Article

Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light

Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology

September 2009
8(3):169 - 173

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00448.x

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Slobodanka Tamburic

London College of Fashion

Carmel Lally

London College of Fashion

Background Cocoa beans fresh from the tree are exceptionally rich in flavanols. Unfortunately, during conventional chocolate making, this high antioxidant capacity is greatly reduced due to manufacturing processes. Aim To evaluate the photoprotective potential of chocolate consumption, comparing a conventional dark chocolate to a specially produced chocolate with preserved high flavanol (HF) levels. Methods A double-blind in vivo study in 30 healthy subjects was conducted. Fifteen subjects each were randomly assigned to either a HF or low flavanol (LF) chocolate group and consumed a 20 g portion of their allocated chocolate daily. The minimal erythema dose (MED) was assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks under standardized conditions. Results In the HF chocolate group the mean MED more than doubled after 12 weeks of chocolate consumption, while in the LF chocolate group, the MED remained without significant change. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that regular consumption of a chocolate rich in flavanols confers significant photoprotection and can thus be effective at protecting human skin from harmful UV effects. Conventional chocolate has no such effect.

Plant Secondary Metabolites against Skin Photodamage: Mexican Plants, a Potential Source of UV-Radiation Protectant Molecules

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Human skin works as a barrier against the adverse effects of environmental agents, including ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Exposure to UVR is associated with a variety of harmful effects on the skin, and it is one of the most common health concerns. Solar UVR constitutes the major etiological factor in the development of cutaneous malignancy. However, more than 90% of skin cancer cases could be avoided with appropriate preventive measures such as regular sunscreen use. Plants, constantly irradiated by sunlight, are able to synthesize specialized molecules to fight against UVR damage. Phenolic compounds, alkaloids and carotenoids constitute the major plant secondary metabolism compounds with relevant UVR protection activities. Hence, plants are an important source of molecules used to avoid UVR damage, reduce photoaging and prevent skin cancers and related illnesses. Due to its significance, we reviewed the main plant secondary metabolites related to UVR protection and its reported mechanisms. In addition, we summarized the research in Mexican plants related to UV protection. We presented the most studied Mexican plants and the photoprotective molecules found in them. Additionally, we analyzed the studies conducted to elucidate the mechanism of photoprotection of those molecules and their potential use as ingredients in sunscreen formulas.

World Journal of Food Research Incorporation of Spirulina (Athrospira Platensis) in Traditional Egyptian Cookies as a Source of Natural Bioactive Molecules and Functional Ingredients: Enhancing Nutritional and Sensory Properties with Flavoring and Coloring Food Additives

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2019

1. Abstract The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding natural food flavoring additives (annas, cloves, cinnamon, cocoa, chocolate, vanilla and coconut) and food coloring additives (Raspberry Rose E124, Sunset Yellow E 110 and Tartrazine Yellow E 102) to traditional Egyptian cookies containing spirulina, as a source of natural bioactive molecules, on the acceptability of the smell, taste and color of the cookies using a sensory evaluation panel of 10 members. The initial smell of cookies containing spirulina was musty-seawater to fishy-seawater and the taste was sour and bitter. The food flavoring additives cocoa, chocolate and cinnamon powders and anise and clove oils affected the taste and smell of spirulina cookies, but their effects did not enhance the acceptability of these cookies. Addition of coconut and vanilla oils improved the taste and smell and enhanced the acceptability of the cookies. They made the taste delicious, made the smell extremely pleasant and much sweeter and significantly increased the degree of acceptance. The color of cookies containing spirulina was dark bluish green. This bluish green color of spirulina shifted towards red and brownish red after the addition of the Raspberry Rose E124 and Sunset Yellow E110, respectively. However, the acceptability of these cookies was low as the first added salty taste and the second added sour taste to the cookies. Addition of Tartrazine Yellow E 102 enhanced the acceptability of the cookies color. The color of spirulina shifted towards brown which was highly acceptable as the cookies looked like chocolate cookies. The results showed that adding spirulina and coconut and vanilla oils into cookies increased their nutritional values. Spirulina and coconut and vanilla oils contain protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals and are rich in antioxidants, all of which will have significant health benefits to school children in Egypt who suffer from malnutrition. 2.

