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The Impact of Technological Opportunities and Innovative Capabilities on Firms’ Output Innovation
Abstract
In this study, we analyse the effect that external sources of knowledge and absorptive capacity exert on a firm's output innovation. In addition, we examine the moderating influence of absorptive capacity on the effect that technological opportunities have on output innovation. Empirical research was carried out on a sample of 91 Spanish firms from the ceramic tile industry. Absorptive capacity is operationalized by ‘systematic or continuous R&D’ and output innovation by ‘percentage of sales from new products’. Technological opportunities are divided into several industry and non-industry related variables. Our results show the positive effect that both the industry's technological opportunities and a systematic approach to R&D exert on output innovation. Moreover, firms with a systematic approach to R&D usually achieve higher innovation output than firms which do not follow this approach. The innovation results of this second group decrease as a result of embedded technology acquisition.
... Work by many academics in this area has examined what factors influence innovative outputs of organizations, as measured by variables such as numbers of newly developed products or services (e.g. Katila, 2002;Oltra & Flor, 2003). The variables that have been found to influence firms' innovative outputs include firms' knowledge management practices (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990;Katila, 2002), recruitment practices (Rao & Drazin, 2002), research and development capabilities (Oltra & Flor, 2003), and overall strategic approach to exploitation (Li & Atuahene-Gima, 2001). ...
... Katila, 2002;Oltra & Flor, 2003). The variables that have been found to influence firms' innovative outputs include firms' knowledge management practices (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990;Katila, 2002), recruitment practices (Rao & Drazin, 2002), research and development capabilities (Oltra & Flor, 2003), and overall strategic approach to exploitation (Li & Atuahene-Gima, 2001). ...
When employees believe that they, and not their employers, have legal ownership of ideas, they may choose to keep their ideas from employers, thereby hindering their employers’ ability to produce new products and services. This research used a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods in order to investigate what factors influence employees’ beliefs about who legally owns ideas. The major findings were as follows. Employees’ beliefs about who owns ideas are influenced directly by employees’ beliefs about the strength of their own legal claim to ideas and the strength of the competing legal claim of their employers. Those two variables are in turn influenced by factors that are specific to each idea, including the degree of employer involvement in the origins of ideas and the nature of the ideas; and by general factors including employees’ beliefs about their job responsibilities and their familiarity with pertinent organizational procedures. Employers should try to strengthen their legal claims to ideas by ensuring they are involved when ideas are originally generated, by socializing employees to believe that their job responsibilities include assigning ownership of ideas to employers, and by ensuring that employees are familiar with relevant organizational procedures.
... Although several authors have emphasized the moderating role 1 of absorptive capacity between several inputs and innovation results [7], [17], [18]- [20], this might have a conceptually more relevant effect if its influence were not just over the sign and strength of the relation but over its actual existence. Accordingly, our study posits and tests a mediating role of absorptive capacity between basic research and product innovation. ...
... In fact, there might even be a large gap between the proliferation of theoretical contributions and the ability of researchers to operationalize them empirically [55]. Thus, compared to its theoretical richness, measures of absorptive capacity have mainly been based on R&D activities [17], [73]. For the purposes of this paper, this is a rather problematic strategy given that all these variables are somehow correlated to basic research. ...
We explain why companies seeking superior product innovation should invest in basic research. Our arguments highlight the role of absorptive capacity and examine how industry appropriability influences these relations. Based on a rich dataset of 8416 firms, we argue that basic research in firms increases their knowledge stock and flows, therefore improving their capacity to identify, assimilate, and exploit external knowledge, which allows them to enhance their product innovation performance. We also verify that strong appropriability regimes not only reduce the effect of basic research on absorptive capacity, but also affect the relation between absorptive capacity and product innovation in two ways. In businesses with a high absorptive capacity, strong appropriability regimes exert a negative influence by reducing product innovation; however, businesses with a low absorptive capacity see their level of product innovation increase. This evidence not only throws into question the attitude of many managers toward basic research; it also calls for open reflection on both the net effect of appropriability on innovative performance and the stages of the innovation process to which public resources should be allocated.
... It eases the transformation of raw knowledge into a useable one (Adeniran and Johnston, 2012). And enables the knowledge acquisition and innovation for project performance (Oltra and Flor, 2003). The more an organization absorbs external knowledge, the higher its chances of achieving competitive advantage (Kaur and Mehta, 2016). ...
Purpose
This paper is drawn on resource-based theory (RBV), dynamic capability theory (DCV) and situational strength theory (SST). It aims to investigate the relationship of entrepreneurial leadership (EL) on project success (PS) through the mediating role of dynamic capabilities (DCs), big data analytic capability (BDAC) and sustainable resilience (SR). It also explores the moderating effect of knowledge sabotage behaviour (KSB) on the relationship of BDAC and SR with PS.
Design/methodology/approach
Data was collected via Questionnaire survey through convenience sampling from the sample of 550 employees working on project in software companies. Of these, 467 response was deemed valid for analysis. The data was analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) with SMART-PLS tool.
Findings
The study revealed a significant impact of EL on PS ( p < 0.05). It also confirmed the significant mediating role of BDAC and SR ( p < 0.05) in EL and PS relationship. These findings emphasize that adapting an entrepreneurial leadership style provides an environment conducive to achieving project success. Moreover, the presence of DCs like BDAC and SR enhances the organization adaptability, efficiency and firms’ endurance to disruption and strengthens their ability to navigate challenges and drive firm outcomes.
Originality/value
The research provides valuable insight into the role of EL as a contemporary leadership style in project-based firms that are marked by high risk and uncertainty. Also, this research is the first to examine the role of DCs, i.e. BDAC and SR as essential support in the execution of a project. Moreover, the research also highlights the importance of the effective role of DCs in achieving PS by mitigating the moderating influence of KSB. Thus, these DCs are empirically proven to facilitate EL in-driving project success in volatile environment while avoiding counterproductive work behaviour.
... Many studies [e.g., 42,43] define absorptive capacity in terms of R&D efforts, following the proposition of Cohen and Levinthal's [44] seminal work, and show a positive relationship between a firm's absorptive capacity and prior inhouse R&D efforts. Patents [45], R&D personnel [46], and human capital [47] serve as proxies for absorptive capacity, facilitating innovation knowledge exchange through active cooperation and spillovers among firms. These results suggest that a firm's absorptive capacity can be measured using various resources. ...
From the perspective of a heterogeneous firm framework, we investigate the direct and spillover effects of public research and development (R&D) subsidies, firm heterogeneity, and external factors on innovation. Our analysis is based on panel data from manufacturing firms in Korea. We find three apparent roles of public R&D subsidy in enhancing firm-level innovation. First, public R&D subsidy has a direct positive impact on innovation in both the short and long run. Second, it does not have a stand-alone spillover effect on innovation. Third, public R&D subsidies have a positive spillover effect on innovation when combined with organizational slack in the short and long run and with leverage and firm size in the short run. Moreover, our analysis reveals that the impact of public subsidies, firm heterogeneity, external factors, and their interaction with innovation is primarily observed in firms with high absorptive capacity, not in those with low absorptive capacity. Based on these findings, the study recommends that when a government formulates its R&D policies, in order to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of public R&D subsidies, it is necessary to prioritize understanding the various conditions and circumstances associated with the public R&D-productivity nexus. It is especially crucial to keep in mind that when firm heterogeneity—as a source of absorptive capacity and organizational learning—and the similarity of technology-based innovations are properly considered, public R&D subsidies can be efficient and effective policy tools for increasing direct benefits and inter-firm spillovers.
... We have replaced the missing values of R&D expenditures with zero (Faleye et al., 2014) because several listed firms do not invest in innovation activities. The mean values of input and output innovation are close to the prior studies (Duran et al., 2016;Oltra & Flor, 2003). The mean values for firm life cycle proxies are 0.137, 0.346, 0.389, 0.038, and 0.090 for introduction, growth, mature, decline, and shake-out stages, respectively. ...
This paper empirically evaluates how different firm life cycle stages influence managers while making firms' input and output innovation decisions under asset liquidity constraints, idiosyncratic risk, and cash flow risk. We find that firms make more investments in input innovation activities during the introduction, growth, and decline stages in the presence of more asset liquidity; in contrast, less investment is made during the mature stage. Concerning the output innovation, the introduction and decline (growth and mature) stages show a negative (positive) relationship for more asset liquidity in place. Our findings also predict that firms are more likely to invest in input innovation activities during the introduction, growth, and decline stages under more idiosyncratic and cash flow volatilities; however, such investment is less prospective during the mature stage. Both volatilities support reciprocal linkages for firm output innovation. Aside from moderating effects, the firms' asset liquidity positively affects output innovation opportunities during current and future periods, while idiosyncratic and cash flow volatilities negatively contribute to both firms' input and output innovation. These findings not only assist managers in making firms' innovation decisions but also enhance investors' understanding of making investment decisions through the different firm life cycle stages.
... The data collected included information on water quality, freshwater and marine fauna and flora, and invasive fauna and flora. The link between acquiring new external knowledge and in-house research capacity is well documented (Cohen and Levinthal, 1989;Leahy and Neary, 2007;Oltra and Flor, 2003). At EDM, there is no in-house research capacity; however, external information is gathered for monitoring purposes related to human health and disaster risk mitigation by the associated subdepartments of the environmental health department. ...
