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Effect of stimulated long-term climate change on bryophyte of limestone grassland community
Abstract
The bryophyte vegetation of upland limestone grassland at Buxton in the southern Pennine Hills (UK) was studied following seven years' continuous simulated climate change treatments. The experimental design involved two temperature regimes (ambient, winter warming by 3°C) in factorial combination with three moisture regimes (normal, summer drought, supplemented summer rainfall) and with five replicate blocks. Percentage cover of the bryophytes was estimated visually using 15 randomly positioned quadrats (30 cm × 30 cm) within each of the 30 3 m × 3 m plots. Significant treatment effects were found but these were relatively modest. Total bryophyte cover and cover of Calliergonella cuspidata and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus responded negatively to drought, whereas Fissidens dubius increased in the droughted plots. Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus increased with winter warming, while R. squarrosus, Lophocolea bidentata and species richness all decreased. The effects on the total bryophyte flora were further studied by canonical correspondence analysis, which yielded a first axis reflecting the combined effects of the moisture and temperature treatments. However, this analysis and a detrended correspondence analysis of the plot data also revealed that natural factors were more important causes of variation in the grassland community than the simulated climate treatments. It was concluded that dewfall may be an important source of moisture for grassland bryophytes and that this factor may have reduced the impact of the moisture treatments. The absence of some thermophilous species such as Homalothecium lutescens in the plots initially may also have reduced their scope for major vegetational change.
... Bryophytes possess a particularly poikilohydric strategy of utilizing water and nutrients and have high sensitivity to variations in warm temperature to adapt to environmental conditions when occurring in extreme surroundings (Geffert et al., 2013;He et al., 2016). The specific ecophysiological and biological features of bryophytes make them as one of the most vulnerable groups to moving climatic state (Bates et al., 2005;Becker Scarpitta et al., 2017;Désamoré et al., 2012;He et al., 2016;Pardow & Lakatos, 2013), despite their strong dispersal capabilities (Vanderpoorten et al., 2019). A notable decrease in bryophyte diversity due to global warming was expected in the areas with many bryophytes, such as boreal forests at higher latitudes, alpine biomes, and high altitude forests (Geffert et al., 2013;He et al., 2016) or oceanic islands in Macaronesian biogeographic region (Patiño et al., 2016). ...
... However, the unsureness exists in predicting bryophytes distributions (Alatalo et al., 2015;Désamoré et al., 2012) and habitat ranges (Baker et al., 2016;Beaumont et al., 2008;Buisson et al., 2010;Steen et al., 2017) owing to the internal natural variability of the climate system (Deser et al., 2012), inconsistency for future trajectories of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (Anderson et al., 2014;Deser et al., 2012) and the stochastic outputs of climate warming projections by using the general circulation models (Anderson et al., 2014;Deser et al., 2012;Pidgeon, 2012). Consequently, quantitatively expressing the variability and identifying the danger of areal range forfeiting induced by climate warming for bryophytes are essential for taking adaptation actions of protecting bryophyte diversity in the context of the divergent state of altering climate factors (Bates et al., 2005;Becker Scarpitta et al., 2017;Désamoré et al., 2012;He et al., 2016;Pardow & Lakatos, 2013;Pearce-Higgins et al., 2017). ...
... First, according to the suggestion of Thomopoulos (2013) and the previous studies (Mastrandrea & Schneider, 2004;Bates et al., 2005;Beaumont et al., 2008;Bergamini et al., 2009;Désamoré et al., 2012;Hodd et al., 2014;Anderson et al., 2014;Alatalo et al., 2015;Aven & Renn, 2015), we presumed a prior uniform distribution (UD), triangular distribution (TD), or normal distribution (ND) of an unbroken stochastic variable for every climatic element, then we reckoned the We randomly produced 2,000 times for all climate variables at any site for the various schemes in the five GCMs. Second, by using FEMs, we projected the distribution of every bryophyte species regulated by stochastic climate elements with UD, TD, or ND under various scenarios of climate shift in the five GCMs by 2,000 times, and distinct levels of PLPP or PTHA for each species under various scenarios of moving climatic state were estimated according to a 2000 duplicating sampling. ...
Identifying the danger and expressing the indeterminacy of forfeiting perching space of species induced by rapid climate warming is crucial for biodiversity risk management under future changes in climate conditions. The scenarios of climate shift named the representative concentration pathways, the categorizing technique with regard to fuzzy-set, and Monte Carlo scheme was employed to survey the indeterminacy and the danger of forfeiting perching space caused by climate warming for 115 bryophytes in China. For the deterministic scenarios of climate shift, the richness of 115 bryophytes improved in several areas in north-eastern China, while it dropped in some areas in southern, eastern, south-eastern, and central China. In addition, for the deterministic scheme of altering climatic state, the count for bryophytes with the proportion of contracting the present areal range as less than 20%, 20–40%, 40–60%, 60–80%, and over 80% was belike 34–38, 19–38, 24–35, 9–19, and 4–9, separately; the count of bryophytes with the ratio of the occupying entire areal range as over 80%, 60–80%, and less than 20% was roughly 97–109, 4–14, and 2–8, separately. For the scenarios of randomly change in climate state, the number of bryophytes with a various proportion of forfeiting the present perching space dropped with enhancing the possibility; with the likelihood beyond 0.6, the count of bryophytes with forfeiting present perching space as less than 20%, 20–40%, 40–60%, 60–80% and high than 80% of the present areal range was approximately 7–14, 2–10, 0–7, 2–9, and 13–20, separately; the number of bryophytes with the ratio of occupying the whole areal range as less than 20%, 20–40%, 40–60%, 60–80%, and over 80% was more or less 1–3, 0–3, 1–5, 1–3, and 38–44, separately. Roughly 48 bryophytes would face the risk of extinction from climate warming, including endemic and non-endemic species. Forfeiting perching space induced by climate warming would cause variations in species composition and the disappearance of some ecological functions associated with these bryophytes. The inconstancy of forfeiting areal range caused by climate warming should be incorporated into the policy-making of conservation bryophytes for adaptation of climate warming.
... Une des conséquences directes de la migration et du déplacement des espèces est la thermophilisation des communautés. Cela se manifeste par deux mécanismes : (i) une disparition ou diminution en abondance des espèces nordiques caractéristiques des milieux boréalo-alpins voire arctiques au profit de (ii) l'augmentation en nombre et en abondance des espèces méridionales ayant des affinités à des températures plus grandes (Bates et al., 2005;De Frenne et al., 2013;Stockli et al., 2012). ...
... Il existe de grandes différences dans l'intensité et la magnitude de ce phénomène en fonction des espèces et des situations géographiques . D'autre part, il existe très peu d'études à long terme sur la réponse des bryophytes aux changements climatiques (Bates et al., 2005;Vanneste et al., 2017). Curieusement, les bryophytes ont souvent été présentées comme de bons indicateurs des changements climatiques (Gignac, 2001;He et al., 2016;Molau et Alatalo, 1998;Tuba et al., 2011). ...
... -les modifications autoécologiques : affinités écologiques des espèces. (Bates et al., 2005;Frahm et Klaus, 2001;Frego, 2007;Gignac, 2001;Kapfer et al., 2012;Raabe et al., 2010 (Frahm, 2008;Vanderpoorten et Goffinet, 2009 (Shaw et Renzaglia, 2004). ...
For at least the past two centuries, human activities have caused strong environmental changes in the biosphere. Many studies have shown responses of vegetation to global changes. However, many unknowns remain. First, most explicitly temporal studies have been conducted at a single site with a common intensity of environmental changes and historical land-use legacies. Results are highly variable among studies, and we have a very limited understanding of mechanisms underlying this variation. Second, despite the major contribution of bryophytes to ecosystem functioning, very few temporal studies have focused on bryophytes. This Ph.D. contributes to filling these two knowledge gaps.
The overarching question for the three research projects presented here is: what is the impact of environmental change on biodiversity? We built a set of hypotheses around two main questions: (i) What is the effect of environmental changes on forest vegetation? (ii) Which taxon, bryophytes or vascular plants, is most sensitive to global changes?
Chapter 2 tests the hypothesis that bryophytes are more sensitive than vascular plants to the combination of atmospheric deposition and warming in an industrial region in north-eastern France. Chapter 3 tests the hypothesis that forest vegetation changes have been greatest in regions with the strongest warming trends along a continental gradient in eastern Canada. The last chapter combines the two first approaches, quantifying temporal changes in bryophyte and vascular plant communities in sites with different warming intensities along elevational gradients in eastern Canada.
To answer to these questions, I used an historical ecological approach by resurveying botanical plots initially surveyed in the 1970s. Plot selection followed a reproducible and detailed procedure to minimize confounding factors. Our results show a direct effect of global changes on forest vegetation. First, bryophytes appear more sensitive to atmospheric deposition than vascular plants (Chapter 2). Second, temporal changes in vascular plant communities were stronger in areas where warming has been greatest (Chapter 3). Third, in response to warming, changes in bryophyte and vascular plant communities show idiosyncratic differences, depending on the community property under study (Chapter 4). Results of the three chapters clearly show systematic changes in community composition, that are not necessarily accompanied by changes in local diversity.
In sum, we provide empirical evidence that historical ecology is a powerful method to disentangling mechanisms of vegetation response to global changes. Only a holistic approach based on different biodiversity components, different spatial scales and wide variety of community properties permit an understanding of the complexity of temporal dynamics of vegetation.
... A handful of existing experimental studies highlight the idiosyncratic and even surprising nature of bryophyte responses to environmental changes. For example, in calcareous grasslands in the UK, bryophyte utilization of dewfall as a water source evidently mitigated the effects of a drought treatment (Bates et al., 2005), while in deserts of the western US, a dominant moss responded negatively to the imposition of small rainfall events in summer due to negative effects on moss carbon balance (Reed et al., 2012), as well as to the interaction of N addition and increased summer rainfall (Stark et al., 2011). ...
... However, bryophytes also differ from vascular plants in some critical functional respects; most importantly, they take up water and nutrients directly from rainwater and are unable to regulate their internal water status while they are photosynthetically active. Some studies have shown that bryophytes are highly sensitive to water addition (Bates et al. 2005;Stark et al 2015, Reed et al 2012, while others have indicated their high sensitivity to nutrient loads (Potter et al., 1995;Bergamini & Pauli, 2001;Pearce et al., 2003;Power et al., 2006;Hejcman et al., 2010;Armitage et al. 2012). These considerations suggest that the direct, i.e., not competitively mediated, effects of global change factors may be stronger in bryophytes than in small vascular plants. ...
