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The European Judicial Organisation in a New Paradigm: The Influence of Principles of ‘New Public Management’ on the Organisation of the European Courts
Abstract
Recent reforms regarding the European Courts raise the question in which way do ‘new public management’ principles influence the European judicial organisation and how is a balance struck between these principles and classic ‘rule of law’ principles? The article first presents a classification of these types of principles in the framework for discussion regarding the European judicial organisation. Starting out from two paradigms, an inquiry is made into the status of the two sets of principles in the present-day European ‘constitutional’ framework. Second, the interaction of principles is investigated with regard to a number of current dilemmas, including the demarcation of the judicial domain, the management of the Courts and the distribution of judicial competences.
... New managerial practices (e.g. case management, caseload management, court management) and the related accountability mechanisms, focusing on productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of court performance have, therefore, been introduced (Visser et al., 2019;Graham and Hays, 2017;Guimarães et al., 2011;Mak, 2008;Rottman et al., 2007;Spigelman, 2001). The need of adopting some structural changes along with the prescriptions of the New Public Management paradigm and this in a sector in theory far from such culture comes from the perception that the administration of justice looks very much like an ordinary public service organization (Fabri and Langbroek, 2000, p. 8) and that it should guarantee not only sound juridical judgments but also providing adequate services (Fabri and Langbroek, 2000, pp. ...
... If originally the legitimatization of a judicial system only lay in its independent role, over the years transparency, openness, public accountability have become the new mantras (Malleson, 1999;Voermans, 2007). Pressure on the judiciary to adopt a more responsive approach was due, on the one hand, to the aforementioned wave of New Public Management (Visser et al., 2019;Graham and Hays, 2017;Guimarães et al., 2011;Mak, 2008;Rottman et al., 2007;Spigelman, 2001) while on the other to the increasing number and influence on policy-making from national and international judicial organizations (Malleson, 1999). In this direction, soft accountability mechanisms such as those of cooperative accountability (Contini and Mohr, 2007) or social accountability (Voermans, 2007), are now seen as a more modern and direct way to make courts accountable, as they balance legal and judicial values with managerial principles and greater attention to the needs of the community. ...
Purpose
That on accountability in public organizations is quite an old debate. Its introduction in judicial systems is, however, still viewed with some suspicion, due to its potential trade-off with independence and impartiality. Nevertheless, the need to respond to the demands for greater transparency and accountability has also pushed judicial organizations to establish a dialogue with a wide range of subjects. This study aims to explore the understanding and the current practices of sustainability reporting currently in place in judicial systems.
Design/methodology/approach
The study adopts a comparative approach, conducting an online survey in two European countries (Italy and Poland). The survey was built around the research questions and literature and administered between February and March 2020. Specifically, 804 courts were involved, of which 430 are in Italy and 374 in Poland.
Findings
Findings show that the current practices are still not widespread and there is still a lack of understanding of what sustainability reporting is, and therefore, of what its potential usefulness within the courts could be. Moreover, many differences between the two countries are pointed out, so it is possible to assume that the different cultural and institutional settings influence sustainability reporting practices. Finally, some interesting implications for policymakers are provided.
Originality/value
Judicial organizations are still poorly investigated in the literature, despite being at the center of a wide public and political debate. Moreover, the international comparative perspective adopted constitutes a further aspect of novelty.
... Th e guarantee of social rights represents a complementary legitimization of the judicial competence concerning the protection of fundamental rights. Despite the fact that in comparison with the member states the European "constitutional" system is staying behind with regards to this elaboration of the "rule of law", the fundamental elements of the "liberal democratic house" are represented on the European level as well (Mak 2008). In the process of designing reforms, attention must be paid especially to political and social obstacles, whereby the priorities must be focused on establishing the rule of law, improving service delivery and reducing corruption. ...
... In this sense, the traditional "rule of law" principles interact in several ways. Th ese principles in many cases complete and reinforce each other (Mak 2008). ...
This paper aims to analyze the development of the rule of law and its key characteristics as a principle within public governance model (PGM) research. In the study, we analyzed two main EU cultural and geographical subgroups, selected old and new EU member states, in order to identify the main convergences and differences characteristic of the respective clusters. With the accession to the European Union, these acceding countries were to transfer EU law into national law and reform their governance models accordingly. The aim of the research was achieved by following an original methodology, encompassing 431 relevant scientific papers from the Scopus database. Th e known QDA Miner 5.0.11 soft ware package was selected as the main tool for the analysis. Th e research questions were aimed at covering: (i) the role of the rule of law as one of the key governance principles in relation to the countries’ historical legacy and different governance models, (ii) the relationship between the rule of law and other governance principles and (iii) opportunities for further research within the two selected geographical subgroups. The results, concerning the first research question, reveal a greater frequency of papers per year about the relevant PGM studies focusing on the old EU member states. Likely, due to a broader socio-administrative tradition within these countries, law-related topics are better covered. As regards the relationship between the rule of law and other governance principles, we have shown that the rule of law as a principle is importantly related to effective governance and PA reforms and must not be taken as an antipode to efficiency. In new EU MS, i.e. Central and East Europe (CEE), in particular the rule of law in administrative relations is also one of the salient elements of the on-going transitional development compared to the old Western democracies. However, within the processes of privatization, globalization and marketization, the rule of law is challenged; even with PAR that might undermine the core principles of democratic governance. While demanding further research, encompassing specific socio-economic needs of individual public administrations and an evaluation of legal and related highly important reform preconditions proves vital for tomorrow’s public administration, more effectively and efficiently coping with the needs of the modern society.