In a time of global environmental instability, public-sector organisations that manage and protect natural resources, which are needed for human wellbeing, play an increasingly important role. These organisations frequently have to weigh up the costs and benefits of managing natural resources and their services for the public good. Management of social-ecological systems is commonly characterised by uncertainty, disagreement and trade-offs. In South Africa, these challenges are compounded by the fact that mandated organisations are often inadequately resourced in terms of finances, skilled staff and infrastructure.
In order to maintain the resilience and robustness of social-ecological systems, public-sector organisations need to cultivate a set of dynamic capabilities, with strong emphasis on learning from their experiences and adapting their management strategies, to innovate and improve their performances. Absorptive capacity (AC) has been described as the ability of an organisation to recognise the value of new external information, acquire it and assimilate it within the organisation, transforming it by applying it with existing knowledge and exploiting the new knowledge for benefit. Organisations with good AC are able to recognise rapidly changing environments and address them by renewing and building on their levels of skill, knowledge and capability to deal with change.
This construct has been extensively researched in industries related to business and technology, where its development has been found to stimulate innovative capabilities. There has, however, been little research into its relevance for public-sector organisations or organisations with environmental mandates. This study used methodological triangulation to assess the attitudes of employees on the current state of AC in three public-sector organisations with environmental mandates. This was done to gain insight into their capacity to absorb information and apply their new knowledge in decision-making, in a manner that navigates through environmental change.
The key findings of this research suggest that knowledge transformation and exploitation are enhanced by in-house research capabilities and cross-functional interface between internal departments. These findings also suggest that the acquisition of knowledge is not only determined by the in-house research capacity but also depends on the resources available to these departments in terms of time, finances and skilled staff. There was minimal evidence of knowledge exploitation; however, obstacles that were highlighted as hindering this process included individual responsibility and motivation, as well as general organisation capacities, such as communication hierarchies, funding, time and organisational silos. This research found that the well-studied concept of AC can be used as an institutional mechanism to assess and promote adaptive capacity in public-sector organisations with environmental mandates to navigate and innovate through the Anthropocene.
Key words: Absorptive capacity, adaptive capacity, environmental change, public-sector organisations
... Referring to innovation output in empirical literature tow line of thoughts are available, i.e., the first line of empirical studies have been investigated to explore the key determinants induces innovation output focusing macro-economic data, see for instance (firm level data, see for instance (Kotha et al., 2011); (Oltra and Flor, 2003); (Sudolska and Łapińska, 2020)). The second line of empirical studies has explored the effects of innovation output in the economy; see, for instance, (Wong et al., 2005;Karnizova and Li, 2014;Law et al., 2020;Huang and Xu, 1999). ...
The determinants of innovation output in empirical literature have been extensively investigated by considering diverse sets of variables. Still, the impact of economic policy uncertainty on innovation output is yet to unleash. The study investigates the association between EPU and innovation output to mitigate the existing research gap, considering a panel of 22 countries over 1997–2018. The study employs a dynamic panel quantile regression and system-GMM specification causality test to discover elasticity and directional association both in the long and short run. Study findings disclosed negative statistically significant effects running from EPU to innovation output except innovation measured by R & D.; moreover, institutional quality and FDI expose positive and statistically significant association with innovation output. In directional causality, unidirectional causality runs from EPU and FDI to innovation output, whereas bidirectional causality establishes between institutional quality and innovation output.
... Instruments to measure absorptive capacity (ACAP) can be broadly divided into three groups: input-oriented indicators, output-oriented indicators and perceptive instruments as in Malgorzata (2015). Input-based measurements focus mostly on R&D spending (Belderbos et al., 2004;Cohen & Levinthal, ;Oltra & Flor, 2003;Stock et al., 2001;Tsai, 2001;Zahra & Hayton, 2008). This measure tends to oversimplify the notion of ACAP: many firms innovate but they do not undertake R&D. ...
Digital transformation of information led us to reconsider Hayek’s (American Economic Review, 35, 519–530) insight on a fuller use of information and re‐classify political structures based on their information protection policies. This allows us to link the accumulation of information with the political structure to frame their joint impact on economic growth. We develop a model of ‘effective information’ beginning with information production and absorption and then allowing for its political propagation based on the degree of information protection. Using data from 40 countries, we find: (i) effective information and its spillovers contribute to an increase in productivity; and (ii) reductions in information protection bring larger increases in effective information as economies near an ‘information‐technology frontier’ contributing to economic growth divergence.
... Referring to innovation output in empirical literature, a collection of thoughts are available, e.g., the first line of empirical studies investigated the key determinants that induced innovation output, focusing on macro-economic data or firm level data (see, for instance, [29][30][31]). The second line of empirical studies explored the effects of innovation output in the economy (see, for instance, [32][33][34][35][36]). ...
The determinants of innovation output in empirical literature were extensively investigated by considering diverse sets of variables. Still, the impact of economic policy uncertainty on innovation output is yet to unleash. To mitigate the existing research gap, the study investigated the association between EPU and innovation output, considering a panel of 22 countries over 1997–2018. The study employed a dynamic panel quantile regression and system-GMM specification causality test for discovering elasticity and directional association both in the long-run and the short-run. Study findings disclosed negative statistically significant effects running from EPU to innovation output except innovation measured by R&D. Moreover, institutional quality and FDI exposed positive and statistically significant association with innovation output. In terms of directional causality, unidirectional causality running from EPU and FDI to innovation output was established, whereas bidirectional causality was established between institutional quality and innovation output.
... En las medidas de CA basadas en I+D han sido adaptadas para identificar el efecto del tamaño y del sector de la empresa. Entre las formas de medir la CA encontramos las siguientes: (a) intensidad en I+D, definida como el gasto en I+D dividido por las ventas totales (Cohen & Levinthal,1990;Tsai ,2001;Belderbos, Carree, Diederen, Lokshin & Veugelers, 2004;Lin, Wu, Chang, Wang & Lee, 2012;Oh, 2016;Fernald, Pennings, Van den Bosch, Commandeur, & Claassen, 2017); (b) número de patentes (Mowery, Oxley & Silverman, 1996;Ahuja & Katila,2001); (c) cantidad de publicaciones académicas (Cockburn & Henderson, 2003); (d) variables dicotómicas vinculadas con las actividades de I+D (Oltra & Flor;Del Carpio-Gallegos & Miralles-Torner, 2018) entre las más utilizadas. ...
El presente trabajo estudia la importancia de la capacidad de absorción de las empresas innovadoras y el efecto que en ella ejercen las barreras de innovación. Se revisa además la gestión de inversión en capacidad de absorción como promotor de innovación y se exponen las implicaciones al nivel de desempeño de las empresas en cuestiones de procesos y posición en el mercado. Se realiza el análisis mediante modelos de regresión lineal simple y múltiple. Finalmente, el impacto de la innovación en las empresas se obtuvo mediante un análisis de componentes principales.
... Bu nedenle özümseme kapasitesini ölçmek için işletme için AR-GE faaliyetlerinin yoğunluğunu ölçme aracı olarak kullanmışlardır. Erken dönem araştırmalarında AR-GE yoğunluğunun araç olarak kullanan çalışmalara rastlamak mümkündür (Meeus, Oerlemans, ve Hage, 2001;Rosenkopf ve Nerkar, 2001;Cassiman ve Veugelers, 2002;Oltra ve Flor, 2003;Almeida ve Phene, 2004;Belderbos, Carree, Diederen, Lokshin, ve Veugelers, 2004;Lenox ve King, 2004). Zahra ve George, (2002) AR-GE veya patent sayısı gibi herhangi bir aracın özümseme kapasitesi kavramını tam olarak açıklayıp açıklayamayacağından şüphe duymaktadırlar. ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı; işletmelerin yeni bilgi üretme yeteneğinin önemli bir kısmını temsil eden özümseme kapasitesi ile ilgili son otuz yılda kaydedilen ilerlemelerin değerlendirilmesidir. Bu amaçla 1990-2020 yılları arasında Web of Science’ta taranan dergilerde yayımlanan özümseme kapasitesi ile ilgili makaleler incelenmek suretiyle literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Özümseme kapasitesi teorisine kavramsal bir çerçeve sunmak için yapılan çalışmalarda kavramın öncüllerinin teorik ve ampirik olarak incelendiği görülmektedir. Çıktılarıyla kıyaslandığında özümseme kapasitesinin öncülleriyle ilgili yapılan bu çalışmaların yeterli seviyede olmadığı görülmektedir. Çalışmada ilk olarak, özümseme kapasitesi tanımının nasıl geliştiği, ilgili analiz seviyelerinin ve kavramsallaşma sürecinin nasıl tamamlandığı açıklanarak, konuyla ilgili çalışmaların özümseme kapasitesini nasıl ölçtüğüne dair bir genel bakış sunulmuştur. Sonrasında ise, önceki araştırmalarda dikkate alınan çıktılar ve öncüller gözden geçirilerek tespit edilen sorunlar ile gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara yönelik bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
... The first two points indicate that individual resources have a limited capacity to generate innovation, and that, instead, this principally results from combinations of intangible assets (Barney 1995;Kostopoulos et al. 2002;Bakar and Ahmad 2010). This is the most evident in research-driven industries such as aerospace, where technological knowledge in the firm, employees' skills, and quality of business processes determine success to a greater extent than imitable tangible resources such as equipment and property (Michalisin et al. 1997;Lefebvre and Lefebvre 1998;Prencipe 2002;Oltra and Flor 2003;Arman and Foden 2010;Kyläheiko et al. 2011). The third point relates to extensions of the RBV that include external resources (e.g. ...
