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Sustainable tourist behavior—A discussion of opportunities for change
Abstract
Research shows that despite their declared positive attitudes towards sustainable tourism, only a few tourists act accordingly by buying responsible tourism products, choosing environmentally friendly transportation or behaving responsibly towards destination communities. The low support from customers is one of the main barriers for progress towards sustainable tourism. One reason can be that existing initiatives are missing customers' attention, discouraging industry and governments to continue promoting sustainable tourism. Positive attempts to encourage sustainable consumption in other sectors indicate that specific barriers may reside in the nature of tourist choices. Taking a critical look at tourism research and literature, this article examines the interplay between reasons for tourists' choice of products and services, and environmental motivations. After identifying possible gaps that may explain current failures to stimulate responsible tourist choices, the article concludes by discussing the implications for the effectiveness of informative and awareness-raising tools aimed to facilitate the shift towards responsible tourist behaviour and actions.
... Marketing motivations, related to the implications of certification for companies' brand valuation and with the aim of better meeting the expectations and motivations of consumers and stakeholders [10,15,22,24,25,[27][28][29]. ...
... • External motivations related to the regulatory context and pressure from customers and other stakeholders in favor of more sustainable production criteria [7,15,20,24,25,27,28,[30][31][32][33]. • Motivations related to economic efficiency and cost reduction [10,21,22,[24][25][26]]. ...
... Among the marketing motives (advantages) most frequently mentioned in the literature are the following: increasing employee loyalty to the company [25]; improving the establishment's image [10,21,24], attracting "green" tourists [24]; and increasing the social reputation of establishments and customer satisfaction [25]. It is important to note that, although most tourists do not include the eco-certification of hotels among their selection criteria, there are studies that report that, once exposed to tourist establishments with eco-accreditation, customers tend to choose these establishments for future stays [27][28][29]. In short, there is a belief that eco-certification helps companies in the tourism industry gain a competitive advantage [6]. ...
The increasing awareness of environmental, social and cultural issues has highlighted the concept of sustainable certification. The aim of this study is to understand the main drivers and constraints for companies to join certification schemes and compare possible changes between the years 2021 and 2024 among tourism companies. A total of 417 online questionnaires were collected, and a comparative study was conducted. The findings show that the drivers for implementing certification schemes are improving the company’s image and customer-based brand equity, strengthening competitiveness, achieving eco-efficiency, cost reduction, and competitive advantage. On the side of the obstacles that discourage the adoption of certification schemes, there are difficulties in meeting the criteria of the certifications, adapting working methods, higher costs, and lower price competitiveness. The results also show that there was a significant increase in the number of certified companies and that women and young entrepreneurs are more sensitive to the implementation of good practices. It has been concluded that although there is greater demand and interest in implementing good tourism practices, people who know less about certification schemes and companies that are not certified have a weaker opinion regarding this topic.
... Todavia, o turismo sustentável tem encontrado várias críticas nomeadamente no que diz respeito à falta de clarificação dos seus objetivos e propósitos, à dificuldade de operacionalização dos seus princípios (Sharpley, 2000(Sharpley, , 2010Mowforth & Munt, 2009), à utopia dos seus conceitos (Robinson, 2004) e à dubitabilidade da sensibilidade ecológica dos cidadãos (Budeanu, 2007;Sharpley, 2010), pois o número de cidadãos que age em conformidade com os princípios da sustentabilidade é ainda muito reduzido (Budeanu, 2007). Esta última situação pode ser considerada como um dos principais obstáculos para o progresso em direção ao turismo sustentável (Budeanu, 2007). ...
... Todavia, o turismo sustentável tem encontrado várias críticas nomeadamente no que diz respeito à falta de clarificação dos seus objetivos e propósitos, à dificuldade de operacionalização dos seus princípios (Sharpley, 2000(Sharpley, , 2010Mowforth & Munt, 2009), à utopia dos seus conceitos (Robinson, 2004) e à dubitabilidade da sensibilidade ecológica dos cidadãos (Budeanu, 2007;Sharpley, 2010), pois o número de cidadãos que age em conformidade com os princípios da sustentabilidade é ainda muito reduzido (Budeanu, 2007). Esta última situação pode ser considerada como um dos principais obstáculos para o progresso em direção ao turismo sustentável (Budeanu, 2007). ...
... Todavia, o turismo sustentável tem encontrado várias críticas nomeadamente no que diz respeito à falta de clarificação dos seus objetivos e propósitos, à dificuldade de operacionalização dos seus princípios (Sharpley, 2000(Sharpley, , 2010Mowforth & Munt, 2009), à utopia dos seus conceitos (Robinson, 2004) e à dubitabilidade da sensibilidade ecológica dos cidadãos (Budeanu, 2007;Sharpley, 2010), pois o número de cidadãos que age em conformidade com os princípios da sustentabilidade é ainda muito reduzido (Budeanu, 2007). Esta última situação pode ser considerada como um dos principais obstáculos para o progresso em direção ao turismo sustentável (Budeanu, 2007). Tornase, assim, fundamental perceber de que forma os comportamentos que podem condicionar o alcance de um turismo sustentável podem ser alterados. ...
O turismo é considerado um dos maiores fenómenos da era moderna, tendo um papel relevante no desenvolvimento dos destinos. Apesar dos seus efeitos positivos, o turismo tem também consequências nefastas quer a nível ambiental, quer sociocultural. Uma das causas para esta situação tem origem nos comportamentos insustentáveis dos principais stakeholders desta indústria. É, assim, crucial repensar estes comportamentos de forma a mitigar os seus efeitos, para que o turismo seja um veículo para o desenvolvimento sustentável dos territórios. O marketing social apresenta-se como um dos ramos do marketing capaz de contribuir para a alteração desses comportamentos. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre a relação entre o marketing social e o turismo para explorar como e em que medida o marketing social tem sido estudado no campo do turismo e de que forma esta relação pode contribuir para reduzir os impactes negativos da atividade turística. Identificam-se, ainda lacunas de conhecimento nesta área bem como se traçam caminhos para futuras pesquisas. Palavras-chave | Marketing social, turismo, turismo sustentável, alteração de comportamento Abstract | Tourism is considered one of the greatest phenomena of the modern era and has a relevant role in the development of destinations. Despite its positive effects, tourism also has dire consequences at both the environmental and sociocultural levels. One of the causes for this situation stems from the unsustainable behaviour of the main stakeholders in this industry. It is, therefore, crucial to rethink these behaviours so as to mitigate their effects, in order for tourism to be a vehicle for the sustainable development of territories. Social marketing is one of the branches of marketing that can help change these behaviours. This article presents a literature review of the relationship between social marketing and tourism so as to explore how and to what extent social marketing has been studied in the field of tourism and how this relationship can contribute to reducing the negative impacts of tourism. It identifies gaps in knowledge in this area, as well as indicates the way for future research.
... their environmental orientation and intended environmental commitment) and actual behavior associated with environmentally responsible travel (e.g. Budeanu, 2007;Gonda & Ratz, 2023;Han, 2015). For this reason, it is recommended to raise awareness and promote motivation and responsibility of tourism participants to implement sustainable tourism into practice (see e.g. ...
... Some research also shows that there is often a discrepancy between the plan and actual behavior of tourism participants (e.g. Budeanu, 2007). Based on these findings, our research problem was set: Do tourism participants identify themselves with sustainability principles and put them into practice in their travel? ...
... Therefore, education, training and awareness raising is recommended to increase tourism participants' awareness of own their responsibility in the practical implementation of sustainable tourism (e.g. Aman et al., 2021;Budeanu, 2007;Leung, 2022;Mazhenova et al., 2016). ...
In line with the concept of sustainable development, the paper deals with the issue of environmental education and training to increase the awareness of tourism participants of their own responsibility for the practical implementation of sustainable tourism. The aim is to map the behavior of tourism participants and to propose some sustainable behavior principles in the form of a miniguide. The motto of the miniguide is not to simply see travel as just fun, or passive source of information, but as an incentive to learn about nature, culture and customs of local people, to promote and deepen language and other skills, including active protection of the environment. The miniguide might also be an incentive to sustainable tourism development. An important aspect of putting the principles of sustainability into practice is to publish and disseminate these principles so that they become freely available to the general public. That may be through information materials, educational signs, social networks, etc. Spreading awareness of the need to protect nature and the countryside will help to make people aware of their own responsibility for our common future.
... The most common models of behavioural change relating to ecological and sustainable tourism consumption are models emanating from the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) (Budeanu, 2007). The TRA proposes that 'behavioural intentions are the most important immediate antecedents of behaviour' (Fishbein and Ajzen, 2010, p. 39). ...
... The TRA proposes that 'behavioural intentions are the most important immediate antecedents of behaviour' (Fishbein and Ajzen, 2010, p. 39). Behavioural intention refers to a person's disposition towards a specific action and is determined by salient information or beliefs, individual attitudes, and subjective norms (Budeanu, 2007;Madden et al., 1992). In light of a person's incomplete volitional control to perform a desired action, the TRA is extended to form the TPB, which takes into account behavioural control as a determinant having an impact on behavioural intention (Ajzen, 1991;Budeanu, 2007). ...
... Behavioural intention refers to a person's disposition towards a specific action and is determined by salient information or beliefs, individual attitudes, and subjective norms (Budeanu, 2007;Madden et al., 1992). In light of a person's incomplete volitional control to perform a desired action, the TRA is extended to form the TPB, which takes into account behavioural control as a determinant having an impact on behavioural intention (Ajzen, 1991;Budeanu, 2007). In some studies, the TBP is integrated with other models. ...
... Although the results of these past studies implicate that tourism has mainly positive effects on economic-related matters and negative ecological concerns, the socio-cultural impacts are still dubious and are dependent by destination case. Since there can be variety of causes, studies have started to investigate the idiosyncratic factors that tourism can present in explicit destinations and, furthermore, examine how these relations may impact the daily lives of local communities (Aref and Redzuan 2010;Budeanu 2007;Christian 2016;Hughes 2018). Some of the positive impacts can include tourists indirectly supporting local businesses, volunteering in local organisations, and adding value by bringing globalisation and multiculturalism to a destination. ...
... (Fletcher et al. 2018, 195) According to Mathieson and Wall (1982, 149), "by its very nature, tourism means that people are away from the puritanical bonds of normal living, anonymity is assured away from home, and money is available to spend." Many studies have concluded that tourists tend to have more of a negative behavior pattern during their time away from home than they do in their daily lives, which may have severe consequences for the local communities receiving these visitors (Budeanu 2007;Fletcher et al. 2018;Hughes 2018;Pearce 2019). Furthermore, it is suggested that further studies are necessary where it concerns tourists' behavioral patterns and subsequent impacts on host communities (Aref and Redzuan 2010;Budeanu 2007;Hall and Lew 2009). ...
... Many studies have concluded that tourists tend to have more of a negative behavior pattern during their time away from home than they do in their daily lives, which may have severe consequences for the local communities receiving these visitors (Budeanu 2007;Fletcher et al. 2018;Hughes 2018;Pearce 2019). Furthermore, it is suggested that further studies are necessary where it concerns tourists' behavioral patterns and subsequent impacts on host communities (Aref and Redzuan 2010;Budeanu 2007;Hall and Lew 2009). ...
Purpose – The Croatian city of Rijeka has been a popular enclave for students participating in the Erasmus+ study exchange program, which has led to a shift in the relations between the local community (as hosts) and the student visitors (as guests). By applying the concept of the hostguest-relationship in this context, this study explores the student perceptions of Rijeka as a studyabroad destination, the degree of cultural exchange between locals and student visitors, and the overall footprint of Erasmus+ students on local communities in Rijeka. Methodology – An online questionnaire was distributed to Rijeka’s residents (n=93) and Erasmus students (n=114). Two surveys were designed to explore their attitudes and the factors influencing the host-guest relationship from both perspectives. Findings – The findings were analysed from both the perspectives of the students and the residents. The motivating factors influencing students participating in the Erasmus+ program included the landscape, rich natural attractions, affordability, proximity to other travel destinations, culture, and safety. From the local host perspective, the findings indicate that locals have a very positive perception of international students in Rijeka, with attributes assigned to them such as “wellbehaved” and “friendly”. Hence, contrary to some studies that showed that students might elicit residents’ negative perceptions, Rijeka’s residents were happy to accept them as a part of the community. Contribution – This study applies past research in host/guest relationships to a student exchange scenario. The practical implications for local stakeholders in Rijeka are to extend their offerings of cultural experiences to international students. In addition, identifying the quality of interaction between locals and visitors has implications for hospitality and tourism businesses.