... Watering led to 3.5-fold increase in the cover of bryophytes but did not affect the cover of short vascular plants. In other experimental studies, bryophytes have likewise been shown to respond to the amount and seasonal timing of precipitation, although the direction and strength of the response varies among climatic regions and among taxa with varying levels of drought tolerance (Bates et al., 2005;Stark et al., 2011;Reed et al., 2012). The strong increase of bryophytes in our semi-arid system following the enhancement of spring rainfall suggests that bryophytes in these systems are moisture-limited, and that lengthening of the rainy season may lead to increases in bryophyte cover. ...
1. Few experimental studies have tested how abundance and diversity of grassland bryophytes respond to global environmental changes such as climate shifts and eutrophication. Because bryophytes in grasslands are low-statured, and because plant height is a key functional trait governing plant responses to resource gradients, their responses to these factors could resemble those of better-studied small vascular plants. Alternatively, traits unique to bryophytes could lead to qualitatively different responses than those of small vascular plants.
2. In a Californian grassland system, we compared changes in cover and species richness of bryophytes and short-statured vascular plants in response to five years of experimental fertilization, springtime watering, and fertilization + watering, which produced strong gradients in vascular plant biomass.
3. Supporting our hypotheses, the cover and richness of both bryophytes and short vascular plants were negatively related to total community biomass and tall vascular plant cover, and declined in response to the fertilization + watering treatment, in which the cover of tall vascular plants most strongly increased.
4. Two divergent responses were also observed: watering alone increased the cover of bryophytes but not short vascular plants, while fertilization alone reduced the cover of short vascular plants but not bryophytes.
5. Bryophytes and short-statured vascular plants in grasslands both may be expected to decline under projected global changes in climate and nutrient deposition that enhance total community biomass and competitive pressure. However, shifts in either precipitation or eutrophication regimes alone may have differential effects on bryophytes and short vascular plants in grasslands, and organism-specific plant functional traits must also be considered.
... Despite their tolerance to desiccation [15][16][17], the availability of water during their life cycle is of fundamental importance: in the dispersal phase, desiccation restricts the viability of the propagation units; during establishment, it affects the carbon balance of the young plant and limits the period during which establishment is possible [17]. Sensitivity to desiccation varies widely between species [12,16,18], as does the recovery rate [17]. Most bryophytes survive short to moderate periods of desiccation, but many species adapted to a humid, shady habitat are the least tolerant and recover only slowly from long, dry periods [10]. ...
... Moreover, higher respiration losses have been demonstrated for bryophytes to be due to increasing temperatures [35]. Previous studies also observed a decrease in the species richness of bryophytes as a result of experimental warming in winter and at the same time strongly varying reactions of the individual species [18]. This underlines the need for detailed studies on single species if the impacts of climate change are to be assessed. ...
Deadwood is a biodiversity hotspot and habitat for numerous highly endangered species. Buxbaumia viridis has been assessed as a flagship species for deadwood-rich forests and is subject to monitoring under the Habitats Directive, yet we lack a solid understanding of the factors controlling its distribution. The study aimed to specify the climate and habitat preferences of Buxbaumia viridis and identify the best predictor variables. We collected presence-absence data of the species at 201 sites between 2016 and 2020. Study sites cover three biogeographic regions (Pannonian, Continental, and Alpine). They also represent a deadwood gradient ranging from managed forests to natural forest reserves and virgin forests. Our results suggest that desiccation and deadwood amount are the best predictor variables. The amount of deadwood at the colonized sites ranged from 1 m3/ha to 288 m3/ha, with a median of 70 m3/ha. The maximum desiccation, i.e., consecutive days without rain and at least 20 ◦C was 9.6 days at colonized sites. The results of logistic regression models suggest that desiccation limits Buxbaumia viridis occurrence on deadwood in the drier continental parts of eastern Austria. Derived details on climate and habitat requirements of Buxbaumia viridis can specify management and conservation. They clearly show how strongly the species is dependent on climate, which can counteract deadwood measures.
... Missing values denote failure of the equal variance test. community level, whose mean cover did not exhibit significant differences between treatments (Bates et al., 2005). Kreyling (2008) demonstrated enhancement of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in grasses as a result of freeze-thaw cycles the preceding winter, whilst belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) was adversely affected. ...
... Eddy-covariance measurements provide spatially integrated fluxes representative of the entire plant community within the footprint of the flux tower. The contributions of individual species, whose productivity can vary from year to year (Bates et al., 2005; Kreyling et al., 2010 Kreyling et al., , 2008 Weltzin et al., 2000) cannot be assessed by EC. However, based on the knowledge that Sphagnum mosses are capable of photosynthesising as soon as the snow cover disappears and daily air temperature reaches > 0 @BULLET C (Loisel et al., 2012), we speculate that the sensitivity of GPP, GPP sat and α to winter air temperature is predominantly caused by graminoids and other non-moss species. ...
Land–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) in peatlands
exhibits marked seasonal and inter-annual variability, which
subsequently affects the carbon sink strength of catchments across
multiple temporal scales. Long-term studies are needed to fully
capture the natural variability and therefore identify the key
hydrometeorological drivers in the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of
CO2. NEE has been measured continuously by eddy-covariance at
Auchencorth Moss, a temperate lowland peatland in central Scotland,
since 2002. Hence this is one of the longest peatland NEE studies to
date. For 11 yr, the site was a consistent, yet variable,
atmospheric CO2 sink ranging from −5.2 to −135.9 g
CO2-C m−2 yr−1 (mean of −64.1 ±
33.6 g CO2-C m−2 yr−1). Inter-annual
variability in NEE was positively correlated to the length of the
growing season. Mean winter air temperature explained 87% of the
inter-annual variability in the sink strength of the following summer,
indicating a phenological memory-effect. Plant productivity exhibited
a marked hysteresis with respect to photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR) over the growing season, indicative of two separate
growth regimes. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross
primary productivity (GPP) were closely correlated (ratio 0.74),
suggesting that autotrophic processes were dominant. Whilst the site
was wet most of the year (water table depth
... Due to their physiological sensitivity, bryophyte communities will be significantly affected by long-term climate change. A study by Bates et al. (2005) on effects of climate change on bryophytes in a calcareous grassland included different treatments combining drought, warming and supplementary rain. Outcomes revealed that responses to the climate change scenarios varied considerably among bryophyte species. ...
... In general, experimental summer drought resulted in a drop of total bryophyte cover, in line with Ingerpuu & Kupper (2007), while winter warming decreased bryophyte species richness. However, the study also showed that natural environmental factors were more important to explain variation in the bryophyte community, overruling effects of the simulated climate treatments (Bates et al. 2005). ...
Bryophytes are well known from boreal regions, extreme habitats and as typical components of forest vegetation, but they are likewise important elements of temperate grassland ecosystems. As most studies ignore these special plants, knowledge of the ecology of bryophytes in grasslands is scarce and scattered. Nevertheless, bryophytes significantly contribute to grassland diversity and facilitate fundamental ecosystem functions. Due to their small growth form, bryophytes constitute a separate vegetation layer below the canopy of the vascular vegetation. As bryophytes are inferior to vascular plants in terms of productivity and competition for light, grasslands with exceptional high cover and richness of bryophytes are generally restricted to nutrient poor and particularly dry or wet habitats. However, even in mesic grasslands, several bryophyte species can be found. Similar to vascular plants, bryophytes are significantly influenced by land-use intensity, partly positive but mostly negative. While soil disturbance by grazing and mowing can increase bryophyte diversity, mechanical impacts, drainage, toxicity of high nitrogen applications and increased vascular plant productivity lead to a drastic reduction of bryophyte diversity under intensive land use.
Bryophytes play an important role for many ecosystem processes such as facilitating productivity and carbon storage in nutrient-poor environments. Similarly, bryophyte layers affect soil humidity, increase water retention capacity and interact with vascular plants by promoting or hampering germination and seedling establishment. Due to their special physiological characteristics, bryophytes are sensitive to environmental changes such as nutrient enrichment, pollutant deposition and climatic shifts and, thus, serve as ecological indicators for specific environmental conditions. To advance our understanding of bryophytes and their importance for the ecosystem functioning in grasslands, experimental approaches testing effects of the pre- or absence of bryophytes as well as their diversity on e.g. nutrient cycling and microclimatic conditions are urgently needed. Furthermore, to assess the role of bryophytes in grassland community assembly, interactions with vascular vegetation such as the control of seedling recruitment, establishment and facilitation by bryophytes should be studied in more detail.
... continuous heating by infrared lamps). Individual species of bryophytes at a temperate UK site have been shown to respond to winter warming and/or summer drought in opposite ways, but this was not reflected at the community level, whose mean cover did not exhibit significant differences between treatments (Bates et al., 2005). Kreyling (2008) demonstrated enhancement of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in grasses as a result of freeze-thaw cycles the preceding winter, whilst belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) was adversely affected. ...
... Eddy-covariance measurements provide spatially integrated fluxes representative of the entire plant community within the footprint of the flux tower. The contributions of individual species, whose productivity can vary from year to year (Bates et al., 2005;Kreyling et al., 2010Kreyling et al., , 2008Weltzin et al., 2000) cannot be assessed by EC. However, based on the knowledge that Sphagnum mosses are capable of photosynthesising as soon as the snow cover disappears and daily air temperature reaches > 0 • C (Loisel et al., 2012), we speculate that the sensitivity of GPP, GPP sat and α to winter air temperature is predominantly caused by graminoids and other non-moss species. ...
Land-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) in peatlands exhibits marked seasonal and inter-annual variability, which subsequently affects the carbon (C) sink strength of catchments across multiple temporal scales. Long-term studies are needed to fully capture the natural variability and therefore identify the key hydrometeorological drivers in the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2. Since 2002, NEE has been measured continuously by eddy-covariance at Auchencorth Moss, a temperate lowland peatland in central Scotland. Hence this is one of the longest peatland NEE studies to date. For 11 years, the site was a consistent, yet variable, atmospheric CO2 sink ranging from -5.2 to -135.9 g CO2-C m-2 yr-1 (mean of -64.1 ± 33.6 g CO2-C m-2 yr-1). Inter-annual variability in NEE was positively correlated to the length of the growing season. Mean winter air temperature explained 87% of the inter-annual variability in the sink strength of the following summer, indicating an effect of winter climate on local phenology. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) was enhanced by drought, which also depressed gross primary productivity (GPP). The CO2 uptake rate during the growing season was comparable to three other sites with long-term NEE records; however, the emission rate during the dormant season was significantly higher. To summarise, the NEE of the peatland studied is modulated by two dominant factors:
- phenology of the plant community, which is driven by winter air temperature and impacts photosynthetic potential and net CO2 uptake during the growing season (colder winters are linked to lower summer NEE),
- water table level, which enhanced soil respiration and decreased GPP during dry spells.
Although summer dry spells were sporadic during the study period, the positive effects of the current climatic trend towards milder winters on the site's CO2 sink strength could be offset by changes in precipitation patterns especially during the growing season.