Clusters have the potential to strengthen firm innovation. However, our knowledge of how firms are affected by the external resources found in clusters, and how this relates to their level of internal resources, is limited. There are seemingly conflicting theoretical assumptions and empirical findings on both the individual and combined impact of these resources. Our paper seeks to reconcile these by adopting a configurational lens, allowing for multiple pathways to innovation. Applying fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to a sample of firms in European aerospace clusters, we uncover that innovation outcomes can only be explained through combinations of internal assets, and external resources provided by geography, networks, and institutions. No single resource, in isolation, is sufficient. We distinguish between a total of seven pathways. These vary from weak firms benefitting from localized knowledge spillovers, to strong firms with extensive non-local networks. We find that the relationship between internal and external resources is causally complex, with even the potential for negative innovation impacts. Hence, we provide a first step towards harmonizing the literature's different approaches to understanding clusters' impact on firms.
... O estudo de Flatten et al. (2011) adotou medidas multidimensionais da CA, com a adoção de proxys comumente usadas na literatura, como P&D (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990), número de patentes (Ahuja & Katila, 2001;Mowery, Oxley, & Silverman, 1996), intensidade de P&D (Belderbos, Carree, Diederen, Lokshin, & Veugelers, 2004;Meeus, Oerlemans, & Hage, 2001;Oltra & Flor, 2003;Stock, Greis, & Fischer, 2001;Tsai, 2001), entre outros. Assim, Flatten et al. (2011) desenvolveram medidas em que a CAp (aquisição) compartilha com a geração de inteligência e conhecimento voltado ao mercado. ...
Purpose:
This study aimed to assess processes related to absorptive capacity (AC) dimensions in innovation-generating companies of traditional sectors in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Originality/value:
Companies may establish differential advantages in the market due to how far they apply acquired knowledge and use organizational mechanisms. These mechanisms include intangible elements essential to the development of AC, a capacity that companies do not often recognize as important to generate innovation. Based on previous studies, we established a summary of AC elements and AC within its different dimensions. Then we created an assessment tool for AC analysis and knowledge generation dynamics in innovative micro-processes in organizations of the traditional sectors.
Design/methodology/approach:
Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire with 47 items to assess potential and realized AC and their dimensions. We assessed two companies on their AC. These companies were participants of a project of the Núcleo de Apoio à Gestão da Inovação (Nagirs) of Instituto Euvaldo Lodi (IEL) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, oriented to enhance innovation in traditional sectors. This study used content analysis and compared the evidence found with findings in the literature.
Findings:
The results suggested that, in companies of traditional sectors, AC can be considered explicative to innovation generation and the organizational dynamics orchestrating mechanisms for knowledge renewal. Data reveals that knowledge renewal requires managers and qualified workers’ engagement in search and application of external information that responds to the company’s strategic challenges. The study also contributes to establishing an assessment tool for AC in companies of traditional sectors.
... These dimensions, however, differ in the ways they operate: sequentially as in Zahra and George (2002) or as alternative routes as in Todorova and Durisin (2007). In line with Cohen and Levinthal's seminal article, absorptive capacity is usually operationalised as the existence and/or intensity of a company's R&D activities (Veugelers, 1997;Lane and Lubatkin, 1998;Lin, 2003;Oltra and Flor, 2003;Leahy and Neary, 2007;Th erin, 2007;Zahra and Hayton, 2008). There has been increasing critique on this operationalisation of absorptive capacity. ...
... A second indicator measures the reciprocity in external knowledge transfer between competitors. To proxy absorptive capacity we use a measure of a company's own R&D expenditures (this is in line with empirical studies by Belderbos et al., (2004), Cassiman and Veugelers (2002), Oltra and Flor (2003) and Stock et al. (2001)). ...
... Malerba and Orsenigo (1997) suggest that the specific pattern of innovative activity of a sector can be explained by the structure of the underlying knowledge, which seize opportunities together with learning processes (see also Dosi 1988). Empirically, Becker and Peters (2000) and Oltra and Flor (2003) confirm that technological opportunities from other industries sustain innovative performances in a sample of German and Spanish firms respectively. Cohen and Malerba (2001) point out that greater diversity in innovative activities results positively associated with faster technological change. ...
This paper empirically investigates how the inter-sectoral knowledge flows affect the international competitiveness of industries, once controlling for both cost and other technological factors. Using patent data on 14 manufacturing industries in 16 OECD countries over the period 1995–2009, we apply a network-based approach to capture the effect of industries' position in the flows of technical knowledge across industries, which we label inter-sectoral knowledge space. We find that (i) centrality and local clustering in the inter-sectoral knowledge space positively affect the export market shares of an industry, (ii) such two effects are rather redundant and (iii) national-level knowledge flows' impacts on international competitiveness are way stronger than international ones. Network measures of position in the knowledge space are found to be more relevant than standard technological indicators such as patent counts. Our results point to the importance of industries being well located in the stream of knowledge flows, rather than being innovative per se, and offer a novel yet robust proxy to measure technological factors affecting trade performances. In addition, we find evidence of geographical boundaries of knowledge flows.
... Environment Surveying Method: means the firm's ability to identify the knowledge and technology outside the organization (Cohen, Levinthal, 1990, Ettlie, 2000. R&D Activities: refers to research assignments undertaken to improve organizational performance, measured by R&D budget and R&D continuity within an organization (Oltra, & Flor, 2003). ...
The present paper investigates the link between corporate venturing (CV) with absorptive capacity (ACAP), innovation and financial performance. The population includes large manufacturing firms across Khuzestan Province having been active throughout 2013. The research questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 331 financial managers as well as Financial, R&D and Human resources Experts selected using simple random sampling. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL 8.5 statistical programs. The results indicate that the proposed model has a good fit and the corporate venturing is related to absorptive capacity, innovation and financial performance. Furthermore, ACAP is related to innovation and financial performance. The present study leads to a better understanding of corporate venturing and absorptive capacity.
... The first two points indicate that individual resources have a limited capacity to generate innovation, and that, instead, this principally results from combinations of intangible assets (Barney, 1995;Kostopoulos et al., 2002;Bakar and Ahmad, 2010). This is the most evident in research-driven industries such as aerospace, where technological knowledge in the firm, employees' skills, and quality of business processes determine success to a greater extent than imitable tangible resources such as equipment and property (Michalisin et al., 1997;Lefebvre and Lefebvre, 1998;Prencipe, 2002;Oltra and Flor, 2003;Arman and Foden, 2010;Kyläheiko et al., 2011). The third point relates to extensions of the RBV that include external resources (e.g. ...
... Firms with a high level of absorptive capacity rely more on the modes which make them less dependent to the source firm (Contractor & Ra, 2002). In addition, Firms with high level of absorptive capacity are likely to have a better understanding of the new knowledge and to harness new knowledge from other firms to help their innovative activities (Tsai, 2001, Oltra & FLor, 2003.Therefore, the cooperation will become more performing ) which motivate firms with higher levels of absorptive capacity to enter cooperative relations. ...
Technology is a top management major concern in order to increase the competitiveness of companies. Thus processes relating to technology acquisition, development and application become strategic key factors. Companies rely on their own R&D activities but also on partnership. Thus, literature points out that the use of technology sourcing modes by itself could create advantages for the firms. Among others technology sourcing modes are: - alliance through technology collaboration, consortium, research joint venture,- acquisition through licensing, R&D sub contracting, technology purchasing. As a consequence academics and practitioners direct their attention toward two main questions: when is it necessary to develop a new technology and what is the best sourcing mode? Thus, this research studies the decision key factors of Iranian high technology companies in the field of technology sourcing. Internal and external variables are investigated including: internal scientific resources, past experience success, absorptive capacity, and, the concerned phase of the technology live cycle, the technological uncertainty.
... They suggested that absorptive capacity is largely a function of the firm's level of prior related knowledge, and that it is critical to the firm's innovative capabilities. In various studies, a firm's internal R&D investments is considered to be a proxy for its absorptive capacity [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] and appears to be a contingency variable that critically influences the relationship between external R&D strategies and innovation performance [61][62][63]. In particular R&D acquisitions are complementary innovation activities at higher levels of internal R&D investments (i.e. higher expenditures on internal R&D, absolute or relative to sales), while at lower levels, internal R&D and acquisitions turn out to be substitutive strategic options. ...
In the context of increased pharmaceutical innovation deficits and Big Pharma blockbusters’ patent expirations, this paper examines the moderating role of firms’ absorptive capacity in external innovation activities of Big Pharma firms. The study indicates a rising interest of Big Pharma in acquisitions of and alliances with biotechnology companies. Unfortunately, this increased interest is not reflected in the number of new drugs generated by Big Pharma. We find that acquisitions of biotech companies have negatively affected Big Pharma firms’ innovation performance on average but these acquisitions might have a positive effect at higher levels of acquiring firms’ absorptive capacity. Moreover, also acquisitions of pharma companies and alliances with biotech companies only have a positive effect on innovation performance at sufficiently high levels of absorptive capacity. The moderating role of absorptive capacity implicates that a tight integration of internal R&D efforts and (unrelated) external knowledge is crucial for harnessing complementarity effects.
... Freeman (1991) cites empirical evidence that research associations, as well as licensing transactions, are used intensively by firms that have their own R&D. A similar indicator includes not only the existence of R&D, but also a systematic R&D that reflects the regularity of a firm's internal R&D activities (Oltra and Flor (2003)). The assumption is that firms that are continuously engaged in R&D efficiently establish internal capabilities for the adaptation of external knowledge (Becker and Peters (2000)). ...