... La conciencia sostenible del turista refiere a la capacidad de las personas para reconocer y comprender los problemas económicos, ambientales y sociales en sus decisiones y acciones de consumo turístico. También ha sido abordada teórica y conceptualmente desde perspectivas como el Comportamiento Ambientalmente Responsable (Luo et al., 2020), el Comportamiento Sostenible (Budeanu, 2007;Juvan y Dolnicar, 2014Passafaro, 2020;Sharmin et al., 2020), o en ocasiones desde la perspectiva del Consumo Verde (Chen y Chang, 2012;Miller, 2003;Nicolau et al., 2020;Riva et al., 2022;Rustam et al., 2020). ...
... Planificado TPB (Theory of Planned Behaviour). Estos modelos teóricos han sido utilizados frecuentemente para explicar actitudes-creencias relacionadas con comportamientos ecológicos (Kaiser et al., 2003), opciones de viaje (Bamberg, 2013), la disposición a pagar por la protección del medio ambiente (Pouta et al., 2002;Balogh, et al., 2016;Slocum, Jin y Cho, 2018; López-Sánchez yPulido-Fernández, 2014), la comercialización de productos respetuosos con el medio ambiente (Kalafatis et al., 1999), el consumo verde (Sparks y Shepherd, 1992) y la brecha existente entre la conciencia y las acciones de consumo sostenible (Budeanu, 2007). ...
El objetivo del presente artículo es el desarrollo y validación de un instrumento de medición para evaluar diversos aspectos relacionados a la experiencia del turista gastronómico en el contexto de Puebla, México. El instrumento abordó una variedad de constructos, que incluyen: la satisfacción de actividades turístico-gastronómicas, la competitividad de servicios gastronómicos, la conciencia sostenible del turista gastronómico y la memorabilidad de la experiencia gastronómica. El instrumento fue integrado por 37 ítems y aplicado sobre una muestra de 380 visitantes del destino turístico de Puebla, en el Centro de México. Seis factores surgieron del análisis factorial exploratorio: a) Conciencia Sostenible, b) Memorabilidad de Experiencias Gastronómicas, c) Competitividad de Servicios Gastronómicos, d) Satisfacción de Actividades Gastronómicas, e) Satisfacción de actividades de degustación y f) Satisfacción de servicios de venta de alimentos preparados, los cuales explicaron el 63.804% de la varianza acumulada, y exhibieron una consistencia interna, tanto en términos globales (α=0.822) como individuales, de acuerdo con el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. En consecuencia, se logró desarrollar un instrumento que mostró fiabilidad y validez, evidenciando así su eficacia en la medición de los constructos propuestos.
... PEB is a topic that requires in-depth research in the tourism field in a context in which CO 2 emissions, environmental pollution and climate change have become important issues in society (O'Connor and Assaker, 2021). It is expected that scientific production will continue to grow in recent years due to two reasons: firstly, tourists are more demanding and aware of environmental values in tourism; and, secondly, tourism destinations see sustainability as a competitive advantage (Budeanu, 2007;Su et al., 2020). Therefore, the present study attempts to understand the problem in depth using knowledge mapping through VOSviewer. ...
... Identifying the right keywords is a critical stage in the selection of articles (Paul and Criado, 2020). Firstly, according to Rodr ıguez-L opez et al. (2020), Molina-Collado et al. (2022) and Pelit and Katircioglu (2022), we analyze the articles with a higher number of citations in PEB in the WoS database, with the aim of analyzing which are the keywords with the greatest impact in this field of study (Budeanu, 2007;Goldstein et al., 2008;Han et al., 2010;Ballantyne et al., 2011;Ramkissoon et al., 2013a, b;Chen and Tung, 2014;Han, 2015;Miller et al., 2015;Kim et al., 2019;Tian and Robertson, 2019). In this case, it is interesting to note that proenvironmental intention and PEB are used interchangeably in the literature. ...
Purpose – The main objective of this article is to visualize the structure and trends of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) between 1999 and 2023 through mapping and in-depth analysis. The aim is to analyze PEB, which has received considerable academic attention in recent years due to its key role in the conservation of the environment and the protection of local communities in tourist destinations. This paper provides an important summary of the recent research that has explored the role that tourists have in protecting the environment through PEB.
Design/methodology/approach – This study presents a visual analysis of 2005 scholarly articles between the years 1999 and 2023 related to PEB. Using the knowledge mapping based on VOSviewer it presents the current status of research, which includes the analysis of citation analysis, co-citation analysis, co-citation network and longitudinal analysis.
Findings – PEB is an emerging topic due to its relevance to protecting the environment in the context of travel. The citation and co-citation analysis show the relevance of the behavior of tourists with regard to protecting the environment. The co-word analysis highlights the current significance of research concerning green hotels and the destination image of environmentally responsible destinations.
Originality/value – This study sheds light on the current research progress of PEB in the context of tourism through a comprehensive analysis (citation, co-citation and co-word). In addition, we provide theories and factors that have been previously used to study PEB in the context of tourism. The findings contribute to a broad and diverse understanding of the concept of PEB, which can provide important insights for policymakers in formulating management strategies and policies aimed at reducing environmental impacts in destinations.
... (Wang, Li, Zhen, Zhang, 2016) explore a methodological approach of assessing tourist preference of smart tourist attraction (STA), and the strengths and weaknesses of an STA accordingly. Taking a critical look at tourism research and literature (Budeanu, 2007;Yakymchuk et al. 2021) examines the interplay between reasons for tourists' choice of products and services, and environmental motivations. (Chaminuka, Groeneveld, Selomane, Ierland, 2012) analyses the potential for development of ecotourism in rural communities in South Africa and determine preferences of tourists, according to origin and income levels, for ecotourism and their marginal willingness to pay for three ecotourism attributes: village accommodation, village tours and visits to crafts markets. ...
... formation of preferences takes into account its potential and the compettivness of the tourist destination Wu, 2013;Konstantakis, 2017 to identifying the tourists' preferences analyzed the level and structure of spending on tourist travel from a macroeconomic perspective Hearne, Salinas, 2002 use of choice experiments as a mechanism to analyze preferences of national and international tourists Wang, Li, Zhen, Zhang, 2016 explore a methodological approach of assessing tourist preference of smart tourist attraction (STA), and the strengths and weaknesses of an STA accordingly. Budeanu, 2007 examines the interplay between reasons for tourists' choice of products and services, and environmental motivations Chaminuka, Groeneveld, Selomane, Ierland, 2012 determine preferences of tourists, according to origin and income levels, for ecotourism and their marginal willingness to pay for ecotourism attributes Albaladejo-Pina, Díaz-Delfa, 2009 based on stated preference experiment and using discrete choice modeling methodology, the study consider variations in tastes within tourists' preferences Cuomo, Tortora, Danovi, Festa, Metallo, 2021 compare the factors that develop tourist preferences taking into account the drives of favorability of tourist preferences, relationship between tourist expectations, proximity, favorable reputation and the main influences of tourist preferences on hospitality system competitiveness in pre-crisis and post-crisis period *Source: compiled by the author. ...
The article presents a comparative analysis and socio-economic assessment of the behavior of the population of border area (Transcarpathian region) in tourism industry and travel-related services before the crisis COVID-19 and in the post-crisis period. The purpose of the article is to define the changes in tourism preferences caused by the impact of COVID-19, in particular to analyze the impact of the crisis on the distribution of households’ expenditures on recreation in the structure of their budgets, as well as post-crisis assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on tourists’ choices, such as destination, type of recreation, transport, accommodation and other aspects related to the tourist preferences. The results of the study showed that in the conditions of COVID-19 there were some changes in consumer preferences in the market of tourism and travel-related services in the region, but during the downturn period the tourist’s preferences and behavior have partially returned to the stage that was typical in the pre-crisis period. As a result of the impact of the crisis, there were some changes in the structure of households’ budget, in particular, there was a partial reduction in the level of tourist’s expenditures for recreation and travelling (for 72% of respondents). Objectively that in the post-crisis period has partially increased the number of tourists that started to prefer domestic tourism (by 5%). A lot of respondents chose to travel by their own cars (36%) and stay at hotels (36%), however, one third of respondents also prefer rural homestays (20,48%). The subjective assessment by the respondents of the factors that influencing their tourism choice in the post-crisis period showed that safety does not play a primary role for most of them and priority is given to living conditions, comfort and the level of prices. It is expected that the results of the study will provide an analytical basis for tourism industry managers to offer new services taking into account the preferences of tourists in the post-crisis period of COVID-19.
... Naturally, tourists' behavior is also impacted by attitudes and beliefs [50]. However, attitudebehavior gaps have also been found among tourists, as tourists' information on issues such as climate change not always translate into choosing more sustainable tourism products [51][52][53], which Hall [54] associates with an over-reliance on the utilitarian approach to consumer change. Such realization has led authors to consider other approaches to behavior change, such as promoting desired behaviors as social norms [55] and nudging [56], or even other approaches to tourism development itself, such as degrowth [57]. ...
... The findings should also be considered with caution. Just like, there are attitude-behavior gaps regarding sustainable consumption [43], including in the tourism industry [51][52][53], there must also be a gap between self-reported WTP and actual WTP. Nevertheless, understanding which attitudes and behaviors are associated with even agreeing that it is acceptable to pay a premium price for tourism destinations that employ sustainable practices generate valuable insights for sustainable tourism product design and communication. ...
With consumers increasingly aware of the effects of human activity on the environment, tourism products and destinations are increasingly marketed as sustainable and socially responsible. As most sustainable practices lead to additional costs, and tourists’ decisions tend to be price sensitive, achieving sustainability goals necessarily involves understanding how much tourists are willing to pay extra for sustainable practices, as well as the antecedents of such Willingness to Pay (WTP). The present study aims to advance knowledge on the antecedents of WTP for Sustainable Destinations (WTP-4-SD), for which it builds on previous studies employing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP). In this context, a theoretical model involving Ecotourism Attitudes, Environmental Beliefs, Climate Change-Related Risk Perceptions (CC-RRP), Environmental Concern During trip (ECDT), and Sustainable Consumption Behavior (SCB) as antecedents of WTP-4-SD is proposed. The model was tested based on data collected through an online survey, form a sample of 1,545 Spanish and Portuguese tourists, and analyzed through Structural Equations Modelling (SEM). The findings suggest that a cohesive set of attitudes and beliefs regarding the man-nature relationship, the risks of climate change and the role of tourism – which have been labelled “No Planet-B Attitudes” – is the main driver of WTP-4-SD.
... Sustainable tourism has received significant scholarly attention due to its potential as a remedy for the adverse effects of conventional tourism on the environment and society (Budeanu, 2007). A variety of factors, such as the domicile of respondents, can influence perceptions of sustainable tourism. ...
... As a majority of these companies are local, their perceptions could be influenced by their unique geographical and cultural experiences. Budeanu (2007) stressed the need for change in tourist behavior to ensure sustainable tourism. Although domicile was not directly discussed, one can infer that a respondent's residence could influence their behavior and perception towards sustainable tourism, given that local customs and environmental norms often reflect geographical variations. ...
... These theories have some application in the real world of eco-friendly consumption. For instance, customers who wish to have less of an effect on the environment during their stay are going to stay in hotels that have been adapted to protect the environment [49]. Moreover, customers who have positive attitudes toward eco-friendly activities in their daily lives and positive perceptions of green hotels are more likely to suggest and pay more for stays at green hotels [41]. ...
... Additionally, the study's findings revealed that eco-friendly behavior has a positive impact on staying in green hotels (H4). Budeanu [49] argued that guests who choose to stay in green hotels will experience less of an impact when visiting. According to Han et al. [41], guests are more inclined to recommend and pay more for stays at green hotels if they have positive attitudes about eco-friendly activities in their daily tasks and favorable impressions of these businesses; they also usually recognize the threats tied to environmental contamination, cooperate to lessen or eliminate the problem, and have a desire to contribute to its solution [52]. ...
Understanding the factors and motivations that drive consumers to engage in eco-friendly behavior within the realm of social commerce is essential to provide insights into crafting targeted marketing efforts and campaigns. By aligning eco-friendly initiatives with the inherent motivations of social commerce users, businesses can enhance the effectiveness of their sustainability efforts. Despite that, limited research has investigated the potential impact of social commerce, aligned with green customer citizenship, on eco-friendly behavior and staying in green hotels. To address this gap, this study aims to examine the level to which social commerce practices contribute to shaping customers’ eco-friendly behavior in the context of eco-friendly hotels. A quantitative approach design using a questionnaire survey to collect primary data was conducted. Based on valid responses from 336 participants, a structured equation modeling was performed using Smart PLS 4.0 to examine the conceptual model and justify the hypotheses of the study. The findings highlighted the critical role of social commerce in shaping customer eco-friendly behavior and staying in green hotels. The results also confirmed the moderating role of green customer citizenship in supporting the linkage between social commerce and customer eco-friendly behavior in hotel settings. These results contribute to the growing hospitality body of knowledge and provide some valuable practical implications enabling eco-friendly hotels to leverage social commerce as a medium for promoting green initiatives and services.