... 48 However, the interests of different actors can diverge in other respects, for example concerning the degree of autonomy which should be granted to individual judges in organizing their case management. 49 Mak (2008). 47 Mohr and Contini (2014), p. 851. ...
... 48 Ibid., pp. 849 and 851; see also Mak (2008), p. 733. 49 Mak (2008), p. 730. ...
Monitoring the rule of law performance of EU member states presupposes that the EU has a clear idea of what is meant by the rule of law. Theoretically, however, the conceptualization of this notion has proven difficult, leading to a wide range of differing approaches. Moreover, the application of a common rule of law concept in a multilevel legal context creates its own difficulties. As the starting point for this contribution, we identify a core meaning of the rule of law based on the work of Philip Selznick and Martin Krygier. They see the reduction of the arbitrary use of power as the central value and point to the importance of a contextual approach to realizing that value: reducing arbitrariness may require very different concrete measures from one society to another. We examine what common idea of the rule of law is projected by the European Union in its rule of law agenda, looking specifically at two important instruments, the Justice Scoreboard and the Better Regulation programme. Using the contextual approach to rule of law, we then examine whether the core meaning of this concept is recognizable here, and whether efforts are already made to allow for the inclusion of contextual elements. Our analysis clarifies that the two instruments support the core notion of the rule of law by enhancing the quality of political debates in the EU. However, underlying economic assumptions and approaches as well as political forces form a constant threat to the realization of elements of participation and separation of powers.
... This mainly results from the difference between a broad search of records examining the relations between judiciary management and judges in the first search round and our focus on frontline judges when screening the articles: we only selected articles examining judges serving in local courts or articles dealing with the judicial institution of a country in general, including frontline judges. For example, numerous articles concerning higher courts (e.g., Morin, 2011) or European courts (e.g., Mak, 2008) were not retained. To a lesser extent, there were articles adopting an SLB approach to courts resulting from the second search round that did not examine frontline judges-they looked at other categories of judicial staff, such as criminal justice social workers (e.g., Halliday et al., 2009). ...
How do frontline judges perceive managerial reforms, and how do they cope with them? We relied on concepts from street-level bureaucracy to systematically review the effects of managerial techniques on frontline judges in 35 studies. We find that judges' attitudes toward managerialization are more heterogeneous than could be anticipated. Beyond facing an increasing caseload, judges are pressed to reduce treatment times and costs as well as to play managerial roles. Judges' mechanisms to cope with pressures include rationing, prioritizing, and routinizing. While managerialization is a solution to the increasing caseload, it is suspected to affect the quality of justice.
... 96 Some of these other goals (the so-called 'new public management' values) may collide with the classic 'rule of law principles' such as judicial independence. 97 Judicial councils have been increasingly called to balance these two groups of values. Such careful balancing becomes almost impossible if judicial independence is perceived as the major goal of judicial councils. ...
... En segundo lugar, se ha introducido un sistema de gestión de la calidad (RechtspraakQ), que incide sobre el presupuesto de cada tribunal creando un mecanismo premial a favor de las oficinas capaces de alcanzar los objetivos prefijados en términos de eficacia y eficiencia del servicio. Este instrumento se basa en una serie de indicadores para medir la carga de trabajo de los tribunales, que toman en consideración el tiempo estimado para resolver las diversas tipologías de asuntos (Lamicie) 88 . Cada tribunal de justicia elabora un proyecto de presupuesto (production plan), que es discutido con el Consejo de Justicia, el cual, a su vez, negocia con el Ministerio la dotación de los recursos necesarios, en relación con las estrategias de política judicial definidas por el ejecutivo. ...
Este trabajo pretende presentar y discutir un cuadro comparativo del funcionamiento y gestión de varios sistemas judiciales europeos a partir de los indicadores definidos por la Red Europea de Consejos de Justicia (RECJ) para valorar los sistemas judiciales europeos en relación con el grado de independencia y de rendición de cuentas (accountability), tanto de la magistratura como del juez individual. Los sistemas judiciales analizados (Italia, Francia, Hungría, Suecia y Países Bajos) presentan características particulares y son representativos de las diversas regiones geográficas de Europa.
... These complaints from practitioners about NPM are empirically corroborated by research in the fields of public and business administration and management control, 1 which as a rule finds many dysfunctional effects of NPM (e.g., De Bruijn & Van Helden, 2006;Frey, Homberg & Osterloh, 2013;Groot, 1999;Jansen, 2008;Mak, 2008;Osborne, Radnor, Kinder & Vidal, 2015;Spekle´& Verbeeten, 2014;Teelken, 2012;Ter Bogt & Scapens, 2012;Tonkens, Hoijtink & Gulikers, 2013;Verbeeten, 2008;Walker & Van der Zon, 2000;Yesilkagit & De Vries, 2002). However, most of this literature is descriptive and mainstream in nature. ...