... The composition of understory vegetation within plantations is not only affected by the canopy type and composition, it can also be influenced by the silvicultural practices that are applied prior to the plantation establishment and the land-use history (Haeussler et al., 2002;Ross-Davis and Frego, 2002;Brudvig and Damschen, 2011). While both bryophytes and vascular plants can exhibit sensitivity to previous landuse (Ross-Davis and Frego, 2002;Soo et al., 2009;Bremer and Farley, 2010), bryophytes are generally considered to be more sensitive to abiotic changes because unlike vascular plants, bryophytes have no diverse life strategies or vascular tissues for water transport making them sensitive to changing environmental conditions (Bates et al., 2005;Becker Scarpitta et al., 2017). However, our study revealed that vascular plant composition was more sensitive than bryophyte composition to the land-use history. ...
Although monocultures are important for timber production, they are often associated with lower biological diversity than mixtures. Thus, mixed plantations have been suggested as a way to enhance biodiversity because of their inherent compositional diversity. However, the effects of monocultures versus mixtures on understory diversity and composition can vary in different ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess how monocultures and mixed plantations influence understory vegetation diversity and composition in the boreal forest region of southern Quebec. We sampled plantations established with deciduous Populus trichocarpa Torrey & A. Gray × balsamifera L. and P. maximowiczii Henry × balsamifera L. and coniferous Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Picea glauca (Moench) species planted in monocultures and in mixed plantations on abandoned farmlands and a forest site. We assessed understory vegetation diversity and composition in each canopy type (coniferous, deciduous , mixed) and in each plantation type. We evaluated bryophyte and lichen diversity and composition specifically in tree microhabitats: soil, tree bases, and tree trunks. We found that vascular plant and lichen species richness was similar in all plantation types, while bryophyte species richness was higher in spruce monocultures and in mixed plantations compared to poplar monocultures. Our results also highlight how land-use history influenced vascular plant composition as abandoned farmland sites were composed of more ruderal vascular plants, while the previously forested site was composed of species found in natural forests. In the context of reforestation and plantations, our study suggests mixing spruce with poplars to maximize understory vegetation diversity as the addition of spruce in mixed plantations promoted the establishment of terrestrial bryophytes, while poplars favored the establishment of epiphytic lichens.
... Therefore, in future field surveys and sampling, an accurate and realistic distributional map is urgently required as a guide. Bryophytes are extremely sensitive to climatic change and are more vulnerable to global warming than other higher plants [14], and environmental factors determine its distribution [15]. Therefore, climate warming parameters can be set in advance to predict future dynamic changes in its population area to better understand the field distribution of important bryophyte resources. ...
Entodon challengeri (Paris) Cardot has important environmental monitoring and medical value. It is critical we inspect the influence of climate warming on its spatiotemporal distribution pattern. Based on actual geographical distribution records and environmental datasets, a MaxEnt model coupled with ArcGIS was executed to display the potential suitable habitats of E. challengeri in China under future climate warming scenarios. We showed the following. (i) The simulation accuracy of the MaxEnt model was excellent, with an AUC value of 0.918. (ii) Annual precipitation and precipitation during the wettest month were the critical factors that restricted the distribution range of E. challengeri. (iii) Current suitable habitats were concentrated in the northern temperate zone in eastern China. (iv) Under climate warming scenarios, on the spatial scale, the distributional pattern presented a shrinkage in the south and expansion in the north, which was more obvious in the RCP8.5 than in the RCP2.6 scenario. On the time scale, shrinkage of the potential distributional range was greater in the 2070s than in the 2050s. (v) The distributional centroids shifted to the northeast. In general, future climate warming will have a great negative effect on the suitability of habitats of E. challengeri.
... The negative effects of its degradation and destruction are alarming, such 413 as intensifying greenhouse effects and leading to irreversible water loss and soil erosion 414 (Cong et al., 2020). Sphagnum moss is very sensitive to climate change because of its 415 simplistic gametophyte (Bates et al., 2005;Toet et al., 2006), and it is also a major 416 component of peatland, so it is particularly vulnerable to be affected by climate change. 417 In this study, the suitable habitat of Sphagnum moss was analyzed in detail, which is an 418 important step in developing a feasible conservation strategy. ...
Climate change is one of the most serious challenges facing mankind. Sphagnum moss plays an important role in the carbon sink of peatland. Understanding the potential distribution of Sphagnum moss under climate change scenarios is critical for the conservation and rational exploitation of it. In this study, we divided the Hengduan Mountains (HDM) into east (EHDM) and west (WHDM) parts to see the difference between the whole and the parts, and understand the effects of integrity and connectivity of the landscape on species distribution. Since no enough occurrence data in EHDM, we applied the occurrence data in WHDM. Then, MaxEnt model was employed to predict the potential distribution of Sphagnum moss and computed the migratory paths of the distribution center points. We found precipitation in the coldest quarter, daily range of average temperature, isothermality and slope were the main factors affecting the suitable habitat for Sphagnum moss in HDM and WHDM. In HDM, the current potential suitable habitat is 2.6×104 km2, and will increase over 8 times and tend to shift northeastward and higher elevations in the future. In WHDM, the suitable area is 1.06×104 km2, but will decline exceeds 70% under most future climate scenarios, and tend to shift southward and lower elevations. Landscape integrity and connectivity have a great impact on the distribution of HDM Sphagnum moss species. Overall, our findings provide a reference for the conservation and management of Sphagnum moss.
... In contrast to the two previous years, spring and early summer 2021 were characterised by relatively cool and humid conditions, which very likely promoted the expansion of bryophyte species that are sensitive to drought and characteristic for montane heathland ecosystems (e.g. Pleurozium schreberi and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus; Ellenberg et al. 2001;Bates et al. 2005). ...
Background
Arnica montana is a threatened plant species that highly depends on species-specific conservation action.
Aims
We conducted three experiments in montane heathlands to quantify the role of disturbance for population reinforcement of A. montana.
Methods
In the first experiment, clusters of A. montana were raked to remove biomass and promote vegetative growth. In two other experiments, we analysed what kind of disturbance intensity is necessary to promote the establishment of A. montana by seeding and planting, respectively. Different traits with respect to population structure and growth of A. montana (e.g., abundance of rosettes and flowering stems) were measured.
Results
Raking resulted in the removal of bryophytes and parts of the herb layer and strongly fostered vegetative reproduction of A. montana. In general, disturbance enhanced the establishment of A. montana by seeding, however, the establishment rate was low. By contrast, planting of A. montana in plots whose surface was disturbed greatly increased the populations of A. montana.
Conclusion
Our study highlights that populations of A. montana much depend for reproduction on the disturbance of the above-ground vegetation. We identified (i) disturbance of vegetation within existing populations for fostering vegetative reproduction and (ii) planting of A. montana in previously disturbed vegetation as the most suitable measures for reinforcing populations of this species of European conservation concern.
... On the other hand, there are also hypotheses that in the future, droughts and warmer winters will occur. It could be hypothesized that, under a regime of increased droughts or warmer winters, some xerophytic bryophytes and lichens would increase in abundance at the expense of the more mesophytic species in forest communities (Bates et al. 2005). Bryophytes are very sensitive to environmental changes including climate change and they can be treated as indicators of future climate scenarios (Gignac 2001(Gignac , 2011. ...
Key message
In order to preserve the continuity of epiphytic and epixylic cryptogamic flora, two things are essential: maintaining the near-natural character of a forest community in relation to the montane zonation and more sustainable forest management in relation to deadwood.
Context
Lichens and bryophytes are common species that inhabit dead wood. The relationship between their habitat requirements, which can be expressed by their Ellenberg indicator values and the characteristics of dead logs, are not yet known.
Aims
We formulated the hypothesis that altitude is positively correlated with the demands of species for higher light and lower temperature, while the decomposition stage of deadwood is positively correlated with species’ requirements for nutrients and moisture. Moreover, we assumed that there would be differences in the habitat requirements among specific groups of species, i.e., lichens, liverworts, and mosses.
Methods
A total of 629 logs that were colonized by bryophytes and lichens were analyzed in terms of their mean Ellenberg indicator values in order to determine whether there is a link between the location, decomposition of logs and the species’ environmental requirements.
Results
Altitude correlated with the moisture and nutrients in the habitats of liverworts and mosses and light and soil acidification only in mosses.
Conclusions
The obtained results demonstrate that the altitudinal distribution of epixylic species in a montane region is of greater importance than the deadwood properties like decomposition stage and moisture content.
... However, an increase in bryophyte cover has also been reported (Hudson and Henry 2010). Shorter-term studies (2-7 years) report contrasting results more frequently (Press et al. 1998;Jägerbrand et al. 2003;Bates et al. 2005;Klanderud 2008;Lang et al. 2009;Alatalo et al. 2014a;Koncz et al. 2018). The response of bryophytes to climate warming may also be context-specific, depending on potential competition from vascular plants (Molau and Alatalo 1998;Jägerbrand et al. 2012) and the origin of the sampled population, as shown in an ex situ experiment in Japan (Jägerbrand et al. 2014). ...
Climate change is expected to affect alpine and Arctic tundra communities. Most previous long-term studies have focused on impacts on vascular plants, this study examined impacts of long-term warming on bryophyte communities. Experimental warming with open-top chambers (OTCs) was applied for 18 years to a mesic meadow and a dry heath alpine plant community. Species abundance was measured in 1995, 1999, 2001 and 2013. Species composition changed significantly from original communities in the heath, but remained similar in mesic meadow. Experimental warming increased beta diversity in the heath. Bryophyte cover and species richness both declined with long-term warming, while Simpson diversity showed no significant responses. Over the 18-year period, bryophyte cover in warmed plots decreased from 43 % to 11 % in heath and from 68 % to 35 % in meadow (75 % and 48 % decline, respectively, in original cover), while richness declined by 39 % and 26 %, respectively. Importantly, the decline in cover and richness first emerged after 7 years. Warming caused significant increase in litter in both plant communities. Deciduous shrub and litter cover had negative impact on bryophyte cover. We show that bryophyte species do not respond similarly to climate change. Total bryophyte cover declined in both heath and mesic meadow under experimental long-term warming (by 1.5–3 °C), driven by general declines in many species. Principal response curve, cover and richness results suggested that bryophytes in alpine heath are more susceptible to warming than in meadow, supporting the suggestion that bryophytes may be less resistant in drier environments than in wetter habitats. Species loss was slower than the decline in bryophyte abundance, and diversity remained similar in both communities. Increased deciduous shrub and litter cover led to decline in bryophyte cover. The non-linear response to warming over time underlines the importance of long-term experiments and monitoring.
