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Enhancement of Stress Resistance of the Guppy Poecilia reticulata through Feeding with Vitamin C Supplement
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
Abstract
This study investigated the use of vitamin C supplement in formulated diets and live Artemia juveniles to enhance the stress resistance of the guppy Poecilia reticulata. To evaluate the stress resistance, fish were subjected to osmotic shock in pre-aerated water containing 35 ppt sodium chloride. Ascorbyl acid-polyphosphate and ascorbyl palmitate were used as vitamin C sources for formulated diets and live Artemia juveniles, respectively. Results showed that guppies fed moist formulated diets supplemented with ascorbic acid at 1,000 mg/kg or 2,000 mg/kg diet displayed significantly higher levels of stress resistance than fish fed control formulated diet for 13 d. The stress resistance of fish fed a lower dose (200 mg/kg diet), however, did not differ significantly from that of the control. On the other hand, the stress resistance of guppies fed Artemia juveniles bio-encapsulated with 10% or 20% ascorbyl palmitate did not show significant difference from that of fish fed control Artemia after 20 d. The stress resistance of these three groups of Artemia-fed fish, however, was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control formulated diet. Biochemical analyses showed that raising the ascorbic acid level in feeds resulted in a concomitant increase in the incorporated ascorbic acid level in the whole-body tissue of the guppy. The increased stress resistance of the guppy fed a vitamin C supplemented diet has also been demonstrated in four commercial farms. The potential application of the improved stress resistance in the ornamental fish industry was discussed.
... Previous studies indicated that fatty acids play a critical role in the reproductive physiology of teleost fishes (Tuncer & Harrell 1992;Kim et al 1996;Furuita et al 1996b;Ershad Langroudi et al 2009) such as maintaining immune function, osmoregulatory systems and endocrine system function (Ako et al 1994;Awaiss et al 1996;Furuita et al 1996a;Koueta et al 2002). Ershad Langroudi et al (2009) conducted similar tests using Pterophyllum scalare fed-enriched A. urmiana that has been fed fatty acids and vitamin C. Vitamin C plays an important role in maintaining immune response and is required for numerous biological functions in fish and other vertebrates, for example, maintaining skeletal integrity, growth and survival and physiological responsibilities such as resistance against stressors, poisoning (Merchie et al 1997;Gapasin et al 1998;Lim et al 2002a;Dhert et al 2004). Also immune activities improved in different species of aquatic larvae with usage of vitamin C complements . ...
... The importance of DHA in fish development is also well documented (Kanazawa 1995;Furuita et al 1996a;Furuita et al 1996b). Similar research with Acipenser sp., Indian white shrimp post larvae (Fenneropenaeus indicus), rainbow trout larvae (Oncorhynchus mykiss), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and milk fish larvae (Chanos chanos) reported that enriched Artemia with unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C increased larval survival rate (Dhert et al 2004;Gapasin et al 1998;Giri et al 2002;Lim et al 2002a). In the present study, we observed an increase in survival between the control and the treatments using fatty acid and vitamin C enrichments. ...
... Studies on freshwater angel fish Pterophyllum scalare and the livebearer swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii showed the effects of using live food include enriched foods on increasing reproductive performance (Ershad Langroudi et al 2009;. Lim et al (2002aLim et al ( , 2002bLim et al ( , 2003, Dhert et al (2004), Ershad Langroudi et al (2009) and studied on Poecilia reticulata, X. helleri, Xiphophorus maculatus, Poecilia sphenops, Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi, P. scalare and Symphysodon aequifasciata, and reported that uses enriched Artemia with unsaturated fatty acid and vitamin C in broodstocks or larvae diet improved reproductive and larval culture performance. We also found that growth increased by live diets compared with control. ...
Temperature, as an environmental factor, plays an important role in life of fishes. This study was conducted to investigate effects of temperature on body shape of swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii)
during the early development using geometric morphometrics. A total of 60 newly-born fries were reared in two temperature treatments (17 and 26°C) for two months. The left side of the specimens were then photographed, 16 landmarks were defined and digitized using the software tpsDig2 to extract the body shape data. The extracted data were superimposed using generalized procreates analysis, analyzed using the discriminant function analysis and Hoteling’s T2. There was a significant difference between body shape of the specimens exposed to the temperature treatments with those experienced higher temperature had a deeper head at the level of the operculum, deeper body depth and caudal peduncle, and shorter tail length. The results indicated that temperature is an important environmental parameter impacting the body shape of green swordtail during the early developmental stage.
... Previous studies indicated that fatty acids play a critical role in the reproductive physiology of teleost fishes (Tuncer & Harrell 1992;Kim et al 1996;Furuita et al 1996b;Ershad et al 2009) such as maintaining immune function, osmoregulatory systems and endocrine system function (Ako et al 1994;Awaiss et al 1996;Furuita et al 1996a;Koueta & Noel 2002). Ershad et al (2009) conducted similar tests using Pterophyllum scalare fed-enriched Artemia urmiana that has been fed fatty acids and vitamin C. Vitamin C plays an important role in maintaining immune response and is required for numerous biological functions in fish and other vertebrates, for example, maintaining skeletal integrity, growth and survival and physiological responsibilities such as resistance against stressors, poisoning (Merchie 1997;Gapasin et al 1998;Lim 2002a;Dhert et al 2004). Also immune activities improved in different species of aquatic larvae with usage of vitamin C complements Hanaee Kashani et al 2011). ...
... The importance of DHA in fish development is also well documented (Kanazawa 1995;Furuita et al 1996a;Furuita et al 1996b). Similar research with Acipenser sp., Indian white shrimp post larvae (Fenneropenaeus indicus), rainbow trout larvae (Oncorhynchus mykiss), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobranchium rosenbergii) and milk fish larvae (Chanos chanos) reported that enriched Artemia with unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C increased larval survival rate (Dhert et al 2004;Gapasin et al 1998;Girri et al 2002;Lim 2002a). In the present study, we observed an increase in survival between the control and the treatments using fatty acid and vitamin C enrichments. ...
... Adding Artemia with unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C to larvae diets improved larval survival rate (Merchie 1997;Ershad et al 2008). Since vitamin C decreases stress negative effects Merchie 1997;Gapasin et al 1998;Lim 2002a;Dhert et al 2004), as result; decreasing in environmental stresses effects on larvae caused the increase its survival in treatment which had been enriched with ascorbic acid. Increasing unsaturated fatty acid and vitamin C contents in the larvae food could transmit beneficial effects on immune and health factors and increasing larvae survival. ...
The effect of essential fatty acids (EFA) and vitamin C enriched Artemia nauplii on red swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 fry growth, survival rate and resistance to high temperature stress (34ºC) were determined. Fry were fed 6-times daily with practical diet (P), P + Artemia, Artemia + essential fatty acid (EFA), Artemia + EFA + 0.5 g vitamin C and Artemia + EFA + 1 g vitamin C for 17 weeks in glass aquaria. Results showed that P + Artemia was the most effective diet in growth indices including weight gain (2744.8 ± 32.6 mg), length increasing (47.6 ± 4.6 mm), the specific growth rate (SGR) with 3.7 ± 0.2%, and the average daily gain (ADG) with 22.9 ± 2.2%. Artemia + EFA + 1 g vitamin C resulted in the highest survival rate in 120 day-old fish (95.8 ± 2.5%) and highest resistance of 10 day-old fry to high temperature with 96.4 ± 1.3%. Feeding live food as supplement, reduced the mortality rate, increased growth performance, and increased the larval resistance to high temperature stress, which showed that using live food is beneficial for larviculture of the ornamental fish. Introduction. The nutritional condition of broodstocks and larvae can impact on several larviculture aspects of fish and other aquatic organisms; this includes growth performance and survival rate (Xu et al 1994; Marsden et al 1997; Perez-Velazquez et al 2002; Wouters et al 2002; Racotta et al 2003). Lipids and amino acids are major sources of metabolic energy during the embryonic and prefeeding larval stages in fishes. At hatch, yolk-sac larvae have high levels of these energy sources, but they are dramatically reduced during the endogenous feeding stage (Evans et al 2000). Thus, start-feeding larvae require a live feed that provides sufficient levels of these energy sources. Studies have shown that essential fatty acids (EFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20: 5n-3) are also important in larval fish nutrition (Takeuchi 1997; McEvoy et al 1998; Estevez et al 1999; Sargent et al 1999). However, the live feeds commonly used for the first-feeding larval stages, such as rotifers and Artemia, which are naturally poor in these fatty acids, so enrichment of live foods with lipids rich in EFA is necessary to achieve better growth and survival through metamorphosis (Rainuzzo et al 1997; Binh & Serrano 2012). Recently, absolute and relative levels of DHA and EPA in the diets of fish larvae have received considerable attention (Sargent et al 1999; Harel et al 2002; Bell & Sargent 2003). Other specific benefits of feeding DHA enriched diets to fish larvae include successful metamorphosis, reduced pigmentation problems, enhanced vision capabilities, improved neural development and stress resistance (Watanabe 1993). In the case of freshwater ornamental fish culture, there is little information on the nutritional requirements to cover larvae needs. Since common food sources for ornamental species are live
... Previous studies indicated that fatty acids play a critical role in the reproductive physiology of teleost fishes (Tuncer & Harrell 1992;Kim et al 1996;Furuita et al 1996b;Ershad et al 2009) such as maintaining immune function, osmoregulatory systems and endocrine system function (Ako et al 1994;Awaiss et al 1996;Furuita et al 1996a;Koueta & Noel 2002). Ershad et al (2009) conducted similar tests using Pterophyllum scalare fed-enriched Artemia urmiana that has been fed fatty acids and vitamin C. Vitamin C plays an important role in maintaining immune response and is required for numerous biological functions in fish and other vertebrates, for example, maintaining skeletal integrity, growth and survival and physiological responsibilities such as resistance against stressors, poisoning (Merchie 1997;Gapasin et al 1998;Lim 2002a;Dhert et al 2004). Also immune activities improved in different species of aquatic larvae with usage of vitamin C complements Hanaee Kashani et al 2011). ...
... The importance of DHA in fish development is also well documented (Kanazawa 1995;Furuita et al 1996a;Furuita et al 1996b). Similar research with Acipenser sp., Indian white shrimp post larvae (Fenneropenaeus indicus), rainbow trout larvae (Oncorhynchus mykiss), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobranchium rosenbergii) and milk fish larvae (Chanos chanos) reported that enriched Artemia with unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C increased larval survival rate (Dhert et al 2004;Gapasin et al 1998;Girri et al 2002;Lim 2002a). In the present study, we observed an increase in survival between the control and the treatments using fatty acid and vitamin C enrichments. ...
... Adding Artemia with unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C to larvae diets improved larval survival rate (Merchie 1997;Ershad et al 2008). Since vitamin C decreases stress negative effects Merchie 1997;Gapasin et al 1998;Lim 2002a;Dhert et al 2004), as result; decreasing in environmental stresses effects on larvae caused the increase its survival in treatment which had been enriched with ascorbic acid. Increasing unsaturated fatty acid and vitamin C contents in the larvae food could transmit beneficial effects on immune and health factors and increasing larvae survival. ...
