model and the garbage can model). More specifically, the study investigates two main stages in the alliances-the initiation stage and the consolidation stage-in more depth. The paper benefits from several (internal) documents and semi-structured interviews conducted with key staff from the selected alliances, the Circle U. and FORTHEM European alliances. The findings ultimately demonstrate the prevalence of key features associated with three of the four decision models, all except for garbage can, eventually resulting in hybrid decision dynamics. The data clearly show that most decisions are made by consensus, and that resource dependency, soft power, trust, and tensions underpin these decision-making processes. The paper provides insights on the mechanism underpinning alliance-level value frameworks, focusing on how different logics and values are blended, negotiated, and/or legitimized.
As reformas do setor público têm sido uma característica das últimas décadas. Muitas destas reformas reagiram contra a hierarquia e a burocracia para mudarem para mercados e redes. Ao lado da New Public Management (NPM) e da Nova Governança Pública (New Public Governance - NPG), o Estado neo-weberiano (neo-Weberian State - NWS) também permaneceu um tipo ideal crucial, certamente para a prática da Europa Ocidental que está incorporada na administração pública (AP) weberiana. Uma questão teórica e empírica é se o NWS é sustentável e resiliente na reinvenção e reavaliação da “burocracia” no século XXI. Esta contribuição afirma que inicialmente houve uma observação empírica, certamente na Europa continental, da administração pública neoweberiana derivada da dinâmica das reformas do setor público na segunda metade do século XX. Essa discussão foi 'atualizada' para um modelo de tipo ideal do NWS por razões teóricas. O NWS é um sistema orientado por hierarquia dentro de um espaço de hierarquia-mercado-rede. Este NWS (baseado e direcionado pela hierarquia) passou um dos modelos de reforma normativa.Também se afirma e se presume que o NWS, ao contrário da NPM (orientada para o mercado) e da NPG (orientada para a rede), assegurará as três funções centrais de uma estratégia de “whole-of-government” (governo integral) num contexto de “Whole-of-society” (toda a sociedade): prestação de serviços públicos equitativos e inclusivos, governança resiliente a crises, e inovação eficiente para o governo e a sociedade.
This research explores how public management analytical perspectives—institutional capacity, crisis leadership and cross-sector collaboration–influence the effectiveness of global governance systems in responding to transnational crises. Through comparative analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2008 financial crisis and the Russia–Ukraine conflict, the research develops an integrated, comprehensive framework (ICC) to explore the dynamic interplay of these dimensions. The findings suggest that institutional capacity forms the structural foundation for crisis response but is constrained by inadequate resources and implementation gaps. Crisis leadership is critical for rapid decision-making and stakeholder coordination but is contingent on institutional frameworks and political responsiveness. Cross-sector collaboration can enhance resilience but faces challenges of fragmented governance structures and conflicting interests.
This chapter explores the several dynamics of supply chain resilience in the context of
growing geopolitical uncertainty. It expresses a critical assessment of adaptive strategies—
modular manufacturing, digital transformation, and structural realignment—that allow
companies to strengthen their operational frameworks against external disturbances. The
conversation provides a whole viewpoint on preserving supply chain integrity in a time of
uncertainty and upheaval by means of an integrative synthesis of 18 academic papers and
several credible internet sources.