... Among them, Sphagnum plants evolved more than 200 million years ago, and cold and damp climates gave rise to Sphagnum bogs, a type of peatland. As dominant species, Sphagnum plants are sensitive to climate change due to their oversimplified gametophytes [9,10]. China is located in the East Asian monsoon zone, where the earth's climatic environment is predicted to change the most. ...
Sphagnum bogs possess irreplaceable ecological and economic value, and they are scarce in China, with a fragmented distribution. Based on 19 high-resolution bioclimatic environmental datasets and 71 bog center point locations, we employed a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to reconstruct and predict the spatial-temporal geographical distribution patterns of Sphagnum bogs from the last interglacial (LIG) period to two typical CO2 representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP8.5) in the future. We further computed the migratory paths of the distribution center points. Finally, a jackknife test was used to uncover the crucial environmental factors restricting the geographical distribution of the bogs. Our data indicated that the MaxEnt niche model had a high simulation precision with an area under the ROC curve value of 0.957. Spatially, the suitable bog habitats are currently centralized in northeastern China, including the Greater Khingan Mountains, the Lesser Khingan Mountains, and the Changbai Mountains, as well as peripheral areas of the Sichuan Basin. Temporally, the contours of Sphagnum bogs were similar to the present and rendered from the last glacial maximum (LMG) period, and had much more total area than the current. The total area in LIG was nearly the same as the current because of the similar climate. It was worth noting that there would be a reduction of the total area in the future. Loss of area occurred at the edges of bogs, especially under RCP8.5. The distribution center of bogs will shift to the northwest in the immediate future. The precipitation of driest month, the mean temperature of warmest quarter and the precipitation of warmest quarter were identified as crucial climatic factors affecting the distribution of Sphagnum bogs. Overall, our research provides scientific evidence for the long-term protection and effective management of these rare, precious natural resources and suggestions for in situ conservation.
... The specific ecophysiological features of bryophytes make them especially good indicators of climate change (Désamoré et al. 2012). Particularly relevant features of mosses relative to climate change include poikilohydry and reliance on atmospheric precipitation for water as well as nutrient uptake, resulting in no net photosynthesis over prolonged periods of (Bates et al. 2005); extreme sensitivity to moderate temperature increases in the temperate flora (Furness and Grime 1982); and effective dispersal ability. Consequently, changes in bryophyte communities are expected to result from major climatic shifts. ...
The bryophyte diversity in northern British Columbia is insufficiently studied. We conducted a bryophyte survey in a 2.2-km² proposed ecological reserve at the summit of Pink Mountain in the Peace River District of northern British Columbia. Pink Mountain is at the southern periphery of the ranges of several arctic flora species as well as the northernmost reaches of other temperate flora species. The south summit of Pink Mountain has a high floristic diversity coincident with its limestone geology, which provides a more alkaline condition for plant growth than the north summit does. We documented 65 species, including 2 new provincial records for British Columbia (Polytrichum hyperboreum and Tayloria hornschuchii), one red-listed (threatened) species (Tortula systylia), and one blue-listed (at-risk) species (Mnium arizonicum). Polytrichum hyperboreum and T. hornschuchii have affinities to habitats more typical of polar regions. The presence of P. hyperboreum at Pink Mountain represents a southward range extension from 61°33′ N in western North America. Because isolated populations at species distribution limits are likely to be vulnerable to climate change, the establishment of an ecological reserve on the south end of the summit of Pink Mountain is important for the preservation of bryophyte habitat.
... Ambient temperatures (5-25°C) have been shown to favor growth for some boreal mosses (Furness and Grime 1982;Proctor 2000), but exposure to extreme temperatures (55-65°C for dry bryophytes and 35-40°C for moist bryophytes) decreased survival or had no effect on the plant (Proctor 2000). Gradual changes in seasonal temperatures may also cause changes in moss cover and species composition, depending on the moss's life history strategies and habitat requirements (Bates et al. 2005). Changes in temperature may also be abrupt, such as the short outburst of sunflecks on forest mosses that have been shown to warm up the gametophyte to 39°C within a short period of time, even when the air temperature is 20°C (Proctor 2000;Glime 2017a). ...
Many factors may affect the survival and establishment of a moss’s vegetative propagules after dispersal, but little is known about the species-specific nature of the response. This study examined the survival and regeneration of gametophore fragments after exposure to temperature changes for three boreal forest mosses from different habitats: Dicranum polysetum, Orthotrichum obtusifolium, and Pleurozium schreberi. Fragments were cultured on water agar and the survival and regeneration responses were recorded. Logistic regression analyses and AIC modeling evaluated the association between the response with the size of the gametophore fragments exposed to five abrupt or gradual temperatures for up to six exposure durations. The increased survival and regeneration was best explained when species were exposed to gradual, rather than abrupt temperatures; lower, rather than higher temperatures; and when the fragments had larger, rather than smaller sizes. The mosses had different survival and regeneration responses that may be species-specific, including clonal growth via the production of gametophore branches and protonemata, or mostly protonemata, even when exposed to elevated temperatures.
... In the literature, bryophytes have mostly been treated collectively as one among several plant functional types (van Wijk et al. 2004;Klanderud 2008;Hudson & Henry 2010). However, the sensitivities of bryophytes to warming (Bates et al. 2005;Klanderud 2008;Lang et al. 2012) and N deposition (Paulissen et al. 2004;Strengbom & Nordin 2008;Bobbink et al. 2010) vary among species. For example, Lang et al. (2012) found that the abundance of Sphagnum girgensohnii, Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi increased with increasing temperature and that these species were more resilient to warming than other species. ...
Global change is likely to strongly affect alpine and sub-alpine regions, in which bryophytes are important components. Global change effects on sub-alpine vegetation, bryophytes in particular, however, have been addressed in few studies. We ask if global warming and increased nitrogen (N) deposition, two of the most important components of global change, will have different effects on bryophyte communities and species in sub-alpine coniferous and shrubland ecosystems. Eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau. We established a warming by N deposition experiment, using a 2 × 2 factorial design, replicated three times, in each of two sub-alpine ecosystems. Effects on bryophytes at the community and species levels were evaluated after 4 (shrubland) and 5 (coniferous forest) years of warming and N deposition treatments. Bryophyte cover increased in the first two growing seasons and thereafter decreased until the end of the experiment in all treatments, most strongly in warming plots in both ecosystems and in N deposition plots in the coniferous forest. At the species level, the pleurocarpous bryophyte Pleurozium schreberi was resilient to warming but sensitive to N deposition, while the acrocarpous bryophytes Rhizomnium tuomikoskii and Racomitrium japonicum were resilient to N addition but sensitive to warming. Effects of warming and increased N deposition on bryophytes were species- and to some extent also ecosystem-specific in the experiment in the sub-alpine region, indicating that bryophytes do not respond to global change as one single functional group. The observed species replacements in response to warming and N deposition may affect ecosystem processes.
... Asimismo, queda por ver cómo podría influir el cambio climático en la diversidad de briófitos y en su distribución. Las turberas, altamente dependientes de la precipitación, serían especialmente sensibles, y el cambio inducido por el aumento de CO 2 atmosférico podría hacerlas desaparecer de muchas zonas boreales (GiGnac et al., 1998), lo que a su vez, por su importante papel como sumidero de carbono, incidiría en los niveles de CO 2 .Sin embargo, en zonas templadas el impacto podría ser relativamente modesto (Bates et al., 2005), dada la capacidad de recuperación de los briófitos frente a la desecación. En cualquier caso, en la Europa templada se registra una expansión del área de muchos briófitos mediterráneos (frahm & klaus, 2001, zechmeister et al., 2007); y BerGamini et al. (2009), empleando datos desde 1880, refiere para Suiza un claro ascenso altitudinal de briófitos criófilos. ...
... Distributions of bryophytes and lichens are influenced by a large number of macro and micro habitat factors, climatic variables and substrate availability; even where we have sufficient statistical power to detect an impact of the hydroelectric scheme (high probability of detection, P<0.001), the impact is likely to be small (low r 2 ) (e.g. Bates et al., 2005, Demars & Edwards, 2009, Lansdown & Bosanquet, 2010 and thus it is often difficult to extend predictions to other sites. This problem is exemplified by a use of a riverine macrophyte index in lowland rivers impacted by watermill impoundments (Fig. 7); while significant relationships between the index and key environmental variables can be detected, there is very large variability between sites and the predictive power of the relationships is poor. ...
Background
In the western Scottish uplands, where much of the potential for hydroelectric scheme
development is situated, small streams frequently occur in sheltered ravine habitats. Such
humid ravines and associated woodlands can be internationally important habitats for oceanic
species, both bryophytes and lichens. There is currently no evidence regarding rare
bryophytes and lichens on which to base responses to development proposals for small scale
hydroelectric schemes. Many ecologists suggest that small changes in mid-flow rates will
have little impact because species will adjust to small shifts in fluvial zones. There are,
however, frequent reports of one or more nationally rare or scarce bryophyte or lichen
species between the intake and outfall of such schemes. The ecology of such species, which
are thought to have poor dispersal and establishment ability, may result in population losses
as commoner species adjust more readily and dominate new habitat. In addition some
species may be directly affected by changes in humidity or water level.
This report considers the potential impacts of small hydroelectric schemes on bryophytes and
lichens. Monitoring methods to detect these impacts are reviewed and recommendations for
future monitoring methods proposed.
Main findings
Bryophytes and lichens have been largely under-recorded in the small streams where
small hydroelectric schemes are likely to be developed (stream discharge ≈ 0.04 - 4 m3
water s-1). Therefore there is an urgent need to establish a baseline of their distribution in
this habitat.
Water abstraction for small hydroelectric schemes could considerably extend the duration
of drought conditions from 5 to ~50% of the time in the river reaches affected. The impact
of weirs constructed for hydroelectric operation on sediment transport will be dependent on
stream slope.
It is likely that the impact of hydroelectric schemes on rare species alone would not be
detectable due to low frequencies of occurrence, therefore the survey designs and
methodologies proposed in this report are for all species (rare and common).
While the effects of small hydroelectric schemes may be detectable with high probabilities,
the power of prediction at any single site may remain low due to natural variability. This
issue is illustrated for lowland rivers impacted by water mills.
Three complementary sampling designs are recommended: (1) before and after control
impact assessment, (2) paired (control vs impacted) comparisons and (3) site reference
condition modelling. For all of these designs, as wide a range of sites as possible should
be sampled in order to maximise the chances of detecting impacts.
A survey method specifically designed for the purpose of this study is presented. The
survey may also provide an opportunity to gain additional information on bryophyte and
lichen traits if samples are collected. Training for quality assurance purposes and a pilot
study to determine optimum sampling effort is recommended.
An additional approach is also described whereby core conservation areas for bryophytes
and lichens could be identified using national species distribution data and a new algorithm
developed to take into account spatial connectivity. This would provide national scale
maps identifying those areas where hydroelectric scheme development should be
discouraged, providing guidance at the national level.