The effect of essential fatty acids (EFA) and vitamin C enriched Artemia nauplii on red swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 fry growth, survival rate and resistance to high temperature stress (34ºC) were determined. Fry were fed 6-times daily with practical diet (P), P + Artemia, Artemia + essential fatty acid (EFA), Artemia + EFA + 0.5 g vitamin C and Artemia + EFA + 1 g vitamin C for 17 weeks in glass aquaria. Results showed that P + Artemia was the most effective diet in growth indices including weight gain (2744.8 ± 32.6 mg), length increasing (47.6 ± 4.6 mm), the specific growth rate (SGR) with 3.7 ± 0.2%, and the average daily gain (ADG) with 22.9 ± 2.2%. Artemia + EFA + 1 g vitamin C resulted in the highest survival rate in 120 day-old fish (95.8 ± 2.5%) and highest resistance of 10 day-old fry to high temperature with 96.4 ± 1.3%. Feeding live food as supplement, reduced the mortality rate, increased growth performance, and increased the larval resistance to high temperature stress, which showed that using live food is beneficial for larviculture of the ornamental fish. Introduction. The nutritional condition of broodstocks and larvae can impact on several larviculture aspects of fish and other aquatic organisms; this includes growth performance and survival rate (Xu et al 1994; Marsden et al 1997; Perez-Velazquez et al 2002; Wouters et al 2002; Racotta et al 2003). Lipids and amino acids are major sources of metabolic energy during the embryonic and prefeeding larval stages in fishes. At hatch, yolk-sac larvae have high levels of these energy sources, but they are dramatically reduced during the endogenous feeding stage (Evans et al 2000). Thus, start-feeding larvae require a live feed that provides sufficient levels of these energy sources. Studies have shown that essential fatty acids (EFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20: 5n-3) are also important in larval fish nutrition (Takeuchi 1997; McEvoy et al 1998; Estevez et al 1999; Sargent et al 1999). However, the live feeds commonly used for the first-feeding larval stages, such as rotifers and Artemia, which are naturally poor in these fatty acids, so enrichment of live foods with lipids rich in EFA is necessary to achieve better growth and survival through metamorphosis (Rainuzzo et al 1997; Binh & Serrano 2012). Recently, absolute and relative levels of DHA and EPA in the diets of fish larvae have received considerable attention (Sargent et al 1999; Harel et al 2002; Bell & Sargent 2003). Other specific benefits of feeding DHA enriched diets to fish larvae include successful metamorphosis, reduced pigmentation problems, enhanced vision capabilities, improved neural development and stress resistance (Watanabe 1993). In the case of freshwater ornamental fish culture, there is little information on the nutritional requirements to cover larvae needs. Since common food sources for ornamental species are live
... Established techniques have demonstrated the ability to boost the endogenous L-AA levels in Artemia nauplii and juveniles (Merchie et al. 1995a;Smith et al. 2004a;Monroig et al. 2007). However, the transfer of this methodology to larger juveniles or adults has not resulted in similar levels of enrichment (Lim et al. 2002). Thus, it is of particular interest to researchers involved in culturing species that utilize adult Artemia (Lim et al. 2002;Smith et al. 2002;Ritar et al. 2003) as a food source to look for other vitamin C boosting strategies. ...
... However, the transfer of this methodology to larger juveniles or adults has not resulted in similar levels of enrichment (Lim et al. 2002). Thus, it is of particular interest to researchers involved in culturing species that utilize adult Artemia (Lim et al. 2002;Smith et al. 2002;Ritar et al. 2003) as a food source to look for other vitamin C boosting strategies. ...
... In recent years, the rearing of new aquaculture species with specific life stage requirements has required diversifying the use of Artemia by including live juvenile and adults as well as frozen or freeze-dried AB (Lim et al. 2002;Smith et al. 2002Smith et al. , 2004a. The ability of Artemia to metabolize and store specific biochemical substances (Sorgeloos et al. 1998;Narciso et al. 1999;Smith et al. 2002) while suffering no obvious detrimental physiological effects enables their use as a vehicle for the delivery of chemotherapeutics, including L-AA. ...
L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Na/Ca (AMP-Na/Ca) was used as a vitamin C source to investigate its ascorbic acid (L-AA) enrichment and retention in boosted Artemia biomass (AB) and squid mantle muscle (SM). Different doses of AMP-Na/Ca (500, 1000, and 1500 AMP-Na/Ca mg/kg) were gradually dissolved into the culture tanks at time 0 (T0) and at each hour until Hour 6 (T6). Samples of AB and SM were taken for AMP-Na/Ca and L-AA analysis at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T12, and T24. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the AB groups at T1. The T6 enrichment analysis for AB resulted in significant differences (P < 0.05) in the AMP-Na/Ca content for the 1500 mg/kg treatment,
in which the initial concentration (0.001±0.002 mg/kg) increased by more than 16-fold. For all AB enrichment treatments, the AMP-Na/Ca content demonstrated a decrease (32–11%) for the T6, T12 and T24 analysis. The T1 analysis for SMat the higher AMP-Na/Ca enrichment concentration registered 30 mg/kg of L-AA and decreased (27.6%) at T6. This study demonstrated thatABand SMcan be boosted with AMP-Na/Ca. (En Prensa)
... An improvement in broodstock nutrition has been shown to greatly improve not only the egg and sperm quality but also the seed production (both the quantity and the quality). Numerous studies have clarified and confirmed an improved fry quality through the enhancement of broodstock nutrition (Abdollahi, Heidari, & Aghamaali, 2016;Abrehouch, Ait, Chebbaki, Akharbach, & Idaomar, 2010;Aby-ayad, Melard, & Kestemont, 1997;Dhert et al., 2004;Ershad, Mousavi-Sabet, Falahatkar, & Moradkhani, 2009;Fernández-Palacios, Norberg, Izquierdo, & Hamre, 2011;Furuita, Tanaka, Yamamoto, Suzuki, & Takeuchi, 2003;Izquierdo, Femandez-Palacios, & Tacon, 2001;Wang & Zhang, 2010;Zhang, Wang, & Wang, 2013). ...
... The authors attribute this result to the proportion of n-3 HUFA in fish eggs, which should not be used as a sole criterion for assessing the quality of eggs. Using Artemia enriched with HUFA and vitamin C in the broodstock diet improved the fecundity and larval survival in guppy (Dhert et al., 2004) and angelfish (Ershad et al., 2009). However, Parma et al. (2014) found a reasonable correlation between monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA), and n-6/n-3 HUFA and the survival rate of common sole larvae, while a negative correlation was detected between DHA, n-3 PUFA, and DHA/EPA and the survival percentage. ...
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal inherited immunity acquired from crustacean-enhanced diets on the vitality and profitability of sea bass offspring. Newly hatched larvae produced from three groups of broodstock were evaluated. The broodstock were fed (a) a basal diet (BD), (b) a Palaemon-supplemented diet (PSD), and (c) an Artemia-supplemented diet (ASD) for 42 days. A total of 400,000 larvae at 3 days posthatch (DPH) produced from each treatment were stocked in larval rearing tanks at 40 larvae/L for 42 days. Survival (%) was improved by 37 and 9.96% in the groups fed ASD and PSD compared with the control group. The growth, swim bladder (%), and condition factor all significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved in the postlarvae produced from broodstock enhanced with crustacean diets. Compared with the BD group, the serum lysozyme activities of the fish groups fed ASD and PSD increased by 45.6 and 11.7%, respectively. Sea bass fry (90DPH) produced from broodstock fed ASD showed the best tolerance to salinity/temperature stress tests. Furthermore, the profitability improved in ASD and PSD compared with the BD group. In conclusion, sea bass broodstock enhanced with Artemia biomass produced offspring of superior quality with less cost and greater profit margins.
... Other observations on this line come from Dabrowski et al. (2004) [7] in Japanese eel with significantly increasing values of PCV. However the present observations are not in agreement with the findings of Lim et al. (2002) [17] in channel catfish and Falahatker et al. (2006) [10] in sturgeon as they reported decreased PCV values. The total hemoglobin content had shown a significantly increasing trend with vitamin C supplemented group in our study, corroborating with the observations of Falahatkar et al. (2006) [10] in great sturgeon (Huso huso) and Affonso et al. (2007) [1] in juvenile matrinxa, (B. ...
... Other observations on this line come from Dabrowski et al. (2004) [7] in Japanese eel with significantly increasing values of PCV. However the present observations are not in agreement with the findings of Lim et al. (2002) [17] in channel catfish and Falahatker et al. (2006) [10] in sturgeon as they reported decreased PCV values. The total hemoglobin content had shown a significantly increasing trend with vitamin C supplemented group in our study, corroborating with the observations of Falahatkar et al. (2006) [10] in great sturgeon (Huso huso) and Affonso et al. (2007) [1] in juvenile matrinxa, (B. ...
... Now-a-days frozen adult Artemia are widely used by ornamental fish breeders and aqua culturists [3]. The growth performance of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) fry and adults feed Artemia nauplii were significantly better than those feed Moina [39]. Decapsulated Artemia cysts could be used for feeding larvae of ornamental fishes because of their smaller size (200µm), more hygienic and containing 30% more energy than newly hatched Artemia nauplii and could be applied replacing Artemia nauplii or Moina in fresh water ornamental fish culture [20]. ...
... Decapsulated Artemia cysts could be used for feeding larvae of ornamental fishes because of their smaller size (200µm), more hygienic and containing 30% more energy than newly hatched Artemia nauplii and could be applied replacing Artemia nauplii or Moina in fresh water ornamental fish culture [20]. The fry of fresh water ornamental fishes like from guppy (Poecilia reticulata), platy, swordtail (Xiphophorus heleri), molly and black neon tetra could readily accept decapsulated Artemia cysts and their performance is comparable or better in terms of growth, survival and stress resistance than those feed Artemia nauplii and Moina [39]. The older and bigger on-grown Artemia could be used as live feed in the hatchery for feeding brooders of ornamental fishes. ...
Ornamental fish are being kept for more than three centuries, particularly in Europe since the early 17 th century. The culture of larvae of many species of ornamental fish is precariously dependent upon the availability of live foods, whether plant or animal. Although the recent progress in the production of artificial feeds for ornamental fish larvae, feeding of most species still relies on live foods during the early life stages. Besides their nutritional value, live foods are easily detected and captured, due to their swimming movements in the water column, and highly digestible. The present paper reviews the main types of live foods used in ornamental fish larviculture, their advantages and deficiencies, with a special stress on their nutritional value. The most frequently used live foods in ornamental fish larviculture are rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and brine shrimp (Artemia sp.). Though, both rotifers and Artemia have nutritional deficiencies for marine species, mainly in essential n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Enrichment of these live foods with HUFA before using them as live food appears to increase growth and survival of a variety of larvae. Several species of microalgae are also used in larviculture. These are used as feed for culture of other live food organisms in the green water technique in larval rearing of ornamental fish, with presumed beneficial effects on feeding behaviour, digestive function, nutritional value, water quality and micro flora. Copepods and other natural zooplankton organisms have also been used as live foods, normally with significantly better results in terms of larval survival rates, growth and quality, when compared with rotifers and Artemia. However, research on nutritional requirements of ornamental fishes is required in order to determine optimal dietary inclusion levels.
... Dietary supplements are commonly used in aquaculture for a wide variety of reasons including stress reduction (Peng et al. 2013;Vallejos-Vidal et al. 2016), improving specific and nonspecific immune resistance (Wang et al. 2006;Vallejos-Vidal et al. 2016), enhancing colouration (Pan & Chien 2009;Kouba et al. 2013) and increasing growth rate (Vallejos-Vidal et al. 2016). Therefore, prior to transport, there is the opportunity to use dietary supplements to enhance the immune system and improve stress tolerance (Volpatti et al. 1998;Lim et al. 2002;Rollo et al. 2006). ...
... Fish cannot synthesise ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and rely on absorption through their food (Sales & Janssens 2003;Peng et al. 2013). Supplementing feed with ascorbic acid has been found to reduce mortality following a stressor (Lim et al. 2002). Peng et al. (2013) fed silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus, Euphras en, 1788) a diet supplemented with ascorbic acid (L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, 35% ascorbic acid equivalent to a concentration of 100, 450 or 800 mg ascorbic acid kg À1 diet) for 9 weeks. ...
The transport of live fish for aquaculture, either for food or as companion animals, presents a major issue for animal welfare. The stressors associated with live transportation are well documented with a focus on maintaining water quality during transport to reduce stress. Far less considered is our ability to enhance health and welfare during transport through the use of dietary and water additives prior to and during transport. With increasing interest in the use of plant essential oils as feed additives in food fish aquaculture and the increased availability of products claiming to alleviate stress in ornamental species, there is a need for scientific investigation into these potential welfare-promoting methods. Here, we summarise current knowledge on the use of food additives, water conditioners, antibiotics, antimicrobials and probiotics to promote fish health during transport. This review aims to highlight the gaps in our knowledge surrounding promising ways of promoting fish health during transport and to stimulate new research in this area.
