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The Chinese in Spain
Abstract
During the past 15 years, the Chinese migrant community in Spain has grown significantly. Originally a small and dispersed population, it now ranks fourth among the migrant groups from non‐European Union (EU) countries. Its increasing presence in daily urban life is evident everywhere. Even though the Chinese community has a long history of settlement in Spain, the Spanish population still considers the Chinese as a closed and somewhat mysterious community. References to exaggerated stereotypes and prejudices regarding their activities and social organization can often be overheard in daily conversations. However, China, usually considered exotic and remote, has recently assumed greater importance in Spain's foreign policy. Thus, the Spanish Government has drawn up the Asia‐Pacific Framework Plan for 2000–2002 as part of its international policy considerations, thereby extending its interests to include areas well beyond its traditional foreign policy focus on Latin America. The Government's objectives are to expand its economic relations with Asia, to enhance trade and tourism with the area, expand the development cooperation with China, the Philippines, and Viet Nam — countries defined as top priorities for the Spanish Government — and to reinforce linguistic and cultural ties with these countries (Bejarano, 2002). In support of the Asia‐Pacific Framework Plan, the Casa Asia (House of Asia) was established in Barcelona in 2002, an institution created to organize academic and artistic activities in order to promote the knowledge of the region among Spaniards, and to foster political, economic, and cultural relations with Asia.
The Government intends to pursue two important objectives related to the increasing commitments it is seeking to establish with China, and which are also of relevance to the overseas Chinese as the principal social actors involved. First, the strengthening of commercial exchanges with the People's Republic of China (PRC) are likely to benefit import‐export activities among the Chinese migrants, and be supported by their knowledge and practical experience of the respective social environments. Second, the dissemination of information on Spain is expected to establish and maintain stronger links in both directions. In the near future, these initiatives may also be instrumental in increasing the movement of people between China and Spain. Besides these primary objectives, the initiative pursues another important aim — the promotion of the social integration of the Chinese migrant community in the country.
This paper addresses these issues, including data sources and their availability on Chinese migrants in Spain, the relevant local legal framework and how it influences the development of the Chinese migrant group, its sociodemographic composition, and migratory patterns. Finally, it addresses the changes in their economic activities.
... Since the turn of the millennium, the Spanish government has sought to strengthen trade cooperation ties with China and to facilitate the social integration of the Chinese expatriate population in the country (Nieto, 2003). Such a process of psychological adaptation of Chinese expatriates to host societies has recently been described around three distinct milestones: crisis, self-adaptation, and self-growth (He et al., 2019). ...
... Such a process of psychological adaptation of Chinese expatriates to host societies has recently been described around three distinct milestones: crisis, self-adaptation, and self-growth (He et al., 2019). Throughout this continuum, migrants gradually begin to familiarise themselves with the host community and become acquainted with the myriad of stereotypes and prejudices about the Chinese that are generally held by the Spanish (Nieto, 2003), most of which they do not share and seek to dispel. To this end, Chinese community associations in Spain promote the image of Chinese people and their cultural and economic activities, as well as bilateral bonds with China (Sáiz López, 2012). ...
The present article explores the perceived role of work and proficiency in a second or additional language(s) among a group of Chinese migrant women learning Spanish in Andalusia. The enrolment of Chinese adult learners in language upgrading programmes in immersion contexts is relatively low, as Chinese expatriates tend to establish close‐knit, socio‐culturally elusive communities whose interactions with local residents are often limited to work‐related purposes. The distinctiveness of this ethnographic work lies in its focus on women who, having resided in southern Spain for extended periods and aiming to emancipate themselves from male family referents, have only recently sought greater inclusion in Spanish society. Through in‐depth interviews, these women’s prospects for professional advancement and self‐employment are also identified, albeit subsidiarily, among the reasons for pursuing higher levels of linguistic competence. The results point to a desire to develop higher levels of competence in linguistic, civic, and socio‐cultural literacies to expand their social networks and engage more actively in the communities where they currently live. Avoiding vulnerability to potential deception in the workplace and administrative settings, coupled with the need to participate in better‐informed decision‐making at the personal level, is also highlighted as contributory factors to their willingness to pursue multiliteracies in linguistic, civic, and occupational areas. The conclusions point to a mismatch between the training aspirations of these women and the curricula of the courses available to them within a Chinese educational organisation, whose focus lies almost entirely on the development and reinforcement of linguistic skills.
... Neste contexto, as migrações chinesas contemporâneas são condicionadas pela lógica capitalista e pela importância económica, política e simbólica da China no mundo (Thunø, 2007). 1 Ao longo das últimas décadas, os imigrantes chineses têm sido atraídos pelas oportunidades económicas e administrativas oferecidas no Espaço Schengen, considerado um espaço geopolítico estratégico para o posicionamento à escala europeia e mundial (Guerassimoff-Pina, 2006;Guerassimoff, 2003;Thunø, 2007). Desde o início do século XXI, vários imigrantes chineses continuaram a deslocar-se, não só para destinos tradicionais como Inglaterra ou França (Guerassimoff, 2003;Parker e Song, 2007), como também intensificaram significativamente os seus fluxos para os "novos países de imigração", como Itália (Ceccagno, 2003) e Espanha (Nieto, 2003). Os motivos para este aumento da imigração derivam de fatores de atração políticos e económicos promovidos pelos países do Sul da Europa. ...