Quantification of the impact of small hydroelectric schemes on bryophytes and lichens will
serve multiple purposes. In addition to informing impact assessment it will increase our
general understanding of bryophyte and lichen distribution in small streams, enhance our
ability to predict the consequences of climate change (through improved understanding of
the impacts of flow regime changes), and assist with the definition of core conservation
areas for bryophytes and lichens.
... sue hydration can be attained by dewfall. In alpine and arctic ecosystems by contrast, simulated warming caused local decrease in species diversity and the southern boundary of peatland ecosystems is predicted to experience a shift 780 km northwards in response to a two-fold increase in CO 2 concentrations. Frahm & Klaus 2001, Dorrepaal et al. 2003, Bates et al . 2005, Jä gerbrand et al. 2006 changes in patch area independently from the distance to the edge ( Fig. 12.2). ...
Bryophyte Biology provides an extensive overview of the hornworts, liverworts, and mosses; diverse groups of land plants that occupy a great variety of habitats throughout the world. This new edition covers essential aspects of bryophyte biology, from morphology, physiological ecology and conservation, to speciation, and genomics. Revised classifications incorporate contributions from recent phylogenetic studies. Six new chapters complement fully updated chapters from the original book to provide a completely up-to-date resource. New chapters focus on the contributions of Physcomitrella to plant genomic research, population ecology of bryophytes, mechanisms of drought tolerance, a phylogenomic perspective on land plant evolution, and problems and progress of bryophyte speciation and conservation. Written by leaders in the field, this book offers an authoritative treatment of bryophyte biology, with rich citation of the current literature, suitable for advanced students and researchers.
... Over the last 10-15 years, key findings on the ecological effects of high temperatures and extended droughts in terrestrial ecosystems have accumulated (e.g. Davis & Shaw, 2001;Walther et al., 2002;Parmesan & Yohe, 2003;Root et al., 2003;Thomas et al., 2004;Bates et al., 2005;Parmesan, 2006;Allen et al., 2010). Evidence suggests that stressful conditions appear to drive local population dynamics; however, the responses of both flora and fauna to drought, heat and rain, can vary (Parmesan, 2006;Pearson, 2006). ...
... The second approach is where vegetation is monitored through time within either permanent plots\transects (Thomas, 1960(Thomas, , 1963 or within experiments where management interventions are compared against an untreated control over a fairly long period; such long-term manipulative experiments are particularly valuable for testing ecological hypotheses (Silvertown et al., 2010). There are many examples of such experimental studies, but there are two main types: the first are experiments that measure the effects of applied treatments in a single location, well-known examples include the early Breckland grass-heath experiments of A.S. Watt (Watt, 1957(Watt, , 1960a(Watt, ,b, 1962 and more recent ones such as the Buxton Climate Change Impacts Laboratory (Bates et al., 2005;Grime et al., 2008), Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (Wilson and Tilman, 1993;Tilman, 1994;Tilman et al., 1994), and the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted Experimental Station Silvertown et al., 2006). This type of experiment provides detailed information about the effects of manipulated factors on species change and ecosystem properties. ...
We analysed data collected between 1954 and 2000 from nine long-term experiments designed to assess the effects of sheep-grazing versus no-sheep-grazing at Moor House NNR, an Environmental Change Network site. The experiments were set up between 1954 and 1972 across a range of vegetation types typical of much of upland Britain. Data from this type of experiment are often difficult to analyse and we describe the procedures undertaken to prepare the data for analysis. We fitted the resultant data to the British National Vegetation Classification and used ordination techniques to assess the relative positions of the experiments to each other. Finally, we used Generalized Linear Mixed-effects Modelling within a Bayesian framework to model change of species taxonomic/physiognomic groups through time in both sheep-grazed and ungrazed treatments across all nine experiments; variables included species diversity, Shannon–Weiner index and derived data on occurrence and abundance of species groups based on taxonomy and physiognomy. Hurdle analysis was used to model the species groups; this analysis separated the change through time in both probability of occurrence (binomial distribution) and abundance (Poisson distribution).
... L'augmentation généralisée des températures et la modification du régime pluviométrique sont les deux facteurs, en forte interaction (Zotz & Bader 2009), les plus susceptibles de présenter un impact notable sur les bryophytes. Les bryophytes sont en effet des organismes poïkilohydriques (incapables de régulation) et ectohydriques (conduction surtout externe) très sensibles aux changements climatiques (Frahm 1998;Bates et al. 2005;Gignac 2001;Hallinbäck 2008). Gignac et al. (1998) et Gignac (2001 ont par ailleurs montré, en Amérique du Nord, que les tourbières pourraient se déplacer de 780 km vers le nord comme conséquence directe du réchauffement climatique. ...
A total of 18 species of Sphagnum is recorded in the Rhône department. Sphagnum angustifolium,
S. auriculatum, S. capillifolium, S. fallax, S. fimbriatum, S. flexuosum, S. girgensohnii, S. inundatum, S. palustre,
S. quinquefarium, S. russowii, S. subnitens, S. subsecundum and S. teres are known with certainty today. Sphagnum
compactum, S. cuspidatum, S. rubellum and S. squarrosum have not been recently observed in the department.
The peaty sites of the Rhône are rather species‑poor and appear appreciably less rich than their counterparts of
the Forez, the Bois Noirs, the Monts de la Madeleine and the Pilat. Fourty‑six taxa of bryophytes (other than
Sphagnum) are listed in Sphagnum peat bogs of the Rhône. The majority/Most of them are very widespread and
ecologically plastic species. Only 1/3 ha is colonized by Sphagna in the Rhône, at 32 peaty sites of very contrasting
importance. Peat accumulation is considered anecdotical in the department, as is ombrotrophy. Sphagnum
capillifolium, S. palustre et S. inundatum are the most widespread and abundant species localy. The great majority
of the species are oligotrophic acidophilic ones. Peat accumulation depends on a very small number of species
which additionnaly show a limited distribution at the site scale. The varied/various types of water supply explain
the discontinuity of the Sphagnum populations at the local scale. Two condensarogenic systems were discovered.
Only limited sectors of the Haut‑Beaujolais region proved favourable to the genesis of peat soils owing to geomorphologic
and climatic characteristics. All the peat‑bogs are subjected to strong pressures and are threatened
36
by the anthropological activities but also by the global climate change. The construction of dams‑thresholds is
recommended to favor the process of peat accumulation. From a conservation perspective, the vegetations of the
Calthion palustris Tüxen 1937 raise serious problems which need to be addressed. The spontaneous wood encroachment
of the peaty complexes is to be considered positive to the overall peat accumation rate. On the other hand,
artificially afforested sites could benefit from a reopening, to regenerate regressive dynamics, which would lead to
the reappearance of acid heaths (locally called “les vassibles”), today totally disappeared from the department
... Over the last 10-15 years, key findings on the ecological effects of high temperatures and extended droughts in terrestrial ecosystems have accumulated (e.g. Davis & Shaw, 2001;Walther et al., 2002;Parmesan & Yohe, 2003;Root et al., 2003;Thomas et al., 2004;Bates et al., 2005;Parmesan, 2006;Allen et al., 2010). Evidence suggests that stressful conditions appear to drive local population dynamics; however, the responses of both flora and fauna to drought, heat and rain, can vary (Parmesan, 2006;Pearson, 2006). ...
Climate change and land-use change are having substantial impacts on biodiversity world-wide, but few studies have considered the impact of these factors together. If the combined effects of climate and land-use change are greater than the effects of each threat individually, current conservation management strategies may be inefficient and/or ineffective. This is particularly important with respect to freshwater ecosystems because freshwater biodiversity has declined faster than either terrestrial or marine biodiversity over the last three decades. This is the first study to model the independent and combined effects of climate change and land-use change on freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish. Using a case study in south-east Queensland, Australia, we built a Bayesian belief network populated with a combination of field data, simulations, existing models and expert judgment. Different land-use and climate scenarios were used to make predictions on how the richness of freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish is likely to respond in future. We discovered little change in richness averaged across the region, but identified important impacts and effects at finer scales. High nutrients and high runoff as a result of urbanization combined with high nutrients and high water temperature as a result of climate change and were the leading drivers of potential declines in macroinvertebrates and fish at fine scales. Synthesis and applications. This is the first study to separate out the constituent drivers of impacts on biodiversity that result from climate change and land-use change. Mitigation requires management actions that reduce in-stream nutrients, slows terrestrial runoff and provides shade, to improve the resilience of biodiversity in streams. Encouragingly, the restoration of riparian habitats is identified as an important buffering tool that can mitigate the negative effects of climate change and land-use change.
The varied group of terrestrial plants known as bryophytes is tiny in stature but has significant ecological effects. The biggest group of terrestrial plants, excluding flowering plants, they have over 23,000 known species worldwide. Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts are among the three phylogenetically separate lineages that make up the category. Mosses are typically regarded as a "key group" in our comprehension of the phylogenetically relatedness and origin of contemporary land plants (embryophytes). Bryophytes are able to live in a wide range of settings and have various growth habits. Although, mosses exhibit high species diversity, a major limitation in using mosses as study organisms has been the lack of basic floristic, ecological, and alpha-taxonomical knowledge of plants in many regions
At the interface between atmosphere and vegetation, epiphytic floras have been largely used as indicators of air quality. The recovery of epiphytes from high levels of SO2 pollution has resulted in major range changes, whose interpretation has, however, been challenged by concomitant variation in other pollutants as well as climate change. Here, we combine historical and contemporary information on epiphytic bryophyte species distributions, climatic conditions and pollution loads since the 1980s in southern Belgium to disentangle the relative impact of climate change and air pollution on temporal shifts in species composition. The relationship between the temporal variation of species composition, climatic conditions, SO2 , NO2 , O3 , and fine particle concentrations was analyzed by variation partitioning. The temporal shift in species composition was such, that it was, on average, more than twice larger than the change in species composition observed today among communities scattered across the study area. The main driver, contributing to 38% of this temporal shift in species composition, was the variation of air quality. Climate change alone did not contribute to the substantial compositional shifts in epiphytic bryophyte communities in the course of the last 40 years. As a consequence of the substantial drop of N and S loads over the last decades, present-day variations of epiphytic floras were, however, better explained by the spatial variation of climatic conditions than by extant pollution loads. The lack of any signature of recolonization delays of formerly polluted areas in the composition of modern floras suggests that epiphytic bryophytes efficiently disperse at the landscape scale. We suggest that a monitoring of epiphyte communities at 10-year intervals would be desirable to assess the impact of raising pollution sources, and especially pesticides, whose impact on bryophytes remains poorly documented.