A Prospectus of Microbial Metabolites as Ingredients in Commercial Sunscreens

Chapter

Apr 2018

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is responsible for different skin diseases and allergic reactions. Synthetic sunscreens are widely used to protect the skin in the intense UV environments. Different synthetic molecules are being used as active ingredients in the commercial sunscreens, however, few of them are reported to cause toxicity to humans and ecosystems. Regulatory bodies like USFDA and European Commission have issued a guideline for the safe use of active chemical ingredients in the commercial sunscreens. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the screening of safe and efficacious natural molecules having potential photoprotective properties. This chapter presents a scientific summary to emphasize the possible use of certain microbial metabolites as active ingredients in the commercial sunscreens.

Cocoa Flavanol Supplementation Influences Skin Conditions of Photo-Aged Women: A 24-Week Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Article

Nov 2015
J NUTR

Background: The consumption of dietary antioxidants is considered to be a good strategy against photo-aging. However, the results of previous clinical trials that investigated the effects of oral consumption of high-flavanol cocoa products on skin photo-aging have been contradictory. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether high-flavanol cocoa supplementation would improve the moderately photo-aged facial skin of female participants, by assessing skin wrinkles and elasticity. Methods: We performed a 24-wk, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effects of oral supplementation of cocoa flavanols on cutaneous photo-aging. All participants were moderately photo-aged Korean women with visible facial wrinkles (age range: 43–86 y). Participants were randomly assigned to receive a placebo beverage or cocoa beverage that contained 320 mg total cocoa flavanols/d. We measured wrinkles, skin elasticity, and hydration at baseline and at 12 and 24 wk. The primary endpoint was the mean percentage change in the average roughness value (Rz) at 24 wk. Results: At 24 wk, the mean percentage change in Rz (primary endpoint) was significantly lower in the cocoa group than in the placebo group (–8.7 percentage points; 95% CI: –16.1, –1.3 percentage points; P = 0.023). The mean percentage changes in gross elasticity, as determined by a cutometer, also differed between the groups at 12 wk (9.1 percentage points; 95% CI: 1.5, 16.7 percentage points; P = 0.020) and 24 wk (8.6 percentage points; 95% CI: 1.0, 16.2 percentage points; P = 0.027). However, there were no significant differences in skin hydration and barrier integrity between the 2 groups. Conclusions: In moderately photo-aged women, regular cocoa flavanol consumption had positive effects on facial wrinkles and elasticity. Cocoa flavanol supplementation may contribute to the prevention of the progression of photo-aging. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02060097.

Chocolate flavanols and skin photoprotection: A parallel, double-blind, randomized clinical trial

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2014
Nutr J

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation has deleterious effects on the skin, including sunburn, photoaging and cancer. Chocolate flavanols are naturally-occurring antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules that could play a role in preventing cutaneous UV damage. We investigated the influence of 12-week high-flavanol chocolate (HFC) consumption on skin sensitivity to UV radiation, measured by minimal erythema dose (MED). We also evaluated skin elasticity and hydration. In this 2-group, parallel, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 74 women aged 20–65 years and Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I or II were recruited from the general community in Quebec City, for randomization to either HFC (n = 33) or low-flavanol chocolate (LFC) (n = 41). A blocked randomisation (4), considering date of entry, skin type and age as factors, generated a sequentially-numbered allocation list. Study participants and research assistants were blinded. Totally, 30 g of chocolate were consumed daily for 12 weeks, followed by a 3-week washout period. MED was assessed at baseline and at 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks. Main outcome was changes in MED at week 12. 33 participants in the HFC group and 41 in the LFC group were analyzed with 15 weeks of follow-up. Both groups showed similarly-increased MED at 12 weeks (HFC: 0.0252 ± 0.1099 J/cm2 [mean ± standard deviation (SD)]; LFC: 0.0151 ± 0.1118; mean difference (MD): 0.0100 J/cm2; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.0417 to 0.0618). However, after 3-week washout, the HFC group presented decreased MED (-0.0248 ± 0.1145) whereas no effect was seen in the LFC group (0.0168 ± 0.1698) (MD: -0.0417; 95% CI: -0.1106 to 0.0272). Net temple elasticity increased slightly but significantly by 0.09 ± 0.12 mm in the HFC group at 12 weeks compared to 0.02 ± 0.12 mm in the LFC group (MD: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.12 ). No significant adverse events were reported. Our study failed to demonstrate a statistically-significant protective effect of HFC vs. LFC consumption on skin sensitivity to UV radiation as measured by MED. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01444625