Anayasalar, bir toplumun tabi olduğu yazılı veya yazısız kurallar bütünü olarak hem bireyler arası ilişkileri hem de kamu yönetiminin teorik ve pratik uygulamalarını düzenleyen temel metinlerdir. Kamu yönetimi ise birey ve devlet arasındaki ilişkilere odaklanan ve devletin rolünü merkeze alan bir disiplin olarak anayasa yapım süreçlerinde önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye’de devam eden anayasa tartışmalarında, devletin müzakereci bir rol üstlenip üstlenemeyeceği sorusu, bu çalışmanın temel araştırma konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, siyaset bilimi ve kamu yönetimi, yönetim bilimi ve hukuk (anayasa hukuku) alanlarında uzmanlaşmış 16 akademisyenle nitel araştırma yöntemi çerçevesinde görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler MAXQDA programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve içerik analiziyle gömülü teori deseni doğrultusunda bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda, “aktörler,” “süreçte karşılaşılan güçlükler,” “demokratik değerlerle uyum,” ve “müzakereci rolün güçlendirilmesi” temaları öne çıkmıştır. Bulgular, Türkiye’de anayasa yapım sürecinde devletin müzakereci bir rol üstlenebilmesinin, katılım, temsil, şeffaflık, hesap verebilirlik, iletişim, erişilebilirlik, kapsayıcılık, eşitlik, hukukun üstünlüğü, düşünce ve ifade özgürlüğü gibi demokratik değerlerle uyumla ve teknolojinin kullanımıyla bağlantılı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
This chapter is organised around the conceptual distinction between “the governance of ethics” and “ethical governance”. The first reflects a conventional way of understanding public ethics using policy instruments. The second comprises a more integrated approach to ethics, which involves a form of ethical mainstreaming. The chapter first discusses these concepts and then applies them to the case of the EU to illustrate what these concepts mean in practice and to examine the extent to which we can find examples of them in the EU institutions. The chapter concludes by contrasting the advances that have been made in the “governance of ethics” in the EU with the limited steps taken towards EU “ethical governance” and explains why the former is easier to achieve than the latter.
The incidence of natural disasters and climate change has increased in its uncertainty and complexity. In dealing with them, the concept of disaster resilience is needed to be part of current and future governance. In this paper, we searched the Scopus database for data on disaster resilience from a governance perspective between 1996 to 2023 and conducted bibliometric analyses using the Bibliometrix R software package. The results show that: (1) From 1996 to 2023, the number of research papers on disaster resilience governance totaled 1,941, with a trend of progressive annual increase in publications over the last decade. The top three journals in terms of publications are the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Sustainability, and Natural Hazards. (2) There are 5,636 researchers from 82 countries or regions contributing to the field, with the top three authors being Wamsler C, Pelling M, Shaw R, but most authors (87.5%) have published only one paper. In addition, developed countries have strong research strengths in this area. (3) The study also identified several additional trending keywords, including “tourism,” “equity,” and “climate adaptation. These keywords indicate that issues related to disaster management, transformation and resilience are being addressed. Disaster governance with a focus on resilient cities and disaster transformation, as well as the convergence of climate change and disaster risk reduction, are the current research directions in disaster resilience governance.
Volume: [1] | Issue: [2] | Pages: 179-202 | | Date: [December, 2024] Abstract This critical review is determined to make available a thorough analysis of the civil service reforms implemented in Nigeria and assessing their implications in governance. This study seeks to ascertain the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) associated with various reforms using secondary source of data. Two theories were used to form theoretical frameworks which provided a comprehensive understanding of the Nigerian civil service reforms and their implications in governance: the Institutional Theory and the Governance Theory. Findings reveals that poor application of the federal character principle, corruption, overstaffing, poorly incentivized workforce, poor infrastructure and lack of accountability in the Nigerian Civil Service persist since past six decades. Furthermore, the mind set of viewing civil service as Oru Bekee (government work) has a negative effect in the activities and performance of an average civil servant. To this end, the paper suggests that there is need for government to adopt a multi-faceted approaches like engaging with stakeholders such as; civil society organizations and the organized private sector. Secondly, increase the investment in human capital development to ensure that they possess the requisite skills and knowledge to perform their duties effectively with the help of cutting edge 180 technology and state of arts equipment that reduces human interface to curb unethical practices. Finally, prioritize implementation of policies and employing mechanisms that promote transparency and accountability which likely will change the mind set of workers by accepting his or her duty as community service (Oru Obodo) and not government service (Oru Bekee). Introduction:
The article focuses on the importance of practical adaptation of flexible management tools into the existing management methodology of industrial recovery development processes at the regional and state level in conditions of ongoing uncertainty, as a basis for building a sustainable industrial recovery and creating a clear and transparent industrial policy aimed at effective and transparent public-private partnership in a joint project. The purpose of the article is the scientific and analytical substantiation of the applied aspects of the construction and development of the industrial recovery management system of Ukrainian regions based on the principles and mechanisms of flexible management. The authors emphasize that it is the principles and features of the flexible management system that can accelerate recovery processes, improve their efficiency and effectiveness, and become the foundation for building a management system for the industrial recovery of regions based on the principles of public-private partnership, oriented both economically and due to the synergy effect on social and ecological component of sustainable development of the region. This requires a broad integrated approach that would combine the flexibility of the new system with the adaptability of the classic anti-crisis approach, management and interaction, partnership with accountability, stimulation with responsibility, development with preservation of system stability. It is important to consider, first, the balance between the controllability of the system and the underutilized intangible potential, which is created based on the transformational transformation of the management system: the speed of redesign, orientation to changes, flexibility and priority of the result over processes and standards. The article reveals the applied aspects of the transformational transformation of the management system based on the methodology of a flexible approach as a new model of sustainable industrial recovery project management during the period of martial law and after the Victory, which is a basic condition for finding and implementing ways to optimally use the available management resource, overcoming technological gaps and creating conditions for the return of qualified migrants to Ukraine. Keywords: project management, flexible governance, corporate management, industrial policy, industrial recovery, sustainable development, skilled workforce.