... Our results demonstrate that common carp fry fed dietary vitC showed significantly higher resistance to salinity stress compared to the control group. Our results agree with those previously obtained in different fish species fed vitC diets exposed to stress, such as guppy, Poecilia reticulata, under salinity stress (Lim et al. 2002), Labeo rohita exposed to pathogens (Misra et al. 2007) and Megalobrama amblycephala under heat stress (Ming et al. 2012). These results demonstrated that the stress resistance of fish could be enhanced through nutritional prophylaxis by supplementation of vitamin C in the formulated diet (Lim et al. 2002). ...
... Our results agree with those previously obtained in different fish species fed vitC diets exposed to stress, such as guppy, Poecilia reticulata, under salinity stress (Lim et al. 2002), Labeo rohita exposed to pathogens (Misra et al. 2007) and Megalobrama amblycephala under heat stress (Ming et al. 2012). These results demonstrated that the stress resistance of fish could be enhanced through nutritional prophylaxis by supplementation of vitamin C in the formulated diet (Lim et al. 2002). ...
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of vitamin C (vitC) on the growth, skeletal abnormalities (vertebral column and lack of operculum), blood biochemical parameters, haematocrit, survival and resistance to salinity stress in common carp fry (0.5 ± 0.08 g). Fish were fed diets containing vitC at different levels: 0 (control), 50, 100 and 1000 mg kg−1 diet for 48 days. The results showed that there was a significant increase in final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate in those fish fed vitC diets compared with the control (P < 0.05). Food conversion rate of fish fed vitC diets was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the control group. On the other hand, abnormalities in the operculum and vertebral column were found in fish fed the vitC-free diet, but did not significantly different compared with treatment groups (P < 0.05). Challenges were carried out after 48 days of feeding, to determine the effect of vitamin C on resistance to different salinities (0, 6 and 12 ppt). Cortisol, haematocrit (fish fed control diet), sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels increased with the increase in salinity (P < 0.05). Haematocrit levels of fish fed the vitamin C-supplemented diets were not significantly affected by different salinities (P > 0.05). In addition, supplementation of vitC significantly increased survival rate and resistance to salinity stress challenge of fed fish. These results confirm that vitC improves growth performance, skeletal development, blood parameters, survival and resistance to salinity stress of common carp fry, a very important fish species in the Caspian Sea.
... Brood stock fed live food often perform better because the live food may have greater nutritional value, be more palatable and easier to digest and can positively influence gonadal development and propagation. Successful fish production depends upon access to suitable food for feeding that is healthy and supports growth for brood stock and for the newborn stages for the larvae (Lim 2002a). Fish breeding requires suitable food with high quality that it is accepted and digested easily by the fish (Lim 2002b). ...
... The effect of enriching live artemia with long chain unsaturated fatty acid and Vitamin C is has been evaluated in different species of fishes and shrimp in salt and fresh water, but only in a few ornamental fishes. Similar research with Acipenser sp., Indian white shrimp post larvae (Tenaeus indicus), rainbow trout larvae (Oncorhynchus mykiss), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobranchium rosenbergii) and milk fish larvae (Chanos chanos) reported and that enriched artemia with unsaturated fatty acid and Vitamin C increased larvae survival rate (Dhert et al. 2004;Gapasin 1998;Girri et al. 2002;Lim 2002a). Here we saw an increase in survival between the control and the treatments using fatty acid enrichment, but adding vitamin C in addition to the unsaturated fatty acids did not appear to increase survival. ...
Artemia urmiana was added to diets of angel fish Pterophyllum scalare and various factors including fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and larvae survival rate and interval between spawning and total time for the eight spawning cycles were determined. Broodstock angel fish (18 pairs) were kept separately in a 50 L aquarium. Diets containing artemia and fatty acids were most effective with the average rate of fecundity of 378 eggs, 98.9% fertilization, 97.5% hatching for fish fed the live Artemia urmiana + fatty acid diet. Artemia urmiana + fatty acid emulsion + 0.5 g vitamin C resulted in the highest larvae survival (93.3%) which was also significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). The shortest interval for the eight spawning cycles (43 days, 6 day intervals) was for fish fed the Artemia urmiana + fatty acid + 1 g vitamin C diet. Feeding live food reduced the time for the eight spawning cycles evaluated and increasing fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and larvae survival rate. Adding Artemia urmiana decreased this time between spawns and would be a useful ingredient to include in diets for broodstock in continuous spawning operations and is likely to be economical for broodstock operations because of increased efficiency even though the feed cost would be higher.
... The effect of enriching live artemia with long chain unsaturated fatty acid and Vitamin C is has been evaluated in different species of fishes and shrimp in salt and fresh water, but only in a few ornamental fishes. Similar research with Acipenser sp., Indian white shrimp post larvae (Tenaeus indicus), rainbow trout larvae (Oncorhynchus mykiss), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobranchium rosenbergii) and milk fish larvae (Chanos chanos) reported and that enriched artemia with unsaturated fatty acid and Vitamin C increased larvae survival rate (Dhert et al. 2004;Gapasin 1998;Girri et al. 2002;Lim 2002a). Here we saw an increase in survival between the control and the treatments using fatty acid enrichment, but adding vitamin C in addition to the unsaturated fatty acids did not appear to increase survival. ...
... Also, Tamaru et al. (2003) noted that the use of live food for angel fish brood stock and Carassius auratus increases fertilization percent. Lim et al. (2003), Tamaru et al. (2003), Dhert (2004) and Moradkhani (2008) researched feeding for Poecilia reticulata, Xiphophorus helleri, Xiphophorus maculates, Poecilia sphenops, Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi, Cichlasoma severum, Carassius auratus and Symphysodon aequifasciata and found that enrichment of Artemia urmiana with unsaturated fatty acid and ascorbic acid and its use in feeding of brood stocks improved larvae survival rate. ...
Artemia (Artemia urmiana) was added to diets of Angelfish and various factors: fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and larvae survival rate and interval between continuous spawning and total time for 8 spawning for Angelfish. Five diets were tested (n=3): a 40% crude protein diet (control); control diet + live Artemia, live Artemia; live artemia + unsaturated fatty acid live Artemia + unsaturated fatty acid + 1gr vitamin C. Broodstock Angelfish (18 pair) were kept in a 50 L aquarium (28 ± 1°C, pH 7.5-8.3, hardness <170ppm). Fish were fed 4 times per day between 7:00 and 23:00. The average rate of fecundity was 378 eggs, 98.9% fertilization, 97.5% hatching for fish fed the live artemia + fatty acid. The artemia + fatty acid + 0.5 g vitamin C resulted in the highest larvae survival (93.3%) which was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). The shortest period for 8 spawning cycles (43 days, 6 day interval) was for the Artemia + fatty acid + 1 g vitamin C. Feeding live food reduced the time for 8 spawning cycles and increasing fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and larvae survival rate. Adding Artemia decreases this time between spawns and would be a useful ingredient for continuous spawning operations and is likely to be economicall for broodstock operations because of increased efficiency even though the feed cost would be higher.
... It can spawn 10-15 times on average, each time producing hundreds of eggs Brood stock fed live food often perform better because the live food may have greater nutritional value, be more palatable and easier to digest and can positively influence gonadal development and propagation. Successful fish production depends upon access to suitable food for feeding that is healthy and supports growth for brood stock and for the newborn stages for the larvae (Lim 2002a). Among numerous sources and variety in live food, Artemia is particularly important. ...
... The effect of enriching live artemia with long chain unsaturated fatty acid and Vitamin C is has been evaluated in different species of fishes and shrimp in salt and fresh water, but only in a few ornamental fishes. Similar research with Acipenser sp., Indian white shrimp post larvae (Tenaeus indicus), rainbow trout larvae (Oncorhynchus mykiss), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobranchium rosenbergii) and milk fish larvae (Chanos chanos) reported and that enriched artemia with unsaturated fatty acid and Vitamin C increased larvae survival rate (Dhert et al. 2004;Gapasin 1998;Girri et al. 2002;Lim 2001;Lim 2002a). Here we saw an increase in survival between the control and the treatments using fatty acid enrichment, but adding vitamin C in addition to the unsaturated fatty acids did not appear to increase survival. ...
Artemia was added to diets of angel fish Pterophyllum scalare broodstocks and larvae survival rate was determined. Broodstock angel fish (18 pairs) were kept separately in a 50 L aquarium. Artemia + fatty acid emulsion + 0.5 g vitamin C resulted in the highest larvae survival (93.3%) which was also significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). Adding Artemia decreased larval mortality rate and would be a useful ingredient to include in diets for broodstock in continuous spawning operations and is likely to be economical for broodstock operations because of increased efficiency even though the feed cost would be higher. Introduction Ornamental fishes are popular pets around the world and their cultivation can be quite lucrative. Fresh water ornamental fishes are found in different areas in the world and the aquarium industry has developed methods for cultivation and propagation of many common species. Angel fish Pterophyllum scalare is native of Central America and can live and adapt to a variety of climate or environmental conditions. This fish is commonly sexually mature at less than one year of age. Its life spawn depends upon how well proper culture conditions are maintained, but it seems that this fish would survive for 2-3 years under ideal conditions. It can spawn 10-15 times on average, each time producing hundreds of eggs Brood stock fed live food often perform
... The effect of enriching live artemia with long chain unsaturated fatty acid and Vitamin C is has been evaluated in different species of fishes and shrimp in salt and fresh water, but only in a few ornamental fishes. Similar research with Acipenser sp., Indian white shrimp post larvae (Tenaeus indicus), rainbow trout larvae (Oncorhynchus mykiss), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobranchium rosenbergii) and milk fish larvae (Chanos chanos) reported and that enriched artemia with unsaturated fatty acid and Vitamin C increased larvae survival rate (Dhert et al. 2004;Gapasin 1998;Girri et al. 2002;Lim 2001;Lim 2002a). Here we saw an increase in survival between the control and the treatments using fatty acid enrichment, also adding vitamin C in addition to the unsaturated fatty acids increased survival. ...
... Also, Tamaru et al. (2003) noted that the use of live food for Angel brood stock and Carassius auratus increases fertilization percent. Lim et al. (2003), Tamaru et al. (2003), Dhert (2004) and Moradkhani (2008) researched feeding for Poecilia reticulata, Xiphophorus helleri, Xiphophorus maculates, Poecilia sphenops, Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi, Cichlasoma severum, Carassius auratus and Symphysodon aequifasciata and found that enrichment of Artemia with unsaturated fatty acid and ascorbic acid and its use in feeding of brood stocks improved larvae survival rate. Adding Artemia with unsaturated fatty acids and Vitamin C to broodstocks diets improved larval survival rate (Moradkhani 2008;Lim 2001a;Lim 2001b;Merchie 1997;Sorgeloos 1980;Tamaru et al. 2003). ...
Enriched Artemia nauply with unsaturated fatty acid and vitamin C was added to diets of Oscar Astronotus ocellatus larvae and survival rate was determined. Oscar larvae were kept separately in a 50 L aquarium. Artemia + fatty acid emulsion + 1.0 g vitamin C resulted in the highest larvae survival (92.0%) which was also significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). Adding Artemia decreased larval mortality rate and would be a useful ingredient to include in diets for larvae and is likely to be economical for hatchery operations because of increased efficiency even though the feed cost would be higher. Introduction Ornamental fishes are popular pets around the world and their cultivation can be quite lucrative. Fresh water ornamental fishes are found in different areas in the world and the aquarium industry has developed methods for cultivation and propagation of many common species. Oscar Astronotus ocellatus is native of Central America and can live and adapt to a variety of climate or environmental conditions. This fish is commonly sexually mature at less than three year of age. Its life spawn depends upon how well proper culture conditions are maintained, but it seems that this fish would survive for 5-8 years under ideal conditions. Successful fish production depends upon access to suitable
... Diversos testes de resistência ao estresse vêm sendo utilizados como: a exposição ao ar (Sakakura et al., 1998;Arends et al., 1999;Benfey & Biron, 2000;Martins et al., 2000;Koven et al., 2001;Luz & Portella, 2002;Van Anholt et al., 2004;Luz & Portella, 2005b), resposta de sensibilidade à inoculação de bactérias (Chair et al., 1994;Gatesoupe, 1995), exposição a altos níveis de amônia (Mazik et al., 1987), variações na salinidade da água (Lim et al., 2002;Koven et al., 2003;Van Anholt et al., 2004), confinamento (Arends et al., 1999 e variações de temperatura e exposição a baixos níveis de oxigênio (Tago et al., 1999). Ako et al. (1994) utilizaram náuplios de Artemia sp. ...