... Entre meados da década de 1990 e 2000, existiram vários incentivos laborais e legais para atrair imigrantes não qualificados para setores da economia informal, e criou-se paralelamente um nicho de oportunidades de autoemprego, muito estimuladas pelo aumento dos imigrantes chineses na Europa do Sul. Neste contexto, vários países ofereceram amnistias e programas de legalização, de forma a regularizar a inserção laboral e fiscal de muitos imigrantes ilegais durante esse período (Ceccagno, 2003;Laczko, 2003;Nieto, 2003). ...
The number of Chinese immigrants in Portugal has been rising substantially since the first decade of the 21st century. Their ensuing sedentarisation and that of their descendants raises the question of how their social integration into Portuguese society has been developing. The present article's goal is to analyse some of the key dimensions of the life of descendants of Chinese immigrants: immigratory trajectory, family context, academic path, and labour market insertion. The author use discourses recorded in semi-structured interviews of young descendants. The final section of the article presents a number of questions for future reflection on the topic.
... This is particularly true of the Schengen Area, which is perceived as a source of administrative and economic opportunities for Chinese citizens (Guerassimoff-Pina 2006;Guerassimoff 2003;Thunø 2007). Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the numbers of Chinese migrants have grown quickly in " new immigration countries " like Italy (Ceccagno 2003) and Spain (Nieto 2003), and their flows to other traditional Chinese immigration countries like France have intensified (Guerassimoff 2003). The underlying reasons for the rise in Chinese migration are related to specific pull factors in Southern Europe. ...
... The underlying reasons for the rise in Chinese migration are related to specific pull factors in Southern Europe. In the mid-1990s and 2000s, a willingness to take in unauthorized, unskilled migrants to work in the informal economy and the existence of niche opportunities for self-employment greatly stimulated this increase in the number of Chinese citizens in Southern Europe (Ceccagno 2003;Laczko 2003;Nieto 2003). Alongside this, these countries offered several amnesties and legalization programs, which attracted many illegal Chinese migrants during that period. ...
The number of Chinese migrants settling in Portugal has been growing since the 1980s, and more rapidly since the turn of the century. However, studies focusing on these immigrants are still scarce and do not consider their diversity, including their different origins — essentially Macao, Mozambique, and China itself. The aim of this paper is to update the existing literature on Chinese migration to Portugal, particularly by looking at the immigrants’ diversity as a group (Macanese, Chinese Mozambicans, economic migrants, students, and business migrants). Additionally, data from the 2011 Census is analyzed for Chinese economic migrants in terms of the light it can shed on some dimensions related not only to their migratory paths, family contexts and labor market but particularly to their professional and economic strategies.
上个世纪八十年代以来，葡萄牙的华人人口不断增长，新千年初期尤其迅速。然而，学术界有关华人社会的研究仍然缺乏，并且未顾及华人社会的多元性。其实，生活在葡萄牙的华人源自澳门、莫桑比克和中国大陆。本文主要通过探视华人社会作为一个族裔群体所体现的多元性，更新有关旅葡华人的现有文献。通过分析2011年人口普查的有关数据，本文将对葡萄牙华人的移民途径、家庭背景和劳动市场，尤其是就业策略和经济策略，作出探讨。
This article is in English.
... Nótese que el término generación es polisémico, y que se refiere tanto a una genealogía (que es el sentido que le acabamos de dar al concepto), en la cual los descendientes nacen de los progenitores (abuelos, padres, hijos, etc.), como al transcurso de un tiempo histórico, en el cual cada generación se corresponde con un contexto social determinado (por ejemplo, inmigrantes pioneros, inmigrantes de un flujo migratorio consolidado, nuevos inmigrantes, inmigrantes globales, etc.). En tercer lugar, casi el 70% de todos ellos proviene de la provincia de Zhejiang, y, en concreto, de un condado rural llamado Qingtian, y de la ciudad vecina Wenzhou (Li, 2016;Nieto, 2003a;Sastre, 2014). El segundo gran emisor de este colectivo es la provincia de Fujian, donde existía una larga tradición de emigrar al exterior, principalmente a los países del Sudeste asiático antes de la década de los años sesenta del siglo XX, y posteriormente, a Estados Unidos y Europa (Li, 2005;Pieke, 2002). ...
El presente texto es el resultado de un trabajo de investigación acerca del papel de las redes familiares en el fenómeno de las migraciones chinas en España. El trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo en la provincia de Salamanca, a partir de la observación participante y de una larga serie de entrevistas semiestructuradas y relatos de vida que permitieron reconstruir las peripecias vitales de estos inmigrantes en suelo español. El común denominador de los relatos de los protagonistas viene dado por la importancia que estos inmigrantes, procedentes de las áreas de Guangxi, Fujian y Qingtian, le atribuyen a la familia y a las redes de parentesco en su vivencia cotidiana. Se trata de espesas redes, que, sirviéndose del soporte étnico, llegan a proveer al migrante de recursos, de apoyo y de un profundo sentido identitario. El hecho de que estas redes de parentesco sean transoceánicas determina la complejidad de un proceso que no está exento de tensiones, y cuya gestión corresponde a la familia nuclear.