PurposeIn the past decades, Dutch public sector organizations (PSOs) have been encouraged to become more “business-like” in their internal control and accountability processes, following a more general trend toward New Public Management (NPM) in Western societies. However, in the Netherlands, this trend has met with increasing resistance and discontent among public sector professionals. In this chapter, a framework is developed that enables these public sector professionals themselves to discuss and reflect on their internal control and accountability processes, and possibly to effect changes in it.
Methodology/approachThe chapter contains a critical analysis of existing research on management control, accountability, and learning in PSOs and describes a reflection and discussion session with a group of senior staff employees at a Dutch university, employing the framework developed in this chapter.
FindingsIt is argued that, generally speaking, the “business-like” approach of NPM does not appear appropriate for most public sector activities and may even negatively affect accountability and learning in PSOs.
Social implicationsThe chapter critically assesses the impact of NPM on PSOs and provides an alternative to NPM in the form of experimentalist governance, with possible positive implications for the effectiveness of public sector activities.
Originality/valueThis chapter is among the first to adapt a framework, developed for scientific and descriptive use, for more practical and prescriptive purposes, that is, as an instrument for public sector professionals to discuss and reflect on their internal control and accountability processes.
... We argue that even though the introduction of NPM principles resulted in a more transparent (and conceivably more efficient) process of adjudication, too strong a focus on these principles can also have an eroding effect on traditional 'rule of law' values such as independence and autonomy. 13 The introduction of managerial principles to public service organisations was first observed in the 1980s in countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia. 14 Connell, Fawcett & Meagher argue that 'a deep transformation of culture is at work, though the exact process is hard to formulate and the impact is uneven. ...
Judges in the Netherlands recently expressed their concerns over the organisation of the judiciary and the pressure to deliver output in a manifesto, which was signed by approximately 700 out of a total of 2,500 judges. At the same time, the judges proclaimed to be highly committed to their work. In this article, we explore this apparent contradiction by studying recent developments in the organisation of the judiciary and in the selection and training of judges. We specifically focus on the consequences that these developments could have on the loyalty of judges. Thereby, we distinguish between loyalty towards the judicial organisation, towards the profession, and towards colleagues. In studying the organisational changes, we notice that it is the focus on the new public management principles that is of particular concern to the judges, as many of these principles may conflict with their professional values. We reason that their loyalty towards the organisation seems to have diminished and that the expressed commitment of judges is more a display of loyalty towards the profession and towards colleagues than towards the organisation.
... Zoeken/Pages/default.aspx?k=manifest. Over ontwikkelingen in de Nederlandse rechtspraak zie Van der knaap & Van den Broek, 2000; Mak, 2008 en meer recentelijk Fruytier e.a., 2013; klaver, 2014. 3. Management control wordt doorgaans gedefinieerd als 'het proces waarin managers ervoor zorgen dat organisatorische hulpbronnen effectief en efficiënt worden ingezet ter bereiking van de doelen van de organisatie' (Hofstede , 1978, p. 450). ...
In de Nederlandse publieke sector is de afgelopen decennia een duidelijke trend zichtbaar in de richting van een meer bedrijfsmatige en
kwantitatieve manier van werken en aansturen (‘New Public Management’). Hiertegen is echter de laatste jaren veel verzet gerezen. In dit artikel wordt een raamwerk aangereikt waarmee publieke organisaties zelf kunnen reflecteren op deze manier van werken en aansturen. Toepassing van dit raamwerk in de literatuur en in een voorbeelddiscussie leert dat het ‘New Public Management’ niet goed lijkt te passen bij de meeste activiteiten in publieke organisaties.
... This approach corresponds to the widespread tendency of the public sector to orient itself toward private sector principles and practices. This movement is generally labelled as 'new public management' (Hood, 1991;Osborne & Gaebler, 1992) and is also observed in other countries, such as France and the UK (Mak, 2008;Raine & Wilson, 1997;Fitzpatrick et al., 2000). The key concepts of this new public management paradigm are quality management, in the sense of "achieving the full potential that one is capable of with the resources one has" (Ng, 2007, cited in Mak, 2008) and a focus on the consumer as a client of the organisation. ...
Virtually all judicial systems employ judicial staff members to assist judges in their work. However, except for US Supreme Court law clerks the role of these judicial assistants in judicial decision-making is minimally understood. This observation also holds true for the Netherlands, where an increased focus on managerial issues, such as efficiency and effectiveness, seems to have resulted in a growing number of judicial duties being assigned to judicial assistants. This article provides an initial reflection on such reliance on assistants. The context in which this development occurred is clarified, and the manifestation of the role of judicial assistants within the judicial process is described. This article also discusses two factors that require consideration when reliance on assistants increases: (1) the mechanisms for safeguarding the profession of the judge and the judicial assistant; and (2) the position of the judicial assistant in the judicial decision-making process. The consideration demonstrates the advantages of employing judicial assistants and also sheds light on serious risks relating to an increased role of judicial assistants in judicial decision-making.