Absorptive capacity is defined as the ability of a firm to recognize the value of new external information, assimilate it, and apply it to commercial ends. It is regarded as an important factor in both corporate innovation and general competitive advantage. My approach recognizes the practice-based character of absorptive capacity. I provide a critical review of previous empirical treatments of the construct, note the need for advancing the research in this area, and suggest a qualitative approach that focuses on knowledge absorption practices. An empirical illustration shows how a practice-based approach can provide new insights into absorptive capacity.
... The first type that firms monitor is technological opportunities, which arise from scientific and technological knowledge (Scherer 1965;Nelson and Winter 1982;Breschi et al. 2000;Oltra and Flor 2003;Palmberg 2004). Note that there appears to be a relatively uneven distribution of 'technical opportunities' at different times and in different technologies and industries (Nelson and Winter 1982;Dosi 1982). ...
The main contribution of this paper is a theory-based conceptual framework of innovation spaces, and how firms must navigate through them to innovate. The concept of innovation systems - at the regional, sectoral and national levels - have been highly influential. Previous literature developing the concept of innovation systems has stressed the importance of institutions, networks and knowledge bases at the regional, sectoral and national levels. This paper primarily draws upon an evolutionary and Schumpeterian economics perspective, in the following three senses. The conceptualization of 'innnovation spaces' focuses upon how and why firm search for innovations is influenced the opportunities within certain geographical contexts. This means that the firm create opportunities and can span different context, but they are influence by the context in term of the access, flow and co-evolution of ideas, resources, technology, people and knowledge, which help stimulate business innovation in terms of products, process and services. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research and especially the need to focus on globalization as a process of intensifying linkages across the globe.
... As empresas com capacidade absortiva priorizam os departamentos de P&D como estímulo para adquirir, assimilar, transformar e explorar o conhecimento (Zahra, George, 2002) e, desta forma, absorver novas tecnologias e competências organizacionais. Para as empresas com capacidade absortiva, as atividades internas de P&D possuem duas funções principais (Oltra, Flor, 2003): (i) a criação e a integração de novos conhecimentos, o que enfatiza a natureza cumulativa do conhecimento e (ii) a capacidade de aplicar o conhecimento, que é dependente do caminho histórico. Estas empresas possuem a vantagem de que seus resultados são mais facilmente apropriáveis, uma vez que eles são específicos para a empresa, e a propriedade intelectual pode ser legalmente defendida. ...
The objective of this research is to investigate the evolution of capabilities in the discovery cycle of innovation in the pharmaceutical market of drugs for erectile dysfunction in the period 1990-2010 with the use of patent data. Two distinct and complementary concepts were applied: the models of March (1991) for exploratory and investigative discovery and the three components of dynamic: capabilities absorption capacity, innovation and adaptation. The result showed that the three components of the dynamic capabilities may be identified in the discovery of Viagra product cycle. The analysis allowed to evaluate the transition from investigative discovery exploratory discovery of incremental innovations, as well as the identification phase of consolidation, generalization, differentiation and retribution.
... The following questions were used: "Is there reciprocity in knowledge sharing in the supplier-buyer chain?" and "Is there reciprocity in knowledge sharing with your competitors?" with the option to choose from a five-point response scale ranging from not at all (1) to completely (5)". For the absorptive capacity we used the company's own R&D expenditures compared to the total turnover (this is in line with empirical studies by Belderbos et al., (2004), Cassiman and Veugelers (2002), Oltra and Flor (2003) and Stock et al. (2001)) with the options to choose from (0) 0%, (1) 1-2%, (2) 3-5%, (3) > 5%. Apart from our emphasis on the role of the openness with regard to innovation and a company's absorptive capacity, we derive a number of additional determinants from the literature (Avermaete et al., 2004;Abdelmoula and Etienne, 2010). ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the innovation performance in the Hungarian food chain using the concept of open innovation.
Design/methodology/approach
– Empirical analysis is based on the data from a 2014 survey of more than 300 small- and medium-sized agricultural producers, food processors and food retailers. The authors analyse innovation performance taking into account not only the direct impacts of external knowledge inflows and absorptive capacity, but also the indirect effect of external knowledge inflows mediated by the existence of potentially complementary internal resources (absorptive capacity). The authors determine the impact of open innovation and a company’s absorptive capacity on innovation performance employing two stage approaches. First, the authors apply a semi-non parametric probit model. Second, the authors run cluster analysis to categorize companies based on their open innovation, absorptive capacity, firm and managerial characteristics.
Findings
– Results imply the openness along the food chain may decrease the introduction time of innovation in all areas of innovation, as well the innovation propensity. The openness towards competitors may decrease the introduction time of innovation with regard to technological innovation, but it may increase with regard to product innovation, as well the innovation propensity. The absorptive capacity decreases the introduction time of technological product, organizational and market innovation. There is a positive relationship between the use of external knowledge (when it is defined as openness with competitors) and own innovation capacity with regard to innovation propensity, but not when it is defined as openness along the food chain. The enterprises of the sample are dividing into two groups: innovative (dominated by processors) and not innovative ones (dominated by producers and retailers).
Research limitations/implications
– Some limitations of the paper are worth mentioning. The study is limited in its scope with regard to the research setting and the unit of analysis (Hungarian food chain). With regard to the former, our sample consists of 302 SMEs along the food chain, almost equally distributed as producers, processors and retailers. At the end of 2014 in Hungary there were 7,766 producers, 2,681 processors and 6,420 retailers in this category, which means 1.3 – 3.7 per cent coverage (Agrárgazdasági Kutatóintézet, 2014). Regarding the latter, the paper defines food chain in a narrow sense (three levels); therefore, the results represent the perspectives of a limited number of food chain partners (producers, processors, retailers). Were the definition to be widened, input from additional members would be necessary (such as suppliers of suppliers, customers of customers, third parties or competitors). Nevertheless, although the scope may be narrow, it is appropriate for our objective. Future research is recommended to overcome the paper’s limitations (i.e. extend its scope to other countries, sectors and levels of chain).
Practical implications
– The analysis provides valuable inputs for policy makers and SMEs along the food chain that wish to build and improve (open) innovation system. Policy makers would need more targeted innovation development programmes in order to solve the tight innovation bottlenecks. These programmes should target first of all at expanding the absorptive capacities of the food chain’s enterprises. The authors also need further research in order to investigate how much the restricted use of open innovation systems in the Hungarian food enterprises is linked to the cost and benefits of creation such systems.
Originality/value
– The authors analyse innovation performance taking into account not only the direct impacts of external knowledge inflows and absorptive capacity, but also the indirect effect of external knowledge inflows mediated by the existence of potentially complementary internal resources (absorptive capacity).
... Organizational learning is a managerial discipline that regards knowledge as one of the most important firmspecific resources so as to obtain, refine and combine knowledge into firms' business strategy (Niu et al., 2012). A number of researchers have suggested that improving capabilities relevant to organizational learning is the critical success factor for sustaining competitive advantage because the success of innovative efforts relies on how firms acquire efficiently and utilize effectively external knowledge and information (Roberson et al., 2012Lane et al., 2006Oltra and Flor, 2003;Zahra and George, 2002). Thus, we expect that the organizational learning can be applied to help explain performance of clustering firms because knowledge exchange is one of the specific strategic objectives of firms' industrial cluster involvement. ...
... Firms with absorptive capability prioritize the departments of R and D as a stimulus to acquire, assimilate, transform and exploit knowledge (Zahra and George, 2002) and thus absorb new technologies and organizational skills. For firms with absorptive capability, internal R and D have two main functions (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990;Oltra and Flor, 2003): (i) The creation and integration of new knowledge, which emphasizes the cumulative nature of knowledge, and (ii) the ability to apply knowledge, which is dependent on the historical path. These companies have the advantage that their results are more easily appropriated, once they are specific to the company, and intellectual property can be legally defended. ...
The objective of this study is to analyze the evolution of dynamic capabilities in the discovery cycle of an innovation in the pharmaceutical market of erectile dysfunction in the period of 20 years. To achieve this, two distinct and complementary concepts were applied: Models of March (1991) to exploitative and explorative discovery in the organizational learning process and the three components of dynamic capabilities. The result showed that the components of the capabilities may be identified in the discovery cycle of Viagra ®. The study confirms the existence of a stock of knowledge among the companies in the pharmaceutical market of erectile dysfunction as well as a large absorptive capacity among all of them.
Purpose
Through the lens of resource-based view (RBV), knowledge-based view (KBV) and DCV, this paper aims to investigate the relationship of entrepreneurial leadership (EL) on the project success (PS) and further examines the mediating effect of knowledge infrastructure capability (KIC), knowledge-based dynamic capability (KBDC) and Big data analytic capability (BDAC).
Design/methodology/approach
The data were collected from 467 employees working on project in software companies. The data were evaluated using SMART-PLS, a structural equation modeling (SEM) tool.
Findings
The study revealed a significant impact of EL on the PS, the study also found the significant mediation role of KIC, KBDC and BDAC on the EL and PS relationship.
Originality/value
The research gives valuable insight into the effective role of EL as a contemporary leadership style in project-based firms. Also, this research is one of the first to examine knowledge-oriented dynamic capabilities (DC) as a knowledge fulcrum in project execution. These DC have been empirically proven to facilitate EL in achieving PS and support the firm in competing in an uncertain environment.