Functional Foods in Dermatology

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

Functional foods, or whole foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value, may provide multiple dermatological benefits. Research studies have documented benefits ranging from enhanced skin barrier function to improved wound healing, radiance, photoprotection, and hormonal regulation. Although the majority of research to date has involved small-scale human interventions or animal models, promising findings have been noted. In this review, we discuss the potential dermatological role of functional foods in hopes of advocating for larger-scale, evidence-based, human studies to expand this promising field.

Oral Naturally Derived Agents as an Adjuvant Photoprotection after Dermatologic Surgery

Chapter

Full-text available

Feb 2018

Nutraceuticals and skin appearance: Is there any evidence to support this growing trend?

Article

Mar 2018
Nutr Bull

The rise of the nutraceutical market, specifically oral nutrition supplements claiming to improve skin appearance, is striking. This paper aims to examine the published scientific evidence for beneficial effects of nutraceuticals on skin appearance. An overview of skin physiology and intrinsic and extrinsic ageing is provided which underlies the potential physiological processes nutraceuticals purport to counter. Common ingredients used are explored. Some of these (vitamins A, C, B2, B3, B7, copper, iodine, zinc) have authorised skin-related health claims, but many do not. Current evidence for those without existing authorised claims (e.g. green tea extract, pomegranate extract, carotenoids, evening primrose oil, borage oil, fish oil, collagen and co-enzyme Q10) is reviewed, focussing primarily on evidence from randomised controlled trials where available, in relation to skin parameters including wrinkles and hydration. Issues of safety are also considered, and the postulated mechanisms for some emerging ingredients, such as cocoa flavanols and probiotics, are explored. Evidence from high quality human trials demonstrating clear benefit is required by regulatory authorities in order for foods and nutrition supplements to carry a health or beauty claim. To date, the evidence for many ingredients in relation to skin appearance is limited, not sufficiently robust and/or inconsistent. Although there are a small number of human studies suggesting a potential benefit and some plausible biological mechanisms, much of the evidence to date comes from animal and in vitro studies. There are simply not enough good quality randomised controlled trials in this area to draw firm conclusions about the benefit of nutraceuticals to skin appearance.

The Protection Effect of Topical Cocoa Extract on Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer (CPD) Formation and Tissue Neutrophil in Mice Induced by Ultraviolet B

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2016

Utin Variantini

Cosmetic Products with Potential Photoprotective Effects Based on Natural Compounds Extracted from Waste of the Winemaking Industry

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024
MOLECULES

Grape marc is a by-product resulting from the winemaking industry that still contains beneficial compounds that can be valorized. Thus, we report here the possibility of using polyphenolic extracts of grape marc origin to obtain sun protection creams. The extractions were performed in ethanol and acetone solutions using pomace from different grape varieties (Merlot, Bläufrankisch, Fetească Neagră, Isabella) as a raw material. The obtained extracts were analyzed in order to determine the total phenolic content, the antioxidant activity, and the sun protection factor (SPF) via Mansur spectrophotometric assay. The best results were achieved using 70% ethanol in water as a solvent. The extracts with the highest potential photoprotective effects are from the Merlot variety (SPFspectrophotometric = 7.83 ± 0.76). The sunscreens were prepared using the 70% ethanolic extract of the Merlot variety evaporated to dryness, redissolved in either distilled water or ethanol. The SPF estimated in vitro via the COLIPA method showed values of 14.07 ± 1.50 and 11.46 ± 1.32 for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively, when working with a cream to polyphenolic extract a ratio of 1/1 (w/w). At the same time, the use of aqueous polyphenolic extracts ensures the better stability of creams compared with the ethanolic ones.