... were from Zhejiang Province. This phenomenon may be related to the recruitment of 2,000 contract workers by the local Qingtian (rural area in Zhejiang) government in 1917, who sent some of them to Europe (Nieto, 2003;Thunø, 1999). This initial migration may account for a second emigrational wave from this area into Europe, starting in the 1980s. ...
Objective
To explore the use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs and its associated factors among Chinese immigrants living in Spain.
Design and Measures
A mixed‐method design, using surveys and semi‐structured interviews.
Sample
A total of 133 Chinese immigrants and stakeholders were assessed in the quantitative study and 7 stakeholders were interviewed in the qualitative study.
Results
The use of tobacco and alcohol was higher than the use of illicit drugs in Chinese immigrants. The prevalence of daily smokers was greater in men than in women (37.3% vs. 2.5%, p < .001). Men consumed more alcohol (76% vs. 50.6%, p = .004) and more frequently (21.6% daily vs. 2.4%, p = .024) than women. The use of illicit drugs was low and Cannabis was the most illicit drug consumed (4%). Qualitative data revealed that due to a great workload, the workers tended to avoid behaviors of illicit drug consumption, but not of alcohol and tobacco, in which the consumption is associated with business meetings and leisure.
Conclusion
This study found that Chinese immigrants in Spain consume more alcohol and tobacco than illicit drugs and that men have a high consumption compared to women. These findings reveal important cultural differences that should be addressed by public health managers in order to develop strategies that consider the characteristics of this population.
... Europe, and particularly the Schengen Area, has always been considered an attractive geopolitical space, with important administrative and economic opportunities for economic migrants (Thunø, 2007). From the 1980s onwards, 'new immigration countries', such as Italy (Ceccagno, 2003), Spain (Nieto, 2003) and France (Guerassimoff, 2003), have stimulated certain pull factors that have attracted significant numbers of economic migrants, such as opportunities for self-employment, entrepreneurial activities, amnesties and legalisation programmes for illegal citizens. During this time, Chinese migrants have settled in these countries, with important social, political and economic consequences for both Chinese communities and the host societies in which they have now become established. ...
... Europe, and particularly the Schengen Area, has always been considered an attractive geopolitical space, with important administrative and economic opportunities for economic migrants (Thunø, 2007). From the 1980s onwards, 'new immigration countries', such as Italy (Ceccagno, 2003), Spain (Nieto, 2003) and France (Guerassimoff, 2003), have stimulated certain pull factors that have attracted significant numbers of economic migrants, such as opportunities for self-employment, entrepreneurial activities, amnesties and legalisation programmes for illegal citizens. During this time, Chinese migrants have settled in these countries, with important social, political and economic consequences for both Chinese communities and the host societies in which they have now become established. ...
In 2011, Portugal launched a residence permit programme to attract foreign investment from non‐EU citizens, with Chinese business migrants representing those taking most advantage of this initiative. This paper analyses this policy measure and assesses its social consequences, as a new way that Chinese migrants have to enter Portugal. Firstly, we characterise this programme by identifying its principles and legal requirements, using official data from 2012 to 2018. We then describe the emergence of this type of residence permit as a response to the financial crisis of 2011, and as part of a neoliberal political rationality that has guided a governance model since this time. Next, we characterise the profile of Chinese citizens who benefit from this initiative and claim residence permits on the basis of their economic power. Finally, we discuss the social and political implications of this kind of entrance to Portugal, to provide some insights for policymakers.
... Chinese migration to Portugal somehow presents features similar to the flows to other 'new immigration countries' such as Italy (Ceccagno 2003), Spain (Nieto 2003) and France (Guerassimoff 2003), where, from the 1980s onwards, the opportunities for self-employment, entrepreneurial activities, amnesties and legalization programmes for illegal migrants attracted significant numbers of economic immigrants. Nevertheless, Portugal stands out as a unique case as the origins of Chinese citizens living in the country are not only from mainland China (economic migrants) but also from former colonies such as Macao and Mozambique. ...
... The low density of Chinese competitors also played an important role in the expansion of the Chinese presence in their traditional main sectors of activity; namely, garment and shoes workshops, and catering (Ceccagno, 2003). Spain was another new rapidly growing area of opportunity: in the 1980s, in activities mainly related to restaurants and catering, due to the booming tourist sector, and, later on, in a larger variety of small family businesses (Nieto, 2003). Modern Chinese migration follows the general trend of the late twentieth century of migration to metropolitan areas of high income and attractive countries (Skeldon, 1997). ...
This paper attempts to analyse the particular features of Chinese clustering in two southern European cities and the urban regeneration responses employed in the decade 2005-2015: Prato in Italy and Santa Coloma de Gramenet in Spain, which are among the cities with the highest rate of Chinese in-migration within their respective countries. The main aim is to show which urban regeneration policies have been adopted in both contexts and to evaluate, in comparative terms, how they have addressed the two local Chinese communities. The paper will argue that their form of clustering, developed since the 1990s, has featured a certain degree of social segregation and tensions with local communities. On the other hand, they have become two dynamic urban nodes in supra-local business networks, possibly demanding new forms of engagement in the governance system. The results show that the urban regeneration policies in place have partially failed to acknowledge the changing nature of their form of clustering, with the risk to exacerbate existing conflicts and to prevent beneficial mutual collaborations.