... Nas análises estatísticas, utilizou-se o programa SAS versão 6.12 (SAS Institute, 1997). (Lim et al., 2002). ...
Theobjective of this work was to evaluate the effect of feeding on stress resistance and growth in larvae of neotropical fish of the species: Astronotus ocellatus, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Pseudoplatystoma coruscans. Larvae received different types of food (Artemia sp., Colossoma macropomum larvae and artificial microdiet Fry Feed Kyowa). Resistance tests to air exposure were applied, and larvae survival was determined after 24hours. To evaluate the growth, weight measures were performed during the different treatments. A.ocellatus larvae fed on Artemia sp. nauplii tended to better resistant and weight than others that received artificial microdiet. P.mesopotamicus larvae showed better stress resistance and weight values when fed on Artemia sp. or under mixed feeding (Artemia sp. + artificial microdiet). For P.coruscans, the use of forage fish larvae provided more resistant individuals than those treated with Artemia sp. or artificial food. However, values of weight were the same for both foods. The live food is important in the growth in weight as well as in the improvement of the stress resistance in the studied species.
... Diversos testes de resistência ao estresse vêm sendo utilizados como: a exposição ao ar (Sakakura et al., 1998;Arends et al., 1999;Benfey & Biron, 2000;Martins et al., 2000;Koven et al., 2001;Luz & Portella, 2002;Van Anholt et al., 2004;Luz & Portella, 2005b), resposta de sensibilidade à inoculação de bactérias (Chair et al., 1994;Gatesoupe, 1995), exposição a altos níveis de amônia (Mazik et al., 1987), variações na salinidade da água (Lim et al., 2002;Koven et al., 2003;Van Anholt et al., 2004), confinamento (Arends et al., 1999 e variações de temperatura e exposição a baixos níveis de oxigênio (Tago et al., 1999). Ako et al. (1994) utilizaram náuplios de Artemia sp. ...
... Nas análises estatísticas, utilizou-se o programa SAS versão 6.12 (SAS Institute, 1997). (Lim et al., 2002). ...
Oobjetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da alimentação na resistência ao estresse e no crescimento de larvas das espécies de peixes neotropicais: Astronotus ocellatus (Oscar), Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) e Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (pintado). Aslarvas receberam diferentes tipos de alimentos (Artemia sp., larvas de Colossoma macropomum e dieta artificial Fry Feed Kyowa). Foram realizados testes de exposição ao ar e a taxa de sobrevivência, determinada 24horas depois. Afim de avaliar o crescimento, medidas de peso foram realizadas em larvas dos diferentes tratamentos. Larvas de A.ocellatus alimentadas com náuplios de Artemia sp. apresentaram tendência de maior peso e resistência ao estresse, quando comparadas com o uso de dieta artificial. Larvas de P.mesopotamicus apresentaram melhores valores de peso e taxas de resistência ao estresse, quando alimentadas com Artemiasp. ou alimentação mista (Artemia sp. + dieta artificial). Em P.coruscans, o uso de larvas forrageiras resultou em indivíduos mais resistentes aos testes de exposição ao ar do que os que receberam apenas Artemia sp. Valores de peso, nos dois manejos alimentares, foram semelhantes entresi. Oalimento vivo desempenha importante atuação no crescimento em peso e na melhora da resistência ao estresse das espécies estudadas.
... Another supplement used in aquaculture is vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is critical for many biological processes such as collagen synthesis, wound healing, immune system enhancement, increased stress resistance, and survival in many fish species (Barros et al., 2014;Lim et al., 2002;Peng et al., 2013). However, very few studies on this topic exist for the Centropomidae family and are limited to testing vitamin C supplementation in their diet and its possible effects (Phromkunthong et al., 1994;Silvão and Nunes, 2017;Tucker, 1987). ...
This study provided evidence of the effects of vitamin C and probiotic treatment on the productive performance and hematological profile in juvenile snook (Centropomus undecimalis). This species is emblematic of the American tropics and holds significant economic value in the market. Ninety specimens measuring 17.8 ± 0.5 cm in total length and weighing 42.5 ± 3.0 g were used in the trials. Three treatments (vitamin C, probiotic, and control) with three replicates were evaluated, randomly distributing 10 fish per tank. Water quality was maintained under controlled conditions. Performance indicators and hematological aspects were assessed for each treatment. Erythrocyte behavior, particularly cell size and shape, suggested benefits from supplementing diets with probiotics and vitamin C. However, when the diet was supplemented with vitamin C, changes in nucleus morphology, cell length, and width indicated a decrease in cytoplasmic space, influencing mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, thereby affecting oxygen transport in the blood. After 63 days of experimentation, fish supplemented with probiotics showed better responses in terms of zootechnical performance indices and immune response compared to both the control group and those supplemented with vitamin C.
... Otro de los suplementos utilizados en la acuicultura es la vitamina C (ácido ascórbico), importante para muchos procesos biológicos como la síntesis del colágeno, la cicatrización de heridas, el mejoramiento del sistema inmunológico, el incremento de la resistencia al estrés y la supervivencia en numerosas especies de peces (Barros et al., 2014;Lim et al., 2002;Peng et al., 2013). Sin embargo, son muy pocos los estudios sobre este tema reportados para la familia Centropomidae, y se limitan únicamente a la adición de vitamina C a la dieta y sus posibles efectos (Phromkunthong et al., 1994;Silvão y Nunes, 2017;Tucker, 1987). ...
El presente estudio proporcionó evidencias de los efectos del tratamiento con vitamina C y probióticos sobre el desempeño productivo y el perfil hematológico en juveniles de róbalo (Centropomus undecimalis), una especie emblemática del trópico americano que cuenta con gran valor económico en el mercado. En los ensayos se utilizaron 90 especímenes de 17,8±0,5 cm de longitud total y 42,5±3,0 g de peso. Se evaluaron tres tratamientos (vitamina C, probiótico y control) con tres réplicas, distribuyendo al azar 10 peces por tanque. La calidad del agua se mantuvo en condiciones controladas. Se estimaron indicadores del desempeño y aspectos hematológicos para cada tratamiento. El comportamiento eritrocitario, particularmente el tamaño de las células y el factor de forma, sugiere un beneficio por el suplemento de las dietas con probióticos y vitamina C. No obstante, la morfología del núcleo y la longitud y el ancho de la célula, cuando se utiliza vitamina C, indica una disminución del espacio citoplasmático, que influye en el volumen corpuscular medio y la concentración media de hemoglobina corpuscular, lo cual afecta el transporte y, consecuentemente, el oxígeno en la sangre. Después de los 63 días de experimentación, los peces suplementados con el probiótico presentaron mejores respuestas en los índices de desempeño zootécnicos y respuesta inmune que los del grupo control y los suplementados con vitamina C.
... stress can impair immune in fish , This is supported by a previous studies by (Cairns et al., 2005) which found that fluctuated in temperature can cause stress and have the potential to affect the immune responses . Another possible explanation is that nutrition and feeding , nutritional status is the most important factor for fish health in terms of quantity and/or quality , and when nutrition is insufficient, this can reduce growth , cause stress and susceptibility to infection (Roberts, 2011, Oliva-Teles, 2012 Generally, Generally, Within populations of ornamental species, An inadequate supply of vitamin C can cause high mortality in Poecilia reticulata (Lim et al., 2002). ...
Ornamental fish activities provide an important source of income to humans around the world
... The C1 had considerably decreased SOD and CAT compared to others due to the exclusive live food fed in this group, demonstrating relatively reduced stress. Lim et al. (2002) also reported that the live food-fed fish group had much less stress than commercial diet-fed fish. ...
A 30-day experiment was carried out to know responses of different weaning approaches to the growth and survival of Anabas testudineus larvae. A total of 10800 larvae (Avg. weight 0.016 ± 0.03 mg; 3DPH) were randomly distributed in nine treatments (triplicates), including two controls. The strategies are as follows: C1 (Control I): feeding with live food (LF) for 30 days and C2 (Control II): feeding with microparticulate diet (MPD) for 30 days; T1: LF for 5 days and MPD for next 25 days; T2: LF for 10 days and MPD for next 20 days; T3: LF for 15 days and MPD for next 15 day; T4: LF for 20 days and MPD for next 10 days; T5: LF for 25 days and MPD for next 5 days; T6: LF for 5 days, then 25% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 50% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 75% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, and 100% LF replacement by MPD for last 10 days; and T7: LF for 10 days, then 25% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 50% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 75% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, and 100% LF replacement by MPD for last 5 days. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher WG and SGR were recorded in T2 (213.17 ± 0.32, 23.98 ± 0.02) followed by T6, whereas the lowest was found in C2. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) percentage survival was manifested in the T7 (31.83 ± 0.22), followed by T2 (24.75 ± 0.13), and the lowest survival was observed in the C2. The digestive enzyme activities were found to be non-significant (p > 0.05) between different treatment groups. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were reported to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in C2 (68.52 ± 0.08, 19.55 ± 0.10, 21.79 ± 0.04, and 0.044 ± 0.01) followed by T1; however, their reduced level was observed in C1. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glucose, and cortisol levels was observed significantly (p < 0.05) higher in C2 and lower in C1 and T2. As per the finding, it can be recommended that the appropriate weaning time for A. testudineus larvae is from 13 DPH onwards, in which larvae can be fed an initial ten days LF afterward MPD and the best weaning strategy can be adopted as in the T7 group for higher survival percentage.
... Oxygen was set to over 5 mg L -1 , pH between pH 6.0 and 8.5 and ammonia level below 1 mg L -1 . Day light was used as natural photoperiod (Lim et al., 2002). Water temperature, pH level, oxygen, and NH 4 concentrations were measured using a YSI Professional Plus equipment. ...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the purslane extract on growth and pigmentation of goldfish (Carassius auratus L, 1758). The study was carried out with 4 experimental groups of which composed of control (0%, T0) and different amount of purslane plant extracts (3%, T3; 6%, T6; 9%, T9) and each group had 3 replicates. The fish with an average live weight of 2.55±0.08 g were selected randomly from a fish stock of 250 fish and were 13 fish were placed in each aquarium (15 L). The growth, survival and coloring parameters were determined at the end of 60 th day of the study. The best growth parameters were recorded in the T9 group. The best weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversation ratio values occurred at 0.815 g, 0.462 % and 0.86, respectively were observed in the group fed with 9% of purslane extract. The survival rate parameters indicated no death in any experimental group of goldfish fry. The purslane extract had a positive effect on coloring, and the highest pigmentation for goldfish was obtained in T6 and T9 (Hue (Habº) angle values (86.73±0.32 and 77.64±0.47, respectively). The results revealed that purslane extract had a positive effect on the growth and coloring parameters of goldfish. The results recorded in this study can be used database in aquaculture for future studies carried out in aquaculture.