Kamuda stratejik yönetimin yansımaları olarak misyon, idarelerinin var olma sebebini, temel amaç ve fonksiyonunu, yekti ve sorumluklarını, vizyon ise geleceğe ilişkin önceliklerinin ana eksinini belirtir. İdarelerin benimsedikleri değerler ise mevcut yapı, işleyiş ve gelecek yönelimlerini etkileyen değerleri yansıtmasının yanında, ülkenin kamu yönetimin etkilendiği yaklaşımlar hakkında ipuçları verir. Türkiye’de akademik yazınında misyon, vizyon ve temel değerler konusu üzerine gelişmiş bir külliyat olsa da bunların münferit idare türleri kapsamında ve daha ziyade hukuki uygunluğa yönelik olduğu görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla yazında, hem merkezi hem yerel yönetimleri kapsayacak ve ülke kamu yönetiminin misyon, vizyon ve temel değerlerini kamu yönetimi yaklaşımları odağında inceleyecek kapsamlı bir çalışma için önemli boşluk bulunmaktadır. Mevcut boşluğa katkıda bulunmayı amaçlayan bu çalışma, 81 belediye, 51 il özel idaresi ve 83 merkezi yönetim idaresi olmak üzere toplam 215 kamu idaresinin güncel dönem stratejik planları üzerine bir içerik analizi gerçekleştirmektedir. Çalışmanın temel sonuçlarına göre, değerlerden rafine hale getirildiğinde, merkezi idarelerinin misyonlarındaki ana vurgu ülkenin kalkınmasına katkı iken, belediyelerde refah artışı ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma, il özel idarelerinde ise alt ve üst yapı geliştirmeleridir. Belediyeler mekânsal, il özel idareleri ise kurumsal açıdan, modernliği temel vizyon çizgisi olarak belirlerken, merkezi idareler, örnek ve öncül olmayı benimsemektedir. Değerler ve kamu yönetimi yaklaşımları çerçevesinde, ülkedeki kamu yönetiminde daha çok “yönetim türlerine has” ilişkiler ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Kamuda stratejik yönetimin yansımaları olarak mis-yon, idarelerinin var olma sebebini, temel amaç ve fonksiyonunu, yekti ve sorumluklarını, vizyon ise geleceğe ilişkin önceliklerinin ana eksinini belirtir. İdarelerin benimsedikleri değerler ise mevcut yapı, işleyiş ve gelecek yönelimlerini etkileyen değerleri yansıtmasının yanında, ülkenin kamu yönetimin etkilendiği yaklaşımlar hakkında ipuçları verir. Tür-kiye'de akademik yazınında misyon, vizyon ve temel değerler konusu üzerine gelişmiş bir külliyat olsa da bunların münferit idare türleri kapsamında ve daha ziyade hukuki uygunluğa yönelik olduğu görülmek-tedir. Dolayısıyla yazında, hem merkezi hem yerel yönetimleri kapsayacak ve ülke kamu yönetiminin misyon, vizyon ve temel değerlerini kamu yönetimi yaklaşımları odağında inceleyecek kapsamlı bir çalış-ma için önemli boşluk bulunmaktadır. Mevcut boş-luğa katkıda bulunmayı amaçlayan bu çalışma, 81 belediye, 51 il özel idaresi ve 83 merkezi yönetim ida-resi olmak üzere toplam 215 kamu idaresinin güncel dönem stratejik planları üzerine bir içerik analizi ARAŞTIRMA The mission emphasizes the reason for the adminis-tration's existence, its primary purpose and function, authority and responsibilities, and the vision emphasizes the essential purpose of its priorities for the future. The values adopted by administrations show the values that affect their current structure, functioning , and future orientation, and they also give clues about the approaches that affect the country's public administration. Although there is a developed corpus on mission, vision, and fundamental values in the academic literature in Türkiye, it seems that these are within the scope of individual types of administration and are more focused on legal compliance. Therefore, there is a significant gap for a comprehensive study that will cover both central and local governments and examine the mission, mission, and fundamental values of the country's public administration , focusing on public management approaches. This study, which aims to contribute to this gap, conducts a content analysis of the current strategic plans of 215 public administrations, including 81
This article presents the relationship between legal principles and management principles in the judicial organization and how they affect the judiciary's performance. As an organization, the judiciary is bound by the rule of law principles, especially the principle of judicial independence, as stated in the constitution and laws. However, the courts as an organization are also influenced by management principles, which include viewing public organizations from efficiency, effectiveness, and service quality perspectives. This paper discusses the interaction and tension between these principles in a judicial organization and their methodological consequences. In the discussion about methodology, this paper will elaborate on the application of interdisciplinary legal research methods as a consequence of the dynamics between the two perspectives in the judicial organization. The discussion of the methodology will also cover the technical aspects of the application of research methods, so it is expected to fulfill a practical function in assisting legal researchers in applying interdisciplinary legal research.
The study analyses how the opposing legal interests can be balanced in the reporting on judicial proceedings and case law as well as in the opinions expressed by judges in the media, and to what extent a communicative approach to judicial public relations can complement the balance achieved within the framework of the regulatory approach. In doing so, constitutional theory and, for a better understanding of the potential effects on the media, above all communication science findings will be used. The relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights is taken into account as well as current legal developments in England and France.