AI in Society provides an interdisciplinary corpus for understanding artificial intelligence (AI) as a global phenomenon that transcends geographical and disciplinary boundaries. Edited by a consortium of experts hailing from diverse academic traditions and regions, the 11 edited and curated sections provide a holistic view of AI’s societal impact. Critically, the work goes beyond the often Eurocentric or U.S.-centric perspectives that dominate the discourse, offering nuanced analyses that encompass the implications of AI for a range of regions of the world. Taken together, the sections of this work seek to move beyond the state of the art in three specific respects. First, they venture decisively beyond existing research efforts to develop a comprehensive account and framework for the rapidly growing importance of AI in virtually all sectors of society. Going beyond a mere mapping exercise, the curated sections assess opportunities, critically discuss risks, and offer solutions to the manifold challenges AI harbors in various societal contexts, from individual labor to global business, law and governance, and interpersonal relationships. Second, the work tackles specific societal and regulatory challenges triggered by the advent of AI and, more specifically, large generative AI models and foundation models, such as ChatGPT or GPT-4, which have so far received limited attention in the literature, particularly in monographs or edited volumes. Third, the novelty of the project is underscored by its decidedly interdisciplinary perspective: each section, whether covering Conflict; Culture, Art, and Knowledge Work; Relationships; or Personhood—among others—will draw on various strands of knowledge and research, crossing disciplinary boundaries and uniting perspectives most appropriate for the context at hand.
Rapid urbanization and high population density have intensified the challenges of municipal solid waste management (SWM) in Dhaka, a megacity where effective governance is a critical factor. This paper presents a good governance framework, ward-based approach (WBA) and explores its sustainability potential towards SWM. WBA has been modeled and implemented for over a decade in the collection phase. In-depth interviews of the experts, surveys, document reviews were conducted and then employed triangulation to analyze and cross-validate the information, providing deeper insights into WBA. The contributions of WBA were examined to purposively select three aspects of SWM sustainability: (a) feasibility of waste-to-energy incineration, (b) achievement of local sustainable development goals (SDGs) and (c) compliance with the national SWM Rules. This paper argues that WBA demonstrates a promising governance framework to enhance sustainability of SWM. However, the inherent operational challenges of WBA may hinder the success unless tackled carefully.
This article analyses the trajectory and reform model in the integration of all Indonesian government R&D institutions into a single agency, the National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BRIN). Based on the two ideal types of Weberian–entrepreneurial bureaucracy models, the BRIN case shows a ‘maintain’ trajectory in the aspects of formal structure and Weberian organisational model and a ‘modernise’ trajectory in the aspects of administrative procedures and processes. This hybrid approach fits the Neo‐Weberian State (NWS) model. However, merging all research organisations into a single agency contradicts current literature on innovation in bureaucracies, which defines NWS as a configuration of multiple organisations fostering agile stability. By integrating five types of innovation in bureaucracy, the reform reverts to a stability‐focused Weber I model. Efforts to create an agile bureaucracy are confined to internal procedures and services. To align with the NWS definition in the literature, BRIN's public managers play a key role as public value carriers, devising strategies for thematic‐led missions and building charismatic networks to promote the agencification of other innovation bureaucracies. This aims to fulfil BRIN's mission as an enabler of Indonesia's research and innovation ecosystem.