... Park bestätigt, dass der Begriff "asiatische Amerikaner" sich unter der asiatischen Bevölkerung differenziert. Die chinesischen Amerikaner sehen sich relativ isolierter bei allen asiatischen Amerikanern aufgrund ihrer religiösen, kulturellen und ethnischen Spezialität (Park 2008, S. 543 ) und Frank Pieke (19882004 15 ) aus den Niederlanden, Carine Guerassimoff (2007) aus Frankreich, Mette Thunø (2004) aus Dänemark, Pal Nyiri (2004,2014a,2014b aus Ungarn, Gladys Nieto (2001,2003a,2003b,2003c und Joaquín Antolín Beltrán (2008,2014) aus Spanien, Antonella Ceccagno (2004Ceccagno ( ,2008Ceccagno ( ,2010 ...
Die vorliegende Dissertation analysiert das Integrationsverhalten der chinesischen Zuwanderer in Deutschland durch eine Fallstudie in einer neuen Perspektive: Die Chinesen in Deutschland rekonstruieren die chinesische Identität für ihre Kinder durch das Erlernen des Chinesischen, damit sie in Deutschland besser anerkannt wer-den und sich integrieren können. Im kurzen Wort: Die Eltern lassen ihre Kinder lernen, Chinesen zu werden, damit sie in Deutschland besser leben können. Ihre sorgfältig organisierte und rekonstruierte ethnische Identi-tät, als das Produkt der Integrationsstrategie, wirkt als der Hebel zwischen ihren beiden lebendigen Welten, damit sie ihre Chancen vor allem in Deutschland verbessern können.
... Chinatowns are now 'emerging or reemerging in various European cities' [Rath, (2007), p.2] providing a structure for social, cultural, political and economic activities (Farina et al., 1997;Christiansen, 2003) and facilitating business links (Qiao, 2006) and cultural exchange (Li, 2006) with China. Chinatowns also provide a focus for links with between the Chinese Government and Chinese community organisations, ties which have developed across Europe (Nieto, 2003). ...
... Now it ranks fourth among the migrant groups from non-European Union (EU) countries. (Nieto, 2003). Similar situation as in Portugal, the reason why Chinese settle down in Spain are greatly influenced by the immigrant policy. ...
... Similar to other Chinese settlements in several European countries such as Italy, France, and Spain (Ceccagno, 2003;Guerrassimoff, 2003;Nieto, 2003), members of this diaspora are employed in the catering sector, work in the production of ready-towear garments, or are commercial entrepreneurs. Moreover, the Chinese represent an important segment in the Hungarian hospitality industry as well. ...
The leisure behavior of Chinese immigrants, with a focus on their participation in tourism in the host country, has been evidenced in this research. The aim of this study is to identify the behavioral characteristics and traveling patterns of Chinese immigrants living in Budapest, Hungary. It also attempts to explore the role of kinship and friendships in tourism and their relationship with Chinese mobility in Hungary. Seventy semistructured in-depth interviews were performed through field visits in order to understand Chinese travel motivations and destination preferences in domestic tourism within Hungary. The sample for this study included Chinese immigrants settled in Budapest with an acceptable command of the Hungarian language and with a certain disposition to travel for holiday purposes. The research findings on traveling habits and leisure activities reveal that the Chinese interviewees are interested in visiting thermal spas and historical cities in Hungary and these recreational activities might enhance their cultural assimilation to the dominant group. Furthermore, this study presents a new approach to exploring Chinese tourists’ preferences in this geographical area, which has been neglected by researchers despite its important Chinese migrant settlements.
... Chinatowns are now 'emerging or reemerging in various European cities' [Rath, (2007), p.2] providing a structure for social, cultural, political and economic activities (Farina et al., 1997;Christiansen, 2003) and facilitating business links (Qiao, 2006) and cultural exchange (Li, 2006) with China. Chinatowns also provide a focus for links with between the Chinese Government and Chinese community organisations, ties which have developed across Europe (Nieto, 2003). ...
This paper discusses some of the main findings of a recently completed research project on London's Chinatown funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council within its diasporas, migration and identities programme. This involved interviews with a range of key informants and over 50 individual Chinese people living in London about their experience and feelings about Chinatown. The paper focuses on London's Chinatown's role in the construction and maintenance of diasporic identity and practice. It highlights the importance of Chinatown to Chinese people from a range of backgrounds and migratory statuses. For many, especially newcomers, it play an essential role in their every day lives and is the first port of call for information, employment and support networks. For others, its symbolic role may be more important. Chinatown was seen as essential in acknowledging their presence and in promoting a sense of belonging. The growing importance of formal and informal economic and political links with the government of the People's Republic of China has major implications for Chinatown and for the 'diaspora' which are explored in the paper.