The study analyses how the opposing legal interests can be balanced in the reporting on judicial proceedings and case law as well as in the opinions expressed by judges in the media, and to what extent a communicative approach to judicial public relations can complement the balance achieved within the framework of the regulatory approach. In doing so, constitutional theory and, for a better understanding of the potential effects on the media, above all communication science findings will be used. The relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights is taken into account as well as current legal developments in England and France.
Judicial ethical codes have become increasingly important in member states of the European Union as a point of reference for judges and as a means of securing public trust in judiciaries. In the ENCJ’s survey on the independence, accountability, and quality of judicial systems in Europe, sub-indicators were included to measure the existence of judicial ethical codes and relating training and supervision. This survey and the critical scholarly discussion about it provide valuable lessons for further empirical research on the perceptions of judges in EU member states relating to professional-ethical codes and standards. This article explores the most important lessons for this envisaged research. The main methodological considerations which come to the fore are: 1) to clearly delineate the research aims and central terms which are used in the survey; 2) to avoid insularity by including a representative and diverse group of respondents; 3) to validate and contextualise the results through a multi-method approach and critical debates with scholars and stakeholders.
Based on which values and to what extent does a specific legal system endorse a model of self-government of the judiciary? How is such self-government shaped? Which lessons can be drawn from practical experiences relating to major organizational reforms? This article addresses these questions with the aim of analyzing the influence of reforms of judicial self-government in the Netherlands on the realization of the core values of independence, accountability, legitimacy, transparency of, and public confidence in the judiciary. Furthermore, this article assesses the influence of reforms of judicial self-government on the separation of powers and democracy as organizing principles for the Dutch legal system. The main focus of the article is on the interaction between rule-of-law values and New Public Management (NPM) values for judicial organization, taking into account the meaning and weight of these values over time in the evolving Dutch legal system. Furthermore, the analysis addresses both the legal framework for judicial government and tensions that have occurred between key actors, in particular judges and the Council for the Judiciary, in their experiences with this legal framework in practice. A red thread which runs through this analysis concerns the demarcation of spheres of autonomy for the different actors in the judicial system. The analysis of organizational reforms clarifies that a dynamic interaction has developed between judges, the bodies for judicial self-government in the Dutch system and the Minister of Justice and Security, revolving around claims of autonomy. The evolved framework of rule-of-law and NPM values for the judicial organization provides a theoretical “lens” for understanding this interaction and its outcomes.
Like many public sector organizations, in the past decades the Dutch judiciary has come to adopt New Public Management (NPM) practices and processes. In this article, we analyze this adoption from a management and organizational control perspective. Using data from a large survey among Dutch judges, we see a “mismatch” between the nature of the NPM-inspired management control systems and the work-related experiences of the judges and inquire into the consequences thereof for judicial work and organization.
This article documents the life-cycle of the National Green Tribunal of India (NGT). The NGT is officially described as a “specialised body equipped with necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues”—a forum offering greater plurality for environmental justice. Its international and national recognition promotes it as an exemplar for developing nations. The change management theory underpinning the paper is drawn from the work of Kurt Lewin and Edgar Schein, thereby allowing the analysis of competing internal and external forces affecting the NGT. There is a transmigration of theory and its application from one discipline to another social science: business psychology and management to law. The article identifies and addresses the crisis, and analyses the reasons and actions of the principal actors or forces interested in supporting the NGT and, on the other hand, those who are concerned, challenged, and affected by its growth, activities, and popularity.
Ostatnie lata przyniosły eksplozję zainteresowania międzykulturowymi wymiarami konfliktu. Książki, liczne badania, jak również szkolenia i kursy zaproponowały różne perspektywy pozwalające na analizę roli kultury w transformacji konfliktu. Artykuł porusza problematykę zaufania w negocjacjach międzykulturowych. Autorzy postanowili zbadać, czy zastosowanie metafor może być cenne w zrozumieniu istoty negocjacji i czy metaforyczne opisy fenomenu negocjacji mogą okazać się przydatne dla analizy problematyki zaufania w negocjacjach międzykulturowych. Celem artykułu jest próba umieszczenia Polski na wspólnej skali porównawczej wraz ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi, Chinami, Irlandią oraz Wielką Brytanią w kontekście metafor określających proces negocjacji. Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań prowadzonych na próbie 313 respondentów z: Polski, Chin, USA, Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii.
Powszechnie panuje pogląd, zgodnie z którym publiczne instytucje kultury nie są skutecznie
zarządzane, a alokacja ich zasobów nie odbywa się w sposób efektywny i uzasadniony
z perspektywy szeroko rozumianego interesu społecznego. Taki stan rzeczy jest również
prezentowany w dokumentach rządowych [27, s. 107–108; 31, s. 9]. W tym kontekście, ze
względu na to, że autorowi badania nie są znane żadne empiryczne badania dotyczące systemów
wspierających proces zarządzania tego typu placówkami, postanowił on przeprowadzić
badanie stopnia wykorzystania strategicznej karty wyników oraz innych podobnych narzędzi
w procesie implementacji strategii i pomiaru wyników osiąganych w polskich publicznych
instytucjach kultury. Dane do badania zebrano za pomocą ankiety, która prawidłowo została
wypełniona przez przedstawicieli 57 instytucji kultury. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na znikome
wykorzystanie strategicznej karty wyników oraz innych systemów implementacji strategii
i pomiaru osiąganych rezultatów w analizowanych placówkach.