Chocolate and Skin: The Impact of an Insatiable Indulgence

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Chocolate is the most sought-after delicacy worldwide. Cocoa has been incorporated in various forms, into both foods and cosmetics. Cocoa has not only been used as gourmet food but has also served as medicine for ages. Chocolates are always in vogue and remain a testament to the cocoa bean, but the benefits attained from commercial chocolates remain a fallacy. On a positive note, chocolate has its health benefits but its effects on the skin need a better understanding. Hence this article focuses on the dermatological effects of cocoa, and its use as a dermatological therapeutic agent.

Challenges in Sun Protection

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Since time immemorial, people protected themselves from solar radiation. Limiting time in the sun by seeking shade or wearing clothing was a matter of course. In the early 20th century, tanned skin - a result of exposure to sunlight - was associated with good health. At the same time, however, one also had to protect oneself against the potential of excessive exposure to avoid sunburns. Around 1945, the first sunscreen products for protection against solar radiation became available. In the years to follow and up to the recent past, a vast number of different sunscreen filters were developed and incorporated into a wide variety of product formats. Frameworks regulating filter substances and preparations and methods to characterize sunscreen products' performance parameters were developed. Over the past 50-70 years, the perception regarding the tasks of sunscreen products changed several times. It was initially promoted as a lifestyle product and had the task of preventing sun-related erythema (tan without burn). Later, the prevention of skin cancer was added. Only in recent times, sunscreen products have been increasingly advertised and perceived as beauty and lifestyle products again. Also, the use of sunscreen products for antiaging purposes is now commonplace. The different intended purposes (averting harm and prevention) and the widespread use of topical sunscreen products have promoted many investigations and generated a vast and ongoing need for consumer and patient information and education. In the following review, we analyze and discuss current topics from conflicting areas, such as sun protection products (e.g., ideal sun protection products, sun protection metrics), product safety (e.g., nanoparticulate sunscreen filters, regulatory issues), application in everyday life (e.g., wish to tan, vulnerable cohorts), as well as controversies and future challenges (e.g., risks and benefits of UV radiation).

Keratinocyte Carcinoma and Photoprevention: The Protective Actions of Repurposed Pharmaceuticals, Phytochemicals and Vitamins

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) arising from sun exposure represents a major risk factor in the development of keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs). UVR exposure induces dysregulated signal transduction, oxidative stress, inflammation, immunosuppression and DNA damage, all of which promote the induction and development of photocarcinogenesis. Because the incidence of KCs is increasing, better prevention strategies are necessary. In the concept of photoprevention, protective compounds are administered either topically or systemically to prevent the effects of UVR and the development of skin cancer. In this review, we provide descriptions of the pathways underlying photocarcinogenesis and an overview of selected photoprotective compounds, such as repurposed pharmaceuticals, plant-derived phytochemicals and vitamins. We discuss the protective potential of these compounds and their effects in pre-clinical and human trials, summarising the mechanisms of action involved in preventing photocarcinogenesis.

Impact of cocoa flavanols on human health

Article

Mar 2021
FOOD CHEM TOXICOL

Cocoa is a source of flavanols, and these phenolic compounds exert beneficial effects on health and aging, and reduce the risk of suffering chronic diseases (cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer). An increasing body of evidence has emerged to suggest that cocoa flavanols potentially are important chemopreventive natural agents. This review summarizes human studies from the past two decades, providing data related to the effects derived from cocoa intake on health and disease. Most human studies have reported beneficial effects of cocoa consumption on health and chronic diseases; however, outcomes are not unequivocal. Review of human studies enable to identify different mechanisms of action for cocoa, although they are not fully understood at present. In addition, it remains unclear whether cocoa consumption should be recommended to healthy subjects or to patients and what is the appropriate dosage or duration of cocoa consumption. Elucidation of information regarding these crucial issues could lead to cocoa use as an approach for decreasing the risk of certain chronic diseases, as well as improving health and quality of life.