... Tourism is estimated by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) in Sabri (2006) as a prospective sector that will continue to grow, with tourist visits reaching 1.6 billion to various parts of the world in 2020. In the last 30 years, Budeanu (2007) said that tourism has been successful. become the prima donna sector and experience significant development. ...
... Richardson and Fluker (2004) say that tourism has had an impact on environmental change. Damage and environmental imbalance due to the lack of green land post-tourism development create a negative image for tourism (Budeanu, 2007). As an alternative to tourism, Koslowski and Travis (2010) say that ecotourism is a typical tourism activity that favors ecological sustainability in tourism development. ...
This scientific work aims to discuss the implementation of the local wisdom of the indigenous people of Ngadas Village in managing forests and its meaning in environmental education for the millennial generation in the 4.0 era. As form study qualitative, research data obtained through observation, study bibliography, and interviews deep with 11 informants, i.e., observer tourist Malang culture in Village custom Sounds bad. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Study results show that law custom in a manner consistent applied in management forest tour village Sounds bad . Community local very comply and implement local wisdom, among others, with the realization that they are part of the natural local, no damage forest flora and fauna potential, as well as utilize results forest in a manner adaptive. Application wisdom local in managing forests Sounds bad adaptively has direct implications for cultivating behavior that supports efforts to preserve the environment. The attitude and behavior of the Ngadas people in adaptively managing the forest is a model of direct education for local millennial children in an effort to preserve the environment.
... In general, the study of the sustainable consumer is a relevant area of research in the marketing literature (Demeter et al., 2023;Mondal & Samaddar, 2021;Pulido -Fernández & Pulido -Fernández, 2015;Sharma, 2021;Sheoran & Kumar, 2022) and a topic of growing importance in the tourism sector, due to the multiple economic, environmental and social effects associated with this economic activity (Budeanu, 2007;MacInnes et al., 2022). However, much remains to be explored in relation to the determinants of sustainable tourist behaviour since, as Tölkes (2020) points out, despite the sustainable claims of many travellers, bookings of sustainable tourism services are still limited. ...
The present research analyses the changes that the Covid-19 pandemic has generated in the attitudes and behaviour of tourists in relation to sustainability and their perception of crowding. The aim is to understand the new needs and feelings of consumers so that companies and tourist destinations are able to adapt their offer to the new demands. For this purpose, qualitative research was carried out by means of six focus groups, with a sample of 44 individuals. The focus groups were analysed with NVIVO software in order to identify the main themes, perceptions and feelings of the interviewees in relation to sustainability and crowding. The main results show that, although concerns about sustainability and rejection of the crowds increased during the pandemic, these concerns have again become less important to tourists once it has ended. Although sustainable and less crowded tourist destinations are generally preferred, the reality is that post-Covid tourist behaviour has not changed that much after the pandemic has ended. The conclusions obtained will be useful for companies, public administrations, destination management organizations and tourist destinations to know, understand and be able to adapt their offer to the trends and new demands of the post-Covid tourist.
... A comprehensive understanding of beach visitors' profiles, attitudes, recreational habits, and how these factors align with the perspectives of management sectors is crucial, especially given the limited research in this area. This understanding can inform the improvement of beach landscape design as well as management strategies to meet visitor expectations while minimising conflicts (discrepancies) with other aspects of the coastal system, such as ecological preservation and flood safety (Budeanu, 2007). ...
In the Netherlands, where coastal lowlands are prevalent, sand nourishment and dune utilization play a central role in coastal management. While policies strive for multifunctionality, most coastal studies emphasize flood safety, often overlooking the importance of recreational functions and their interactions with flood protection measures.
Our recent study investigates visitor profiles, attitudes, and recreational behaviours at two reinforced sandy shores in the Netherlands: the Sand Motor and Hondsbossche Dunes. Given the scale of sand reinforcements that have transformed these beaches, we refer to them as sandy anthropogenic shores (SAS). Our research explores the potential differences in the profiles, behaviours, and attitudes of visitors at SAS versus traditional (non-SAS) beaches. Additionally, we examine how SAS visitors' expectations compare with those of the management sector regarding preferred activities, needs, and satisfaction levels.
These insights can guide coastal managers in making informed, sustainable decisions about SAS recreational functions, balancing flood safety and recreational needs.
If you're interested in exploring beyond the biophysical aspects of sandy anthropogenic shores, check out our new publication, Balancing Recreation and Flood Safety for Integrated Coastal Management: Understanding Beach Visitors' Attitudes and Behaviors in Sandy Anthropogenic Shores, available here:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107407
... At the micro level, this includes factors in both family characteristics and individual characteristics. Household economic status is a non-negligible variable, and the travel consumption behavior of household members inevitably takes into account the household's economic status [6], while the subjective willingness to travel of other household members also has an impact on individual travel consumption behaviour [7]. Individuals' risk perceptions [8] and particularly, the perceived value of tourists influence their tourism consumption behavior by affecting personal satisfaction [9].Tang (2023) use the PLS-SEM method to elucidate the implementation path and mechanism of green consumption willingness of tourists in urban and rural tourism destinations, it was found that perceived usefulness plays a significant mediating role [10]. ...
Tourism consumption as a typical representative of service consumption, has strong comprehensiveness and driving force, continuously expanding new consumption upgrade space. In the context of the digital economy, the development of the mobile internet has opened up new opportunities for the tourism industry acting as an important factor influencing the consumer behaviour of the residents. Based on 9007 resident survey data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2017, this paper explores the relationship between Internet use, access to information and residents’ travel consumption behavior by means of probit model and mediating effect model. First, according to the findings, Internet use has a positive impact on residents’ travel consumption behavior, increasing residents’ tourism expenditure. Second, the mechanism suggests that access to information plays a partially mediating role between Internet use and travel consumption behavior. Third, further analysis revealed that, for the retired population, the more frequently they use the Internet, the more likely they are to spend on travel. Compared to those with lower incomes, those with higher incomes will spend less on travel after retirement. With this in mind, in order to promote residents’ tourism consumption, speed and fee reduction should be continuously promoted, urban and rural information infrastructure should be strengthened, and accessibility of tourism information for residents should be improved. At the same time, there is a need to innovate the way tourism products are promoted, improve the types of tourism products and launch diversified tourism products.
... Transitioning to digital documentation reduces paper consumption and waste, promoting more eco-friendly operations (Pencarelli, 2020;Deb et al., 2022;. For example, Soneva Fushi in the Maldives has integrated renewable energy systems and sustainable water management practices, demonstrating successful technology adoption for environmental sustainability (Budeanu, 2007;Uddin et al., 2023;Rahman and Halim, 2024). Another example might be that mobile apps providing digital maps and travel guides eliminate the need for printed materials, contributing to resource conservation (Kang et al., 2015;. ...
This study investigates the factors influencing the adoption of m-tourism apps in Bangladesh and their impact on being free from environmental challenges. Utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Necessity Condition Analysis (NCA), the research explores how various predictors affect the Intention to Adopt Tourism Apps (IATA) and, subsequently, the outcome of being free from environmental challenges (FEC). SEM results reveal that Perceived Usefulness (PU), Cultural Exchange of Technology (CET), Social Amusement and Entertainment (SAE), and Tourists' Lifestyles (TL) significantly enhance IATA, with IATA having a strong positive impact on FEC. Conversely, Attitudes Towards Technology (ATT) and Government Supportive Roles (GSR) show limited influence on adoption. NCA identifies CET, IATA, SAE, and TL as critical predictors with medium to large effect sizes, particularly at higher thresholds, indicating their role as major bottlenecks. Government Supportive Roles and Tourist Technology Readiness are less influential. These findings offer valuable insights for developers and policymakers to focus on enhancing the perceived value, cultural exchange, and lifestyle compatibility of m-tourism apps to improve adoption rates and effectively address environmental challenges.
... O turismo é uma das indústrias mais relevantes para a economia de muitos país (Deepika, 2006;Koc & Boz, 2014;Ma, et al., 2014) (Liu, 2003), perceber os comportamentos menos sustentáveis dos turistas pode ser uma mais-valia neste objetivo. De facto, sendo os turistas um dos principais stakeholders da indústria (Kasim, 2004;Liu, 2003;Wooler, 2014) são um elemento preponderante no sucesso de um turismo sustentável (Kasim, 2004;Wooler, 2014) pois o seu comportamento é um dos principais obstáculos para o progresso em sua direção (Budeanu, 2007).Com efeito, os turistas podem criar impactes significativos, quer a nível de tomada de decisão quer a nível de comporta- ...
Resumo |O comportamento e as decisões do ser humano são influenciadas pela parte racional mas também pela parte emocional do cérebro. Os métodos tradicionais de informação tal como os quanti-tativos (eg: inquérito por questionários) e os qualitativos (eg: inquéritos por entrevistas, focus group) podem não ser suficientes dado que as nossas emoções são muitas vezes inconscientes. Dado que a emoção está intimamente ligada a determinadas áreas no cérebro, técnicas que permitam conhecer este órgão fornecem dados mais precisos e objetivos para perceber esses comportamentos. O neuromarketing, ao estudar o cérebro, através das ferramentas da neurociência, pode ajudar a fornecer tais informações e contribuir para um conhecimento mais profundo e exato sobre os processos emocionais e cognitivos do turista. Este artigo realiza uma revisão da literatura sobre esta relação entre o neuromarketing e o turismo para perceber como e em que medida o neuromarketing tem sido estudado no campo do tu-rismo. Pretende-se ainda fornecer informações sobre as lacunas de conhecimento nesta área bem como traçar caminhos para futuras pesquisas. Uma conclusão retirada desta revisão da literatura revela que a pesquisa centrada nesta temática ainda não está bem desenvolvida sendo necessário mais pesquisas empíricas sobre esta relação. Palavras-chave | Neuromarketing, neurociências, neuroturismo, novas metodologias Abstract |The behaviour and decisions of the human being are influenced by the rational part but also by the emotional part of the brain. Traditional information methods such as quantitative (eg: survey questionnaires) and qualitative (eg: survey interviews, focus groups) may not be sufficient since our emotions are often unconscious. Since emotion is intimately linked to certain areas in the brain, techniques that allow us to know this organ provide more accurate and objective data to understand these behaviours. Neuromarketing can help with such information, by studying the brain through the tools of neuroscience, and contribute to a deeper and more accurate knowledge of the tourist's emotional * Doutoranda no Programa doutoral em Marketing e
... Secondly, tourism has been highlighted as a sector that simultaneously suffers considerable socio-economic harm due to plastic pollution and catalyzes the issue via irresponsible tourist behavior (GESAMP, 2016). As tourism usually involves hedonic elements and experiences (Dolnicar et al., 2019), tourists often manifest a disconnect between their behavior and its potential environmental consequences (Budeanu, 2007), making tourism a challenging context for pro-environmental behavior change. Therefore, evidence on effective behavior change strategies in the tourism and leisure context is required to successfully tackle unsustainable plastic use and disposal in this sector. ...
End users of single‐use plastics can help minimize their contribution to plastic pollution via mindful purchasing and waste management. These behaviors can be impacted via behavior change interventions in various key sectors of society. This review set out to summarize recent (2015–2023) peer‐reviewed evidence on interventions aimed at changing the plastic consumption, recycling, and/or littering behaviors of individuals across four sectors: business and retail, tourism and leisure, schools and education, and communities. Systematic literature searches were conducted across multiple databases and resulted in the inclusion of 92 intervention studies. Information on intervention strategy and effectiveness was extracted, and the studies were assessed for risk of bias. Intervention descriptions and outcomes were coded into five intervention categories (informational, contextual, prompts, social, and personal strategies) and synthesized qualitatively to inform future practice in an accessible manner. Although nearly half of the reviewed studies were assessed as having moderate‐to‐high risk of bias (e.g., lacked reliability assessment of outcome measures), limiting confidence in the documented findings, the review concludes that different strategies work in different sectors. For example, informational strategies showed mostly promising results in most sectors, but had mixed effectiveness in the education sector, while contextual modifications were effective across sectors.