Judicial councils and other judicial self-government bodies have become a worldwide phenomenon. Democracies are increasingly turning to them to insulate the judiciary from the daily politics, to enhance independence and ensure judicial accountability. This book investigates the different forms of accountability and the taxonomy of mechanisms of control to determine a best practice methodology. The author expertly provides a meticulous analysis, using over 800 case studies from the Czech and Slovak disciplinary courts from 1993 to 2010 and creates a systematic framework the can be applied to future cases.
Aiming at an efficient sentencing system is a cross-border research between the sciences of public administration and law. This paper is based on the experience gained while developing the 2013 institutional strategy of the court of Miskolc. Administration reform is mainly based on internal organizational rules and not on laws and regulations. Several technical details are beyond the interest of legal studies , such as the allocation of human resources, stable and efficient standards and an effective supervision system, the training and motivation of judges, work distribution , case preparation. Since rarely do legal disputes arise in these areas, there is usually no conflict of interests to resolve. A bíróságok igazgatásának, munkaszervezésének tudományos vizsgálata Az ítélkezési gyakorlat hatékonyabbá tételének tudományos vizsgálata a jogtudomány és az igazgatás-tudomány határterülete. Jelen tanulmány a Miskolci Törvényszék In-tézményi stratégiájának 2013-as elkészítése kapcsán szerzett tapasztalatok alapján készült. A klasszikus jogtudomány szempontjából ez azért tekinthető félreeső terü-letnek, mert az igazgatás-szervezési újítások túlnyomó többsége nem törvényekben vagy más jogszabályokban, hanem belső, szervezeti szabályokon keresztül zajlik. Ide sorolható az iratkezelés, az iktatás, a postabontás, a szignálás, a naplózás szervezése, elektronizálása, az adatok biztonságának, felhasználhatóságának, torzításmentessé-gének gyakorlati biztosítása, valamint az iratok tartalmi feldolgozásának rendje. A megfelelő szakértelem adott irathoz csoportosítása, az ellenőrzés és a követelmény-rendszer hatékony, de kellően stabil volta, valamint a bírák képzése, munkateher-el-osztása, motiválása, az ügyek előkészítése és az ehhez hasonló, sokszor technikai kérdések sora a jogtudomány érdeklődési körén kívül esik, hiszen valójában e terü-leteken a legritkább esetben keletkeznek jogviták, jellemzően nincsenek feloldandó érdekkonfliktusok. Az igazgatásszakmai szakirodalom számára a bírósági igazgatási és előmeneteli rendszerek tanulmányozása szintén félreeső terület, hiszen a közme-nedzsment (public management) 2 szakirodalma hagyományosan a közigazgatásra, 1 A szerző az " Intézményi stratégia létrehozása a Miskolci Törvényszéken " ÁROP-1. 1. 19-2012-2012-0010. azonosító jelű projektben külső szakmai tanácsadóként működött közre. 2 Az e területen használatos terminológia pontos magyarázatára lásd: Horváth M. Tamás 2005 .
Although largely invisible to the public, behind the scenes, judicial assistants/law clerks frequently play a vital role in the process of adjudication. Yet, especially outside of the U.S., little is known about their role and duties in the judicial decision-making process. This article provides insight into the organization of the employment and the duties of judicial assistants in three different jurisdictions: the U.S., England and Wales, and the Netherlands. In particular, this article aims to gain an understanding of the effects different organizational structures have on the potential influence of assistants on the judicial process and to observe what restrictions are employed to prevent assistants from wielding too much influence
Judicial services, similar to various areas of service in public administration, have faced with demands for transformation regarding efficiency and productivity. There is a wide range of tools for satisfying these demands. In this framework, total quality management has been considered as one of the necessary tools. In this study, the opinions of lawyers-who play crucial role in judicial services-on efficiency and productivity have been set forth via a survey conducted on total quality management.
The purpose of this contribution is to explore the role that the courts have to play through Impact Analyses on draft bills or regulatory acts, and especially their frequent interactions. It shows that some of these legislative impact assessment tools improve rationality, democracy, transparency and public accessibility of the decision-making process which is, in the same time, subjected to a more extensive judicial review. Given the increasing use of impact assessment tools by jurisdictions, the latter do not focus only on the result of the decision-making process, but more on the procedure leading to the adoption of the act when they have to pronounce themselves on the legality of a legislative measure. Having systematized the different meeting possibilities between Impact Analyses and jurisdictions, this article then identifies - through a national and international Case Law analysis - their normative consequences. If the inclusion of Impact Analyses in the decision-making process prevent policy-makers from making irrational decisions, we will demonstrate that their progressive integration in judicial review bring judges to decide on solid empirical elements rather than on intuitions or anecdotes. This virtuous process may improve the development of public policies.
Judicial services, similar to various areas of service in public administration, have faced with demands for transformation regarding efficiency and productivity. There is a wide range of tools for satisfying these demands. In this framework, total quality management has been considered as one of the necessary tools. In this study, the opinions of lawyers-who play crucial role in judicial services-on efficiency and productivity have been set forth via a survey conducted on total quality management.