Points for practitioners
The Neo Weberian State (NWS) is a post‐New Public Management (NPM) reform model, evolving from the Weberian bureaucratic model and the entrepreneurial bureaucracy model.
Public sector management reforms adhere to two ideal bureaucratic types, focusing on formal structures, civil service organisation, and internal procedures and processes. Reform trajectories can hybridise due to ideological influences, politico‐administrative systems, and practical contingencies, influencing the choice of mechanisms tailored to specific conditions.
In the science, technology, and innovation sectors, NWS is perceived as a configuration of multiple organisations with differing bureaucratic characteristics (creators, doers, funders, facilitators, and regulators), aiming for agile stability.
The integration of all Indonesian government research and development agencies into a single entity highlights the dominant role of public sector reformers or managers as public value carriers in the NWS reform model. Policy innovations in internal procedures and functions serve as breakthroughs used by public managers to address structural rigidity in the reform agenda.
The integration of five types of bureaucratic innovation in the merger of all Indonesian government research agencies into a single entity connotes the need for BRIN public managers to adopt a ‘Moore’ style, employing more thematic‐led missions that foster broader growth and development of innovative bureaucratic agencies. This approach builds charismatic networks with other innovation ecosystem elements to fulfil BRIN's mission as an enabler of Indonesia's research and innovation ecosystem.
As the second maritime country with the largest fishing potential in the world, Indonesia's marine and fisheries sectors have not contributed optimally to state revenue. Based on the 2021 annual report of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), revenue from the fisheries sector was only 7.6 percent of GDP. In 2022, GDP growth in the fisheries sub-sector decrease by 2.79 percent. This research will analyze how commercial functions of fishing port can provide larger contributions to non-tax revenues for the maritime and fisheries sector and better quality of public service through a collaborative governance model grounded in Anshell and Gash's theory. This includes components like facilitative leadership, institutional design, and collaborative processes. This research will take a post-positivist methodological approach and utilize qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and document analysis. The study found that facilitative leadership and institutional design have a significant impact on collaborative processes and help achieve intended goals. The results also indicate that each commercial function through collaboration is estimated to increase non-tax state revenues. This rise in revenue is expected to positively impact the quality of public services provided.
For many years, hierarchical governance of aviation has, via incremental refinement of (trans)national rules and regulations, contributed to extraordinary safety and security performance. With the emergence of drone systems, embodying very different technologies, applications and accessibility, these governance arrangements have faced specific adaptation pressures. Indeed, in this chapter, we argue that drones have created the conditions for airspace to be considered as a form of common-pool resource, with correspondingly different governance challenges and possibilities. Making novel use of Ostrom's design principles as a heuristic for reflecting on the UK experience , the chapter identifies critical themes for better understanding the current tentative state of drone governance. The chapter then addresses wider themes, including the importance of understanding the relational characteristics of drone systems, the emergence of more collective governance approaches and the challenge for hierarchical actors in overcoming potential epistemic 'lock-in' when reconciling their traditional approach to this new landscape. The chapter concludes with some important questions for future work.
The Dieng Plateau in Central Java, Indonesia, is home to unique volcanic lakes with significant ecological and economic value. Effective environmental governance is critical for the sustainable management of volcanic lakes, particularly in regions prone to natural hazards like the Dieng Plateau. Several hazards have been reported, including phreatic explosions. This paper explores a multidisciplinary approach to environmental governance, integrating ecological sciences and social sciences, to ensure the sustainable management of these lakes. We investigated the necessity and challenges of establishing collaborative environmental governance mechanisms to address the complex issues surrounding Lake Menjer as volcanic lake management in the region. Based on an investigation of water quality and biodiversity, all nutrient inputs from anthropogenic activities promoted this lake’s degradation. The environmental degradation of the lake showed the absence of management institutions. Drawing upon multidisciplinary research and stakeholder engagement, this study aims to: 1) to analyze the trend of environmental degradation in Lake Menjer in terms of eutrophication; and 2) to evaluate the current governance structures and propose strategies for enhancing collaboration among the various stakeholders. We analyzed existing policies, institutional frameworks, and community participation models to identify gaps and opportunities for improving environmental governance practices. We also advocate for a holistic and sustainable approach to volcanic lake management that balances ecological conservation and socio-economic development in Lake Menjer by fostering collaboration and co-management approaches. Key recommendations include fostering inclusive decision-making processes and promoting knowledge exchange and capacity-building initiatives with collaborative environmental governance approaches.