Collaboration and partnership with other entities in the start-up ecosystem can be a game-changer for a start-up’s success. It is not uncommon for start-ups to seek collaborations with leading industry players to increase their chances of innovation success, which is a crucial factor in their survival and growth in today’s competitive market. Through partnerships, start-ups can increase their value proposition, save costs, and utilize available resources, including funding, mentorship, and expertise. This research provides valuable insights and implications for Vietnam start-up founders considering adopting innovation cooperation strategies. In particular, this study focuses on product innovation as the dependent variable and examines the effects of innovation cooperation and internal R&D intensity on the product innovation of Vietnam start-ups. The empirical results suggest that investing in internal R&D alone may not be enough to guarantee success in product innovation. However, the study finds a robust positive effect of innovation cooperation, measured by co-patent cooperation in R&D and manufacturing, on product innovation.
This study shows how R&D resources improve firm performance, taking advantage of open innovation activities in SMEs. It focuses on the mediating effect of R&D openness on the relationship between R&D resources and firm performance in SMEs. We employ secondary data of 1,046 SMEs located in South Korea’s innovation clusters wherein scientific knowledge and technologies are efficiently created, transferred and utilised. The findings show that R&D resources (technological, human and financial resources) and R&D openness in SMEs positively affect firm performance. On the one hand, only SMEs with more financial resources (R&D investment) achieve better firm performance via a higher degree of external R&D collaboration. Fewer technological resources or more financial resources in SMEs can be a motivation for external collaboration. Differentiated open innovation strategies are required depending on the characteristics of R&D resources in SMEs in order to improve firm performance.
Las innovaciones permiten a las empresas responder a los desafíos del mercado, obtener ventajas competitivas sostenibles y promover el crecimiento económico. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si la capacidad de absorción aumenta la probabilidad de que una empresa sea innovadora. Para ello se aplicaron diferentes modelos logit a los micro-datos de la Encuesta de Actividades de Innovación de las empresas industriales manufactureras uruguayas. Los resultados permiten concluir que la capacidad de absorción es un elemento importante para explicar la probabilidad de que una firma sea innovadora. Inciden en este sentido la existencia de unidades formales de I+D en la firma y la magnitud del cociente entre los empleados ocupados en tareas de I+D sobre el total de empleados de la firma.
ABSTRACT
The low performance of small and medium scale enterprises deprives their multiple contributions to the economies in their mobility towards the development. Though the issue has attracted the attention of many researchers, even today it is compelling due to the emerging global competition in the context of developing countries. The previous findings on the understanding of the complex relationships among factors influencing firm performance remain fragmented and unexplained. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test a research model for investigating the effect of cognitive factors and strategic orientation on firm performance. The research model incorporated achievement motivation, personal goal setting, and mastery experience as cognitive variables while entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, and learning orientation were configured as strategic orientation. The mediating role of self-efficacy and the moderating effect of absorptive capacity were also examined. The survey questionnaire translated into the native language was administered to a sample of 800 owner managers in the small and medium scale hotel and restaurant industry in Sri Lanka resulting in 350 usable responses. The stratified random sampling was the method used for the selection of the respondents to the sample. Data analysis was carried out by applying the structural equation modeling method. The findings widened the knowledge of the complex relationships among variables concerned indicating that the synergetic effect of cognitive variables and strategic orientation on firm performance is indispensable. Self-efficacy was found to be a significant mediating mechanism in the relationship between cognitive dispositions and firm performance. Strategic orientation of the organizations with higher level of absorptive capacity was found to be strongly related to firm performance. The results also extended the contextual validation of the research model in the developing countries. Keywords: cognitive factors, strategic orientation, firm performance, self-efficacy, absorptive capacity.
(PDF) MEDIATING AND MODERATING EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY AND ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY ON THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG COGNITIVE FACTORS, STRATEGIC ORIENTATION AND FIRM PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE HOTEL AND RESTAURANT INDUSTRY IN SRI LANKA HERATH MUDIYANSELAGE ARIYARATHNE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA.
Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351428056_MEDIATING_AND_MODERATING_EFFECTS_OF_ENTREPRENEURIAL_SELF-EFFICACY_AND_ABSORPTIVE_CAPACITY_ON_THE_RELATIONSHIP_AMONG_COGNITIVE_FACTORS_STRATEGIC_ORIENTATION_AND_FIRM_PERFORMANCE_OF_SMALL_AND_MEDIUM_SCA
Discovering and seizing technology opportunities is key to innovation at all levels. However, there are several open issues in the existing research into the discovery of technology opportunities, such as the insufficient specification of technology opportunities, defining the features of opportunities in a way that may lead to the exclusion of some valuable opportunities, and a lack of empirical support for evaluation criteria. This study proposes a new approach to technology opportunity discovery that attempts to address these issues. Our approach uses patents as a data source and constructs domain knowledge networks (DKNs) automatically based on the syntactic dependencies of technological words. We represent technology opportunities as connected sub-networks within DKNs and use a regression analysis of historical patents to obtain significant variables that affect the value of technology opportunities. These are then used to form an objective function for searching for and interpreting optimal opportunities. Ant colony optimization is applied to discover the optimal set of technology opportunities. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach are demonstrated by empirical research into a technology for measuring mechanical vibrations or sound waves by electromagnetic means.
Purpose
This study investigates the influence of shared leadership on creativity and absorptive capacity in R&D teams. Based on theories of intragroup processes, it proposes that shared leadership positively affects such team outcomes up to a certain point, but at very high levels could cause loss of synergy and effectiveness, and therefore the relationship will follow an inverted U-shaped curve.
Design/methodology/approach
The study was conducted with 76 independent teams from the R&D unit of one of the largest energy companies in Brazil. Data were collected with two questionnaires answered by external team managers and team members. The study applied structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses.
Findings
Results indicate that there is a curvilinear relationship between shared leadership and external assessments of creativity and absorptive capacity in R&D teams. Although leadership shared among team members tends to favor creativity and realized absorptive capacity, at very high levels it yielded less than optimal outcomes. Team creativity had a direct positive effect on the teams' ability to explore and transform knowledge.
Originality/value
The study is the first empirical test of the influence of shared leadership on team creativity and absorptive capacity that proposes and confirms a quadratic effect. These results shed new light on the authors’ understanding of how intrateam leadership affects creative processes and absorptive capacity in the R&D context. These findings offer novel insights to inform practice as firms manage innovation performance.
The Technological Innovation System (TIS) framework is a systems approach for understanding the development, diffusion and use of new technologies. This paper addresses limitations of the TIS functions approach by complementing its list of functions. In order to analyze the context in which the TIS operates, framework conditions are added to the TIS function approach, drawn from Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) literature, previous literature along with empirical evidence from Colombia. As a result, the paper proposes an extended TIS function approach where the breadth of application of the framework in developed countries is augmented and made more applicable to the developing country context.
To compete and survive in the changing environment, construction firms need to develop capabilities for exploration and exploitation. To develop such capabilities firms may require different types of knowledge in their innovation processes. The relevance of external knowledge for the ability of firms to produce new products and technologies or to refine and reuse existing technologies, products and processes has been emphasised. This notwithstanding, there is little research that explores the role of external knowledge sources as antecedents of strategic exploratory and exploitative innovation, and particularly in the context of construction. Using 135 survey responses from managers in construction contractor firms in Hong Kong, this study sought to explore the relationships between external knowledge sources and exploratory and exploitative innovation. The results of partial least squares structural equation modelling show that extra-industry value chain sources (clients, suppliers, alliance partners) as well as academic and research sources (Universities, R&D centres, professional networks) each have significant positive effects on exploratory innovation but intra-industry value chain sources (competitors, subcontractors, JV partners, consultants) do not. Again, among the three components of external knowledge sources, only extra-industry value chain sources significantly affect exploitative innovation. Implications for researchers and managers are discussed.
Our study looked at the extent to which firm characteristics such as total firm capital affect electricity saving in energy-intensive industry in Sweden from 2007 to 2015. Specifically, the most influential variables for systematic variation in electricity saving in the energy-intensive companies participating in Sweden's voluntary programme for improving energy efficiency in energy-intensive industry (the PFE) were studied by analysing monetary investment, payback time and firm characteristics. Monetary investment and payback time influenced electricity savings during the PFE more than firm characteristics, with monetary investment being most influential. Nevertheless, the total systematic variation in firm characteristics may account for ∼16% of the systematic variation in electricity saving, where ∼74% (32 of 43) of the studied firm characteristics seemed to merit further investigation and where ∼49% (21 of 43) of firm characteristics appeared most influential. The most influential firm characteristics were total firm capital, stock turnover ratio, machinery, short-term liabilities per turnover ratio and goodwill. The overall results showed that firm characteristics can influence a firm's energy-saving activities and indicated a tendency for more energy savings in companies that were financially weaker or had done less work to improve energy efficiency prior to the PFE.
The main contribution of this paper is a theory-based conceptual framework of innovation spaces, and how firms must navigate through them to innovate. The concept of innovation systems—at the regional, sectoral and national levels—have been highly influential. Previous literature developing the concept of innovation systems has stressed the importance of institutions, networks and knowledge bases at the regional, sectoral and national levels. This paper primarily draws upon an evolutionary and Schumpeterian economics perspective, in the following three senses. The conceptualization of ‘innnovation spaces’ focuses upon how and why firm search for innovations is influenced the opportunities within certain geographical contexts. This means that the firm create opportunities and can span different context, but they are influence by the context in term of the access, flow and co-evolution of ideas, resources, technology, people and knowledge, which help stimulate business innovation in terms of products, process and services. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research and especially the need to focus on globalization as a process of intensifying linkages across the globe.