... Turistler, ziyaret ettikleri doğal alanlarda çevreyi koruma, çevreye karşı duyarlı davranma ve sürdürülebilirlik hakkında bilgi sahibi olabilir ve oluşan bu bilinç, turistlerin çevreye karşı sorumluluklarını artırabilir (Mehmetoğlu, 2007;Sharmin vd., 2020). Bu, turistlerin gelecekteki seyahat tercihleri üzerinde olumlu bir etki yaratabilir ve genel olarak çevresel sürdürülebilirliğe katkıda bulunmaktadır (Budeanu, 2007). ...
Bu araştırma, turistlerin seyahat motivasyonları, öznel iyi oluşları ve tekrar ziyaret etme niyetleri arasındaki ilişkileri az bilinen turistik destinasyonlar bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda, İğneada beldesinin araştırma için en uygun destinasyonlardan biri olduğu görülmüştür. İğneada, tam anlamıyla keşfedilmemiş turizm potansiyeli ve doğal zenginlikleri ile bu çalışmanın odak noktasını oluşturarak, literatürde daha az ele alınmış bir alanı temsil etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, İğneada gibi turizm potansiyeli olan fakat yeterince bilinmeyen destinasyonlara yönelik yapılan bu tür çalışmalar turizm stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Araştırmanın amacına ulaşmak için İğneada'ya seyahat eden turistler içerisinden yerli turistlere ulaşılarak çevrimiçi anket uygulanmıştır. Amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi benimsenen veri toplama sürecinde 386 kullanılabilir veri elde edilmiş ve elde edilen bu veriler SPSS programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir.
Araştırmanın bulgularına göre katılımcıların seyahat motivasyonları, öznel iyi oluşları ve tekrar ziyaret etme niyetleri arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların seyahat motivasyonlarının öznel iyi oluşlarını etkilediği, tekrar ziyaret etme niyetinin ise hem seyahat motivasyonu hem de öznel iyi oluştan etkilendiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, turizm sektöründe bu tür destinasyonların değerinin daha fazla anlaşılmasına ve tanıtılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır.
... According to Budeanu (2007) and Moscardo & Murphy (2014), tourism is a product that attempts to meet tourist demands; thus, it has been researched from the perspectives of providers and customers (tourists). Many countries hope to boost their economy by improving tourist experiences in order to attract more visitors and repeat visits (Mohamed Saleh et. ...
A mosque is a sacred place of worship for Muslims. Nevertheless, it also become a one stop centre that is always visited by the local community and outside visitors. However, disagreements over the mosque’s condition would frequently arise. The cleanliness, size, design, layout, and other aspects of the mosque’s facilities frequently cause users to express dissatisfaction. In the tourism industry, loyalty is crucial since travelers are the ones who return to a location or suggest it, which is a deciding element in tourist site management. Facility management (FM) is the process of ensuring that an organization’s physical environment and services meet its essential operations and objectives. FM is critical to generating and sustaining a pleasant customer experience, which can lead to loyalty and retention. Thus, this study aims to look into the efficacy and applicability of the FM approach to mosque tourism sustainability. The study’s purpose is to highlight that implementing a management platform based on FM principles can give a better foundation for facilitating the process of mosque tourism sustainability. This qualitative research encompassed a systematic study involving philosophical and academic perspectives with past works of literature. Due to the fact that this study involves library research from various primary data sources, library studies and critical analyses were used to evaluate relevant resources, data, and knowledge on mosque tourism and FM, particularly tourist attraction and loyalty concerns. This study concludes that function of mosque can be optimized not only as a main place of worship but also as a tourist destination through an effective FM strategy. According to the study, an excellent FM could promote mosque tourism by creating a pleasant environment for users to flourish the mosque and attracting the curiosity of tourists, particularly non-Muslims, to obtain experience in comprehending Muslim worship. It is hoped that efficient mosque tourism management will provide tourists with information and great experiences at mosques.
... In the past decade, many terminologies have been applied to environmentally conscious tourists' behavior and attitudes, of course, not all of these have been acknowledged and accepted. Classifications by studies of tourist behavior and attitude are ecological tourist, green tourist, sustainable tourist, and nature-based tourist [71][72][73][74]. These taxonomies have been made based on activities performed while on an excursion [75]. ...
Innovative environmental technologies such as solar energy, hydroelectricity, waste-to-energy, and rainwater reuse sources have the potential to completely transform the modern world to reduce climate change and dependency on fossil fuels. This study aims to investigate the role of environmental innovative technologies on customers' experiences of hotels with a mediating role of sustainable intelligence. The study theorizes that environmental innovative technologies enhance customers ‘experience and attitude towards hotels. The innovation diffusion theory is utilized as a main theoretical framework to address the research problem. The data was collected from tourists/visitors at top hotels with a usable sample size of 222 respondents. Survey results reveal that innovative technologies in the context of Environmental Responsibility and Economic Responsibility have a significant influence on Pro-Environmental Behaviour with the full mediating role of Sustainable Intelligence. These findings have important implications when implementing innovative technologies in the tourism industry to (1) improve customer satisfaction, experience, and attitude towards the hotels and destinations; (2) provide guidelines in tourism development policy and marketing; (3) help government agencies to effectively use pro-environmental technologies to change consumer attitude. After the investigation, some intriguing theoretical and practical conclusions have been made.
... Besides notable exceptions (Dolnicar et al., 2019;Cvelbar et al., 2021), studies on sustainable behaviours in tourism have mainly focused on intentions (Han et al., 2018b), personal values (Passafaro, 2020) or contextual factors (e.g. accessibility of sustainable options, economic incentives for eco-friendly tourism choices; Leonidou et al., 2015;Budeanu, 2007) that facilitate sustainable choices. As studies in contexts other than tourism inform (e.g. ...
... RTB incorporates a series of tourism activities wherein a tourist seeks information to understand and participate in exploring the authenticity of a place (Kim and Jamal, 2007) and preserves the picturesque, geological, socio-cultural, economic and environmental heritage of a destination (Budeanu, 2007;Dwyer & Kim, 2003;Mondal & Samaddar, 2021b). Responsible tourists are more aware of the local context and behave ethically while at the destination (Caruana et al., 2014). ...
Purpose
Drawing on the UTAUT-2 model, the study attempts to accentuate the role of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) based tourism products and services in enhancing responsible travel behaviour (RTB). This paper aims to examine the emergence of AR- and VR-based tourism in emerging economies, outlines the issues and contributing factors and discusses possible mitigation measures.
Design/methodology/approach
Following the triangulation method of research, a dual study involving both focus group discussions and questionnaire-based surveys were undertaken. The grounded theory approach was adopted to develop a structural framework followed by an empirical validation process.
Findings
Critical dimensions such as performance anticipation, effort anticipation, referent power, facilitating factors, perceived value and perceived risk were found as antecedents of behavioural intentions (BIs) towards adopting AR- and VR-based tourism products. Moreover, cultural involvement and marketing stimuli emerged as moderating factors driving the BI towards RTB.
Practical implications
This paper outlines key elements that contribute to the adoption of AR- and VR-based tourism products and services in emerging economies, which would enable marketers and practitioners to strategize their tourism offerings.
Originality/value
The study takes a dual perspective of both tourists and tour operators and presents a critical overview of the AR- and VR-based tourism industry, taking an emerging economies’ perspective. The study further attempted both the triangulation method and grounded study approach for establishing a hypothetical framework, which is a unique attempt in itself.
... Nitekim Budeanu (2007), turistlerin çevresel kaynakları koruma-kullanma dengesi ile ilgili sorulara genel olarak iyimser cevaplar verdiklerini ve turistlerin % 80'inin tatillerinde ekolojik dengeyi gözettikleri ve buna önem verdiklerini vurgulamaktadır. ...
... In ordinary tourism consumption, numerous disposable consumer goods are supplied but they cause serious soil and water pollution [5]. For this reason, tourism enterprises need to focus on the demand for sustainable development [6,7]. In the overall trend of sustainable development, companies in the tourism industry have enormous challenges in environmental transformation required by the government, economy, culture, and society. ...
Green tourism is a growing industry with large development potential. Thus, it is necessary to explore how immersive experiences drive its development in an innovative form of tourism. In this study, the behavioral intentions (BI) of young tourists were investigated by a technology acceptance model (TAM). Meizhou, a city with abundant green tourism resources, was chosen as the study area to formulate a BI model for immersive experiences in green tourism. The hypotheses were proposed and tested based on the results of a questionnaire survey and statistical analysis. The results revealed that tourists’ perceived usefulness (PU) and attitude toward using (ATU) significantly affected their BI. PU played a mediating role between perceived ease of use (PEOU) and BI. Appropriate recommendations regarding the development of immersive experiences in green tourism in Meizhou were made to enrich the BI model’s application. The research results provide an important reference for urban governance.
... Environmentally responsible attitudes and behaviours can be shaped by a myriad of determinants, including demographic characteristics, psychosocial elements, emotional factors, and specific situational contexts [33][34][35]. Psychosocial determinants, particularly environmentally responsible attitudes, play a central role in shaping individual intentions to engage in environmentally responsible behaviours. Empirical studies have consistently confirmed the positive influence of these attitudes on the intention to adopt environmentally friendly actions [24,36,37]. ...
This study explores the drivers of geologically responsible behaviour among geotourists in three geoparks in the Greater China region: Danxiashan UNESCO Global Geopark in southern China, Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark, and Yehliu Geopark in northern Taiwan. On-site questionnaire surveys were conducted, collecting over 800 respondents in these geoparks, and structural equation modelling was applied for our analysis. The findings reveal that geologically responsible behaviour is positively associated with environmentally responsible attitudes, in line with some previous research. Notably, place attachment and visitor satisfaction were not directly related to geologically responsible behaviour but were positively correlated with environmentally responsible attitudes. This suggests that emotional connections to geoparks and visitor satisfaction indirectly nurture environmentally responsible attitudes, subsequently leading to geologically responsible behaviour. These results offer practical implications for geopark management practices. Providing informative guided tours and quality informational materials can enhance visitors’ geological knowledge and foster environmentally responsible attitudes. The improvement of the visitor experience, combined with the dissemination of accurate environmental knowledge and conservation messaging, can enhance visitor satisfaction, deepen attachment to geoparks, and, ultimately, encourage more geologically responsible behaviours. Understanding these relationships can assist geotourism destinations in promoting geological resources’ conservation while enhancing the visitor experience.
... Growing environmental concerns and increased ecological awareness have impacted consumer habits worldwide. Budeanu [10] contended that a limited understanding of the dynamics between different determinants of tourists' sustainable behaviour could hinder the tourists' choices of more sustainable alternatives. In addition, assessing tourist demand, motivations, preferences, and willingness to pay (WTP) an extra premium for more sustainable tourist alternatives is crucial for investors and operators interested in developing environmentally friendly tourist products that promote nature conservation and more sustainable tourist consumption [11,12]. ...
This paper aims to understand better how attitudes towards the environment could influence preferences and willingness to pay for the development of sustainable tourism products on the Spanish island of Gran Canaria. A hybrid choice model is estimated to analyse how different latent constructs related to environmental concerns affect individuals’ preferences for a set of sustainable tourism activities. The data used in the analysis are obtained from a discrete choice experiment where different scenarios with nature-based tourism packages are created. A set of measurement indicators allowed us to gain insight into the underlying latent structure regarding the individuals’ attitudes towards the environment. The analysis consists of integrating these attitudes into a choice model, focusing on a market segment primarily composed of potential customers who are young residents and non-residents. The results reveal significant heterogeneity in preferences and willingness to pay for the various activities under study when attitudinal latent factors are incorporated into the model. Our findings provide valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners promoting sustainable tourism products.
... Despite the role tourists should be playing, there is a lack of conceptualization and comprehensive view towards the sustainable behavior of present and future tourists. Previous studies have reviewed sustainable tourism development (Streimikiene et al., 2021), institutional antecedents of sustainable development in cultural heritage tourism (Mzembe et al., 2023), reasons for tourists' environmental behavior (Budeanu, 2007) and attitudes towards tourists' sustainable choices (Passafaro, 2020). However, the concept and understanding of sustainable tourist behavior remains chaotic; an overview addressing sustainable development from the demand side is overlooked. ...