This contribution investigates theoretical limitations of economic decision making and the substantive challenges of sustainable agricultural-food systems (ASF) from an interdisciplinary perspective. It aims to re-imagine sustainability solutions that are potentially limited by narrow disciplinary foundations. We draw on concepts from ecological economics, practice theory and new governance to address two key problems.
New public management strategies (NPM) constitute a powerful model of how virtually all aspects of public services production can be brought to more closely approximate those in private industry. Although the full NPM agenda is only partially implemented in some countries, it has already had enormous impacts in creating a proto-market in the public services. This 'market' may remain a domain of diversified, small-scale, mainly single-country provider organizations. Or it may develop on more oligopolistic and trans-national lines as a new field of big corporate dominance. Private sector trends in the evolution of service industries, changing information technology, organizational patterns and commodification processes make the corporate option more likely.
Inside government agencies bureau-shaping motivations sustain the NPM approach and create a strong disposition towards embracing radical outsourcing, and residualizing government's implementation roles, a direction reinforced by the marketization of public services. Transnational pressures on nation states to standardize policies will powerfully erode the existing single- country distinctiveness of public service markets, increasing the potential for dominance by large corporations. These developments are likely to erode the 'core competencies' of government, undermining the state's ability to act even as an 'intelligent consumer' in the face of increasing concentrations of expertise, investment and implementation with corporate actors.
Public policy usually develops in complex networks of public, quasi-public and private organizations. It is now generally accepted that these networks set limits to the governance capability of the administration. A good deal less is known about the opportunities which policy networks offer for tackling social and administrative problems. This article deals with the way network management enables government organizations to benefit from networks. Building on the theoretical concepts of‘networks’and‘games’, two forms of network management are identified: game management and network structuring. Four key aspects can be identified for both of these management forms: actors and their relations, resources, rules and perceptions. At the same time, criteria for the assessment and improvement of network management are examined. The article concludes with a consideration of the limits of network management.
Governing institutions are undergoing profound changes-responsibilities for public programs continue to be dispersed, and there is a growing emphasis on sharing power among the units. Two bodies of theory are frequently used to interpret these changes: public choice theory which applauds efforts to diffuse responsibilities and public administration theory which worries that diffusion increases complexity and undermines accountability. This study reviews these two bodies of theory and their perspectives on dispersed authority. Secondly, it reviews recent developments within the literature on public administration. It then outlines an alternative theory. This third approach incorporates concerns from both public choice and public administration theory as well as recent emphases on management strategies. It provides a more complete set of criteria for evaluating institutional arrangements, and it offers a better understanding of dispersed and shared responsibilities.
A new orthodoxy dominates official Western aid policy and development thinking. At its core is the confident assertion that "good governance' and democracy are not simply desirable but essential conditions for development in all societies. The new orthodoxy assumes that there are no inherent tensions, conflicts or difficult trade-offs over time between the various goals of development - such as growth, democracy, stability, equity and autonomy. It appears therefore to assume that no special preconditions are necessary for stable democracy and that it can (and should) be instituted at almost any stage in the developmental process of any society, where it will enhance, not hinder, further development. The author, however, argues that the celebration of a victorious world-wide democratic revolution, which commenced three years ago at the 1990 Houston Summit of industrialised nations (the G7), is hopelessly premature. Few of the Third World elites which dominated formerly non-democratic political systems (on left or right) have embraced democracy with either enthusiasm or commitment. And even where popular domestic protests have prised democratisation out of authoritarian regimes, few Third World societies as yet exhibit the conditions which will sustain democracy. The central thrust of this article is therefore that political turbulence must now be expected, growth and development will be undermined and executive or military coups are bound to follow in the remaining years of the 1990s. In short, we are about to enter an era of democratic reversal, not democratic consolidation. -from Author
The model of 'autopoiesis' — originally a biological model of a living system- has stimulated some outstanding social and administrative scientists to creative thinking about possible implications and applications. In this paper, the applica bility of the model to the science of (public) administration is discussed. Applying a natural scientific model to a social science is hazardous. The paper begins with a description of the original model and a discussion of its systems theoretical impli cations. Next a review of the various interpretations of autopoiesis in different fields of the social sciences is presented. Finally an attempt is made to perform a careful translation and cautious application.