... Oxygen was set to over 5 mg L -1 , pH between pH 6.0 and 8.5 and ammonia level below 1 mg L -1 . Day light was used as natural photoperiod (Lim et al., 2002). Water temperature, pH level, oxygen, and NH 4 concentrations were measured using a YSI Professional Plus equipment. ...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the purslane extract on growth and pigmentation of goldfish (Carassius auratus L, 1758). The study was carried out with 4 experimental groups of which composed of control (0%, T0) and different amount of purslane plant extracts (3%, T3; 6%, T6; 9%, T9) and each group had 3 replicates. The fish with an average live weight of 2.55±0.08 g were selected randomly from a fish stock of 250 fish and were 13 fish were placed in each aquarium (15 L). The growth, survival and coloring parameters were determined at the end of 60th day of the study. The best growth parameters were recorded in the T9 group. The best weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversation ratio values occurred at 0.815 g, 0.462 % and 0.86, respectively were observed in the group fed with 9% of purslane extract. The survival rate parameters indicated no death in any experimental group of goldfish fry. The purslane extract had a positive effect on coloring, and the highest pigmentation for goldfish was obtained in T6 and T9 (Hue (Hab) angle values (86.73±0.32 and 77.64±0.47, respectively). The results revealed that purslane extract had a positive effect on the growth and coloring parameters of goldfish. The results recorded in this study can be used database in aquaculture for future studies carried out in aquaculture.
... Lim 2002, os peixes não sintetizam ácido ascórbico e dependem da absorção através dos alimentos.(34) Porém quando são suplementados durante 9 semanas com dietas contendo vitamina c e depois de serem expostos a estresse pelo transporte, se observa diminuição nos níveis de cortisol e glicose sérica, portanto aumenta a sobrevivência,(35) A U. tomentosa usada no experimento não contem ácido ascórbico, mas, os princípios ativos presentes na planta como os alcaloides rincofilina e isorincofilina são considerados sedativos, pelo seu mecanismo de ação que implica o bloqueio de canais de cálcio, abertura do canal de potássio e regulação do transporte e metabolismo dos transmissores nervosos.(20) ...
Introdução: A Uncaria tomentosa conhecida popularmente como unha-de-gato, é
uma planta amazônica com propriedades benéficas e terapêuticas em humanos e
animais. é utilizada em tratamentos de abcessos, artrites, asma, câncer, inflamação
do trato urinário e prevenção de outras doenças.
Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da alimentação com Uncaria tomentosa (unha de gato) em
Pterophyllum scalare (acará-bandeira) submetidos a estresse.
Métodos: Foram utilizados 400 peixes com peso médio inicial de 0,48 ± 0,01g e
comprimento padrão de 1,9 ± 0,13 cm, alimentados por 150 dias com cinco níveis de
inclusão da planta na dieta 0; 75; 150; 300 e 450 mg de farinha de folhas de Uncaria
tomentosa / kg de ração com quatro repetições em delineamento inteiramente
casualizado. Foram realizadas biometrias dos peixes a cada 30 dias. Ao final do
experimento os peixes foram submetidos a simulação de transporte por 24 horas.
Finalmente, foram avaliados a glicemia, mortalidade e parâmetros físico-químicos
da água.
Resultados: Não houve diferença na glicemia nem nos parâmetros da qualidade da
água entre os tratamentos após a uma simulação de transporte por 24 horas.
... Vitamins are being used to combat different husbandry and physical stressors encountered in aquaculture (detailed in Table 3) as they are involved in multifaceted physiological functions (Ishibashi et al. 1992;Ghazaly 1994;Merchie et al. 1996;Lim et al. 2002;Datta & Kaviraj 2003;Falcon et al. 2007;Niu et al. 2009a;Hayat 2013;Wan et al. 2014;Dawood et al. 2017a;Kim & Kang 2017;Cheng et al. 2018a). Among different vitamins, L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and a-tocopherol (vitamin E) are the widely studied and most commonly used stress mitigator vitamins in aquatic animals, including fish. ...
Over the last few decades, the demand-driven growth in aquaculture has been tremendous due to development and adoption of cutting-edge technologies and production systems such as intensification and high input aquaculture. This growth, however, has witnessed an insurgence of various environmental and hus-bandry-related stressors posing major challenges to the aquaculture sector limiting its further expansion worldwide. These stressful conditions impair the health of cultured animals and predispose them to diseases resulting in economic losses. Hence, optimizing the stress resilience of the cultured species is paramount to ensure sustainable development of aquaculture sector. Addressing the concerns of stress mitigation in aquaculture, a plethora of research investigations have been intensively carried out all over the world targeting the management of cultured environment as well as cultured species. Among various mitigation strategies, dietary interventions appear to be pliable and a sustainable approach to develop immunocompetence and stress resistance in fish as requirement of several nutrients may increase under stressful conditions. The suboptimal and/or excessive levels of several essential and non-essential nutrients modulate the immune response and stress/disease resistance. Hence, the present review is an inclusive and informative compilation of dietary interventions for management of stress in aquaculture. This review highlights the stress-mitigating roles of different nutri-tive and non-nutritive compounds/additives such as amino acids, essential fatty acids, phospholipids, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, different synthetic chemicals and biological derivatives from bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, plants and animals as a promising stress management strategy to enhance the overall performance of the cultured species.
... Water pH slightly fluctuated around 7.5, and ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels did not exceed 0.002, 0.25, and 5 mg/l, respectively. All water quality parameters are within the optimal level for guppies (Fernando and Phang 1985;Lim et al. 2002). During a month, the occurrence of parturitions in the broodstock aquaria was monitored daily at 09:00 h. ...
Water turbidity deteriorates visibility and thereby may change the physiology and behavior of aquatic animals that rely on vision. In the guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata), a key element in the mating behavior and reproductive success of males is female mate choice, which is predominantly based on visual signals. Females choose attractive males based on body coloration, and males court females by displaying their coloration. Here, we demonstrate that guppy males exhibit morphological and behavioral adjustments in response to changes in the visual environment. Males reared in turbid water had more conspicuous coloration than males reared in clear water, with higher intensity of carotenoid-based and ultraviolet colors, but not a larger area of red spots on the body. However, they performed less courtship displays in turbid water than males reared in clear water performed in clear water. Thus, increased coloration in turbid-water males was not accompanied by increased effort to display it. Although our findings demonstrated developmental plasticity in mating-related traits, turbidity-induced alteration in coloration did not match behavior change as could be predicted by favoring male attractiveness.
... In probiotics, Bacillus is the beneficial bacteria which were at first used to improve fish health by decreasing the number of harmful bacteria in the digestive canal (Jafariyan et al, 2007). These bacteria have been used widely as putative probiotics.Several studies have demonstrated the positive effect of enriched live food on the growth and survival performance of various aquaculture species (Gapasin et al, 1998;Lim et al, 2002;Babitha Rani et al, 2006;Hafeziah et al, 2014;Mutti et al, 2017). Therefore, enriched artemia may have immense promise in the enhancement of growth and survival of different species of fish larvae and juveniles; thus, help to recognize a new avenue in aquaculture. ...
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of probiotic Bacillus spp. enriched artemia on growth of larvae of goldfish, Carassius auratus with seven treatments namely, newly hatched artemianauplii (T 1), unenriched artemia nauplii 24 hrs. old (T 2), probiotic Bacillus spp. enriched artemia at concentration @ 0.75 × 10 8 CFU.L-1 (T 3) , enriched artemia @ 1.5 × 10 8 CFU.L-1 (T 4), enriched artemia @ 3.0×10 8 CFU.L-1 (T 5), enriched artemia @ 6.0×10 8 CFU.L-1 (T 6) and enriched artemia @ 1.2 × 10 9 CFU.L-1 (T 7) for the period of 15 days. The experiment was conducted in triplicate. The larvae of goldfish with initial length 0.40±0.05 cm and weight 0.0025±0.02g were stocked @ 4 nos.L-1. The results of the study revealed that the growth parameters such as weight gain (750.82±3.85g), length gain (273.50±1.67 cm), specific growth rate (14.27±0.20) and average daily growth (0.021±0.00) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the larvae fed with artemia nauplii enriched with probiotic Bacillus spp. at a concentration of @ 3.0×10 8 CFU.L-1. TPC was shown significantly higher colonies in larvae fed with Bacillus spp. enriched artemia at concentration @ 3.0×10 8 CFU.L-1. Water quality parameters viz., temperature (°C), pH, dissolved oxygen (mg L-1), total hardness (mg L-1 as CaCO 3), total alkalinity (mg L-1 as CaCO 3) and free carbon dioxide (mg L-1) were within the acceptable range. The overall results of the study indicated that, probiotic Bacillus spp. enriched Artemia @ 3.0 × 10 8 CFU.L-1 is suitable concentration for the growth performance of C. auratus larvae.
... Broodstocks fed live food have usually better performance in relation to those fed inert compound diets since live food is more palatable and easier to digest and generally has higher nutritional value, leading to a positive impact on the development of gonads and an increased reproductive performance (Langroudi et al., 2009). Success or failure in fish production plans depends on breeding conditions including the provision of suitable food to ensure the growth and better quality of larvae, juvenile, and broodfish stages (Lim, 2002). Live foods are excellent nutrient sources of fostering both freshwater and marine ornamental fish as well as shrimp species (Lim, 2003). ...
The present study investigated the effects of soybean lecithin bioencapsulated in adult Artemia franciscana and unenriched Artemia in combination with an inert diet on digestive enzymes activity and reproductive performance in Aequidens rivulatus (green terror cichlid). Eight hundred and ten fish (3.1 ± 0.2 g) were randomly allotted into glass tank (80 L) and assigned to ten dietary treatments with 5 different levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of either lecithin-enriched Artemia (EA) or unenriched Artemia (UA) over a period of 90 days. The amount of total polar lipid increased from 39.2% in the unenriched Artemia to 43.7% in the lecithin-enriched Artemia (P < .05). The fish fed with 50% EA had higher total weight, and total length compared with other groups (P < .05). The peculiar functions of total alkaline proteases, α-amylase, and lipase in green terror increased in the groups fed with lecithin-enriched Artemia, compared to the un-enriched groups (P < .05). The highest total alkaline proteases activity was observed in the fish fed with 75% EA treatment. In comparison to the other groups, fish fed 100 and 0% levels of Artemia replacement had significantly highest and lowest α-amylase activity values, respectively. Concerning reproductive performance, the highest average fecundity, egg diameter, egg weight, fertilization, hatching, and larval survival rates, as well as the lowest time between two spawning episodes, were obtained in fish fed 50% EA. In conclusion, this feeding strategy is advisable for a proper nutritional management of broodfish of green terror cichlid.
... Vitamins are widely known to improve growth and survival and stimulate the immune response. Lim et al. (2002) reported that feeding 1,000 to 2,000 mg kg À1 vitamin C increased resistance against osmotic stress in guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Furthermore, vitamin C enhanced resistance to infections in various fishes (Li & Lovell 1985;Navarre & Halver 1989;Hardie et al. 1991) and vitamin E supplements decreased stress caused by the fungicide copper oxychloride in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Hassaan et al. 2014). ...
Many classical therapeutants are going to be banned in Europe, and an urgent need for alternatives is emerging. This issue can be exemplified by one major parasitic disease in aquaculture and ornamental fish breeding: velvet disease. This disease, caused by dinoflagellates of the genera Amyloodinium and Piscinoodinium, is an important infection affecting cultured freshwater and marine ornamental and food fish, and consistently causes great financial loss to the associated industries. Therapeutants available contain copper, malachite green, or methylene blue, and which can be toxic to non-target organisms in the surrounding environment. As a result, these chemicals are banned for use by the aquaculture industry in several countries, and a prohibition for commercial ornamental fishkeeping is likely to follow in most countries. Increasing development of resistance to therapeutants, and growing public awareness for animal welfare and environmental protection, have prompted research in the areas of alternative treatment options and immunostimulants. Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid are possible “green” therapeutants which do not contribute residues to the environment. Natural feed supplements such as pre- and probiotics can increase animal welfare and prevent stress and/or infections. Humic substances are another promising, natural immunostimulants which will be considered in depth. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of risks and benefits of current treatment options and new approaches to replace harmful therapeutants and minimize the number of toxic residues discharged into the environment. Treatments will be discussed on various parasitic infections and focus, where available, on Amyloodinium and Piscinoodinium.
... Among all the treatment groups, the CF treatment group showed higher values indicating higher stress in the fishes. Lim et al. (2002) also observed significantly higher stress resistance in Artemiafed fish than that of fish fed with the commercial diet. ...