“CAPACIDAD DE ABSORCIÓN E INNOVACIÓN: UN ANÁLISIS PARA LA INDUSTRIA EN COLOMBIA” nace de la necesidad que tienen nuestras empresas e instituciones gubernamentales de estudios que identifiquen los factores impulsores de la capacidad de innovación empresarial en el contexto colombiano.
El libro es producto del trabajo colaborativo en el marco del proyecto de investigación “Análisis de la capacidad de absorción tecnológica de la industria en Colombia” en el marco de la Convocatoria 702 Jóvenes Investigadores e Innovadores, orientada a la formación de capital humano de alto nivel para la Gobernación del departamento de Atlántico en 2014. El proyecto está adscrito a los grupos de investigación INCATUR de la Facultad de CAEC y el Grupo IMTEF de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma del Caribe. Joven Investigadora Aura Reyes Romero adscrita al proyecto.
Th e paper investigates the innovation process in the Hungarian agri-food sector using the concept of open innovation. The empirical analysis is based on the data from a 2011 survey of more than 200 small and medium size agricultural producers, food processors and retailers. There is determined the impact of open innovation and a company’s absorptive capacity on the innovation performance employing two stage approaches. First, a cluster analysis is applied to categorise companies based on their open innovation absorptive capacity, firm and managerial characteristics. Second, using semi--non parametric probit models, there is found that open innovation positively influences the innovation performance for the product and market innovation. Estimations indicate that the absorptive capacity has positive impacts on the technological- and organisational innovation and on innovation propensity. The results suggest that there exists a considerable heterogeneity both within and between the supply chain segments regarding to the innovation performance.
Today, innovative performance is one of the key factors in the study of countries’ competitiveness. Innovative performance is the result of cooperation and interaction among the constituents of innovation systems. This paper aims to investigate the relationship among Common Innovation Infrastructures (CII), Knowledge and Technology Absorptive Capacity (KTAC) and innovative performance at the national level, considering their time lag. For this purpose, a model has been presented. The model consists of the above three mentioned dimensions and nine constructs. The validity of the model was measured, using the empirical data of 81 countries collected from various databases. The structural equation modeling and the AMOS software were used to analyze the relationships. The results of this study showed that goodness of fit of the conceptual model is indicated by the empirical data. The results also revealed that GDP per capita, strength of intellectual property system and policy stability have a positive impact on the KTAC, and that KTAC has a positive impact on the value-added of the industry and service sectors, high-technology exports, international patents and consequently on innovative performance.
In this thesis, We explore the relationship between community of practice and personal absorptive capacity of knowledge. We also combine this result with the information design ability training of Chinese college students, and do empirical research based on the curriculum of "Information System Design" of college students who major in information system management based on the software Visual-pls. Finally, we get the relationship of indices of the Community of Practice for Personal absorptive capacity of knowledge.
Organisations are finding it more difficult to keep abreast with the pace of change. The continuous rise of business opportunities and the increase in global competition demands a capability to acquire, assimilate, transform and apply external critical knowledge to renew and reconfigure existing capabilities and knowledge, and to innovate. Developing this dynamic capability requires, in turn, new proactive Knowledge Management tools and new organisational forms. This chapter presents a framework in which virtual networks constitute more flexible new organisational structures to absorb and create knowledge. It also describes how embeddedness in such a network can affect most of the factors identified as antecedents of absorptive capacity. In addition, it evidences the important role of the firm's relational capabilities in taking advantage of the relevant business information, knowledge, resources, technologies and capabilities circulating in the virtual networks.
This chapter analyses and compares different dimensions of non–R&D–intensive and very R&D–intensive manufacturing firms’ absorptive capacity (AC). The empirical analysis is based on firm level data obtained by a telephone survey in early 2010 among more than 200 non–R&D–intensive firms and 88 firms with a high R&D–intensity in the German manufacturing industry. The results show that there is surprisingly little difference in the level of AC between R&D–intensive and non–R&D–intensive firms – if the firm specific relevance of such external impulses is being taken into consideration. This is a surprising finding in so far, as it indicates that R&D intensity might not be a limiting factor for firm’s ability to recognize and implement scientific knowledge per se. Thereby, the findings presented in this chapter underline the necessity to further improve and supplement the measurement concept of firms’ AC beyond their mere R&D intensity by taking into account the strategic importance of different types of external knowledge.
Absorptive capacity (ACAP) enables firm to adjust to a rapidly changing environment and achieve sustained competitive advantage. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on ACAP by providing a comprehensive literature review of the various conceptual attributes of the construct, its determinants, outcomes, and positive and negative consequences of using its input-oriented, output-oriented, and perceptive measurement modes. Proposals for constructing ACAP based on the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) empirically illustrate for the conceptual part of the paper. Additionally, combining concepts of absorptive capacity and open innovation (which is still rare in the literature) provides a new perspective on the role of absorptive capacity in opening up the innovation process. This advances the understanding of both inter-related proposals. The article also identifies key problems and formulates future research directions to improve the multi-level characteristics of absorptive capacity.
In the paper, the concept of absorptive capacity, already successfully applied to firms, is extended to territories. Territory's Absorptive Capacity is here defined as the ability of a Region to identify, assimilate, and exploit external knowledge. From a theoretical point of view, the concept of Territory's Absorptive Capacity integrates two fields of studies, those of innovation systems and regional science. Three propositions are developed starting from the consideration that territory's absorptive capacity is dependent on increasing investments in human resource learning in a Region, promoting R&D activities and, above all, integrating knowledge flows through the action of territorial knowledge gatekeepers.
Scholars and practitioners alike now recognize that a firm’s capacity to assimilate and use know-how from external sources — what Cohen and Levinthal (1990) called “absorptive capacity” — plays a central role in innovation performance. In recent years, a common strategy pursued by companies to increase their absorptive capacity has been to locate new R&D facilities in close geographic proximity to technology “hotspots” like Cambridge, Massachusetts or the San Francisco Bay Area. Such a strategy is predicated on the assumption that geographic proximity facilitates absorption. Unfortunately, more than two decades after the publication of Cohen and Levinthal’s landmark piece on absorptive capacity, precious little is known about how different organizational strategies and managerial practices — including location choices — actually impact a firm’s ability to exploit external sources of know-how. A key barrier to empirical progress on this front has been a lack of direct measures of absorption. In this paper, we develop a novel measure of absorptive capacity that attempts to directly track the influence of external sources of know-how on the internal R&D activities on individual laboratories. We then use this measure to examine laboratory level differences in absorptive capacity and the degree to which a lab’s geographic proximity to a given knowledge base influences its absorptive capacity. To identify patterns of absorption, we exploit a quasi-natural experiment that has occurred in the pharmaceutical industry over the past two decades. Since 1989, a number of major pharmaceutical companies (Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, etc.) have chosen to locate new laboratories in one or more major life science hotspots (Massachusetts, the San Francisco Bay Area, and San Diego County). Because these are de novo green-field labs, we have an unusual opportunity to study how the capabilities of the lab evolved over time, and whether those capabilities were influenced by the technological activities of the surrounding local scientific and technological ecosystems. Our sample includes 39 R&D laboratories (at varying degrees of distance from three major life sciences hotspots — Massachusetts, San Diego County, and the San Francisco Bay Area). Our findings indicate that geographic proximity is a significant predictor of how much know-how a lab absorbs from a given hotspot. The importance of geographic proximity is also shown to be increasing over time. However, our results also show significant residual variance at both the individual laboratory and company levels, suggesting an important role of managerial practices and policies in driving absorption. The latter finding was consistent with our field interviews of R&D executives from laboratories involved in our study. The study provides further evidence of the geographically bounded nature of knowledge.
La estrategia de las empresas incluye la gestión de sus innovaciones para competir la
actualidad y en el futuro. Las actividades de Investigación, Desarrollo e innovación (en
adelante I+D+i) se sistematizan conformando un proceso [1] para generar innovación continua
cada vez mejor, ello permite mantener una cartera de proyectos de Investigación, Desarrollo e
innovación (en adelante proyectos de I+D+i) alineada con los objetivos estratégicos [2]. De este
modo, en las organizaciones se configura la innovación como un proceso fundamental para
mantener e incrementar la ventaja competitiva y su unidad de flujo es el proyecto.
Strategy has been defined as “the match an ovganization makes between its internal resources and skills … and the opportunities and risks created by its external environment.” 1 During the 1980s, the principal developments in strategy analysis focussed upon the link between strategy and the external environment. Prominent examples of this focus are Michael Porter's analysis of industry structure and competitive positioning and the empirical studies undertaken by the PIMS project. 2 By contrast, the link between strategy and the firm's resources and skills has suffered comparative neglect. Most research into the strategic implications of the firm's internal environment has been concerned with issues of strategy implementation and analysis of the organizational processes through which strategies emerge. 3
Constructs an analytical framework for a resource-based approach to strategy formulation. There are five stages in this framework: analyze resources, appraise capabilities, analyze competitive advantage, select strategy, and identify resource gaps. The concepts of this framework are illustrated by reference to existing U.S. firms such as IBM, Xerox, Harley-Davidson, and 3M. This framework uses resources and capabilities as the foundation for a firm's long-term strategy because they provide direction for firm strategy and serve as the primary source of firm profit. Resources are defined as the inputs into the production process and include items of capital equipment and skills of individual employees. Capabilities are defined as the capacity for a team of resources to perform some task or activity. When analyzing the competitive advantage of a firm, durability, transparency, transferability, and replicability are considered important factors. To be successful, firms must develop strategies which utilize their unique characteristics. (SRD)
This paper pursues the development of a theoretical framework that explains interactive learning between innovator firms and external actors in both the knowledge infrastructure and the production chain. The research question is: What kinds of factors explain the interactive learning of innovator firms with distinct external actors? Our theoretical framework extends the resource-based perspective, which is predominant in network theory, with both an activity-based and a structural account of interactive learning. We contend basically that higher technological dynamics induce more complex innovative activities. But, more complex innovative activities increase the probability of internal resource deficits/shortages in the innovator firms. The lower the alignment of the innovative activities with the quality of the internal resource base, the higher the resource deficits/shortages and the more likely the search for complementary resources externally, which increases the likeliness of external relationships. In order to test the generality of our theoretical claims we analyse our models in four sectors with distinct technological dynamics as distinguished by Pavitt. For each sector we explore five models of the level of interactive learning of innovator firms with: (1) the public knowledge infrastructure (difficult to access, demands high internal competencies to utilize scientific knowledge), (2) the production chain (easy to access), (3) their users, (4) their suppliers, (5) their competitors. These analyses allow for a comparison between interactive learning with different external actors and give deeper insights into the differentiated interaction patterns involving innovation. Our findings show that patterns of interactive learning between sectors differ. Some are more resource based and others are more affected by the complexity of innovative activities. Particularly the patterns of interactive learning between, on the one hand, firms and the knowledge infrastructure, and on the other hand of firms with the production chain show important differences.