The aim of this study was to understand the variation in traits relevant for desiccation avoidance among bryophyte species dominant in rich fens and to assess whether these traits explain the formation of a hummock-hollow gradient within peatlands. In samples of 10 species (Aulacomnium palustre, Calliergonella cuspidata, Climacium dendroides, Hamatocaulis vernicosus, Helodium blandowii, Marchantia polymorpha, Plagiomnium ellipticum, Sphagnum teres, S. warnstorfii, Tomentypnum nitens) collected in rich fens of NE Poland, we calculated: canopy bulk density of wet (CDW) and dry (CDD) colonies, maximum water content of bryophyte colonies (WCmax), desiccation rate (K), shoot area index (SAI), canopy dry mass per surface-projected area (CMA), and specific leaf area of a whole living bryophyte part (SLA). The hummock-forming frequency was quantified for each species in the field. Sphagna had the highest WCmax, SAI and CDW, T. nitens and C. dendroides had the lowest WCmax and SLA, P. ellipticum had the highest K, the lowest CMA and CDD. Hummock-forming frequency was positively correlated with CMA and generally negatively related to K, with exception of H. vernicosus showing a high water-retaining ability (low K) despite a hollow or lawn form of growth.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Variation in the physical and chemical environment driven by climate change poses severe threats to the world cultural heritage. Assessing climate risk of cultural heritage is significant to their protection, especially for countries such as China which has a long history and a large amount of cultural heritage. In the study, we employ the risk assessment framework proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess quantitatively the long-term precipitation-related climate risk of cultural heritage at the provincial level in China. The cultural heritage is divided into 5 categories based on material and cultural characteristics: ancient culture sites, ancient tombs, ancient architectural structures, cave temples and stone carvings, and the modern and contemporary historic sites; and the future climate is projected to 2099 under the RCP-4.5 scenario. The results show that the risk of 5 categories of heritage varies considerably. The overall risk of the ancient culture sites and ancient tombs is significantly higher than that of the other 3 categories of heritage due to the vulnerable materials and old age. Spatially, the central regions of China face the highest overall climate risk due to the high hazard and exposure, followed by the eastern regions and the western regions. There are small regional differences in the risk of the ancient tombs while significant regional differences in the risk of the ancient architectural structures. To mitigate the climate risk of cultural heritage, the study highlights the key regions and the corresponding categories of heritage as well as strategies for prioritizing cultural heritage protection.
Calcareous grasslands, valued for their high species richness and diversity, are a European nature conservation priority. Their plagioclimax nature means that appropriate management is vitally important for their survival. This is usually aimed at conserving characteristic vascular plants, with less charismatic groups typically overlooked when implementing management. Consequently, evidence of impacts of contrasting management practices on a range of taxonomic groups is lacking. One such group are bryophytes which are often abundant in grasslands, contributing a substantial amount to overall plant diversity as well as being important for ecosystem processes such as carbon and nitrogen cycling. This study investigates aspects of bryophyte diversity in internationally rare upland calcareous grasslands subjected to conservation grazing which aims to conserve characteristic vascular plant communities versus those subjected to decade long cessation of grazing which are managed to promote increased structural heterogeneity across the landscape. Sampling across the range of management treatments was undertaken in June–July 2013 and 2014 where per cent cover of bryophytes was recorded in 0.5 m × 0.5 m quadrats along with sward height. Bryophyte abundance was greater in grazed grasslands than ungrazed grasslands, though there was no difference in species richness, diversity or the proportion of life history strategies between the management types. Hence the non-target group is not adversely affected by the management regime. The rarity of ungrazed calcareous grasslands in the uplands, coupled with their importance for various taxa warrants the continuation of this management practice.
The tropical island of Sri Lanka, with a land area of 65,610 km2 and 1340 km of coastline, is highly vulnerable to impacts of climate change, with detrimental effects on agriculture, water resources, human health, coastal zones, infrastructure, industry, and biodiversity. A general increase in temperature and precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, and increase in weather-related natural disasters, such as floods and droughts, have been traced over the years. Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses, hornworts) occupy a pivotal position in the land plant evolution and form a unique part of the vegetation. Many taxa of bryophytes exhibit observable, distinct adaptations in response to changes in environmental conditions quickly. Bryophytes can be used to monitor climate change in two ways; (i) presence or absence in the ecosystem and (ii) changes in morphology and physiology that can be used for monitoring. Sri Lanka has a rich bryophyte flora consisting of 575 species of mosses, 338 species of liverworts, and 07 species of hornworts. It is estimated that 11% of mosses are endemic; there are no endemic thalloid liverworts or hornworts found in Sri Lanka, and the endemicity of leafy liverworts is yet to be investigated. The taxonomic status of endemic taxa and the biogeographic affinities of many taxa remain unexplored. Further, the potential use of bryophytes as indicators of climate change in Sri Lanka has not yet been investigated. This paper compiles the information on morphological and physiological responses of bryophytes to elevated temperature, increase in greenhouse gases, increased ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, and fluctuations in humidity. In the light of this gathered global knowledge, possible species of bryophytes to be used in assessing and predicting climate change and developing a climate change model in Sri Lanka are proposed. Asian bryophytes, in general, have poorly been represented in climate change literature. We believe that this knowledge will form the foundation for future research focused on climate change mitigation in other tropical and Asian countries.
Climacium dendroides is a rare bryophyte resource with important medicinal value, which is mainly concentrated in the southwest and northeast China. In recent years, we found in the wild investigation that the population of C. dendroides had shrunk. In our study, based on high-resolution environmental variables and geographical occurrence records, the Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt) combined with ArcGIS was used to predict the spatial-temporal distributional pattern of C. dendroides in China under the current and future scenarios. Simulation results revealed that the total suitable area decreases by more than a third (–36.02%) in future scenarios. Further, the distributional centers moved to the northwest. Annual precipitation, max temperature of warmest month, and annual mean air temperature were the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of C. dendroides. Global warming coupled with the adverse effects of anthropogenic activities might accelerate the disappearance of suitable habitats for C. dendroides. Overall, our research provides useful indications for protecting the diversity of medical bryophytes and for their conservation.
Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2021.1906348
The chapter starts with a discussion of general patterns and processes in terrestrial ecosystems, including the impacts of climate change in relation to productivity, phenology, trophic matches and mismatches, range shifts and biodiversity. Climate impacts on specific ecosystem types—forests, grasslands, heathlands, and mires and peatlands—are then discussed in detail. The chapter concludes by discussing links between changes in inland ecosystems and the wider North Sea system. Future climate change is likely to increase net primary productivity in the North Sea region due to warmer conditions and longer growing seasons, at least if summer precipitation does not decrease as strongly as projected in some of the more extreme climate scenarios. The effects of total carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems are highly uncertain, due to the inherent complexity of the processes involved. For moderate climate change, land use effects are often more important drivers of total ecosystem carbon accumulation than climate change. Across a wide range of organism groups, range expansions to higher latitudes and altitudes and changes in phenology have occurred in response to recent climate change. For the range expansions, some studies suggest substantial differences between organism groups. Habitat specialists with restricted ranges have generally responded very little or even shown range contractions. Many of already threatened species could be particularly vulnerable to climate change. Overall, effects of recent climate change on terrestrial ecosystems within the North Sea region are still limited.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Durch den Klimawandel wird es zu erheblichen Veränderungen der Biodiversität weltweit und in Deutschland kommen. Änderungen in der Phänologie, dem Verbreitungsmuster oder der Migration sind bei einer
Reihe von Arten bereits nachweisbar. Damit wird es in Zukunft auch zu Veränderungen von Artengemeinschaften und deren Lebensräumen kommen.
Ziel der hier vorgestellten Studie ist es, zur Abschätzung der Bedeutung von biotischen Interaktionen sowie von Extremereignissen für die Verbreitung von Arten in Zeiten des Klimawandels einen Beitrag zu leisten. Dazu wurden Verbreitungsmodelle für ausgewählte FFH-Tierarten sowie
erstmals FFH-Lebensraumtypen erstellt und exemplarisch durch Berücksichtigung biotischer Interaktionspartner sowie Ausbreitungsdistanzen weiterentwickelt. Die Bedeutung biotischer Interaktionen für die Reaktion von Arten auf den Klimawandel konnte durch Analyse von Daten aus
dem EVENT-Projekt der Universität Bayreuth belegt werden. Möglichkeiten zur Analyse von Lücken im Schutzgebietsnetz Natura 2000 konnten anhand einer Konnektivitätsanalyse für ausgewählte Lebensraumtypen gezeigt werden.
Die Ergebnisse der Studie erhärten die stark zunehmende Bedeutung des Klimawandels für den Wandel von Biodiversität und Ökosystemen. Die Reaktionen einzelner Arten und erst recht Lebensgemeinschaften sind bisher aber erst in Ansätzen erforscht. Trotz dieser Unsicherheiten muss der Naturschutz bereits heute pro aktiv handeln und geeignete Strategien für die kommenden Jahrzehnte entwickeln. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse stellen für die Akteure im Naturschutz eine wertvolle Informationsbasis
dar, um darauf aufbauend konkrete Handlungsoptionen z. B. für eine robuste Anpassung des Managements von Schutzgebieten an den Klimawandel zu entwickeln.
Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 137: 484 S.
Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
In chalk grasslands the number of emerging seedlings of some phanerogamic species is reduced by up to 30% in the presence of a bryophyte layer. In several species reduced emergence can be attributed to the low red/far-red ratio of the light below the bryophyte layer. The seeds of some species, however, are non-photoblastic. Bryophytes may have allelopathic effects on the germination of seeds of some species. -from Author
Five new mosses are added to the Peninsular Malaysian moss flora: Gammiella tonkinensis (Broth. & Paris) B.C.Tan, Meiothecium attenuatum Broth., Plagiomnium elimbatum (M.Fleisch.) T.J.Kop., Pohlia flexuosa Hook. and Schoenobryum concavifolium (Griff.) Gangulee. Two moss genera, Pohlia and Schoenobryum and one family Cryphaeaceae are new additions for Peninsular Malaysia. The occurrence of 2-3 abaxial teeth on the leaves of Glyphothecium sciuroides (Hook.) Hampe is reported for the first time.
Air temperature and humidity, moss surface temperature, moss water content, and photosynthetically active radiation were measured through a clear dry night and early morning in July 1998; CO2 gas exchange of the moss was measured by infra-red gas analysis. The measurements showed progressive absorption of water by the moss through much of the night. The moss reached sufficient water content for about 1.5h of positive net CO2 uptake immediately after dawn. The cumulative net carbon balance on this occasion was negative, but mornings with heavier dew could give a positive daily carbon balance, and short, early morning periods of photosynthesis during prolonged dry weather may mitigate long-term desiccation damage and allow for regular molecular repair.