A 60 days experimental trial was conducted to study the effect of different diets on growth and survival of near threatened species, Notopterus chitala fry. A total of 450 numbers of fry (0.88 ± 0.01 g) were randomly stocked in 6 treatments in triplicates. The experimental fishes were fed with various live feeds viz., live Tubifex (TF), unenriched Artemia (UA), enriched Artemia (EA), un-enriched Moina (UM), enriched Moina (EM) and commercial feed (CF). Live feed based treatments showed significantly higher growth rate, digestive enzyme activity and survival than commercial feed. Among the live feeds, enriched live feeds contributed better growth performance with the highest average body weight (4.59 ± 0.17 g) and survival (72.66 ± 2.90%) observed in enriched Artemia fed fishes. The digestive enzyme analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the intestinal amylase activity among the treatment groups whereas, the highest protease (4.22 ± 0.16 U mg protein−1 min−1) and lipase activity (1.13 ± 0.02 U mg protein−1 min−1) was observed in EM fed treatment group. The reduced level of SOD, catalase, AST and ALT activity was recorded in liver tissue of EA and EM fed group which indicates a lower level of stress in experimental fishes when fed with enriched diet. The study found that the enriched live feed is having a positive impact on growth and survival as compared to its un-enriched
counterpart and further Artemia is the most preferred live feed for N. chitala fry.
... The current state of the art in the packaging of ornamental fish focuses mainly on the control of metabolic waste products to reduce the stress imposed on the fish during transport [20] . The existing packaging system is characterized by a very high fish loading density, which helps to reduce the freight cost of the fish consignment, but at the same time, leads to very high ammonia and carbon dioxide, and low pH in the transport water at unpacking [21] . Deterioration of water quality may cause severe stress to the fish and would result in about 10% of cumulative mortality at seven days post shipment. ...
Singapore is a small island country with limited land for agricultural purposes and restricted sea waters available for fish farming. However, the ornamental fish industry of Singapore is quite unique and successful, being the world No. 1 exporter of ornamental fish, selling over 1 000 fish species to over 80 countries and generating an annual revenue of USD 43 million in 2016. Its success is mainly thanks to its specific capabilities in licensing, biosecurity controls, culturing, packing, transporting and disease control. Efforts are being made to breed and domesticate many of the high-value marine species and new freshwater species and to develop novel reciculating culture systems. Upstream research has focused on developing and using genomic tools to breed new varieties and to maintain genetic diversity in the wild. However, due to limited space for culturing fish and strong competitions from neighbouring countries, Singapore’s ornamental fish industry is facing many challenges, and its market share is reducing. In this review, we will summarize the status and development of Singapore’s ornamental fish industry, discuss its challenges and make some suggestions for maintaining the leading position of the industry.
... Oshilonya et al. [51] reported that aqueous extract of Caulis bambusae bamboo fed to chinchilla rabbits by oral intubation exhibit no significant difference in PCV level. Ren et al. [56] and Dabrowaski et al. [57] also found the similar trend of higher PCV in Japanese eel fed with dietary vitamin C but differ with the findings of Lim et al. [58] and Falahatlar et al. [59] in channel catfish and Sturgeon fish, respectively. The increase in PCV shows the magnitude of shrinking of cell size [60]. ...
Bamboo (Melocanna baccifera) plant plays a significant role in traditional Asian medicine and it can be used as an alternative to various chemo-therapeutics or prophylactic agents used in aquaculture. In the present study, the first experiment was done for the preparation of extracts from bamboo leaves by using 90% alcohol as a solvent. In the 2nd experiment, toxicity study was carried on Labeo rohita fingerlings (average length of 10.3 ± 1.5 cm and weight 18.5 ± 1.5 g) using BLAL (Bamboo Leaf Alcoholic) extract and it did not show any mortalities in fish even at the dose of 20 g kg-1 body weight, which can be regarded as virtually non-toxic with minimal effect. The 3rd experiment was conducted to find out the effect of BLAL extract based isocaloric and isonitrogenous feed (doses: control- 0.0%, diet T1-0.01%, diet T2-0.1%, diet T3-1% of kg-1 feed) on the haemato-immuno-biochemical parameters of L. rohita fingerlings (average length 15.7 ± 1.5 cm and weight 20.2 ± 1.5 g). Regular sampling was done at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of feeding. Different haematological, immunological and biochemical parameters were studied. The study revealed that the best response occurred within 7 days of feeding with BLAL and long-term feeding have shown immunosuppressive condition in the fish. In the 4th experiment, fish were exposed to multiple stressors like low pH stress, and S. parastica infection after feeding with BLAL extract (0.1%) based feed for 7 days. The study showed that the BLAL extract can make fish resistant to single stress however, not able to reduce the fish mortality under multiple stresses (S. parastica infection under low pH). Thus, it can be concluded that the BLAL has the potentiality to be used as a non-toxic phyto-prophylactic which can induce non-specific immune response, reduces the low pH stress and increases the resistance against saprolegniasis under neutral pH condition in rohu fingerlings.
... Incluso individuos de esta misma especie que recibieron dosis de 390mg/kg de vitamina C durante 120 días mostraron mayor tolerancia al amonio. Sin embargo, estudios realizados en salmones no mostraron ningún beneficio de la vitamina C en la inmunodepresión inducida por estrés (45). ...
Los alimentos funcionales vienen siendo altamente promocionados para el consumo humano, debiendo también ser considerados para la alimentación animal teniendo en cuenta los múltiples factores de estrés que enfrentan en cautiverio o cultivo. El “sapote” es una planta promisoria del bosque seco peruano del norte y ecosistemas desérticos que por su composición tiene una alta potencialidad antioxidante. Se evaluó la funcionalidad del Colicodendrum scabridum “sapote” como refuerzo de la capacidad antioxidante en branquias y tejidos nervioso, hepático y muscular de Cyprinus carpio “carpas” y Poecilia reticulata “gupys”. Para esto se llevó a cabo dos experimentos en los cuales los organismos fueron divididos en 3 grupos (“carpas” n=5, “gupys” n=10): control negativo, tratamiento y control positivo y se les alimentó una vez al día ad libitum con hojuelas para “Goldfish”, hojuelas para “Goldfish” enriquecidas con “sapote”, y pellets para “carpas”, respectivamente. En el primer experimento se mantuvieron durante 30 días y luego fueron sacrificados para evaluar el porcentaje de capacidad antioxidante (%CA). En el segundo se les sometió a una dosis subletal de CuSO4 durante 96h luego de los 30 días y antes del sacrificio para evaluar la respuesta frente al estrés oxidativo. Adicionalmente se evaluó la variación de %CA de los tejidos de “carpas” en el tiempo manteniendo un grupo (n=12) por 4 semanas alimentadas con alimento de control negativo y mediante sacrificios semanales (n=3). Los resultados indican que no hay diferencias en la capacidad antioxidante en los tejidos entre el control negativo y el tratamiento, pero sí con el control positivo (p<0.05). Las variaciones de peso en “carpas” mostraron el efecto protector del alimento enriquecido de forma indirecta. Posteriores investigaciones utilizando distintas concentraciones de “sapote” determinarían si puede tener un rol directo como refuerzo antioxidante en peces.
Functional foods are being promoted for human nutrition. Their potential could also be used for livestock in order to mitigate the stress derived from breeding conditions. “Sapote” is a promissory plant from the Peruvian dry forest with great antioxidant potential given its composition. The functionality of Colicodendrum scabridum “sapote” as an antioxidant capacity enhancer was evaluated in Cyrpinus carpio “carp” and Poecilia reticulata “gupy” gills, liver, muscle and muscular tissue. Two experiments were carried where each species were divided in 3 groups (“carps” n=5, “gupys”=10): negative control, treatment, and positive control. The first group was fed with “Goldfish” food, second with the latter enriched with “sapote” pulp, and third was given “KOI” pellet food. All were fed ad libitum. The first experiment consisted in evaluating the antioxidant capacity (%CA) post sacrifice after a 30 day culture. The second was similar but animals were submitted to 96h starvation and CuSO4 LD96h exposure before sacrifice to originate oxidative stress. Additionally, %CA was evaluated weekly (n=3) in “carps” (n=12) in a 4 week culture fed with “Goldfish” food. Significant differences (p<0.05) in %CA were only found in animals fed the positive control diet. Weight variation in “carps” showed an indirect protective effect in the treatment group. Further research testing different “sapote” concentrations could determinate whether it could have a direct antioxidant enhancer effect in cultured fish.
... During this time theraputics can be used to prevent infection of areas exposed to trauma. While in recuperation, they can be fed lightly with addition of a nutritional supplement such as vitamin C, which has been shown to significantly reduce mortality post-shipment and improve overall health (Lim et al 2002). ...
Skin injuries in ornamental fishes can compromise their overall health and quality. A fluorescein test coupled with computer-aided color analysis was used to quantify the extent of skin injuries on the ornamental silver dollar fish (Metynnis orinocensis) monitored at several points during transportation from collection in the wild in Colombia, to post import at a wholesale facility in Miami, USA, to fish cultured and handled on a farm. After capture and handling, all the fish had minor skin wounds and the extent of injuries covered 3.5-4.6% of their body surface, regardless of fish size. Fifteen percent (15%) of the silver dollars captured in the wild showed skin injury immediately after collection. The incidence of skin injures was significantly lower in the group from the aquaculture pond (5%) and was observed to be greatest in fish after import (57%). Farmed ornamental fish may be preferred as fewer of them exhibit skin lesions after handling.
... Nutritional prophylaxis, i.e. supplementing feed with essential dietary nutrients to boost fishes' immune capabilities, is a recognized method of reducing post-shipment mortality. Indeed, Lim, Dhert, Chew, Dermaux, Nelis and Sorgeloos (2002) demonstrated that supplementing guppy diets with vitamin C for 10 days prior to the transportation significantly improved survival as compared to control fish fed unsupplemented diets. ...
The effects of feeding guppy fry, Poecilia reticulata (Peters), different commercial diets from BernAqua [MeM (R = Regular, O = Ornamental and P = Premium) and experimental feed (EF] and Ocean Nutrition (ON) on growth was tested for 57 days. Health status and resistance to Tetrahymena infection were analysed at the end of the trial. The highest growth was obtained in fish fed MeM Regular and MeM Premium (mean final weights of 427 and 417 mg respectively). Fish fed EF had a significantly higher rate of spinal deformity (12.7%) than all other feeding groups (3.05% or less). Histological analysis revealed the accumulation of liver glycogen and/or lipid in fish from all feeding groups; fat accumulation in the abdomen was most pronounced in the EF and MeM Regular-fed fish, and muscle dystrophy was observed in ca. 50% of the fish from all feeding groups except the MeM Ornamental-fed group. The highest mortality following Tetrahymena infection occurred in fish fed EF (87%) and the lowest mortality in the MeM Ornamental-fed fish (58%). Mortalities in all other feeding groups ranged between 69% and 76%. In summary, MeM Ornamental feed provided a moderate weight gain, no muscle dystrophy, negligible deformity and the greatest resistance to parasitic infection.
... The results presented and discussed above show the need to determine the best air exposure time and the kind of test to be applied for each species. Other tests, such as osmotic stress (Kanazawa, 1997;Tago et al., 1999;Kolkovski et al., 2000;Lim et al., 2002;Koven et al., 2003), temperature changes (Tago et al, 1999), exposure to low levels of oxygen (Kanazawa, 1997) and air exposure on drying paper (Luz, 2007) were also efficient to assess the effects of the diet on stress resistance of fish, and they may be applied to tilapia larvae and fingerlings. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of diet crude protein on the performance and stress resistance rate (Re) of Oreochromis niloticus larvae and fingerlings. In the first experiment, 5, 15 and 25 day-old animals were submitted to 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 minutes of air exposure on a sieve. In the second experiment, tilapia larvae were fed with 32, 40 and 55% crude protein (CP) diets. Animals after 15 and 30 days of feeding (21 and 36 days of life, respectively) were submitted to the air exposure test for 7 and 10 minutes. Re was estimated based on survival 24 hours after the tests. In the first experiment, it was observed that 5-day-old animals were more resistant than animals with 10 and 20 days of feeding (15 and 25 days of life, respectively), when Re starts to decrease for longer than 7 minutes. In the second experiment, the different diets affected survival, performance and Re, and, in general, the worst results observed were the ones for the animals which received the 55% CP diet. The air exposure tests were efficient to evaluate the effect of diet on the resistance rate of Nile tilapia.