The resource-based approach is an emerging framework that has stimulated discussion between scholars from three research perspectives. First, the resource-based theory incorporates traditional strategy insights concerning a firm's distinctive competencies and heterogeneous capabilities. The resource-based approach also provides value-added theoretical propositions that are testable within the diversification strategy literature. Second, the resource-based view fits comfortably within the organizational economics paradigm. Third, the resource-based view is complementary to industrial organization research. The resource-based view provides a framework for increasing dialogue between scholars from these important research areas within the conversation of strategic management. Resource-based studies that give simultaneous attention to each of these research programs are suggested.
This paper argues that while both technological opportunity and appropriability positively affect industry R and D intensity, technological opportunity positively affects the rate of technical advance in an industry, but appropriability does not. The empirical tests presented, which use data drawn for the Yale Questionnaire on Industrial Research and Development to provide measures of these variables, are consistent with these hypotheses. The finding that both variables influence R and D intensity is consistent with earlier studies. The dependence of technological advance on opportunities alone is, we believe, a new analytic argument, and the empirical support of that argument is new.
In this paper, we argue that the ability of a firm to recognize the value of new, external information, assimilate it, and apply it to commercial ends is critical to its innovative capabilities. We label this capability a firm's absorptive capacity and suggest that it is largely a function of the firm's level of prior related knowledge. The discussion focuses first on the cognitive basis for an individual's absorptive capacity including, in particular, prior related knowledge and diversity of background. We then characterize the factors that influence absorptive capacity at the organizational level, how an organization's absorptive capacity differs from that of its individual members, and the role of diversity of expertise within an organization. We argue that the development of absorptive capacity, and, in turn, innovative performance are history- or path-dependent and argue how lack of investment in an area of expertise early on may foreclose the future development of a technical capability in that area. We formulate a model of firm investment in research and development (R&D), in which R&D contributes to a firm's absorptive capacity, and test predictions relating a firm's investment in R&D to the knowledge underlying technical change within an industry. Discussion focuses on the implications of absorptive capacity for the analysis of other related innovative activities, including basic research, the adoption and diffusion of innovations, and decisions to participate in cooperative R&D ventures.
This paper aims to add evidence on the role played by firms' technological competencies in the determination of their intensity of cooperation with other firms. Using a database composed by patents jointly filed by two or more firms in the European Patent Office, the paper: (i) finds no support for the hypothesis that in order for firms to increase their rate of cooperation they should expand their R&D expenditures; (ii) holds that technological cooperation is explained by the need of the firm to acquire complementary competencies; (iii) concludes that cooperation is an alternative technological strategy for those firms that have adopted lean production to overcome obstacles posed by the cross-fertilization of technological fields; (iv) shows that Japanese firms have a higher level of cooperation than Western ones. This latter feature may be explained by the Japanese firm's greater level of productive specialization.
The authors assume that firms invest in R&D not only to generate innovations, but also to learn from competitors and extraindustry knowledge sources (e.g., university and government labs). This argument suggests that the ease of learning within an industry will both affect R&D spending, and condition the influence of appropriability and technological opportunity conditions on R&D. For example, they show that, contrary to the traditional result, intraindustry spillovers may encourage equilibrium industry R&D investment. Regression results confirm that the impact of appropriability and technological opportunity conditions on R&D is influenced by the ease and character of learning. Copyright 1989 by Royal Economic Society.
Exxon Mobil and ConocoPhillips stock price has been predicted using the difference between core and headline CPI in the United States. Linear trends in the CPI difference allow accurate prediction of the prices at a five to ten-year horizon.
Understanding sources of sustained competitive advantage has become a major area of research in strategic management. Building on the assumptions that strategic resources are heterogeneously distributed across firms and that these differences are stable over time, this article examines the link between firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Four empirical indicators of the potential of firm resources to generate sustained competitive advantage-value, rareness, imitability, and substitutability are discussed. The model is applied by analyzing the potential of several firm resources for generating sustained competitive advantages. The article concludes by examining implications of this firm resource model of sustained competitive advantage for other business disciplines.
The dynamic capabilities framework analyzes the sources and methods of wealth creation and capture by private enterprise firms operating in environments of rapid technological change. The competitive advantage of firms is seen as resting on distinctive processes (ways of coordinating and combining), shaped by the firm's (specific) asset positions (such as the firm's portfolio of difftcult-to- trade knowledge assets and complementary assets), and the evolution path(s) it has aflopted or inherited. The importance of path dependencies is amplified where conditions of increasing retums exist. Whether and how a firm's competitive advantage is eroded depends on the stability of market demand, and the ease of replicability (expanding intemally) and imitatability (replication by competitors). If correct, the framework suggests that private wealth creation in regimes of rapid technological change depends in large measure on honing intemal technological, organizational, and managerial processes inside the firm. In short, identifying new opportunities and organizing effectively and efficiently to embrace them are generally more fundamental to private wealth creation than is strategizing, if by strategizing one means engaging in business conduct that keeps competitors off balance, raises rival's costs, and excludes new entrants. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This chapter discusses the perceptible movement of empirical scholars from a narrow concern with the role of firm size and market concentration toward a broader consideration of the fundamental determinants of technical change in industry. Although tastes, technological opportunity, and appropriability conditions themselves are subject to change over time, particularly in response to radical innovations that alter the technological regime, these conditions are reasonably assumed to determine inter-industry differences in innovative activity over relatively long periods. Although a substantial body of descriptive evidence has begun to accumulate on the way the nature and effects of demand, opportunity, and appropriability differ across industries, the absence of suitable data constrains progress in many areas. It has been observed that much of the empirical understanding of innovation derives not from the estimation of econometric models but from the use of other empirical methods. Many of the most credible empirical regularities have been established not by estimating and testing elaborate optimization models with published data but by the painstaking collection of original data, usually in the form of responses to relatively simple questions.
The aim of this paper is to single out the technological determinants of firm R&D intensity by focussing, in particular, on the role of technological opportunities and intra-industry spillovers. To obtain an empirical specification of the above relationships a simple model is introduced and the subsequent cross-section estimates are based on firm data derived from a sample survey carried out in Italy in 1991. The results show that firm technological opportunities have a positive impact on firm R&D intensity, especially when they are proxied by the share of innovative activities carried out by or in collaboration with universities and public research centers. However, industry technological opportunities (proxied by the same variables) exert an additional positive influence, suggesting that the presence of intra-industry spillovers enhances the R&D efforts of individual firms.
The paper explores the usefulness of analysing firms from the resource side rather than from the product side. In analogy to entry barriers and growth-share matrices, the concepts of resource position barrier and resource-product matrices are suggested. These tools are then used to highlight the new strategic options which naturally emerge from the resource perspective.
The article reflects on the diffusion of the ‘resource-based view of the firm’ into academic and practitioner thought. The contributions of many people are noted. In closing, I offer some speculations about the future use of these ideas.
The paper proposes a framework for analyzing assets and inter-asset linkages associated with technological innovation. The framework is consistent with a Penrosian view of the firm and draws on recent contributions from both the more general resource-based perspective and the innovation and technology perspective of the firm. Three broad categories of firm assets are distinguished: tradeable resources, technical/functional capabilities and managerial competences. Assets for technological innovation are defined as resources, technical capabilities and managerial competences for developing new products and processes. A taxonomy of generic innovative assets is proposed that distinguishes four generic categories of innovative assets: Scientific research assets, process innovative assets, product innovative application assets and aesthetic design assets. Critical inter-asset linkages are analyzed in terms of inter-asset specificity. It is argued that high degrees of inter-asset specificity provide greater scope for innovation and make higher demands on the innovative assets and their coordination than low degrees of inter-asset specificity. It is moreover suggested that complementary assets not only play the role of assuring proper commercialization of given innovations; they may also play a critical role as a 'focusing device' for directing the innovative process. Finally, some implications for strategy in innovative firms are indicated. Thus, the proposed inter-asset framework may help to specify the notion of core competences and provide a more differentiated perspective on innovation strategy and first-mover advantages.