Climate change treatments - winter warming, summer drought and increased summer precipitation - have been imposed on an upland grassland continuously for 7 years. The vegetation was surveyed yearly. In the seventh year, soil samples were collected on four occasions through the growing season in order to assess mycorrhizal fungal abundance. Mycorrhizal fungal colonisation of roots and extraradical mycorrhizal hyphal (EMH) density in the soil were both affected by the climatic manipulations, especially by summer drought. Both winter warming and summer drought increased the proportion of root length colonised (RLC) and decreased the density of external mycorrhizal hyphal. Much of the response of mycorrhizal fungi to climate change could be attributed to climate-induced changes in the vegetation, especially plant species relative abundance. However, it is possible that some of the mycorrhizal response to the climatic manipulations was direct - for example, the response of the EMH density to the drought treatment. Future work should address the likely change in mycorrhizal functioning under warmer and drier conditions.
Bryophyte Biology provides a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the morphology, systematics, ecology, and evolution of hornworts, liverworts, and mosses. A distinguished set of contributors provide state-of-the-art summaries of the most recent advances in bryology, with rich citation of the current literature. Revised classifications for the liverworts and mosses are presented that depart significantly from previous arrangements. These novel classifications reflect the results of recent phylogenetic analyses and include exhaustive lists of accepted genera with their familial placements. Accessible and well-illustrated overviews of morphology are provided for each group, with subsequent contributions focusing on current areas of active research, including developmental biology, molecular genetics, ecology, and microevolution. In addition to reviews of the most current literature, the chapters provide abundant reference to classical studies in bryology that will help those new to the topic to develop an historical perspective within which recent developments can be viewed.
The bryophyte flora of the British Isles comprises four native hornworts, 284 liverworts and 716 mosses. These species are about two thirds of the European total. Past phytogeographical studies have concentrated particularly on Atlantic bryophytes, especially liverworts. The theory that these species can be divided into two distinct categories, one of Holarctic origin and the other of tropical and Southern Hemisphere origin, is confirmed for the British Isles. A system of elements established by us for British and Irish vascular plants is based on distribution in northern and western Eurasia, dividing the flora up first into latitudinal categories and secondly into longitudinal ones. For bryophytes, two extra elements have been added, Hyperoceanic Temperate and Hyperoceanic Southern-temperate. About 40% of the flora belongs to arctic and boreal elements and 20% to southern elements. The remaining 40% belongs to elements of the temperate broadleaved forest zone including those that extend into the boreal zone. The composition of each element is considered in terms of world distribution, habitats and distribution in the British Isles. Most species have enormous world ranges; only about 5% are endemic to Europe. Very few species are convincingly continental in that they are commoner in eastern Europe than the west. Several southern species, however, are more common in semi-arid continental interiors than in the relatively humid regions of northwest Europe. Only six liverworts and 13 mosses are known in the British Isles as established introductions; all except four originate from temperate or subtropical regions outside Europe.
A complete mineral nutrient fertilizer solution was added to carpets of Pseudoseleropodium purum growing in Windsor Forest, Berkshire, to study the efficiency of nutrient capture from dilute solutions and its effect on growth. In the experiment different frequencies of application were balanced by employing different concentrations of fertilizer so that all treatment plots received the same quantities of nutrients over a six-month period. At the end of the experiment the concentrations of macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca) within the moss tissues were determined and shoot growth was assessed by the tagged shoot method.
Significant luxury uptake occurred only in the case of P where shoot concentrations in fertilized plots were 50% above the control. Smaller net increases were noted for other elements, particularly Mg. Shoot N concentration was hardly affected by fertilizer application possibly due to efficient internal recycling of the element in P. purum. Levels of exchange ably held cations were not markedly increased by fertilizer addition in the field experiment but when shoots were incubated with fertilizers in the laboratory for 30 min the concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg rose appreciably and exchangeable K fell. These changes appear to be quickly reversed under field conditions without transfer of cations to the protoplasts. The importance of elevated cation exchange capacity in the initial sequestration of nutrient cations is, therefore, questioned. Growth stimulation due to fertilizer treatment was negligible. Maximum net uptake of P, Mg and Ca occurred when plots were watered at weekly intervals with a dilute fertilizer and least occurred where a concentrated solution was applied at less frequent intervals implying that contact time between P. purum and its potential nutrients is an important factor. The period elapsing between fertilizer additions may also have significance, however, due to leaching away of nutrients and the re-establishment of a natural ionic balance at the cell wall exchange sites. Levels of nutrient absorption and growth were greatest at a site where the moss remained moist longest. This result indicates that the ability of P. purum to absorb and utilize additional nutrients is governed by general metabolic performance which is itself restricted by water supply in Windsor Forest.
Field measurements of the elongation of shoots of Hypnum cupressiforme and lsothecium myosuroides reveal considerable variation. Differences in growth rates in the following situations were found to be significant: at different heights on a trunk, on different sides of sloping trunks, on different species of tree and, over a period, on different trees of a single species at a site.Monthly growth measurements of H. cupressiforme and Platygyrium repens in Wytham Wood, Berkshire, show that H. cupressiforme grows faster, but that the growth patterns of these species are similar. Most of the annual growth for 1970 and 1971 took place during the autumn and winter. Growth between April and August was very slight. The seasonality of the growth of four pleurocarpous mosses at Wychwood, Oxfordshire, was very similar to the species measured at Wytham. Comparison of seasonal growth records with climatic records for stations near Oxford shows a close correlation Qetween growth and wetness. Monthly rainfall minus potential evapotranspiration (Rf–Et) is particularly closely related to monthly shoot growth.At Roborough, North Devon, growth of H. cupressiforme was measured every 3 months. Considerable growth occurred during autumn and winter. At this site the summers are wetter and this appears to permit an extension of the growing period, considerable growth occurring between May and October.In 1970 and 1971 summer growth at several localities was compared. Summer growth was again closely related to Rf–Et. The summer growth in wetregions does not seem to be accompanied by a proportionally high winter growth rate. The wetter the climate, the earlier in the year the peak period of bryophyte growth occurs and the more closely the annual pattern of growth correlates with temperature and day length.
The decomposition of Calliergonella cuspidata material in litterbags was followed for a period of 2½ years on a north- and a south-facing chalk grassland in South Limburg (The Netherlands). Measurements were made of the dry weight and of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the bryophyte material During the first month almost half of the N and P leached out. Later the total amount of N and P in the material increased again. Loss of dry weight was faster on the north-facing slope than on the south-facing slope. On the north-facing slope the biomass decreased by almost 50% during the observation period. In these experiments decomposition does not appear to depend on season. However, it may be expected that in the field leaching of nutrients from the bryophyte layer will happen mainly in summer and will supply significant amounts of nutrients to the system.
Fifteen sites on the English Chalk were surveyed to characterize the Scapanietum asperae Rose & Porley, a distinctive association of mosses and liverworts of north-facing, grazed calcareous grassland. The association comprises the liverworts Scapania aspera, Frullania tamarisci and Porella arboris-vitae and the mosses Hypnum lacunosum, Ctenidium molluscum, Dicranum scoparium, Scleropodium purum, Calliergonella cuspidata, Neckera crispa, Homalothecium lutescens and more rarely Ditrichum gracile and Tortella tortuosa. The association is placed within the National Vegetation Classification framework. It has suffered a marked decline over the last 50 years, from about 30 known localities on the Chalk to no more than eight that support well-developed examples. The total area occupied by the association on the Chalk does not exceed 13.5 ha, with neglect and lack of grazing being the major threat. The association is unknown on the continental chalk and is thus of high conservation importance in both a national and European context.
(1) Spatial and temporal variation in bryophyte cover and its effect on differentiation of the regeneration niche in a Dutch chalk grassland was investigated. (2) Seedling emergence was negatively correlated with bryophyte cover in Carlina vulgaris, Euphrasia officinalis and to a lesser extent in Linum catharticum; no significant correlation could be found for Gentianella germanica or Scabiosa columbaria. (3) Seedling mortality was lower with high bryophyte cover in Carlina vulgaris and Linum cartharticum. (4) Removal of bryophytes in the previous autumn increased emergence and survival in Linum catharticum, but had no effect on the other species. (5) Radiant flux and red/far-red quotient were shown to be reduced below a bryophyte cover.
1. Selected sections each of 100 ft (30.5m) of permanent transect lines on four Nature Reserves have been investigated from the standpoint of their bryophyte components. 2. Two methods were used, (i) a frame embodying ten point contacts and (ii) two 20-cm quadrats. Both methods were employed at twenty chosen points along the transect line. So far as the chief species were concerned, the results showed no serious discrepancy. Certain point of interest arising from the two methods are discussed. 3. In addition to presenting the results in the form of a table, this report embodies a general statement regarding the bryophytes on each section studied, the facts being derived partly from a general inspection of the area. The results as a whole are briefly compared with those of Hope-Simpson, for the South Downs, and of Cornish for the North Downs. 4. The importance of angle and aspect of slope, turf character and land-use history in determining the bryophyte flora is discussed. A south-facing slope and relatively long grass can counterbalance one another. Certain species are encouraged by a northerly aspect, e.g. species of Rhytidiadelphus and some by a southerly, e.g. Camptothecium lutescens. Some chalk grassland bryophytes differ markedly from others (cf. Weissia microstoma and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus) in the extent of their connection with the substratum. This aspect is discussed in relation to seral succession. 5. Some slight modifications of Hope-Simpson's list of bryophytes known from the chalk of the South Downs are suggested. Fissidens cristatus appears to be much more widespread than was formerly appreciated; F. taxifolius much less so. A few additions to his list are given. 6. This survey records the development of the bryophytes in chalk grassland some 2 to 21/2 years after the nearly complete extermination of rabbits by myxomatosis. In that time Festuca spp. and other grasses have made extensive growth. Evidence was found of bryophytes that were `disappearing'.