Sustainable tourist behavior is a rapidly growing field within sustainable tourism. This study contributes to this emerging body of knowledge through a systematic literature review combining bibliometric and qualitative analysis of 331 publications. Key themes in sustainable tourist behavior research, including intended and actual behaviors , were identified with scholarly debates in this field discussed critically. Sustainability topics widely studied in other disciplines have been overlooked from a tourist behavior perspective, including waste classification and recycling, as well as applications of sustainable design to the management of the visitor economy. Additionally, this analysis revealed imbalances in sustainable development practice and research related to the visitor economy and gaps in theory development. This study builds on these findings and discusses an agenda for future research in sustainable tourist behavior. The findings contribute to shaping the conceptualization of sustainable tourist behavior, recognizing its dynamic nature, providing an overview of theories and antecedents, and underscoring the significance of considering diverse factors in future research. They also suggest that decision-makers in tourism should prioritize understanding tourist sustainable behavior through market segmentation, incorporate design and technology into sustainable initiatives, and align strategies with the specific needs and requirements of tourists for effective and sustainable tourism development. K E Y W O R D S sustainable, sustainable tourism, systematic literature review, tourist behavior, tourist behaviorsustainability
... The study of the sustainability of tourist villages must be grounded in the significant role of tourists Qiu et al., 2022;Rao et al., 2022;Sirgy & Su, 2000). Despite acknowledging their positive impacts on the economy and society, there are adverse effects of tourists on culture and the environment (Alamineh et al., 2023;Budeanu, 2007;Haibo et al., 2020;Juvan & Dolnicar, 2016;Lansing & De Vries, 2007). Tourist density is a typical tourism issue affecting sustainability (Pakan & Purwandani, 2022). ...
Deep relationships with consumers are not limited to products. In tourism, deep relationships can be built based on valuable and meaningful travel experiences in sustainable tourism destinations. The aim of the study is an examination of tourist engagement for loyalty in the sustainable destination image. This research was designed through a causal study. ASurvey for data collection was conducted employing questionnaires specifically designed for local tourists visiting tourist villages in Bali and Yogyakarta. A sample of 282 local tourists was determined incidentally according to established criteria. Data analysis used statistical inference analysis, namely Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) maximum likelihood method. The research findings indicate that the alignment of values demonstrated in the image of sustainable tourist villages encourages tourists to engage in and support sustainability. The congruence of normative values and beliefs portrayed by the brand image as a tourist village fosters intentions to revisit and recommend it to others. Tourists’ behaviors further contribute to sustainability based on normative considerations of tourist village sustainability. The theoretical implication is the congruence of values as a concept that cannot be separated from consumer engagement and sustainable tourism destinations. Values developed based on tourists’ self-congruence with sustainability form the basis of relationships with tourists. These values become the primary preferences for engagement and loyalty to sustainability. By understanding self-congruence theory, managers can design strategies that consider the values and attributes the target market identifies in sustainable tourism destinations. Creating value congruence between the destination and the tourist’s self-image can encourage emotional engagement and tourist preference for sustainable destinations.
... Recent studies suggest that the ecological footprint of tourism is four times bigger than past estimates (UNWTO, 2018). However, it is not easy to encourage people to change their travel behavior due to many factors including limited environmental awareness, social and cultural norms, economic considerations, and other psychological issues (Budeanu, 2007;Wang et al., 2021). Therefore, many destinations are increasingly seeking to provide tourists with more environmentally friendly activities and infrastructure to reduce the negative environmental impacts of tourism. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate tourists’ behavioral intentions when selecting LHA for stays, considering the effects of the Attitude-Social Influence‑Efficacy Model, social identity theory, and accommodation attributes to predict guest behavior Applying a quantitative research design, questionnaire survey, and structural equation modeling for analyzing the data, the results revealed that self-efficacy, accommodation attributes, and social identity influence tourists’ attitudes, while social influence was ineffective in their attitude toward staying in local home-based accommodations (LHAs). In addition, self-efficacy and social identity affect tourists’ behavioral intentions in selecting LHAs as their accommodation. This research provides theoretical and practical implications and enriches the literature on LHAs in terms of extending the model of ASE to include other theories, such as the theory of social identity, as predictors of individual behavior.
... Growing environmental concerns and increased ecological awareness have impacted consumer habits worldwide. Budeanu (2007) contended that a limited understanding of the dynamics between different determinants of tourists' sustainable behaviour could hinder the tourists' choices of more sustainable alternatives. In addition, assessing tourist demand, motivations, preferences, and willingness to pay (WTP) an extra premium for more sustainable tourist alternatives is crucial for investors and operators interested in developing environmentally friendly tourist products that promote nature conservation and more sustainable tourist consumption (Cordente-Rodríguez et al., 2014;Wahnschafft & Wolter, 2023). ...
This paper aims to understand better how attitudes towards the environment could influence preferences and willingness to pay for the development of sustainable tourism products on the Spanish island of Gran Canaria. A hybrid choice model is estimated to analyse how different latent constructs related to environmental concerns affect individuals’ preferences for a set of sustainable tourism activities. The data used in the analysis is obtained from a discrete choice experiment where different scenarios with nature-based tourism packages are created. A set of measurement indicators allowed us to gain insight into the underlying latent structure regarding the individuals’ attitudes towards the environment. The analysis consists of integrating these attitudes into a choice model, focusing on a market segment primarily comprised of potential customers who are young residents and non-residents. Results reveal significant heterogeneity in preferences and willingness to pay for the various activities under study when attitudinal latent factors are incorporated into the model. Our findings provide valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners promoting sustainable tourism products.
... Turistlerin yaptıkları turizm faaliyetlerinde kendi günlük hayatlarından farklı davrandıkları ve bunun sonucu olarak da tatilleri boyunca sorumlu ve sürdürülebilir turizm ürünlerini daha az tercih ettikleri bilinmektedir (Budeanu, 2007). Ülkemizde Uzun ve Altaş (2017) tarafından yapılan bir çalışmada da benzer olarak, turistlerin genel yaşamlarında daha sürdürülebilir tüketim alışkanlıklarına sahip olmalarına rağmen tatil tüketim davranışlarında daha az sürdürülebilir davrandıkları tespit edilmiştir. ...
... Sustainable livelihoods, local employment, and revenue distribution can achieve the above goals. 6. Responsible Tourism Consumption: Travelers should be responsible customers and make sustainable choices (Budeanu, 2007). This includes supporting local businesses, staying in eco-friendly hotels, following cultural traditions, and reducing trash. ...
The chapter examines sustainable tourism and how digital innovation promotes responsible and meaningful tourism. It shows how AI, data analytics, VR/AR, blockchain, and mobile apps can optimize resource use, mitigate environmental impacts, and empower local tourism communities. The contribution emphasizes digital innovation's link with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its potential to alleviate social, economic, and environmental challenges. It discusses meaningful tourism, the SDGs, and digital innovation in tourism. The contribution finishes with ethical digital tourism regulations and stakeholder collaboration to use technological advances for sustainable tourist development.
... The most important problems of modern tourism, including the problem of its sustainable development, are concentrated in coastal areas. One of the proposed solutions are actions to increase the level of environmental awareness of tourists and residents of coastal areas (Orams, 1997;Budeanu, 2007;Głąbiński, 2104;2015;Adamopoulos and Thalassinos, 2020;Pociovalisteanu and Thalassinos, 2009). ...
Purpose: It aimed at determining the factors that influence tourism development, with particular emphasis on the level of territorial awareness of Sławno County residents, the involvement of local government authorities, as well as the relations among stakeholders in the development of tourism. Design/Methodology/Approach: In autumn 2022 FGI qualitative research was conducted among the representatives of local government authorities, tourist entrepreneurs and leaders of the local community interested in tourism development in the county. Findings: As the FGI participants stated, the main factor influencing the perception of tourism significance for the socioeconomic development of the county was the spatial differentiation of tourist attractions between the coastal zone and the rest of the county. A lot greater opportunities for the development of recreational tourism were said to be located in the coastal zone. What may develop in the part of the county located further than 4-5 km from the Baltic Sea coast is sightseeing tourism and rural tourism. This area has advantages that are interesting for tourists, yet they are currently insufficiently accessible. Practical Implications: Attention was drawn to the necessity of activating local leaders and of actions aimed at shaping awareness and awakening social and economic activity among the inhabitants. In order to balance the benefits of tourism development for all inhabitants of the county, it was proposed to expand the infrastructure and create new tourist products that would make use of previously poorly accessible tourist attractions in areas located outside the coastal zone. Originality/Value: Particular attention was paid to the possibilities of tourism development in areas located in the hinterland of the seaside recreation zone and solutions were proposed for its social and economic activation.
This book chapter introduces a groundbreaking conceptual model aimed at revolutionizing sustainable tourism planning through the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI). As society grapples with pressing environmental challenges, the pivotal role of technology becomes increasingly evident. In response, this model seamlessly integrates AI to offer a sophisticated framework that optimizes resource allocation, mitigates ecological impact, and elevates overall visitor experiences within the realm of sustainable tourism. The core objective of this innovative model is to leverage AI's capabilities in the analysis of extensive datasets, enabling data-driven decision-making processes crucial for the formulation of efficient strategies in destination management. By harnessing the immense computing power of AI, the model strives to facilitate proactive and informed decision-making, ensuring a more sustainable approach to tourism planning.
The tourism industry is at a critical juncture. While it has long driven economic growth, cultural exchange, and global connectivity, it has also contributed to environmental damage, cultural loss, and social inequality. In the face of challenges like climate change and biodiversity loss, a new approach to tourism is urgently needed. This is where regenerative tourism comes in.
Regenerative Tourism is a timely and essential guide for transforming tourism from a model of exploitation to one of restoration and renewal. Unlike sustainability, which aims to minimize harm, regenerative tourism seeks to actively heal and enhance the natural and social systems that tourism impacts. This book provides a comprehensive overview, starting with foundational principles and extending to practical case studies and best practices.
The chapters within explore the theoretical foundations of regenerative practices, the economic and social dimensions of tourism, and the crucial role of community engagement and environmental stewardship. Through real-world examples and actionable strategies, this book serves as both a guide and inspiration for policymakers, industry leaders, and communities.
As we look toward the future, the insights in Regenerative Tourism will be vital in steering the industry toward a regenerative path. The journey will be challenging, requiring collective effort, but the rewards—for both the environment and society—are immense.
This book is a call to action, urging us to reimagine tourism's role in the 21st century and work towards a more just, equitable, and sustainable future.
The emergence of smart destinations (SDs) as a new planning and management approach for tourist destinations adopts sustainability as a crucial part of its agenda. Indicators are a fundamental tool for destinations in their progress towards a more sustainable development of tourism and the application of sustainable tourism principles and policies in real contexts. This chapter introduces some novelties in the dialectic between smart destinations and sustainability. In order to incorporate tourists in the analysis and progress of the sustainability of SDs, it is necessary to evaluate and measure tourists’ level of commitment, attitude, knowledge, and behavior regarding sustainability. This is defined as a novel concept called sustainable intelligence within the framework recently named smart sustainability.
The relationship between SDs and sustainable tourism indicators has been extensively studied, but there is a lack of information regarding the incorporation of tourists themselves as a factor from the perspective of sustainability and its measurement through indicators. Considering this gap in the literature, we propose “Indicators of Tourists’ Sustainable Intelligence” as a fundamental tool in the incorporation of tourists in the progress towards the sustainability of SDs. Recent literature defines tourists’ sustainable intelligence as the ability of tourists to apply their experiences and knowledge regarding the effects of tourism on the environment in which it is practiced, developing proactive behaviors towards sustainable tourism, from the perspective of both consumption and production. From a statistical perspective, sustainable intelligence is a latent variable (not directly observable); therefore, it has to be quantified by indirect indicators, which, to a greater or lesser degree, are related to the latent variable. This chapter presents the results of a two-round Delphi survey conducted into expert opinion on the development of Indicators of Tourists’ Sustainable Intelligence to define and measure the different tourist sustainable intelligence dimensions, related to the commitment, attitude, knowledge, and behavior of tourists with sustainability. This useful tool incorporates the demand perspective for the sustainable management of SDs as a key factor in the move towards sustainability.
The chapter describes in detail the desired social responsibility and its forms of key tourism actors. The section on the hospitality sector discusses the benefits of introducing social responsibility for accommodation facilities and guests’ perceptions of it. In the section on tourism transport, the focus is on giving examples of the implementation of social responsibility, with an emphasis on the social responsibility of a conventional airline. In order to create a comprehensive picture of how social responsibility in destination management is implemented, the time factor and strategies for developing and measuring tourism quality in a destination are discussed. The importance of participative management is highlighted and important approaches to social responsibility of destination actors are recalled. For tourism attractions, two approaches are presented. Two approaches are presented for tourism attractions. In particular, for frequently visited natural and cultural attractions, approaches related to respecting carrying capacity are used, while for attractions with high energy and other resource consumption, the use of formalised procedures according to ISO standards is emphasised. The social responsibility of tour guides, animators and interpreters is discussed in terms of interpretation, appropriate selection of destination facts and how to guide visitors. The key to discussing the social responsibility of visitors is their motivation, segmentation and use of codes of ethics and visitor codes. The interpretation is accompanied by mind maps that summarise important aspects of the issue in a clear and structured way.