A recent paper in Management Science titled "Fortune Favors the Prepared Firm" (Cohen and Levinthal [Cohen, W. M., D. A. Levinthal. 1994. Fortune favors the prepared firm. Management Sci. 40(2) 227--251.]) is a pioneering work insofar as it introduces the concept of a firm's absorptive capacity---the ability to evaluate, assimilate, and exploit extramural technological developments. We appreciate the paper's extensive qualitative discussion of the nature and role of absorptive capacity. We also commend the authors' idea of constructing a mathematical model to analyze a rational firm's incentives for an investment in absorptive capacity. However, we find that the authors' model overlooks one key element of a firm's absorptive capacity, namely, the firm's ability to defend itself against the threat of an external technology. In the absence of that element, the authors' model may be able to explain a firm's incentives for an innovation rather than incentives for the development of an absorptive capacity. We also identify several internal inconsistencies in the authors' mathematical model. For example, the assumed profit maximization function seems inconsistent with the assumed degree of sophistication of the firm's probability assessment behavior. We believe that the inconsistencies and shortcomings noted here raise serious questions about the validity of the authors' findings. However, we hope that this note does not detract from the pioneering nature of the authors' work, but instead increases its value by stimulating further work on the important topic of absorptive capacity.
This paper discusses the dynamics of technological advances in a market economy. The author argues that competition through innovation is not only national but international and that the success or failure has consequences beyond the fortunes of the individual firm or industry, having impact on patterns of international trade and balance of payments. These impacts on national economies have in turn given rise to such policy questions as whether the antitrust laws in the U.S. should be relaxed so as to allow joint R&D ventures among rival firms or to relax prohibitions against large scale mergers in the interest of spurring innovation. The author presents the research done by Abramowitz, Fabricant, Solow, and Denison on the major importance of technological advances in the growth of per capita income. Finally, the author discusses and argues Schumpeter's view of the modern industrial economy in which Schumpeter indicates that large firms have an absolute advantage over small ones in the innovation process.
The set of technological opportunities in a given industry is one of the fundamental determinants of technical advance in that line of business. We examine the concept of technological opportunity and discuss three categories of sources of those opportunities: advances in scientific understanding and technique, technological advances originating in other industries and in other private and governmental institutions, and feedbacks from an industry's own technological advances. Data from the Yale Survey on Industrial Research and Development are used to measure the strength of various sources of technological opportunity and to discern interindustry differences in the importance of these sources. We find that interindustry differences in the strength and sources of technological opportunities contribute importantly to explanations of cross-industry variation in R&D intensity and technological advance.
Past empirical studies of R&D cooperation were usually based on relatively small samples that are likely to be biased towards prominent cases of R&D cooperation. We analyse R&D cooperation in a large sample of firms which is representative of all manufacturing and service industries in the Netherlands. It turns out that R&D cooperation is a much more widespread phenomenon than is generally thought. In contrast to large parts of the literature, we find that firm size, market structure, R&D intensity, and high shares of product-related R&D have little impact on R&D cooperation between firms. R&D cooperation does not typically occur between big, high tech firms which operate in global markets but occurs at least equally frequently between smaller firms in medium and low tech sectors. Finally, we identify certain factors that enhance the probability that a firm will engage in R&D cooperation with certain types of partners.
The paper examines the two-way relationship between external R & D activities and internal R & D expenditures on a cross-section of Flemish R & D active companies. The analysis extends the classical explanatory variables like size, diversification, ownership structure and technological opportunities to include the impact of various external sourcing strategies. R & D cooperation and to a lesser extent R & D contracted out are found to have a significant positive effect on internal R & D but only if the companies have absorptive capacity in the form of a full-time staffed R & D department. At the same time, firms are found to be more frequently engaged in R & D cooperation, the more they spend on internal R & D.
The purpose of the paper is to describe and explain sectoral patterns of technical change as revealed by data on about 2000 significant innovations in Britain since 1945. Most technological knowledge turns out not to be “information” that is generally applicable and easily reproducible, but specific to firms and applications, cumulative in development and varied amongst sectors in source and direction. Innovating firms principally in electronics and chemicals, are relatively big, and they develop innovations over a wide range of specific product groups within their principal sector, but relatively few outside. Firms principally in mechanical and instrument engineering are relatively small and specialised, and they exist in symbiosis with large firms, in scale intensive sectors like metal manufacture and vehicles, who make a significant contribution to their own process technology. In textile firms, on the other hand. most process innovations come from suppliers.These characteristics and variations can be classified in a three part taxonomy based on firms: (1) supplier dominated; (2) production intensive; (3) science based. They can be explained by sources of technology, requirements of users, and possibilities for appropriation. This explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical change, firms' diversification behaviour, the dynamic relationship between technology and industrial structure, and the formation of technological skills and advantages at the level of the firm. the region and the country.
This paper reviews the recent rapidly growing literature on technical change in the economy. It concentrates on innovations and their diffusion at firm and industry level since this was the area designated as relatively weak in earlier literature surveys. The review argues that the extensive empirical evidence and theoretical analysis now available presents a basic challenge to neoclassical theory. After indicating some weaknesses in the 'neo-Schumpeterian' literature, the paper concludes by advocating an experiment with a new form of assessment by neighboring disciplines to economics itself, which would take full account of the fundamental issues at stake in this modern Methodenstreit. (c) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. Copyright 1994 by Oxford University Press.
In this paper we examine Australian data on national and regional employment numbers, focusing in particular on whether there have been common national and regional changes in the volatility of employment. A subsidiary objective is to assess whether the results derived from traditional growth rate models are sustained when alternative filtering methods are used. In particular, we compare the results of the growth rate models with those obtained from Hodrick-Prescott models. Using frequency filtering methods in conjunction with autoregressive modeling, we show that there is considerable diversity in the regional pattern of change and that it would be wrong to suppose that results derived from the aggregate employment series are generally applicable across the regions. The results suggest that the so-called great moderation may have been less extensive than aggregate macro studies suggest.
Using data from the Federal Trade Commission 's Line of Business Program and survey measures of technological opportunity and appropriability conditions, this paper finds that overall firm size has a very small, statistically-insignificant effect on business unit R&D intensity when either fixed industry effects or measured industry characteristics are taken into account. Business unit size has no effect on the R&D intensity of business units that perform R&D, but it affects the probability of conducting R&D. Business unit and firm size jointly explain less than 1 percent of the variance in R&D intensity; industry effects explain nearly half the variance. Copyright 1987 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
This paper investigates empirically the importance of technological catch-up in explaining productivity growth in a sample of countries since the 1960s. New proxies for a country's absorptive capability--based on data for students studying abroad, telecommunications and publications--are tested in regression models. The results indicate that absorptive capability is a factor in explaining growth, with the most robust finding that countries with relatively high numbers of students studying science or engineering abroad experience faster subsequent growth. However, the paper also indicates that the significance of coefficients varies across specifications and samples, suggesting caution in focusing on individual results. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
We study a two-person zero-sum game where players simultaneously choose sequences of actions, and the overall payoff is the average of a one-shot payoff over the joint sequence. We consider the maxmin value of the game played in pure strategies by boundedly rational players and model bounded rationality by introducing complexity limitations. First we define the complexity of a sequence by its smallest period (a nonperiodic sequence being of infinite complexity) and study the maxmin of the game where player 1 is restricted to strategies with complexity at most n and player 2 is restricted to strategies with complexity at most m. We study the asymptotics of this value and a complete characterization in the matching pennies case. We extend the analysis of matching pennies to strategies with bounded recall.
Relationships between types of innovative capabilities of firms,
the amount and nature of technical alliance usage, and the extent and
types of problems associated with those alliances are explored with
firms in the semiconductor industry. Results show that, although firms
need radical and/or incremental product and process innovation
capabilities to compete successfully, they are likely to have core
capabilities which are either product focused or process focused. Firms
can reconcile radical and incremental R&D cultures, but find it more
difficult to bridge the product-versus-process divide. Firms with strong
capabilities are found to engage in more technical alliances. This is
particularly true of firms with radical innovation capabilities. The
study also finds that firms engage in technical alliances more often to
supplement rather than complement their capabilities. Firms experience
more problems in acquiring product innovation capabilities through
alliances meant for new technology development than they do in acquiring
process innovation capabilities
Firm resources and sustained com-petitive advantage FIRMS’ OUTPUT INNOV ATION 143 © Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003 Volume 12Number 3 September 2003 rBecker Technological oppor-tunities, absorptive capacities and innovation. Paper presented at The Eighth International Joseph A
- J Barney
Barney, J. (1991) Firm resources and sustained com-petitive advantage. Journal of Management, 13, 363–80. FIRMS’ OUTPUT INNOV ATION 143 © Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003 Volume 12Number 3 September 2003 rBecker, W. and Peters, J. (2000) Technological oppor-tunities, absorptive capacities and innovation. Paper presented at The Eighth International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society Conference, Manchester, July 2000
Technology strategy in competence-based competition
- V Chiesa
- M Barbeschi
Chiesa, V. and Barbeschi, M. (1994) Technology strategy in competence-based competition. In Hamel, G. and Heene, A. (eds.), Competence Based Competition, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 293–314.
El sector español de fabricantes de baldosas cerámicas
ASCER (2000) El sector español de fabricantes de
baldosas cerámicas 1999. Castellón: ASCER, Área
de Estudios Económicos.
Technological opportunities , absorptive capacities and innovation. Paper presented at The Eighth International Joseph A
- Firms 'output Innovation Becker
- W Peters
FIRMS' OUTPUT INNOVATION Becker, W. and Peters, J. (2000) Technological opportunities, absorptive capacities and innovation. Paper
presented at The Eighth International Joseph A.
Schumpeter Society Conference, Manchester, July
2000.