... The entrepreneurial model of import and retail of low-cost Chinese goods that was developed in Eastern Europe has later been adopted by Chinese migrants in Southern and Western Europe, where such barriers are higher (Nyíri 2003). Similar low-price goods to the ones sold in Eastern Europe have appealed to sub-sectors of the Western European market, such as middle-and working-class housewives in urban Spain (Nieto 2003). The necessity of learning a new language can also be a weighty influence on decisions about whether and where to relocate. ...
Since the first Chinese shop opened in Cape Verde in 1995, this re- mote archipelago has experienced a wave of Chinese entrepreneurial immigration that has transformed local retail and had a significant impact on people's purchasing power. In the process, the Chinese migrants have seen profit margins fall, and now complain that there are too many Chinese in Cape Verde. Selling cheap consumer goods to the poor was the recipe for success in Cape Verde, and many Chinese in the country are now looking for similar opportunities elsewhere in Africa. Our pa- per explores the migration dynamics that has characterized the pioneer phase of Chinese migration to Cape Verde. Furthermore, we address how the characteristics of the local economy and the resources of the Chinese migrants have interacted to form the basis for Chinese settlement. We examine the process of market saturation, and relate responses to market saturation to a conceptual framework developed on the basis of literature on Chinese migration to Europe and the Former Soviet Union. The research is based on fieldwork in Cape Verde in 2002 and 2003, conducted partly in Mandarin and partly in Cape Verdean Creole. We interviewed Chinese migrants, Cape Verdean employees and customers, and surveyed the Chinese shops in the country's second largest city.
... More often than not, people have moved from one 'Chinese' niche to another, with catering, trade in Chinese consumer goods and Chinese traditional medicine being the principal sectors. In the Czech Republic and in Spain, saturation of the Chinese restaurant market was followed by a shift into trading in low-cost Chinese goods (Moore and Tubilewicz 2001;Nieto 2003). In Eastern Europe, the saturation of these two markets was followed by expansion into traditional medicine, as well as services aimed at the Chinese community and the export of local products and raw materials to China (International Organization for Migration 1998, p. 328; Moore and Tubilewicz 2001). ...
Since the first Chinese shop opened in Cape Verde in 1995, this remote archipelago has experienced a wave of Chinese entrepreneurial immigra-tion that has transformed local retail and significantly affected people's purchasing power. During this process, Chinese migrants have seen profit margins fall and now complain that there are too many Chinese in Cape Verde. This article explores the migration dynamics that have character-ized the pioneer phase of Chinese immigration, and the migrants' understanding of their own position in relation to the Chinese diaspora. Furthermore, it discusses how the characteristics of the local economy and the resources of the Chinese migrants have interacted to form the basis for Chinese settlement. The article examines the process of market saturation, and relates responses to market saturation to a conceptual framework developed on the basis of literature on Chinese migration to Europe and the former Soviet Union.
What happens when people are reduced to products? By pulling back the clinical curtain on the multi-billion-dollar per year global egg industry, that is the central question Eggonomics seeks to address. Tracing the emotional and physical journeys egg donors embark upon as suppliers of valuable commodities, this book reveals uncomfortable realities at the heart of the industry. Donors — and the eggs they provide — are absolutely essential to helping others create the families of their dreams. But not all clinics treat their donors as well as their paying patients, and many donors suffer as a result. Technological innovations allow the egg donation industry to expand, fueling the private equity incursion into fertility medicine, turning once-private clinics into highly profitable, multinational conglomerates. Drawing upon international anthropological fieldwork, Eggonomics reveals the clinical spaces where egg donor’s bodies are tested, prodded, and poked for ever-increasing sums of profit, eugenic forces drive donor selection, and the unrelenting pressures of global capitalism threaten medicine’s prime directive of ‘do no harm.’ Timely, meticulously researched, and written with surgical precision, Eggonomics is a crucial read for researchers, medical professionals, policymakers, and anyone considering becoming or using an egg donor.
This article contributes to the emerging field of research on collaborative governance in crises. It asks how social organisations see their contribution of skills and expertise to tackling a wicked problem such as the Covid-19 pandemic. For this purpose, I interviewed representatives of ethnic Chinese organisations about their work and relationships with the local government in Manchester in 2020 and 2021. Ethnic Chinese organisations are an interesting group because they had early access to knowledge about the spread of the virus and its harmfulness. Collaboration with them could potentially have helped to contain the pandemic in the ethnic Chinese community in the city and beyond. Based on semi-structured interviews with representatives of ethnic Chinese organisations and applying the combined theoretical frameworks of social capital and collaborative governance theories, the study identifies five organisational types in terms of their involvement in collaborative governance efforts.
This paper traces the history of the Moroccan, Romanian, Ecuadorian and Chinese immigrants in Spain. It focuses on two dimensions of integration: access to the labour market and the level of discrimination faced by immigrants. By analysing the socio-economic and political changes taking place in these sending countries it seeks to understand the diverse factors that propelled migration. Migration to Spain is predominantly economic. In order to understand the integration of immigrants in Spain it is essential to analyse the labour market mobility in conjunction with the protection against discrimination as this reflects equality of opportunity coupled with a positive attitude towards inclusion in society. The 20th century led to economic growth and an increased demand for low skilled labourers prompting migration towards Spain. Lack of employment opportunities and political instability in the home countries, larger changes in the world such as the Oil Crisis, creation of Israel, discontinuation of labor recruitment by North-western European Countries were major push factors. Immigrants face discrimination in their access to the labour market. Unequal treatment is experienced by most immigrants except the Chinese who are respected for their hard work but mocked for their appearance.