The autopoiesis model seems to offer new insights into the self-governance of organizations. The model opens a fundamentally different perspective on the relationship between organization and environment. From an organization science point of view the model seems intriguing enough to have a close look at it.
From the diagnosis that public sector organisations have been too monolithic, with too cosy a relationship between specifiers and providers of services, has emerged a set of policies for the de‐coupled organisational form. A comparison with the Swedish public sector, which has long experience in this area, suggests that this solution may throw up other problems during the next decade.
We examine the recent debates about governance, focusing particularly on the World Bank and identify certain factors which have in recent years moved the Bank's thinking beyond narrowly economic notions of development. Our account is tentative and we suggest further avenues of research. We try to connect the Bank's thinking systematically with key features of liberal discourse and suggest that this can do much to illuminate practice. We illustrate this with a discussion of the growing relationship between the Bank and NGOs, to contribute to forms of analysis which go beyond the ideas vs. interests polarities that still inform so much of contemporary social and political theory.
There ought not to be two histories, one of political and moral action and one of political and moral theorizing, because there were not two pasts, one populated only by actions, the other only by theories. Every action is the bearer and expression of more or less theory-laden beliefs and concepts; every piece of theorizing and every expression of belief is a political and moral action.
Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, p.61
Investigates network dyads and the manner in which control is exercised in these structures. Four entrepreneurial, high growth firms, each from a different industry, were selected to participate in this ethnographic analysis. The represented industries are telephone equipment, clothing, computer hardware, and environmental support systems. Seven network dyads were identified for the four firms considered. The partnerships were typically other members of the value chain - e.g., suppliers, distributors and final customers. The analysis identified three phases for the network dyad development: preconditions for exchange, conditions to build, and integration and control. The first phase, preconditions, utilized prior relations in addition to personal and firm reputations to reduce uncertainty and establish expectations and obligation. The second phase, the building process, has significant reliance on the trust and the development of reciprocity norms. The third phase is marked by three forms of integration: operational, strategic, and social control. Examination of the four firms and their seven dyadic relationships support the model. These firms were found to be engaged in stable, sustained relationships with a high degree of cooperation and collaboration. The mode of exchange found in these dyadic relationships is characterized as a network form of governance, which appears to be beneficial to high growth firms. Further research using this model could be done for R&D partnerships, cooperative marketing agreements, and other forms of strategic alliances and joint ventures. (SRD)
Rod Rhodes is Professor of Politics and Head of Department at the University of York and editor of Public Administration. He thanks Neil Carter (York) and Janice McMillan (Robert Gordon) for their comments on an early version.
This article discusses: the doctrinal content of the group of ideas known as ‘new public management’(NPM); the intellectual provenance of those ideas; explanations for their apparent persuasiveness in the 1980 s; and criticisms which have been made of the new doctrines. Particular attention is paid to the claim that NPM offers an all-purpose key to better provision of public services. This article argues that NFM has been most commonly criticized in terms of a claimed contradiction between ‘equity’ and ‘efficiency’ values, but that any critique which is to survive NPM's claim to ‘infinite reprogrammability’ must be couched in terms of possible conflicts between administrative values. The conclusion is that the ESRC'S Management in Government’ research initiative has been more valuable in helping to identify rather than to definitively answer, the key conceptual questions raised by NPM.
Current western aid and development policy aims to promote ‘good governance’ in the third world. Few would deny that competent, open and fair administration is both a worthy aim and a self-evident requirement of development. However, the current orthodoxy clearly illustrates the technicist fallacy, which is implicit in the following quotation from Pope, that the effective administration or ‘management’ of development is essentially a technical or practical matter. This article argues that development is fundamentally a political matter and that it is illusory to conceive of good governance as independent of the forms of politics and type of state which alone can generate, sustain and protect it.
For Forms of Government, let fools contest; Whate'er is best administered, is best. (Pope, 1734: Bk 3, lines 303-4).