... This characteristic has been demonstrated by Lim et al. (2001), who reported that the HUFA content in on-grown Artemia could be enhanced through bioencapsulation using an oil-emulsified product rich in docosahexaenoic acid or DHA (DHA-Selco, supplied by INVE Aquaculture, Belgium). In another study, Lim et al. (2002b) reported that although the AA content of on-grown Artemia fed rice bran and defatted soybeans during culture was undetectable, the content can be effectively enhanced through bioencapsulation using ascorbyl palmitate, following the technique reported by Merchie et al. (1995) (Fig. 1). Raising the vitamin C content in the on-grown Artemia also resulted in a concomitant increase in the incorporated AA level in the guppy. ...
The industrial development of freshwater ornamental fish culture has been hampered by the lack of suitable live feeds for feeding the fish at the various production stages. This paper reports the recent developments in the applications of the freshwater rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus), Artemia nauplii, decapsulated Artemia cysts and on-grown Artemia in the freshwater ornamental fish culture. Results demonstrate that the rotifers are an ideal starter feed for dwarf gourami (Colisa lalia), a typical freshwater ornamental fish species with larvae that are too small to ingest Artemia nauplii or Moina at its first feeding. Compared with the conventional yolk food, the use of rotifers as a starter feed significantly improves the growth and survival of the gourami larvae (Days 2–12), and the beneficial effects are extended to the subsequent Artemia-feeding phase (Days 13–32). The freshwater rotifers and Artemia nauplii are also useful in raising Discus larvae in the absence of their parents, which would eliminate the risk of larvae being eaten by the parent fish. Work on decapsulated Artemia cysts indicates that the cysts could be used as a substitute for Artemia nauplii or Moina in freshwater ornamental fish culture. The fry of all the five common ornamental fish species tested (guppy Poecilia reticulata, molly Poecilia sphenops, platy Xiphophorus maculatus, swordtail Xiphophorus helleri and neon tetra Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi) could readily feed on the decapsulated cysts, and their performances in terms of stress resistance, growth and survival are comparable to or better than those fed on Artemia nauplii or Moina. A culture system for production of on-grown Artemia has also been developed specifically for the use in freshwater ornamental fish farms. The system, using diluted artificial seawater of 20‰ for culture, has a mean production rate of 3 kg/m3 of water in a 12-day cycle and a production capacity of 8 metric tons of on-grown Artemia a year. With the system, farmers could produce any specific size of on-grown Artemia of up to 5 mm to suit the age and size of their fish, by varying the time of harvesting. This characteristic, coupled with the use of bioencapsulation technique to enhance the quality of the on-grown Artemia, would make the organism an ideal nursery diet for freshwater ornamental fish. All these results show that the live feeds used in marine foodfish hatchery could be applied to freshwater ornamental fish culture to improve their performance.
Marine ornamental fish are the most promising ornamental fish in the world. More and more individuals and families are feeding marine ornamental fish, which greatly promoted the development of the marine ornamental fish industry. The successful promotion of marine ornamental fish urgently requires the development of compound feeds to maintain the health and vibrant body color of marine ornamental fish. In this paper, typical additives in compound feed for marine ornamental fish were summarized, simultaneously, the sustainable development directions of the future development of the compound feed for marine ornamental fish were proposed.KeywordsProgressAdditivesMarineOrnamental fishCompound feeds
Inconsistencies in the nutritional values of live food such as Artemia and Moina are well-known issues. The enrichment of live food is necessary to obtain the optimum nutrients needed for the growth, survival, and immune competence of fish and crustaceans' larvae. The enhanced growth and survival of fish and crustaceans' larvae are vital to continuous aquaculture production. However, enriched live food could be species-specific as various aquatic larval species may respond differently to the enrichment diets. The enrichment of Artemia and Moina as the "bags of nutrients" has been widely studied and involved various enrichment diets such as commercial diets containing essential fatty acids, highly unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin C. The use of natural enrichment diets such as yeast, microalgae, and herbal extract, including the common name Chinese chaste tree leaf (Vitex negundo), is becoming popular in aquaculture nutritional development. These natural enrichment diets are more economical and environmentally friendly than commercial diets. The compositions of Artemia and Moina are both affected by the enrichment diets that they consumed, hence directly affecting the growth of the larvae that fed on them. Hence, this review highlights the development of enriched Artemia and Moina and their effects on the growth performance and the immune competence of fish and crustaceans' larvae.
Cichlasoma severum گرفت. قرار مطالعه مورد) 6 شد گرفته نظر در تیمار ، بر تیمارها حرارت درجه میزان اساس آب انکوبا تور با ترتیب به 42 ، 46 ، 42 ، 03 ، 04 و 02 گراد سانتی درجه ، شدند بندی تقسیم. تیم هر برای متوالی ریزی تخم سه از و انجام تکرار سه با ار شد. استفاده تیمار هر معنی افزایش نتایج در را تفریخ درصد دار 42 دمای در تفریخ که طوری به دادند. نشان سانتیگراد درجه 42 ، 42 و 02 گراد سانتی درجه ترتیب به 28 ، 82 و 84 درصد بود. کلیدی: کلمات حرارتی، اپتیمم انک وباسیون، تفریخ، درصد سورم، Cichlasoma severum. Abstract-In the present study the effects of temperature on hatching rate in Severum (Cichlasoma severum) was studied. Totally, 6 treatments were chosen and based on incubator temperature titled A, B, C, D, E and F, with the temperatures including 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and 34, respectively. Each treatment was conducted for 3 rounds, the eggs used in every one of which were selected from 3 subsequent spawning. The results were significantly increased of hatching rate in 28' C. The final outcome was as follows: 28, 24 and 34' C with 87, 78 and 72 percent in hatching rate, respectively. مقدمه توانسته خوبی به زینتی ماهیان و آکواریوم امروزه جای اند علم از شاخه این و کنند باز مردم های خانه در را خود شده تبدیل آور سود تجارتی و بزرگ صنعت یک به شیالت از مختلفی مناطق در شیرین آب زینتی ماهیان است. بهره مورد آکواریوم صنعت در و شوند می یافت جهان بر ً عموما ماهیان این گیرند. می قرار پرورش و تکثیر و داری هستند استوایی مناطق بومی (Sandford, 2003). در ً تقریبا جهان 1301 دارند وجود زینتی ماهی گونه (Champan et al., 2007). تجارت میزان ساالنه که از متجاوز زینتی ماهیان جهانی 8333 دالر میلیون می باشد Andrews et al., 2006)). چهار طول در دهه قابل رشد زینتی ماهیان جهانی تجارت گذشته ی است داشته توجهی (Gosh et al., 2007 میان این در .) توانسته خوبی به کشورها از برخی پتانسیل از اند خود های بخش سریالنکا کشور در مثال برای ببرند، را بهینه استفاده سال در زینتی ماهیان صادرات 1112 درصد یک حدود حدود در چیزی آن ارزش و بود جهانی نیاز 303 میلیون گردید گزارش روپیه Wijeskera et al., 2001) در .) متحده ایاالت 04 قابل تجارت زینتی ماهیان از گونه این در زینتی ماهیان تجارت بخش ارزش که دارند توجهی حدود در کشور 1333 می سال در دالر میلیون باشد ((Champan et al., 2007 در. زینتی، ماهیان میان گونه زنده های خانواده به متعلق زای پوئسیلیده ی (Poeciliidae)) دم مولی، گوپی، قبیل از شمشیری و پالتی) سیکلیده خانواده ماهیان همینطور و
The newly hatched nauplii of Artemia is extensively used as a live feed for ornamental fish hatchlings; however, its high cost and unbalanced nutrients necessitate exploring sustainable alternatives. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of four formulated diets of 0%,5%, 10%, and 20% inclusion levels of egg yolk powder and other ingredients (fish meal, soybean meal, rice polish, corn) during the nursery stage of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) compared to Artemia salina as a control. Results showed that survival did not differ (P > 0.05) among the diets. Weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate of the fry fed with 10% egg yolk-included diet containing 49.6% fish meal and 18.8% soybean meal were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the other test diets and the A. salina. All the diets showed higher stress indexes (P < 0.05) than the control; the test diets did not affect pigmentation.
The vitamins and minerals are an essential part of fish nutrition, although their requirements are in low doses. Their functions, dosages, and toxicities are yet to be defined entirely for many important commercial species. However, in altered dosages, they have different functional significance than providing nutrition. The roles of these micronutrients are strongly implicated in enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses and alleviating stress responses. Stress and immunity are deeply associated, while both are significant aspects of fish welfare. Exposure to stress weakens the innate immunity of the aquatic species through diverse crosstalk between endocrine and paracrine pathways. The concept of complete diet in recent times are more intriguingly about the correct incorporation of micronutrients, the consumption of which protects the animal from any ailments due to weak immunity.
The beneficial effect of vitamin C is almost universally recognized. This appreciation applies also to aquafeed with beneficial effects well documented in many studies on VC demand. VC is a naturally occurring sugar acid with antioxidant properties acting effectively as scavenger against a broad spectrum of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Beside this spontaneous action, VC takes part in a plethora of regulatory pathways including spermatogenesis, innate immunity, or pathogen and stress resistance. In addition to its role as gene regulator, recent advances disclose a previously unknown function of VC, namely, epigenetic regulation conserved in organisms from yeast to mammals—likely also in aquatic invertebrates and fishes. Systematic studies, however, are lacking. In VC requiring fishes, hypovitaminosis C is well documented: Hemorrhages, scoliosis, or broken backbone syndromes are common. Hypovitaminosis targets a complex network that depresses gill physical as well as immune barriers. In contrast, hypervitaminosis C is not well understood; it deserves futures attention, since there are a few indications that this hypervitaminosis does exist and exerts adverse effects. VC has the potential to modulate the intestinal microflora in favor of beneficial microorganisms; however, also this aspect lacks systematic studies. Furthermore, the feedback of (modulated) intestinal microflora on the vitamin supply of wild and farmed aquatic animals is not yet addressed.
This study was carried out to find the effects of water-soluble vitamin C and fat-soluble vitamin E on the growth of both guppies, Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1860), a kind of live-bearing species. The control feed did not contain vitamins C and E, while the other 15 experimental feeds were prepared by changing the amount of starch, without altering the chemical structure, and adding vitamin C (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and vitamin E (75, 150, 300 mg/kg) in various levels. At the end of the trial had an ascending amount of both vitamin C and E in the diet and resulted with an increase in the developmental parameters in the offspring of guppies (p<0.05). In addition after a three month trial the group 16 of guppies had reached maturity, and juvenile. According to the results of this study, there is an increase in growth and survival of fry as the amount of vitamin C and E added in feed increases.
Optimal transport conditions for the live black rockfish and changes in their characteristics during long-distance transport were investigated. Oxygen consumption by black rockfish was lowest at 4°C and increased as the water temperature increased up to a maximum at 10°C. At a water temperature of 8°C and 10°C, the plasma glucose concentration of the fish was 36.2 and 38.2 mg/dL, respectively. The mean weight of the fish reduced to approximately 2.8% of initial weight after 16 days of storage at 8°C. The fish did not feed, and the survival rate of fish stored for 16 days at 8°C was 98.4%. The longer the live fish were stored in the container, the quicker the onset of rigor mortis after the slaughter was reached. Compared with fillets from control fish, the chewiness of fillets was somewhat lower (17.3%) after storage of fish for 16 days, but the softness of the fillets was slightly higher (21.6%). From these results, it was suggested that the optimum temperature for long-distance transport of the live fish was 8°C and that the long transport period of live fishes decreased their fillet quality more rapidly after fish death.