This chapter examines Chinese migration and investment into Europe and explores models of migration and investment by identifying the gap between the two. The chapter highlights the major characteristics of Chinese investment and migration into Europe by identifying and separating the investment from Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and that of private individuals. This triangulation provides scholars and policy makers with a unique scenario. The migration and investment literature has been conducted as two separate and parallel topics. A small number of studies investigate the relationship of the two as one inter-connected relationship. There is even less focus on Chinese migration and investment due to the fact that over the past decade it has been a fast-moving phenomenon because of the speed of Chinese economic development. In addition, China's different political and economic system and its unique state structure adds another layer of complexity for scholars.
In this very competitive world, it is inevitable to adapt the knowledge of emergent languages, such as Chinese. Thousands of people worldwide, are learning this language, whether through public or private institutions as well as in different academic institutions. It exists, voices that cry out for an active multimodal methodology, which means the scope of optimal and satisfactory learning. RESUMEN En este mundo tan competitivos, resulta inevitable el conocimiento de idiomas pujantes como el chino. Miles de personas a nivel mundial, se están formando en el aprendizaje de esta lengua, ya sea a través de instituciones públicas o privadas, ofrecidos por algunas instituciones académicas. En esta labor, existen voces que claman por una metodología activa e innovadora que suponga el alcance de un aprendizaje óptimo y satisfactorio.
Research on Chinese-speaking communities in recent years has accompanied growing interest in language acquisition and usage in Chinese immigrant children. Second-generation Chinese immigrants must navigate a highly complex linguistic environment rife with factors that affect their language proficiency. Overseas, Chinese children face greater difficulties in learning Chinese and show generally low Chinese proficiency compared to their non-immigrating counterparts. What exactly are the difficulties in the process of their Chinese learning? How can their Chinese language proficiency be precisely defined? What are the external and internal factors that influence their language skills? To solve these questions, we assessed 80 Chinese children ranging from 7-9 years of age in Malaga City, Spain, by issuing questionnaires, interviews, and language tests designed to reveal the relationship between their language proficiency and living conditions. Factors such as family environment, parents’ occupation, parents’ education, and language attitude and motivation are taken into consideration as crucial factors, which affect language proficiency. We also distributed a language test to 80 Chinese students at South Lake Primary School in Hubei Province to compare their language proficiency with that of the Spanish immigrant children overall, and to identify specific points of weakness. A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used in the data analysis.
Paco Bezerra's 2015 thriller-comedy El señor Ye ama los dragones destabilized the immigration narrative that often appears in Spanish theatre by creating a story in which Chinese immigrants are the focus, thus giving visibility and agency to a community that is little discussed in Spanish cultural production. Throughout his play, Bezerra inverts the common approach to immigration drama in which the Western is privileged in structure and in plot. Rather, in this play, the Oriental is privileged on a structural and narrative level, and the play concludes with the triumph of Xiaomei over her white Spanish counterparts. I propose that the Dantesque structuring of the play, the epistemological shift toward Chinese cultural norms, and the resolution of the play's mystery serve as a critique of the national narrative of multiculturalism and integration, which can be summed up in the common, yet ironic, Spanish phrase, “No somos racistas.”
Most Chinese in today’s Spain are first-generation immigrants; almost all emigrated from China after the late 1970s, when China reopened its door to the West. In about three decades between the mid-1980s and the mid-2010s, the number of Chinese migrants in Spain has grown more than 100-fold. This chapter traces the migration process of Chinese to Spain, describes their sociodemographic characteristics, and analyzes their economic activities and the social challenges they face. In particular, it addresses the following questions: Why did hundreds of thousands of Chinese choose Spain, not a traditional country of Chinese immigration? How did they migrate? And what are their adaptation strategies to cope with life there?
With new global processes affecting the fashion industry at a global level, everything has changed in the Italian fashion industry, especially since the 1980s. Antonella Ceccagno investigates and addresses three major global shifts in the fashion industry: the rise of low labor cost competitors, the restructuring of the distribution chain, and the emergence of a global fast fashion.
Eastern Europe has witnessed an influx of Chinese newcomers. Yet this region is often-overlooked by scholars of overseas Chinese. Similarly, the Chinese remain largely absent from European migration studies. In the work that has been done, the Chinese are often depicted as a community that keeps to itself. I examine this claim by highlighting the results of surveys conducted in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Hungary. These surveys, the largest ever done in each country, focus on three broad explanations for why the Chinese seem to be isolated, which I summarize as “need not, want not, and cannot.” The results identify significant differences between the three communities — but not because of want. Instead, the community in Hungary is the least isolated because it needs to interact with the locals; conversely, the community in Bulgaria is the most isolated because of the barriers its members face in the host country. This essay calls attention to the Chinese in European migration studies and to the region of Eastern Europe among overseas Chinese scholars.