Purpose
– As part of the wave of new public management (NPM), the purpose of this paper is to unveil reactions to, and the management of organizational change within a context seldom examined – juvenile justice. This is achieved via a state-wide study on the introduction of a policy framework in eight centers to manage detainee behavior by ensuring risk-based decision-making among staff.
Design/methodology/approach
– Secondary research material was analyzed on organizational characteristics, framework-implementation, and the associated outcomes. The material was synthesized to develop descriptions of each center.
Findings
– Two key findings are apparent. First, there were limited research material to make robust connections between framework-implementation and related outcomes. Second, of the material available, there is clear evidence of center differences. The contexts in which the framework was implemented were varied – this may partly explain the different ways the centers responded to the framework, some of which appear counterintuitive.
Research limitations/implications
– The findings are limited by the use of secondary research material and the limited availability of comprehensive material.
Practical implications
– This study suggests that managing change within the public sector requires an acute understanding of organizational context. This encompasses the situation both within and beyond the organization.
Originality/value
– This study casts doubt on whether NPM, which espouses accountability, holds value for juvenile justice. This is largely because: the introduction of the framework was not complemented by the collection of complete data and information; and that which is available suggests considerable variation among the centers, which may circumvent the ability to establish causal relationships between policy and practice.
In this article, the judicial review of regulatory processes is investigated from the perspective of institutional choice, which concerns the optimal institutional allocation of functions in a society. It is demonstrated that judicial decision-making and policy making, both forms of public decision-making, in liberal democracies are changing under the effects of: (i) shifts in the balance of power between the branches of government, and (ii) the emancipation of the social sciences as standards for public decision-making. The institutional role of the judiciary with regard to the guarantee of the quality of regulatory processes is examined in light of political, legal, economic and professional rationalities concerning public decision-making. On the basis of this analysis, it is concluded that the judiciary in liberal democracies currently seems to be a legitimate institution to exercise a review of regulatory processes. Moreover, the analysis clarifies that the courts in liberal-democratic systems generally are able to provide the knowledge and the organisational structure needed to exercise this kind of judicial review.
The Advocate General (AG) has been a permanent feature of the European Union judicial order since 1957. From two Advocates General (AGs) in a Community of six Member States and Court of seven judges, their number has risen to eight in a Union of 27 Member States, three courts and 61 judges. Their task under the Treaty has remained the same, as has their mode of recruitment. The Lisbon Treaty has, however, assigned a new task to the collective judiciary of the Union—under Article 13 TEU, it is to 'serve' the citizens of the EU. What does this mean, and in particular what does it mean for the AG—has the task of these non-decision making officers also changed? This chapter suggests that the objective of this new duty is to manufacture trust in the Court of Justice and argues that this requires more transparency at the CJEU and thus a new role for the Advocate General.
In this paper I analyze the loss of traditional authority by the Dutch Supreme Court (Hoge Raad). This court is traditionally seen as the highest court of the Netherlands, but after decades of applause and admiration, today the court finds itself in a marginal position. The court failed to keep in touch with its environment and did not react adequately to some relevant changes, such as the rise of contenders like the Council of State (Raad van State) and the Council for the Judiciary (Raad voor de rechtspraak), the introduction of New Public Management (NPM), the complexity as a result of the creation of a European legal order and the debates about constitutionalism. In its splendid isolation the Hoge Raad thought - until recently - that these changes would leave its superior position at the top of the Dutch judiciary unchallenged. I analyze the causes of this loss of responsiveness of the court and suggest a broad form of modern judicial leadership as a means for the Hoge Raad to regain some of its lost territory.
A compilation of all commentaries on EU Court procedural/substantive issues published since the 1950's in: (i) Cahiers de droit européen; (ii) Common Market Law Review; (iii) European Law Review; (iv) Revue Trimestrielle de droit européen; (v) Europe; (vi) Yearbook of European Law (2008); (vii) European Competition Law Review; (viii) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law; (ix) Revue du Marché Commun; (x) Revue du Marché unique européen; (xi) Journal [des Tribunaux] de droit européen; (xii) European Law Journal; (xiii) Columbia Journal of European Law; (xiv) European Competition Journal; (xv) Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Europees Recht; (xvi) SEW - Tijdschrift voor Europees en economisch recht; and (xvii) Revue des affaires européennes.
The European Union Civil Service Tribunal, the first judicial panel to be attached to the Court of First Instance under the reforms agreed at Nice, recently heard its first case. Its establishment is significant for two reasons. First, it will make a much needed reduction in the case load of the CFI. Second, it is innovative in its approach to the appointment of judges, for the first time in the European judicial structure moving away from the traditional approach of Member State nomination to direct application and consideration of applications by a Selection Committee.
This article focuses on the relationship between two perennial items on the reform agenda, direct access to the Community courts for private applicants, and requests by the national courts for preliminary rulings from the Court of Justice on questions of Community law. Ongoing developments suggest that the time is ripe for renewed debate concerning the ability of existing mechanisms to secure effective access to justice for the European citizenry.