Purpose: The general objective of this study was to explore sustainability practices in eco-friendly resorts. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to sustainability practices in eco-friendly resorts. Preliminary empirical review revealed that integrating green technologies and comprehensive sustainability measures significantly improved environmental performance, operational efficiency, and guest satisfaction. Despite progress, gaps remained in understanding the long-term economic impacts and challenges faced by smaller resorts, especially in developing regions. The findings suggested that policymakers and resort operators could enhance sustainability by investing in green technologies and engaging with local communities. Future research was recommended to address these gaps and develop scalable solutions. Overall, the study reinforced that sustainability is essential for environmental conservation and viable business strategy. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Triple Bottom Line theory, Stakeholder theory and Resource-Based View (RBV) may be used to anchor future studies on sustainability practices in eco-friendly resorts. The study provided several recommendations, emphasizing contributions to theory, practice, and policy. Theoretically, it highlighted the relevance of the Triple Bottom Line, Stakeholder, and Resource-Based View theories, suggesting future research to explore their intersections. Practically, it advised resort operators to adopt advanced green technologies, engage in continuous environmental training, and integrate sustainability into their core business strategies. Policy recommendations included developing supportive regulations and incentives, establishing certification programs, and promoting community engagement and CSR initiatives. The study also underscored the importance of prioritizing biodiversity and conservation efforts, and encouraged a collaborative framework among stakeholders to share best practices and innovative solutions. Keywords: Sustainability Practices, Eco-Friendly Resorts, Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Resource-Based View (RBV), Green Technologies
Understanding public perceptions of energy sources is essential for successful policy formulation. Our study explores the Serbian public's attitudes toward different types of energy, taking into account NIMBY (“Not In My Back Yard") sentiments, nationalist orientation, and pro-Russian attitudes. A correlational cross-sectional design utilized an online survey disseminated via social media platforms. The study examined public preferences for various energy types and their correlations with nationalist and pro-Russian tendencies. Poststratification weighting was applied to address sample representativeness. Our research revealed the public's preference for renewable energy, particularly solar and wind. Surprisingly, nationalist views did not significantly align with fossil fuel preferences, differentiating Serbia from Western European trends. Geopolitical considerations, such as Serbia's relationship with Russia, did not strongly influence public opinion. These findings underscore the importance of considering public preferences in shaping Serbia's energy policy, emphasizing the need for investment in renewables. Based on the results we offer concrete policy recommendations. This study offers a methodological approach adaptable to other countries undergoing similar energy transition.
Tourism, particularly eco-tourism, promotes long-term development by supporting local economies while protecting ecosystems and culture. It also acts as a conservation catalyst, raising awareness about biodiversity and encouraging environmental stewardship. It promotes a greater understanding of nature through educational programs and programs, boosting support for conservation projects. This research investigates tourism's cultural, ecological, and socioeconomic ramifications from the viewpoint of the indigenous population in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A survey on ecotourism's socioeconomic impact involved 180 respondents across ten high-potential communities. Reliability was ensured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Varimax rotation clarified key findings: strong support (loading factor: .990) for population increase. Concerns included rising standard of living (loading factor: .776) and seasonal employment (loading factor: .819). Consensus (loading factor: .962) favored environmental conservation and community-based business opportunities. It also recommends robust policies, infrastructure investments, targeted marketing, community engagement, visitor facilitation, and hospitality among locals to promote tourist return visits.
Social media is a boundaryless mass communication platform. Social media is widely used in India as it is most affordable in India as compared to other parts of the world. Decisions of traveling carry risk. To reduce such risk traveler's use social media to collect detailed information about places to visit, stay, cost of traveling and modes of tripartition etc. Travelers examine overall traveling experience on various platforms of social media before determining destination and traveling mode. cheapest in the world. Similarly, Tour Operators, Hotel Owners, Travel Planners are using social media platforms to create demand for traveling. Social media platforms are playing an important role of influencer at pre pre-buying stage of a traveler's travel decision. Social Media generates e-word of mouth about overall travel experience. Different platforms of social media have different influence levels. The Indian Tourism sector contributes 5.16% to the Gross Domestic Product of the Country and creates employment for 6.30 million people in the country (Annual Report, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India). Indirectly speaking, social media is playing a key role in the growing economy of the country too. Travel agency or Travel facilitator's information in official websites has lower reliability. The credibility of the content on social media is the biggest challenge (Rathonyl). Marketers have adopted user generated content to create trust and confidence in the content available on social media. Current research paper has examined current practices of various state governments and central governments for tourism activities in the country. Effective use of social media has increased traffic at various important destinations of the country. However, it has adversely affected the environment too. It leads to over tourism (Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., & Novelli, M.) in the country and it carries every evil of over tourism. In India every state government has its own tourism department who is working in coordination with the central tourism department. Each tourism department has its own digital presence through websites and social media presence too. In the current research paper, an attempt has been made to critically examine efforts of various State owned Tourism departments to attract tourists through social media. India is considered to be the third most preferred travel destination in the world according to the World Tourism Council report 2023. Social media is also suffering from negative images. The critical examination of practices revealed that several tour operators and touring service providers are presenting false information and false promises on various social media platforms. Travels have faced such frauds and financial losses too.
This study explores a seldom explored area of inappropriate tourist behavior in African national parks in the Sahara through a case study to support the management and promotion of tourism activities. Using the critical incident technique, 09 frontline employees of the Tassili N'ajjer National Park in Algeria were interviewed to identify tourist behavior that deviates from generally accepted social norms. Based on the survey results, a theoretical framework consisting of seven causes, nine categories of inappropriate behaviors, and three consequence dimensions was constructed. This theoretical framework provides elements for critical discussion of the sustainability of tourism in national parks, as well as a basis for further research. The results also enrich the literature on the subject and provide a basis for the study of North-South tourism dynamics. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.
Sustainable development become a major keyword for the development discourse in the 1990s and has now grown to be one of the main topics considered when planning any development, including tourism. The idea of sustainable tourism has expanded into the development plans and policies of many industries and governments on a national and regional scale. Sokcho, a small tourist city in South Korea represents one of those regional governments, which have chosen the year 2021 as the starting point for developing sustainable tourism projects. Sokcho has a geographical advantage, as it is not only located in proximity to both mountains and the coastline but is also rich in unique culture and history. Therefore, making Sokcho is a diverse travel destination with a great potential to sustainably develop and diversify its tourist services and products.
In order to identify the sectors in need of development and recommend practical development solutions, this research set three goals. First was to identify the current status of sustainable tourist attractions in Sokcho. Second was to compare a balanced sample of European, Asian and Korean students in the context with international student’s travel motivation and preferences in Korea. Third was to analyse student’s sustainable behaviour through their actual activities in Sokcho, which were recorded through travel preferences.
The methodology used for data gathering can be divided into three parts. First is field work in Sokcho, consisting of observation and interviews with local government’s tourist development representative and local tourism business owners. Second is a two-part online survey (N=115), including a 17 factor 5-scale Likert travel motivation questionnaire and multiple answer travel preferences questionnaire. The results were analysed using ANOVA with a Games Howell post hoc test in IBM SPSS. Lastly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six survey participants to gain insight into obstacles which prevented the tourist from displaying a more sustainable behaviour.
Results can be summarized in next five points.
First, this thesis investigated tourism development plans, tourist attractions, and tourism marketing and promotion of Sokcho’s tourism by conducting field research. It was discovered that while some tourism development plans do include the concept and plan of sustainable tourism, it is mostly done on a national scale and with a lesser focus on specific regions. As such, Sokcho is yet to include sustainable tourism development practices into its development plans and policies. However, it was found that the year 2021 represents a beginning for new sustainable projects led by the local government. Sokcho’s tourism promotion is mainly organized by Sokcho city hall and can be divided into three groups; official website and social media, printed promotion material and tourist information boards. Three issues were recognised regarding promotion: lack of foreign language translation and out-of-date information boards, lack of promotion of local products and souvenirs, and non-standardized websites in Korean and foreign languages.
Second, regarding travel motivation, statistically significant differences between three groups of students were confirmed for ‘enjoying the natural environment’ motivation. Motivation was highest amongst Asian students and lowest for Korean students. Next, European students were confirmed to be less motivated by ‘entertainment’ than the rest of the students, and Asian students showed significantly higher motivation for ‘outdoor and sporting activities’. All three groups showed the highest motivation for ‘recharging’, while ‘outdoor and sporting activities’ were confirmed to be the least motivational factor.
Third, the highest preferred travel attraction in Sokcho is the beach, followed by Mt. Seorak National Park, central market, and Abai Village. The latter two are more preferred by Korean students. Besides strolling and hiking, sport activities were not highly preferred by all three student groups. Korean students preferred spending the night in a hotel chain, while international students mostly opted for a small local accommodation. All students showed a high preference for local restaurants and cafes. The overall percentage of students that did not purchase local products or souvenirs amounted to 37.7%. Those that did make a purchase preferred the central market and souvenir shops.
Fourth, it was proven that a significant difference between student’s sustainable behaviour only occurs in the transportation category, where it was apparent that international students relied on public transportation much more than Korean students. The sustainable behaviour was the highest in the case of sporting and outdoor activities, followed by cultural and social activities, transportation to Sokcho, food and beverage, accommodation, shopping, and transportation inside Sokcho.
Fifth, the obstacles that prevented students from displaying more sustainable behaviour are as follows: inconvenient city bus and bike rental, lack of information and promotion for cultural and sporting activities, narrow range of accommodation selection and concern about quality of small-scale local accommodation, lack of promotion for local products and souvenirs, their utility and store location.
Based on the survey results and filed work, the next sustainable tourism projects are recommended. 1) Development of shared city bicycle and electric motorcycle for more sustainable mobility. 2) Renovation of tourist information boards and digitalisation of existing paper promotional material, developing phone application and interactive maps. 3) Introduction of sustainable tourism label system which promotes sustainable tourist businesses and services to travellers. 4) Strengthening promotion of local food, products and souvenirs. 5) Installing information boards across the city which present simple examples for contributing to Sokcho’s sustainable development.
This thesis contributes to research on international student’s travel behaviour, as it includes a balanced sample of European students, and does not only focus on Asian students, as can be seen done in many previous studies. Additionally, tourist sustainable behaviour is analysed using respondent’s travel preference and interviews which is not commonly seen in previous research. It is recommended that future research uses a larger sample of respondents in order to gain clearer and more conclusive results. Moreover, since young travellers statistically represent a smaller percentage of Sokcho visitors, research of sustainable behaviour across different generations which provides more relevant implications for sustainable tourist projects is suggested.
Promoting industrial safety is a complex field requiring collaboration between academia and industry across a range of professional and academic disciplines. Whilst human factors are recognized as being key modifiable determinants of risk across all professional groups and disciplines the variety and type of theories, methodologies and practices can make it difficult to identify commonalities and integrate findings into a conceptually coherent framework for research and intervention. The science of behaviour change offers possibilities for integrating cross-disciplinary understandings of the contributions of human behaviour to industrial safety through the use of models and frameworks like the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW). This chapter describes the principles and processes involved in designing behaviour change interventions using the BCW illustrating this with examples drawn specifically from the industrial safety sector. The potential applications of the approach in the areas of workforce development and research are highlighted.
Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985,
1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is
found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different
kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of
behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient
behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these
relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly
successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value
measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of
past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s
sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning
this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the
ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.
This article uses an attention structure framework to understand tourism experiences. Past studies have concentrated predominantly on using psychological and cognitive approaches to studying tourism experiences. However, such approaches tend to marginalize environmental and contextual factors, as well as, ignore the role of tourism mediators in tourism experience consumption. The attention structure framework argues that tourism experiences can be crafted by attracting and holding tourists' attention, and tourism mediators play a central role in this function. Distractions from the environment and other factors must be managed if tourists are to have the desired experiences. This framework also places tourism in the attention economy.
Several hypotheses about the influence of persuasive communication on behavior were derived from Fishbein's extension of Dulany's theory of propositional control and tested using a two-person Prisoner's Dilemma game. According to the theory, a persuasive message will influence a player's behavioral intention (BI), and hence his behavior (B), only if it affects either A-act, his attitude toward the act, and/or NBs(Mcs), his normative beliefs (i,e., his perception of the other player's expectations), multiplied by his motivation to comply with the norms. Two types of persuasive messages were given, one directed at A-act, the other at NBs. Orthogonal to the message type, two motivational orientations were created, cooperation and competition. Consistent with earlier findings, A-act was found to be more important than NBs(Mcs) in predicting BI and B under competition but less important than NBs(Mcs) under cooperation. It was therefore predicted that the attitudinal message would change behavior more effectively in the competitive than in the cooperative situation while the normative message would be more effective in cooperative than in competitive groups. The results supported this hypothesis.