近年来，东欧已然成为华人移民的新大陆，此区域却普遍被海外华人学者所忽略；而华人移民议题亦不是欧洲移民研究的重心，现有的研究更常将华人描绘成一个与世隔绝的社群。在此研究中，笔者将透过分析保加利亚、克罗地亚以及匈牙利三国史上最大规模的调查资料来检视此一主张。这些调查为华人移民社群的孤立现象提供了三种解释：不需要、不想要、以及无法融入当地社群。分析结果显示，虽然三个华人社群的隔离因素有显著差异，但「不想要」与华人社群孤立现象并无因果关系。三国之中，以匈牙利的华人社群因需要和当地人互动因而孤立程度最低；保加利亚的华人社群则由于重重障碍导致孤立程度最高。本文建议欧洲移民研究应多关注华人移民议题，海外华人学者亦应多聚焦于东欧区域的移民问题。
This article is in English.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to facilitate and clarify the perceptions of Spanish consumers towards China, its people, and its products, while outlining the overall contemporary Chinese product-country image (PCI) within the Spanish market.
Design/methodology/approach
A 52-item construct was adapted from former PCI scales from cross-cultural equivalence, including “country image”, “personal image”, “product image”, “general knowledge about China”, and “personal data”. Overall, 215 valid structured questionnaires were gathered.
Findings
The current study provides: a PCI literature review; hypotheses results concerning Spanish citizens’ views of Chinese products’ price, quality, technicality, inventiveness, and known brands concepts; descriptive statistics and results graphs for each of the PCI sections; and correlations of other variables with the five product image variables within the construct.
Research limitations/implications
Implementing standardized, longitudinal consumer studies that facilitate better comprehension of PCI evolution within a specific market emerged as a future research agenda.
Originality/value
The data informed both the Chinese public and private organizations’ managers of the importance of adapting to the market and non-market environments within Spain to avoid the liability of country of origin effect.
This article uses the case of Chinese migration to Suriname, South America, to question the notion that New Chinese Migrants (新移民) should be approached differently to earlier Overseas Chinese (华侨华裔). An ethnic Chinese segment has existed in Surinamese society since the middle of the nineteenth century, as a consequence of Dutch colonial policy to import Asian indentured labour as a substitute for African slave labour. By the early twentieth century chain migration from a narrow area in the Pearl River Delta (particularly Dongguan and Bao’an) created a homogenous Kejia-speaking Chinese group in Suriname. Their ethnic ownership economy became a dominant force in Surinamese retail trade. In the early 1990s Chinese migration to Suriname suddenly and sharply increased, and the impact of New Chinese Migrants in a society where ethnic Chinese had been gradually assimilating, triggered an upsurge in anti-Chinese sentiments. Whereas the ‘Old Chinese’—the Kejia-speakers from the Pearl River Delta—could be described in terms of ‘Overseas Chinese’, the New Chinese initially seemed very different, being linguistically diverse, and apparently linked to Chinese globalization, and Chinese resource extraction projects. However, New Chinese in Suriname have repeated the ‘Overseas Chinese’ settlement pattern of the established migrants. They have successfully created their own ethnic ownership economy in competition with the established Chinese migrants, and they have set up their own Hometown Associations (同乡会) as an migrant adaptive strategy. Within the last 5 years elites have emerged that dominate the Zhejiang, Hainan and Fujian Hometown Associations, which are developing into platforms for New Chinese participation in Surinamese politics, exactly like the ‘Old Chinese’. What is new is that the business empires of these elites have expanded beyond trade and now include gold mining, logging and other interests, and are actively linking to transnational business and migration networks.
The aim of this book is to explore the Chinese regulatory framework governing the right to leave and return (RLR), to determine its consistency by reference to international human rights ethics. In more specific terms, the book focuses on four main objectives: (i) an investigation of RLR in international migration law; (ii) an analysis of RLR in the context of China and an identification of the factors that drive it; (iii) an investigation of the favourable conditions and practical concerns relevant to the protection of RLR in China; and (iv) identification of the policy implications for the protection of RLR in China. © 2007 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. All Rights Reserved.
The objective of this paper is to explore the discourses on immigration and identity of the two major parties in Germany (CDU/CSU and PSD) and Spain (PP and PSOE) respectively, as represented by their manifestos for the 2002 election in Germany and the 2004 election in Spain. We analyse the topic of immigration within the wider context of the discourse on the state, the nation, and national identities, paying special attention to the interplay between these topics. In this way the article is intended to achieve a greater understanding of the ways in which the major political actors in a founder-member of the EU and in a mature member of the EU deal publicly with a number of central issues which touch the concept of the nation very closely, while at the same time being deeply linked to the developing goals and practicalities of EU membership as well as the changes in the composition of the population and resultant cultural shifts. It is anticipated that the analysis will demonstrate trans-national parallels between each of the parties of the left and the right. While this may be due to national convergence, it is also possible to speculate that it is in part a result of international communication between parties of similar outlook.