(1) Variation in standing crop and in litter has been measured by seasonal sampling and sorting of the herbaceous vegetation at thirteen sites in the Sheffield region. The vegetation types examined comprised tall herb, woodland floor and grassland communities. At each site the living fraction in 4-10 replicated 0.25 m2 quadrats was separated into its components, and graphs were plotted showing the shoot phenology of the more common species. (2) At the sites in which herbaceous vegetation was growing under fertile, relatively undisturbed conditions, there was a large peak in standing crop during the summer ($> 400 g m^{-2}$ dry weight), and the vegetation contained few species. The low species-densities at these sites appeared to be related to the ability of certain species to exercise competitive dominance, a phenomenon involving the rapid expansion of a dense leaf canopy during the period June-August, coupled with the production of a high density of persistent litter. (3) In the woodland and grassland sites examined, the sum of the maximum standing crop and the litter did not exceed 800 g m-2, and a variety of plant phenologies was encountered. At two of the woodland sites vernal species were prominent; these plants exhibited truncated periods of shoot growth, which preceded full expansion of the tree canopy and followed immediately the marked decline in density of tree litter in early spring. (4) At the sites where the standing crop was severely restricted by low soil fertility, the commonest phenological pattern was that of the evergreen; in certain of these species, no seasonal peak of shoot expansion could be detected. In two of the limestone grasslands investigated, forbs with mid-summer peaks of shoot expansion were prominent; the majority of these plants had relatively deep root-systems, and appeared to exploit reserves of moisture during periods when many grasses were subjected to desiccation. (5) A consistent feature of the results was the marked amplitude of seasonal variation in the abundance of bryophytes, expansion of which coincided with the moist, cool conditions of spring and autumn. (6) A general conclusion drawn from this study relates to the control of species-density in herbaceous vegetation. The results suggest that the potential for high species-density corresponds approximately to the range of 350-750 g m-2 in the sum of maximum standing crop and litter.
summaryWe report the changes in CO2 assimilation, potential photochemical activity (as measured by slow fluorescence), photosynthetic pigment concentrations, and dark respiration of two desiccation-tolerant (DT) lichens (Cladonia convoluta (Lam.) P. Cout. and C. furcata (Huds.) Schrad.), and a DT moss (Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) Gaertn. ssp. ruralis) during slow drying, and on rehydration following a 12 h period of desiccation. Initially there was a two to fourfold increase in net CO., assimilation due to reduction of CO2-diffusion resistance by elimination of excess water. Optimum water content for photosynthesis was 100–150 % of dry mass (DM) in C. convoluta, c. 100 % DM in C. furcata, and 120–200 % DM in T. ruralis. The intensity of maximum and steady-state slow fluorescence showed little change above water contents of 56%, DM in the lichens and 73 % DM in T. ruralis (corresponding to c. 30–40 % cell relative water content), but fell sharply at lower water content. The variable duorophyll-fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd) at 690 nm peaked at 56 % DM water content in the two lichens, and at 45% DM in T. ruralis. Photochemical activity ceased at the same point in the experiments as CO, assimilation; dark respiration ceased only when desiccation was complete. In all three species, the photosynthetic apparatus remained in a fully and quickly recoverable state. Chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations remained substantially unaltered throughout. On rehydration, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters returned within 30 min to pre-desiccation levels, and photosynthesis recovered fully and rapidly (< 1 h). All three species attained a positive carbon balance within 20 min of re-moistening, in spite of high rates of dark respiration. The results confirm the significance of extracellularly-stored water to poikilohydric DT lichens and bryophytes. The measurements, in conjunction with published data on the full-turgor water content of similar mosses and lichens, show that the cell-physiological response of photosynthesis to water deficit is not greatly different from that of either normal or DT vascular plants. Small plant size and small cell volume in DT lichens and mosses, together with rapid recovery of photosynthesis after desiccation, allow the plants to utilize the small amounts of intermittently available water from brief showers or dew.
Frequency data for epiphytic bryophytes in systematically sampled 2 x 2 km grid squares within a belt transect aligned S. W. to N. E. across southern Britain were analysed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The environmental data used in the analysis included variables representing climate, atmospheric pollutants, forest cover, geology, altitude and presence of water courses. The two most important canonical gradients obtained expressed the effects of moisture availability and atmospheric pollution/geology on the epiphytic flora. Frullania tamarisci, Neckera pumila, Metzgeria temperata, Microlejeunea ulicina and Hypnum andoi were restricted to tetrads with high moisture availability, whereas Syntrichia ruralis, Grimmia pulvinata, Tortula muralis and Aulacomnium androgynum only occurred as epiphytes in tetrads with low moisture status. At one end of the second CCA axis were species characteristic of acid woodland, including Dicranum tauricum and D. montanum, which may be indicative of elevated deposition of sulphur and nitrogen from atmospheric pollution. Calcicole bryophytes and taxa that avoid acid substrata (e.g. Syntrichia laevipila, S. papillosa and Ulota phyllantha) were positioned on the other end of this axis. The CCA axes were used to generate log-linear regression models for individual epiphyte species. For 12 species, fitted distributions for the transect tetrads were compared with the observed distributions and used to predict epiphyte distributions for a wide area of southern Britain based on an independent set of environmental data. A separate analysis was made of the associations between particular epiphytes and their phorophytes by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). The primary DCA axis represented a sequence of epiphytes from species more commonly associated with calcareous masonry (e.g. Syntrichia ruralis and Grimmia pulvinata) to calcifuges such as Tetraphis pellucida, Hypnum jutlandicum, Dicranum montanum and Orthodontium lineare. The corresponding ranking of host trees was from Sambucus nigra, Malus sp., Ulmus spp., Salix spp. and Acer campestre, all species characterized by nearly neutral or nutrient-rich bark, to those with strongly acidic bark including Carpinus betulus, Betula spp. and Castanea sativa.
Chlorophyll fluorescence provides a non-invasive and non-destructive method to follow various aspects of the photosynthetic function of bryophytes under relatively natural conditions, which is easy to use and can be applied to small amounts of material. Some of its potentialities (and potential pitfalls) for bryophyte desiccation physiology are outlined. Data are presented on the responses of eleven desiccation-tolerant bryophytes to drying at –41, –114, –218 and –412 MPa for periods up to ~240 days. Recovery was assessed from FV/FM after 20 min and 24 h re-wetting, and from the mean FM value after 24 h. For the more desiccation-tolerant species, Grimmia pulvinata, Syntrichia ruralis, Andreaea rothii, Racomitrium lanuginosum, R. aquaticum, Leucodon sciuroides, Pleurochaete squarrosa and Ulota crispa, long-term survival (>30–120 d) was generally best at ~–100 to –200 MPa (20–45% r.h.). The moderately desiccation-tolerant Anomodon viticulosus, Porella platyphylla and P. obtusata survived best at the highest humidity used, –41 MPa (74% r.h.).
Sphagnum mosses form a major component of northern peatlands, which are expected to experience substantially higher increases in temperature and winter precipitation than the global average. Sphagnum may play an important role in the responses of the global carbon cycle to climate change. We investigated the responses of summer length growth, carpet structure and production in Sphagnum fuscum to experimentally induced changes in climate in a sub-arctic bog. Thereto, we used open-top chambers (OTCs) to create six climate scenarios including changes in summer temperatures, and changes in winter snow cover and spring temperatures. In winter, the OTCs doubled the snow thickness, resulting in 0.5–2.8°C higher average air temperatures. Spring air temperatures in OTCs increased by 1.0°C. Summer warming had a maximum effect of 0.9°C, while vapor pressure deficit was not affected. The climate manipulations had strong effects on S. fuscum. Summer warming enhanced the length increment by 42–62%, whereas bulk density decreased. This resulted in a trend (P<0.10) of enhanced biomass production. Winter snow addition enhanced dry matter production by 33%, despite the fact that the length growth and bulk density did not change significantly. The addition of spring warming to snow addition alone did not significantly enhance this effect, but we may have missed part of the early spring growth. There were no interactions between the manipulations in summer and those in winter/spring, indicating that the effects were additive. Summer warming may in the long term negatively affect productivity through the adverse effects of changes in Sphagnum structure on moisture holding and transporting capacity. Moreover, the strong length growth enhancement may affect interactions with other mosses and vascular plants. Because winter snow addition enhanced the production of S. fuscum without affecting its structure, it may increase the carbon balance of northern peatlands.
Post-dispersal predation of seeds was c30-70% of the total number of released seeds. For one species predation was reduced when the seeds were covered by a bryophyte layer. Lateral transport of seeds along soil surface was for most seeds limited to a few cm. Locally, large numbers of seeds may accumulate in patches of bryophytes. Seeds were incorporated into the soil to a depth of a few cm during winter. In this period, 10-20% of the seeds were incorporated, small seeds faster than large seeds. Only a very small part of the buried seeds will reach the upper soil layers again. -from Author
Two different UK limestone grasslands were exposed to simulated climate change with the use of nonintrusive techniques to manipulate local climate over 5 years. Resistance to climate change, defined as the ability of a community to maintain its composition and biomass in response to environmental stress, could be explained by reference to the functional composition and successional status of the grasslands. The more fertile, early-successional grassland was much more responsive to climate change. Resistance could not be explained by the particular climates experienced by the two grasslands. Productive, disturbed landscapes created by modern human activity may prove more vulnerable to climate change than older, traditional landscapes.
In the mosses Racomitrium lanuginosum, Anomodon viticulosus and Rhytidiadelphus loreus, after a few days air dry, Fv/Fm reached, within the first minute of remoistening in the dark, two‐thirds or more of the value attained after 40 min. A fast
initial phase of recovery was completed within 10–20 min after which further change was slow. Initial recovery of ΦPSII in the light was somewhat slower, but was generally substantially complete within a similar time. Remoistening with 0.3 mM
cycloheximide (CHX) or 3 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) made little difference to this short‐term (40 min) recovery of either Fv/Fm or ΦPSII; 3 mM chloramphenicol (CMP) had little effect on recovery of Fv/Fm, but resulted in substantial (though not total) depression of ΦPSII and 14CO2 uptake. Effects of the protein‐synthesis inhibitors and DTT were much more clearly apparent in longer‐term experiments (>20 h)
but only in the light. In the dark, the three inhibitors had at most only slight effects over periods of 60–100 h. In the
light, CMP‐treated samples of all three species showed a progressive decline of dark‐adapted Fv/Fm, falling to zero within 1–5 d (possibly due to blocking of the turnover of the D1 protein of PSII) and accelerated by DTT.
CHX‐treated samples showed a similar but slower decline. In the shade‐adapted and relatively desiccation‐sensitive Rhytidiadelphus loreus, slow recovery of Fv/Fm continued in the dark even in the presence of CMP and CHX for much of the 142 h of the experiment. The results indicate that
in desiccation‐tolerant bryophytes recovery of photosynthesis after periods of a few days air dry requires only limited chloroplast
protein synthesis and is substantially independent of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
Quantitative Plant Ecology Black-well Scientific Publications The response of two contrasting limestone grasslands to simulated climate change
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A Check-list and Census Catalogue of British and Irish Bryophytes Early morning photosynthesis of the moss Tortula ruralis following summer dew fall in a Hungarian temperate dry sandy grassland
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Vegetative tissues: bryophytes, vascular resurrection plants and vegetative propagules Desiccation and Survival in Plants: Drying Without Dying Rapid recovery of photosystems on rewetting desiccation-tolerant mosses: chlorophyll fluores-cence and inhibitor experiments
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Ecological and systematic implications of branching patterns in bryophytes In: Experi-mental and Molecular Approaches to Plant Biosystematics British Plant Communities Grasslands and Montane Communities
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