This article analyzes data derived from conversations with varying groups of residents and visitors in New Zealand with reference to Auckland as a visitor destination. What emerges is a complex, hierarchical pattern of imagery of place, and it is suggested that underlying dimensions are two continua, friendly versus tense/frustrating/threatening and exciting versus relaxing. It is suggested that cognition is a factor influencing image complexity and affective response; hence, images may be both specific to place and characteristics of respondents. This article discusses a number of issues, including the role of visitor familiarity with a site, the modes of analysis used in such studies as these, and the nature of the image construct.
A tourism consumption system (TCS) is defined as the set of related travel thoughts, decisions, and behaviors by a discretionary traveler prior to, during, and following a trip. The central proposition of a theory of TCS is that the thoughts, decisions, and behaviors regarding one activity influence the thoughts, decisions, and behaviors for a number of other activities. Using exit interview travel data and quick clustering analysis, this article empirically examines seven basic TCS propositions pertaining to decisions made once the destination has been selected. The findings support and extend the basic propositions specifically indicating clear patterns in the behaviors of visitors to Prince Edward Island, Canada. The authors conclude by recommending that this approach is useful for tourism marketers and practitioners in general. Suggestions are provided for analyzing TCS to increase the effectiveness of tourism marketing strategies.
This article examines the perceived impacts of tourism development on downtown in a rural community. A random sample of residents of Bozeman, Montana, provided the data for developing the Downtown Tourism Impact Scale. The scale proved both valid and reliable. Perceptions of downtown correlated with residents' shopping, socializing, and community affiliation. The results led to the formulation of a downtown tourism life cycle model.
Industry leaders are setting the goal of sustainable products and services. The question is how this necessary but ambitious goal can be met. The author focuses on the environmental aspect of the expression “sustainable”. Strategies like eco-innovation, re-designs, and product improvements are discussed using examples such as the development of fuel cell vehicles, and the use of renewable and recycled materials. Major single actions (e.g. the development of new propulsion systems) as well as small improvements create a significant environmental benefit in total if “environmental economies of scale” are reached through mass production. Life cycle strategies, service instead of product strategies, as well as the link between “old” and “new” economy are described. The opportunities and challenges of these strategies for sustainable products are discussed. The author believes that it is necessary to look at a combination of all these strategies in order to reach the goal of sustainable products and services. In future, increasing numbers of life cycle stakeholders may have to be involved in these efforts, as their involvement is key to providing very efficient and effective additional positive effects.
A bounded socio-technical experiment (BSTE) attempts to introduce a new technology, service, or a social arrangement on a small scale. Many such experiments in personal mobility are ongoing worldwide. They are carried out by coalitions of diverse actors, and are driven by long term and large scale visions of advancing society’s sustainability agenda. This paper focuses on the processes of higher-order learning that occur through BSTEs. Based on the conceptual frameworks from theories of organizational learning, policy-oriented learning, and diffusion of innovation, we identify two types of learning: the first type occurs among the participants in the experiment and their immediate professional networks; the second type occurs in the society at large. Both types play a key role in the societal transition towards sustainable mobility systems. Two case studies, in which the Design for Sustainability Group at Technical University of Delft has participated, provide empirical data for the analysis. One case consists of development of a three-wheeled bike-plus vehicle (Mitka); the second case seeks to solve mobility problems on the Dutch island of Texel. We find that higher order learning of the first type occurs among the BSTE participants and beyond. Learning can be facilitated by deployment of structured visioning exercises, by diffusion of ideas among related BSTEs, by innovative couplings of problems and solutions, and by creating links among related experiments. Government agencies, universities and other intellectual entrepreneurs have key roles to play in making that happen. The cases provide much less insights about the second type of learning. Research on the latter is necessary.
Examines the determinants that influence consumers’ intention to buy environmentally friendly products. Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour (TPB) provides the conceptual framework of the research and the appropriateness of the theory and is tested in two distinct market conditions (UK and Greece). Although the findings offer considerable support for the robustness of the TPB in explaining intention in both samples, there is some indication that the theory is more appropriate in well established markets that are characterised by clearly formulated behavioural patterns (i.e. the model fitting elements of the UK sample are superior to the corresponding ones obtained from the Greek sample). The results are consistent with previous research on moral behaviour.
Responsible tourism is emerging as a significant market trend in the UK as wider consumer market trends towards lifestyle marketing and ethical consumption spread to tourism. This paper reviews recent survey evidence about consumer attitudes towards the responsible and ethical aspects of the tourism they consume, and places this in the context of campaigns by Voluntary Service Overseas and Tearfund. Between 1999 and 2001 the percentage of UK holidaymakers aspiring to be willing to pay more for an ethical holiday increased by 7 per cent from 45 per cent to 52 per cent. The evidence for increasing consumer demand for responsible tourism is reported and the paper concludes with a discussion of the implications.
This study seeks to develop an ecological consumption measure based on the Rasch model. At the same time, it also intends to detect contextual conditions that constrain specific food purchases recognized as environmentally significant behaviors. Moreover, it provides information about the environmental impact and consequences of the behaviors that constitute the proposed measure. Questionnaire data from 547 Swiss residents are used to test three classes of contextual conditions: consumer’s socioeconomic characteristics, consumer’s living circumstances, and store characteristics. With differential performance probabilities as the source of information to detect effective contextual influences on ecological behavior, the findings suggest that ecological consumption is rather susceptible to store and household characteristics but not to socioeconomic features. Furthermore, the conditions under consideration are not uniformly supporting or inhibiting. Instead, they appear to inhibit some behaviors while facilitating others.
This paper assesses the relationships between the viability of the tourism industry and willingness to pay for aesthetic aspects of environmental quality. Incentives to provide high-quality tourism are limited given asymmetric information, adverse selection and positive search costs, with implications both for the sustainability of the tourism industry and for environmental sustainability more broadly defined. An econometric model is estimated in which willingness to pay is captured using resort rents and related to aesthetic quality, after controlling for service levels. A negative relationship is found. Some policy issues are assessed, focusing on the implications for tourism as an engine for sustainable development.
This article presents the results of a survey of tourism consumers from the Destinations Travel Show in the UK in 2000. Four hundred and eleven tourism consumers were interviewed over four days at the show on the type of information that they used in the selection of their holiday destination. This article posits that the power of the consumer can be a major force for progress towards greater sustainability by the tourism industry, acting as a rationale for change, which is often missing from more traditional planning, management or regulatory techniques. The research shows consumers are already making decisions based on environmental, social and economic quality for day-to-day products and are keen to transfer these habits to the purchase of tourism products. Recommendations are made, highlighting the need for the tourism industry to capitalise on this demand for a wider range of product information and so promote moves towards greater levels of sustainability in the industry.
Relying on the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991), a longitudinal study investigated the effects of an intervention-introduction of a prepaid bus ticket-on increased bus use among college students. In this context, the logic of the proposition that past behavior is the best predictor of later behavior was also examined. The intervention was found to influence attitudes toward bus use, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control and, consistent with the theory, to affect intentions and behavior in the desired direction. Furthermore, the theory afforded accurate prediction of intention and behavior both before and after the intervention. In contrast, a measure of past behavior improved prediction of travel mode prior to the intervention, but lost its predictive utility for behavior following the intervention. In a test of the proposition that the effect of past on later behavior is due to habit formation, an independent measure of habit failed to mediate the effects of past on later behavior. It is concluded that choice of travel mode is largely a reasoned decision; that this decision can be affected by interventions that produce change in attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control; and that past travel choice contributes to the prediction of later behavior only if circumstances remain relatively stable.
The service sector in the U.S. economy accounts for twice the monetary output of manufacturing and is typically perceived as less damaging to the environment than manufacturing sectors. We use an Economic Input−Output Life-Cycle Assessment model (EIO-LCA) to assess both the direct and indirect (supply chain) effects of services on the economy and the environment. As expected, environmental emissions and wastes generated directly by service providers are small per dollar of output, and energy use per dollar output is lower for services than for most manufacturing industries. However, with such a large share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the impacts of services have become a significant component of overall U.S. emissions, wastes, and energy consumption. For several environmental metrics (e.g., hazardous waste generation), service industries have significant indirect environmental effects on an economy-wide basis even when their direct emissions are negligible. When an average annual “market basket” of goods and services is purchased by an average consumer in the U.S., the amount spent on manufactured goods is about 25% greater than that spent on services, but the environmental effects associated with manufacturing are about two to three times that of services. To investigate services in more detail, four representative service industries were analyzed: trucking and courier services, retail trade, colleges and universities, and hotels. Some results are expected, such as the high direct consumption of electricity, the low direct emission of toxic chemicals, and the low direct generation of hazardous wastes. We demonstrate that the supply chain environmental effects associated with these four services are more significant and merit further consideration. A better understanding of these impacts will encourage service providers to consider more carefully the environmental implications of their supply chain.
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that leisure-generated social support (companionship and friendship) and the self-determination disposition (perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation) buffer the adverse effects of life stress on mental and physical health problems. Data were provided by 252 subjects who were 18 to 65 years old and practitioners of Taekwondo sport as a leisure activity. Results indicated that life stress was positively related to mental and physical illness symptoms and negatively related to perceived health, regardless of any moderating variables. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses, however, showed that leisure companionship moderated the effect of life stress on mental illness (depression) symptoms, whereas leisure friendship did the same for physical illness symptoms. Data provided no support for the positive moderating effect of the self-determination disposition. In general, results confirm the importance of social support derived from leisure activity participation and suggest that it is the activity and things done with friends/companions that buffer the adverse effects of stress on physical and mental health.
Hall, C.M. & Lew, A. (eds.) 1998, Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, Prentice Hall, London. 236pp, ISBN 0 582 32262 6 (Pbk)
– reprinted 1999
Based upon a social science approach to understanding the significance of tourism in contemporary society, Andrew Holden's fascinating book highlights tourism as a multidisciplinary area of study with rich and varied theoretical underpinnings. Here, Holden introduces social science disciplines and applies relevant theories to the understanding of tourism. He investigates how the economic and political structures of society influence the manifestation of tourism at a global level, and subsequently considers a variety of topical issues including citizenship and social exclusion, tourism as a form of trade, consumerism, the consequences of tourism, and feminism and ethics. Each chapter includes: a brief introductory summary of the discipline, a critique of its main theories and concepts which have relevance to tourism, a discussion of how the theories and concepts have been applied to tourism using cases and examples, international case studies and examples. Punctuated with study and teaching aids, chapter summaries and 'think points' to encourage reflection, this excellent, broad-ranging textbook provides a wider understanding of tourism's role in society.
Awards and labels can help consumers choose more environmentally benign tourism products and encourage more attention to the environment by producers. As in other areas, however, there is an increasing clutter of environmental awards and labels in tourism. Concerns exist about the value and appropriateness of some claims associated with these. This paper reviews and assesses environmental awards in tourism and recreation using comparative analysis. Sixteen awards relating to manufacturing, forestry, tourist attractions and tourism companies are appraised under the classifications of focus, criteria, certification system and results. Having identified the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches it is concluded that the time is ripe to rationalise awards and labels in the tourism industry and that an environmental management systems approach provides a flexible template to fulfil such a need and drive the agenda of environmental improvements in the industry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer Behaviour in Tourism takes a broad view of tourism and looks at consumer behaviour in a number of sectors including: tour operation. tourist destinations. hospitality. visitor attractions. retail travel. transport. Now fully revised and updated, the second edition of this bestselling text looks provides an international perspective on consumer behaviour in tourism through the use of numerous examples and case studies drawn from a range of different regions of the world; an exploration of national differences in consumer culture; the dissemination of research findings and concepts from a number of different regions of the world. This second edition includes new chapters on ecotourists, destination image and choice, terrorism and the tourism market, the internet and tourist behaviour and the rise of the no frills markets. It also includes new material on health concerns and government travel advice, events and festivals, business travel, national and cultural differences and more. Each chapter features conclusions, discussion points and essay questions, and exercises, at the end, to help tutors direct student-centred learning and to allow the reader to check their understanding of what they have read. Cases include: Las Vegas, Nevada, USA; Currency exchange rates as a determinant of tourist behaviour; The adventure tourism market in the USA and New Zealand; The Chinese tourism market; The Islamic tourism market; The impact of terrorism on tourist behaviour; The health tourism market including cosmetic surgery tourism; The UK outbound market; The international conference market; Travellers experience websites; The international theme park market; The festivals and events market around the world 'Dark' tourism.