Delaware and the Netherlands both have a court that is specialized in company law issues. This feature of the Dutch and Delaware law system is unique in the world. Both specialized business courts are - each on its own scale - successful and have made - and still make - important contributions to the development of corporate governance in their jurisdictions. The aim of this contribution is to find an explanation for the success of the Dutch specialized business court. In the first part of this contribution I will focus on specialized courts and the pros and cons of specialized courts on a more abstract level. In the second part I will address the question of how these pros and cons have worked out for the Dutch specialized business court.
Ce Précis, dans une perspective nouvelle, traite des libertés fondamentales et non des libertés publiques. On y trouvera exposées la théorie générale des libertés et droits fondamentaux ainsi que, de manière distincte, la protection constitutionnelle et la protection européenne (dans le cadre du Conseil de l'Europe et de l'Union européenne) de ces droits et libertés. Cette cinquième édition, à jour de la réforme constitutionnelle de juillet 2008, tient compte des principales évolutions législatives : question préjudicielle de constitutionnalité, droit au logement opposable, surveillance et rétention de sûreté, ainsi que des derniers développements jurisprudentiels notamment en droit interne (sur le service minimum et le droit de grève par exemple) et en droit européen (notamment concernant le droit au développement et à l'autonomie personnels). Destiné en premier lieu aux étudiants de licence et master de droit, ce Précis sera également utile aux étudiants des Instituts d'études politiques ainsi qu'aux candidats aux concours administratifs et à l'examen d'entrée aux Centres de formation des avocats.
Thomas S. Kuhn's classic book is now available with a new index. "A landmark in intellectual history which has attracted attention far beyond its own immediate field. . . . It is written with a combination of depth and clarity that make it an almost unbroken series of aphorisms. . . . Kuhn does not permit truth to be a criterion of scientific theories, he would presumably not claim his own theory to be true. But if causing a revolution is the hallmark of a superior paradigm, [this book] has been a resounding success." âNicholas Wade, Science "Perhaps the best explanation of [the] process of discovery." âWilliam Erwin Thompson, New York Times Book Review "Occasionally there emerges a book which has an influence far beyond its originally intended audience. . . . Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . . . has clearly emerged as just such a work." âRon Johnston, Times Higher Education Supplement "Among the most influential academic books in this century." âChoice One of "The Hundred Most Influential Books Since the Second World War," Times Literary Supplement
De territoriale verdeling van rechtsmacht in Nederland
- P Albers
P. Albers
et al, 'De territoriale verdeling van rechtsmacht in Nederland', (2004) 1 Trema 16.
Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law (Routledge 1997), p 75. 28 Concerning the problem of defining a European 'population', see for example T. Thiel, 'Fehlt Europa das Volk? Überlegungen zum Zusammenhang von Integration und Verfassung' (publication forthcoming)
- Malanczuk
Malanczuk, Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law (Routledge 1997), p 75.
28 Concerning the problem of defining a European 'population', see for example T. Thiel, 'Fehlt Europa das
Volk? Überlegungen zum Zusammenhang von Integration und Verfassung' (publication forthcoming).
Kwaliteitsbevordering van rechtspleging via een Raad voor de rechtspraak?
- W Voermans
W. Voermans, 'Kwaliteitsbevordering van rechtspleging via een Raad voor de rechtspraak?', (2000) 12
Quels métiers pour quelle justice? Rapport d'information du Sénat no 345
- Cointat
Cointat, Quels métiers pour quelle justice? Rapport d'information du Sénat no 345 (Sénat 2002);
Beter weten; specialisatie in de rechterlijke macht 10 Trema 486The Companies and Business Court as a specialized court
- M J Kroeze
81 Regarding 'specialisation' in Dutch judicial organization, see A.M. Hol and M.A. Loth, 'Beter weten;
specialisatie in de rechterlijke macht', (2002) 10 Trema 486; M.J. Kroeze, 'The Companies and Business Court
as a specialized court', (2007) 3
Inleiding tot het recht van de Europese Gemeenschappen (Kluwer 1995), p. 49; cf Cases 90-91/63 Commission v Luxemburg and Belgium
- J G Kapteyn
- P Verloren Van Themaat
J.G. Kapteyn and P. VerLoren van Themaat, Inleiding tot het recht van de Europese Gemeenschappen
(Kluwer 1995), p. 49; cf Cases 90-91/63 Commission v Luxemburg and Belgium [1964] ECR 625.
30 Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos
- Malanczuk Cf
29 cf Malanczuk, note 27, p 96.
30 Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos [1962] ECR 1; case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585.
85 Mak, note 3, chapter 6
- Mak Cf
84 cf Mak, note 3, chapter 6.
85 Mak, note 3, chapter 6.
86 Article 220(1) EC.
87 Article 220(2) EC and Article 225a EC.
88 Council Decision 88/591, preamble.
89 Article 225(1) EC.
90 Article 225(3) EC.
91 cf Heffernan, note 5, pp 297-298.
Regarding 'specialisation' in Dutch judicial organization
- M A Loth
Regarding 'specialisation' in Dutch judicial organization, see A.M. Hol and M.A. Loth, 'Beter weten;
Quels métiers pour quelle justice?
- C Cointat
C. Cointat, Quels métiers pour quelle justice? Rapport d'information du Sénat no 345 (Sénat 2002);