While news reporters and academic scholars alike have often linked the specter of immigration in Spain to a history of Muslim conquest and Christian reconquest, very little scholarship seems to connect Spain's ability—or inability—to grapple with the “ghost” of contemporary immigration to a pattern and history of emigration. This analysis of the award-winning film Biutiful (2010), by Mexican director, cowriter, and producer Alejandro González Iñárritu (1963-present), aspires to do precisely this: to examine divergent ghosts, to consider how they dialogue with each other, and to see what an analysis of these specters might indicate to us about Spain's relationship to migrants and migration in the present day.
Deemed “model minorities,” second-generation Chinese-Americans have, on average, high levels of educational attainment and, as a result, they have experienced more upward mobility than other groups. Yet, on the other side of the Atlantic, a strikingly different story about Chinese immigrants and their offspring emerges. Based on analysis of the Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation in Spain, findings from this study show that Chinese youths in Spain have substantially lower educational ambitions and attainment than youths from every other nationality. Met with discrimination at school and in the labor market, yet finding financial success in niche markets as small business owners, I argue that the Chinese in Spain have, at least temporarily, forged an alternative pathway of mobility based on entrepreneurial endeavors rather than educational accomplishments – a formula passed on from immigrant parents to their offspring. The way Chinese youths in Spain have calibrated their ambition represents a form of strategic adaptation to the barriers put up against immigrant minorities in Spanish society.
Few studies have investigated contemporary professional migrant women from mainland China to developed economies like Australia to understand their motives of migration and the strategy they may adopt to advance their careers. This paper fills part of this important research gap by investigating the career rebuilding experience of Chinese professional immigrants in Australia. It examines the motives of their migration, their career aspirations, the strategies they adopt to rebuild their career and the types of career they are rebuilding. It explores how the compounded effect of gender, race, immigration and family commitment may be articulated in the family and social relations, and how these factors affect women's career aspirations and outcomes. This paper concludes that whilst social capital is important for Chinese migrant women professionals who already possess a high level of human capital, to restart their post-migration career, cultural capital is crucial for their managerial career advancement.
96 Spanish and Latin American children from 3 grades in Madrid reported their knowledge of positive and negative stereotypes regarding Spaniards, Gypsies, Latin American and Chinese people. Their personal beliefs about these four ethnic groups were also assessed. Stereotypes about Spaniards were perceived as overwhelmingly positive and least negatively while stereotypes about Gypsies were rarely positive and often negative. Spanish children attributed more positive and fewer negative stereotypes to Chinese immigrants than Latin American children did. Older children reported more positive stereotypes about Gypsies than younger children and older Spanish children reported fewer positive stereotypes for their own group than their younger counterparts. Older children's personal beliefs about Gypsies were less consistent with negative stereotypes than younger children's. Older children also showed greater discrepancy of their personal beliefs with positive stereotypes of Spaniards than younger children did. Findings are discussed within the context of socio-cognitive approaches.
Chinese Immigrants in Spain or European Citizens ?
Joaquin BELTRÁN ANTOLÍN
Chinese in Spain are one of the foreign communities with the highest growing rate the last years. The undercommunity coming from Qingtian-Wenzhou is the most important. Born with the coolies of the 20's and 30's, its extraordinary growth coincides with the China opening to foreign world as well as the entrance of Spain in the CEE and its transformation in an attractive country for the non CEE countries immigrants.
First have been developing the chinese restaurants especially in the touristic zones. Many of them, front the outset, are extensions of the restaurants channels with bases in other European countries. The existence of family, international, commercial networks, with an internal mobility of manpower, capital, help, etc.. is the most important characteristic about present Chinese immigrants in Europe who are, practically, more European citizens than the Europeans themselves.
La economía china ha sufrido grandes mutaciones económicas y sociales durante las últimas décadas que han configurado un nuevo escenario, no sólo para la propia economía china, sino también para sus interlocutores comerciales. En este sentido, la adhesión de China a la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) implica modificaciones de gran calado en su política comercial, al asumir este país todo un conjunto de compromisos de apertura y liberalización de mercados inexistentes hasta este momento. Las autoridades económicas españolas, conscientes del potencial económico y comercial que representa China, definieron en el Plan Marco Asia-Pacífico 2000-2002 un conjunto de actuaciones específicas para fomentar la presencia de las empresas españolas en este país. El presente artículo examina detenidamente todas estas cuestiones, enfatizando la actuación empresarial española y los desafíos más inmediatos que la nueva China va a suponer en el contexto económico internacional.
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" Xibanya huaqiao huaren xiehui ji lü xi huaren shetuan qingkuang " (The
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“El régimen legal de la inmigración en España: el continuo cambio”
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2001
" El régimen legal de la inmigración en España: el continuo cambio ", Migraciones, 9(June): 69-104.
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First Drafts from the VIII Spanish Congress on Anthropology Overseas Chinese associations in Spain: festivals as spaces for building social prestige
- Género Y Procesos De Exclusión En Los Relatos Históricos De La Diáspora China
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" Overseas Chinese associations in Spain: festivals as spaces for building
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Spain: UN experts should focus on migrants
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La enseñanza por vocación... Identidad nacional y mujeres inmigrantes chinas
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