This study analyzed the preferences of international urban travelers by focusing on European, North American, and Japanese travelers to Seoul, Korea, and attempted to identify the relationship between preferences and expenditures for the attributes or activities. The results indicated that, for both pleasure and business trips, the travelers from the near origin (Japan) tended to give most consideration to the 'tangible' attribute (shopping), while the travelers from the distant origin (Europe and North America) evaluated the 'intangible' attribute (local culture) as most valuable. Regardless of the origins, business travelers spent significantly more than pleasure travelers in the total trip expenditure. Preference for a specific activity seems to not directly correlate with the expenditure on the activity. The results provided useful implications for cities to develop a marketing plan for international travelers. Recommendations for future research were also suggested. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Tourist Gaze, Third Edition restructures, reworks and remakes the groundbreaking previous versions making this successful book even more relevant for tourism students, researchers and designers in the new century. The tourist gaze remains an agenda setting theory, incorporating new principles and research. Packed full of fascinating insights this new edition is fresh and contemporary, intelligently broadening its theoretical and geographical scope and providing a nuanced account which responds to various critiques.The book has been significantly revised to include up-to-date empirical data, many new case studies and fresh concepts. Three new chapters have been added which explore photography and digitization, embodied performances, risks, and alternative futures.Innovative and informative, this book is essential reading for all involved in contemporary tourism, leisure, cultural policy, design, economic regeneration, heritage and the arts.
We proposed a hypothesis that not only can people be under attitudinal or normative control across a large number of behaviors (Trafimow & Finlay, 1996), but behaviors can be under attitudinal or normative control across a large number of people. Further, both types of findings can be obtained using the same sets of people and behaviors. To test the hypothesis, a large number of participants were asked to indicate their attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions towards performing 30 behaviors. On the basis of within-participants multiple regression analyses, participants were deemed to be generally under attitudinal or normative control across the 30 behaviors. In addition, consistent with previous research (Trafimow & Finlay, 1996), the unique variance in intentions accounted for by attitudes and subjective norms was highly dependent upon whether attitudinally or normatively controlled participants were used. Finally, however, attitudes accounted for more variance in intentions than did subjective norms for some behaviors, even when normatively controlled participants were analyzed! Thus, the hypothesis was strongly supported.
In this paper, a two-step model of human decisions is formulated and tested. In the first step, a frame becomes active that determines both the feasible set of alternatives and the criteria that are used to choose an alternative. In the second step, these criteria are applied to select a specific alternative. Our model enables the integration of psychological attitude research within the rational-choice approach. General attitudes affect frame setting, but they have no direct effect on the choice of an alternative. The two-step model is supported by empirical data. In a panel study it could be demonstrated that two different frames are active within a sample of students that determine their travel decisions of their ways from home to university. The general attitude toward travel policies influence the frames. Environmental aspects are salient within one frame but not within the other one.
A tourism destination can be viewed as an amalgamation of places generating experiences. From a cultural perspective, places serve as storehouses of meanings that capture value in use and frame expectations for experiences. This article explores how community residents define a broad range of places shared with tourists at an alpine destination. The 19 places under investigation included attractions, dining and lodging establishments, retail offerings, transportation settings, and support services. The places were monitored in terms of their normative meanings using hedonic, utilitarian, novelty, and social variables. In addition, three consumption characteristics provided information on the nature of the experiences at the places. Conclusions are drawn as to the nature of each place and the array of experiences provided by the destination.
Most tourism-related activities require energy directly in the form of fossil fuels or indirectly in the form of electricity often generated from petroleum, coal or gas. This consumption leads to the emission of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide. Tourism is not a traditional sector in the System of National Accounts and as a result no country possesses comprehensive national statistics on the energy demand or emissions specifically resulting from tourism. This paper suggests two approaches for accounting for carbon dioxide emissions from tourism: a bottom-up analysis involving industry and tourist analyses, and a top-down analysis using environmental accounting. Using the case study of New Zealand, we demonstrate that both approaches result in similar estimates of the degree to which tourism contributes to national carbon dioxide emissions. The bottom-up analysis provides detailed information on energy end-uses and the main drivers of carbon dioxide emissions. These results can be used for the development of targeted industry-based greenhouse gas reduction strategies. The top-down analysis allows assessment of tourism as a sector within the wider economy, for example with the purpose of comparing tourism’s eco-efficiency with other sectors, or the impact of macroeconomic instruments such as carbon charges.
This paper examines issues encountered when developing new tourism services generally, and specific aspects relating to the development of remote area dinosaur fossil fields for tourism. It studies two sites, one in the USA and one in Australia. Access to both sites is by minor roads, and both sites are characterised by long drives separating the sites from small communities that offer limited infrastructure and few other attractions for visitors. In both areas, however, tourism is seen as one of the few possible ways to sustain existing communities in the face of declining primary-industry-based employment.
In general, tourists visiting these areas are on touring holidays of two weeks’ duration or more where the attraction is the general attributes of the region as well as to a lesser extent their interest in dinosaur fossils. These provide a potential resource for remote-region economic development through commodification as a new tourism attraction.
Development of dinosaur fossil finds as a tourism resource is conceptualised here as new service development. Developing new tourism services, especially in remote regions, is challenging and has not been well examined in the tourism literature. The new service development process used in this case study first examines the characteristics of the existing tourists travelling through the region. The characteristics of a number of potential market segments currently interested in dinosaur fossils were then examined and contrasted with the existing market. This is conceptualised on a specialist-generalist spectrum of interest in fossils. A study of the tourist service features associated with dinosaur fossil tourism in remote regions of the USA was conducted, leading to the identification of a number of possible incremental development opportunities.
The paper then takes a strategic approach to examining potential new tourism service development related to dinosaur fossils in remote regions of Queensland, Australia. In particular, it describes use of information about existing services in similar regions as the basis for ideas about development as well as comparison between existing and potential markets.
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that leisure-generated social support (companionship and friendship) and the self-determination disposition (perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation) buffer the adverse effects of life stress on mental and physical health problems. Data were provided by 252 subjects who were 18 to 65 years old and practitioners of Taekwondo sport as a leisure activity. Results indicated that life stress was positively related to mental and physical illness symptoms and negatively related to perceived health, regardless of any moderating variables. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses, however, showed that leisure companionship moderated the effect of life stress on mental illness (depression) symptoms, whereas leisure friendship did the same for physical illness symptoms. Data provided no support for the positive moderating effect of the self-determination disposition. In general, results confirm the importance of social support derived from leisure activity participation and suggest that it is the activity and things done with friends/companions that buffer the adverse effects of stress on physical and mental health.
The dilemma of how to manage tourism related traffic at rural destinations in the UK is examined using a social representation perspective. In transport initiatives, alternatives to the car typically gain low use levels and their perceived success is poor, while measures to limit car access and use are negatively perceived by the public. Traditional transport planning is based on analysis of objective data, such as road capacity, and measures of individual attitudes that predict how people will respond to a transport initiative. However, studies show that people do not behave in predictable patterns related to their attitudes. Travel is a social and cultural phenomenon and the social and cultural assumptions that underlie reported attitudes to transport have not been investigated. This paper poses a challenge to the assumptions of current research and proposes an approach that explores the multiplicity of social realities that underpin our attitudes towards transport, tourism and subsequent behaviour. A review of initiatives and transport research in this field examines how representations of transport and tourism are created, evolved and accepted into people’s thinking about transport. Directions and approaches for future research are proposed together with directions for sustainable transport at destinations.
The development of leisure and tourism research in the German-speaking world shows a number of distinct stages. The origins of tourism research can be traced back to Hans Poser and his analyses of tourism in the Riesengebirge in 1939 (today Krkonosze, Krkonoše). His main focus was on the landscape as a setting for tourism. He considered the analysis of the interactions between landscape and the holidaymaking public the main task of geography. In contrast, ‘Geography of Leisure Behaviour’, from the so-called Munich School, placed more emphasis on people and leisure-based human behaviour. Current approaches focus on applied issues such as sustainable tourism and spatial carrying capacity, as well as current societal changes and the ensuing changes in supply and demand. Another current focus of research is the significance of geographical space for leisure and tourism. This is no longer limited to physical space, but also includes so-called ‘action space’, perceived space and even virtual space. Notwithstanding the many special trends that result from the increasing fragmentation of society, the main task of geography of tourism and leisure must remain to support sustainable development and take a holistic view of leisure and tourism.
Awards and labels can help consumers choose more environmentally benign tourism products and encourage more attention to the environment by producers. As in other areas, however, there is an increasing clutter of environmental awards and labels in tourism. Concerns exist about the value and appropriateness of some claims associated with these. This paper reviews and assesses environmental awards in tourism and recreation using comparative analysis. Sixteen awards relating to manufacturing, forestry, tourist attractions and tourism companies are appraised under the classifications of focus, criteria, certification system and results. Having identified the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches it is concluded that the time is ripe to rationalise awards and labels in the tourism industry and that an environmental management systems approach provides a flexible template to fulfil such a need and drive the agenda of environmental improvements in the industry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Over the past 15 years or so the sociology of consumption has made real progress in identifying and dissecting a series of mechanisms which maintain and expand demand for goods and services. However, few sociologists of consumption have taken account of the environmental impact of practices they describe. In addressing the question 'why do people consume as they do and what are the environmental consequences of escalating demand?', we begin by reviewing the characteristics and environmental implications of five mechanisms of consumption isolated by analysts of consumer culture. We then consider how satisfactorily these mechanisms account for behaviour in some key areas of environmentally significant consumption, focusing especially on those associated with increasing demand for energy,
Recent reports of a relationship between self-identity and behavioral intentions independent of the role of attitudes were examined skeptically in a study of attitudes towards the consumption of organically produced vegetables. We hypothesized that an adequate operationalization of the components of the theory of planned behavior would result in no independent relationship between a measure of self-identity and a measure of behavioral intentions. Two hundred and sixty-one randomly sampled members of the general public returned postal questionnaires relating to this theme. Contrary to expectations, regression analyses showed a substantial independent effect for self-identity; this effect persisted when a measure of past consumption was included in the regression equation. The findings are discussed in relation to the expected-utility origins of the theory of planned behavior and to the range of considerations taken into account when people express their attitudes via the standard questionnaire measures employed research of this kind.
This paper establishes environmental attitude as a powerful predictor of ecological behaviour. Past studies have failed in this enterprise because they did not consider three shortcomings that limit the predictive power of environmental attitude concepts: (1) the lack of a unified concept of attitude, (2) the lack of measurement correspondence between attitude and behaviour on a general level, and (3) the lack of consideration of behaviour constraints beyond people's control. Based on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour, the present study uses a unified concept of attitude and a probabilistic measurement approach to overcome these shortcomings. Questionnaire data from members of two ideologically different Swiss transportation associations are used. This study confirmed three measures as orthogonal dimensions by means of factor analysis: (1) environmental knowledge, (2) environmental values, and (3) ecological behaviour intention. One other measure, general ecological behaviour, is established as a Rasch-scale that assesses behaviour by considering the tendency to behave ecologically and the difficulties in carrying out the behaviours, which depend on influences beyond people's actual behaviour control. A structural equation model was used to confirm the proposed model: environmental knowledge and environmental values explained 40 per cent of the variance of ecological behaviour intension which, in turn, predicted 75 per cent of the variance of general ecological behaviour.
This research investigates the question: Does the physical environment of service delivery settings influence customers' evaluations of the service experience and subsequent behavioral intentions? Theoretical and empirical data from environmental psychology suggests that customer reactions to the tangible physical environment may be more emotional than cognitive, particularly when involving hedonic consumption. This article integrates environmental psychology into SERVQUAL (a current measure of service quality) to enable a fuller assessment of the role of the tangible aspects of service delivery. Based on consumer surveys in three leisure service settings, the findings are that the tangible physical environment plays an important role in generating excitement in leisure settings; excitement, in turn, plays a significant role in determining customers repatronage intentions and willingness to recommend. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
This paper presents empirical evidence of mode effects in contingent valuation surveys. We conducted an on-site, split-sample contingent valuation survey of visitors to Fort Sumter National Monument, South Carolina. All respondents were told that the survey was being conducted on behalf of the National Park Service. We find that WTP for a fort visit is approximately 23– 29% higher when the survey is administered through face-to-face interviews with a ballot box rather than being self-administered by the respondent.