The ornamental fish trade is estimated to handle up to 1·5 billion fishes. Transportation and handling of fishes imposes a range of stressors that can result in mortality at rates of up to 73%. These rates vary hugely, however, and can be as low as 2%, because they are generally estimated rather than based on experimental work. Given the numbers of ornamental fishes traded, any of the estimated mortality rates potentially incur significant financial losses and serious welfare issues. Industry bodies, such as the Ornamental Aquatic Trade Association (OATA), have established standards and codes of best practice for handling fishes, but little scientific research has been conducted to understand the links between stress, health and welfare in ornamental species. In aquaculture, many of the same stressors occur as those in the ornamental trade, including poor water quality, handling, transportation, confinement, poor social and physical environment and disease and in this sector directed research and some resulting interventions have resulted in improved welfare standards. This review considers the concept of welfare in fishes and evaluates reported rates of mortality in the ornamental trade. It assesses how the stress response can be quantified and used as a welfare indicator in fishes. It then analyses whether lessons from aquaculture can be usefully applied to the ornamental fish industry to improve welfare. Finally, this analysis is used to suggest how future research might be directed to help improve welfare in the ornamental trade.
The present study was conducted to elucidate the osmoregulatory ability of the fish pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) to know the scope of this species for aquaculture under various salinities. Juvenile pearl spot were divided into three groups and acclimated to freshwater (FW), brackish water (BW) or seawater (SW) for 15 days. The fish exhibited effective salinity tolerance under osmotic challenges. Although the plasma osmolality and Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-) levels increased with the increasing salinities, the parameters remained within the physiological range. The muscle water contents were constant among FW-, BW- and SW-acclimated fish. Two Na+/K+-ATPase α-isoforms (NKA α) were expressed in gills during acclimation in FW, BW and SW. Abundance of one isoform was up-regulated in response to seawater acclimation, suggesting its role in ion secretion similar to NKA α1b, while expression of another isoform was simultaneously up-regulated in response to both FW and SW acclimation, suggesting the presence of isoforms switching phenomenon during acclimation to different salinities. Nevertheless, NKA enzyme activities in the gills of the SW and FW individuals were higher (p < 0.05) than in BW counterparts. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase immunoreactive (NKA-IR) cells were mainly distributed in the interlamellar region of the gill filaments in FW groups and in the apical portion of the filaments in BW and SW groups. The number of NKA-IR cells in the gills of the FW-acclimated fish was almost similar to that of SW individuals, which exceeded that of the BW individuals. The NKA-IR cells of BW and SW were bigger in size than their FW counterparts. Besides, the relative abundance of branchial Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) co-transporter showed stronger evidence in favor of involvement of this protein in hypo-osmoregulation, requiring ion secretion by the chloride cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the wide salinity tolerance of E. suratensis involving differential activation of ion transporters and thereby suggesting its potential as candidate for fish farming under different external salinities.
The minimum dietary vitamin C requirement for optimal growth and normal development in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry at the onset of feeding was studied, using Ca ascorbate-2-monophosphate (AP) as dietary source. The requirement was established by means of a feeding study lasting for 23 weeks from the beginning of feeding. The practical diets used were supplemented with AP at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalents/kg. Growth, mortality, hydroxyproline content in skin and backbone, and AA in liver were recorded to evaluate the results. The results suggest that the minimum dietary requirement for optimal growth and normal development is in the range of 10-20 mg AA equivalents/kg dry diet during the period studied.
A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic method using electrochemical detection and internal standardization with
isoascorbic acid (IAA) is described for the determination of ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) in aquatic
organisms. Several extractants are compared with regard to recovery and stability of AA and DHAA, including 5% metaphosphoric
acid (MPA)—0.54mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1 % acetic acid (Hac)—1 mM EDTA, 1 % Hac—0.1 % MPA—1 mM EDTA, 2mM
homocysteine—1 mM EDTA, and water—methanol (70:30, v/v) containing 0.7mM EDTA. The two nonacidic extractants afford insufficient
protection of AA (water—methanol—EDTA) or DHAA (homocysteine—EDTA). High ionic strength acidic mixtures (e.g., 5% MPA) may
be associated with a negative drift in the retention times of AA and IAA. Hac (1 %)—EDTA (1 mM) yields lower recovery except
when supplemented with MPA. A mixture of 1 % Hac—0.1 % MPA—1 mM EDTA is useful in extracting AA from the brine shrimp Artemia, Brachionus, fish eggs, fish larvae, and postlarvae of shrimp as part of its routine high-performance liquid chromatographic determination
in these matrices.
The effects of dietary vitamin C on growth, caudal fin development, and stress tolerance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were investigated by feeding fry diets containing either 0, 78, or 390 mg vitamin C/kg feed for 120 d. Channel catfish fed a vitamin C-free diet grew less, had a higher incidence of caudal fin malformation, exhibited a lower tolerance of ammonia, and died of hypoxia at higher dissolved oxygen levels than the fish fed the diets containing medium or high levels of vitamin C. Fish fed either of the diets with vitamin C exhibited similar growth, caudal fin development, and tolerance of stressors. Dietary vitamin C had no observable effect on the tolerance of any treatment group for stress induced by confinement in a net for up to 10 d.
The effect of high ascorbic acid (AA) levels transferred through enriched live food was evaluated for turbot Scophthalmus maximus larvae in two consecutive feeding experiments. The same feeding strategy was applied to all treatments, except for the AA content of the live food which was manipulated through bioencapsulation with ascorbyl palmitate. This resulted finally in a low, medium and high-AA treatment. The AA incorporation levels in the turbot larvae (up to 1400 μg AA g DW−1) were correlated with the AA content of the live food administered. However, feeding the high AA concentration resulted in the same values as for the medium treatment, indicating a saturation of the body AA reserves. Under standard culture conditions, no differences in growth nor overall survival could be detected among the different groups, illustrating that the dietary AA requirements of larval turbot are met by non-enriched live food containing already 500 μg AA g DW−1. The larvae of the high-AA treatment, however, showed a better pigmentation rate (47 and 32% for experiments 1 and 2, respectively) compared to the other groups (35 and 25%, respectively). Evaluation of the physiological condition applying a salinity stress test revealed an improvement by feeding extra AA, significantly in the medium-AA treatment. Though not significantly different, cumulative mortalities after challenge with Vibrio anguillarum amounted to 50% for the control v. 40% for the fish fed medium and high-AA diets, respectively. Moreover, the onset of mortalities in this study was slower (not significantly) for the fish fed the extra AA.
An experiment was performed to determine the effects of dietary vitamin C levels and stress on immunological parameters in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Atlantic salmon parr were maintained on diets containing 0.082 (low), 0.44 (normal) and 3.17 (high) g vitamin C/kg dry diet. After 23 weeks, tissue levels were found to reflect dietary input. Groups of fish were removed and subjected to a 2 h confinement stress prior to sacrifice and isolation of plasma and head kidney leucocytes. Leucocyte respiratory burst activity (P<0.01) and bactericidal activity (P<0.05) were both found to be significantly reduced by stress, but were unaffected by vitamin C status. Leucocyte migration was unaffected by stress or vitamin C status. Plasma bactericidal activity was also unaffected by vitamin C status but was significantly enhanced by stress (P<0.05). Production of specific antibody following immunisation with Aeromonas salmonicida was found to be significantly reduced (P<0.01) by stress, and there were significantly greater levels of specific antibody (P<0.01) in fish fed the low vitamin C diet compared with fish fed high levels of vitamin C.
Ascorbic acid (AA) is an essential nutrient both in particle and live aquafeeds. In order to better assess the needs for this nutrient during larviculture the AA content of algae, rotifers and Artemia was studied with respect to their suitability at startfeeding. In general, the microalgae evaluated were rich in AA (1000–4000 μg AA/g DW), but showed a considerable variability among the different species: e.g. the concentration in Isochrysis and Chlorella reached values 3-to 4-fold the percentage of Tetraselmis (0.11 % of DW). Brachionus routinely cultured on Chlorella contained 2300 μg AA/g DW. Cysts of various batches and strains of Artemia differed considerably in ascorbic acid-2-sulphate (AAS) concentration (296–517 μg AA/g DW). The amount of AA available in the freshly-hatched nauplii reflected exactly the AAS reserve present in the cysts, what evidences the complete conversion of AAS to free AA during completion of embryonic development into nauplii.
This paper describes a pilot culture system for the production of on-grown Artemia in freshwater ornamental fish farms. The system had 21 culture units, each consisting essentially of three components: an oval-shaped raceway, an air-water lift system and two waste collectors. Using artificial seawater at 20 ppt for culture and at a mean production rate of 3 kg/m3 of water in a 12-day cycle, the system had a production capacity of 8 metric tons of on- grown Artemia a year. Biochemical analyses were preformed to evaluate the nutritional value of the on-grown Artemia against three conventional live feeds, viz. live Artemia nauplii, live Moina and frozen bloodworms. Cost-benefit analysis showed that with a capital investment of US 81,000, the system achieved a high internal rate of return of 88% over a 10-year period and a short payback period of 1.23 years. The availability of on-grown Artemia would not only offer farmers and exporters a better alternative live food organism for feeding to their fish, but more importantly the possibility of enhancing the fish performance and quality through bioencapsulation.
A study was undertaken to upgrade the levels of vitamin C in Artemia and Brachionus through bioencapsulation and to investigate in this way the requirements for ascorbic acid (AA) during larviculture of fish and prawn. Ascorbyl palmitate (AP) was used as the vit C source because of its stable and lipophylic characteristics which allowed its incorporation in booster emulsions and its readily conversion into AA by Brachionus and Artemia . Under standard conditions very high levels of AA could be incorporated into the Artemia nauplii: supplementation of the enrichment emulsion with 20% AP (w/w) increased the AA-content up to 2000 ppm after 24h enrichment. Also in Brachionus the AA-level changed in function of the concentration of AP applied. 20% AP in the diet enhanced the AA-content in the rotifers 10-fold over 3 days of culture. Using three different enrichment levels in the live food (0%, 10% and 20%), no differences on growth nor survival could be observed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii under standard culture conditions. However, a significantly positive effect on the psychological condition of the postlarvae could be demonstrated when the vit C- boosted live food was administrated. For Clarias gariepinus larvae fed vit C- boosted Artemia , supplemental dietary ascorbate resulted in a significantly positive effect on growth: the 20% AP group weighed 30% more than the control (0% AP) on the final day of the experiment. Evaluation of the physiological condition showed a significantly higher resistance of the larvae according to the dietary vit C level. Dicentrarchus labrax larvae were successively fed rotifers (day 4-12) and enriched Artemia nauplii (day 13-46), supplemented with the same three vitamin C enrichment levels. No significant differences in production characteristics nor in stress resistance of the fish larvae could be observed, however, for all salinity stress tests the 20% AP group performed better. Comparing the results for the two aquaculture fish species, with those reported earlier for the larvae of the prawn Macrobrachium , it appears that requirements for vit C are species specific, and might even differ according to the culture conditions.
Live food enrichment techniques, using formulated diets and emulsions for improving the nutritional quality of Brachionus and Artemia, were studied as a tool for transferring ascorbic acid (AA) to fish larvae.
Artemia nauplii enriched for 24 h with an experimental emulsion containing 20% HUFA and 0%, 10% and 20% ascorbyl palmitate (AP) were administered to catfish larvae in a 20-day feeding trial. Survival was not affected by the dietary AA, but from day 7 onwards a significantly positive effect of supplemental PLA on growth was demonstrated. At the end of the experiment the 20% AP group weighed 30% more than the control (0% AP), i.e. 9.5 and 6.3 mg DW, respectively. Evaluation of the physiological condition was demonstrated by salinity tests. In all three treatments larval growth was relatively low, and it still has to be verified if extra vitamin C in the diet really promotes growth. Seabass larvae fed on AP-enriched rotifers (days 4-12) and Artemia nauplii (days 13-46) showed no significant differences in production characteristics nor in stress resistance, however, for all salinity stress tests the 20% AT group performed better. AA was well incorporated into the predator larvae from the Brachionus feeding onwards.
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