Safety and Photoprotective Efficacy of a Sunscreen System Based on Grape Pomace (Vitis vinifera L.) Phenolics from Winemaking

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

In winemaking, a large amount of grape pomace is produced that is rich in polyphenolics and highly beneficial for human health, as phenols are useful for skin ultraviolet (UV) protection. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a sunscreen system containing a grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. as a bioactive ingredient. The recovery of phenolics in the waste was performed by percolation. Nine emulsions were developed using a factorial design and two were evaluated clinically: Formulation E, containing only UV filters (butylmethoxydibenzoyl methane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA), and F, with the extract at 10.0% w/w + UV filters. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and the in vitro efficacy was established by sun protection factor (SPF) measurements (Labsphere UV-2000S). Clinical tests were performed to determine safety (human repeated insult patch test) and to confirm efficacy (photoprotective effectiveness in participants). The results showed a synergistic effect between the sunscreen system and the extract on UVB protection and antioxidant activity. Both samples were considered safe. Formulation F was 20.59% more efficient in protecting skin against UVB radiation, taking approximately 21% more time to induce erythema compared to the extract-free sample.

Elaboración de chocolate de siete genotipos experimentales de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seleccionados en la Finca Experimental La Represa

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

Flavonoid enriched extract of Alternanthera brasiliana with photoprotective effect: Formulation development and evaluation of quality

Article

Jul 2020
IND CROP PROD

Alternanthera brasiliana is popularly known as "penicillin" and has been used as an anti-inflammatory and for wound healing in folk medicine, been the flavonoids the main chemical markers with pharmacological activity in this species. The objective of this work was to perform the pharmacognostic characterization of the powder of Alternanthera brasiliana, the optimization of the extraction of total flavonoids and the preparation of a gel with photoprotective effect from the addition of this extract enriched of flavonoids. The pharmacognostic characterization, the preparation of fluid enriched extract of flavonoids and quality control of the gel were carried out according to the Brazilian Pharmacopeia, and the evaluation of photoprotective activity was carried out according to the Mansur method. Regarding pharmacognostic characterization, some data are being published for the first time, such as acid insoluble ash (10.02 ± 0.22 %), sulfated ash (12.77 ± 0.01 %), extractable substances by ethanol (4.75 ± 0.07 %) and the foam index (0). In the optimization of extraction, the condition that provided the extract with the highest concentration of total flavonoids was Ab-EFE-3, with solvent hydration at low level, powder:solvent ratio at low level and magnetic stirring at high level. The highest total flavonoid content was 503.7 ± 14.01 mg of rutin equivalents/g. A gel was manipulated with Alternanthera brasiliana enriched flavonoid extract and had its quality control attested by the tests performed. The spectrophotometric SPF of the prepared gel was analyzed at the beginning (T0) and at the end (T12) of the stability study, presenting statistically different initial and final values. The final SPF-UVB of formulation was 21.33 ± 1.25 for the sample submitted to freezing/defrosting cycle, and 19.57 ± 0.74 for the sample maintained at room temperature.

Elaboración de chocolate de siete genotipos experimentales de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seleccionados en la Finca Experimental La Represa

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar las propiedades químicas y cualidades organolépticas de chocolate de siete genotipos experimentales de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seleccionados en la finca experimental “La Represa”, de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con siete tratamientos y tres repeticiones y las medias fueron comparadas a través de la prueba de Tukey (p≤0.05). Se determinaron las propiedades químicas (Grasa, acidez y energía) y las cualidades organolépticas (generalidades, sabores básicos, sabores específicos, defectos) empleando una prueba descriptiva al chocolate negro degustado por un panel de 10 jueces semi entrenados. Se realizó un análisis económico el cual varió entre tratamientos debido a las formulaciones utilizadas. Para la variable grasa el mejor tratamiento fue el DICYT-H 258 (37.83), la acidez con menor valor lo obtuvo el CCN-51 (2.04) estadísticamente diferente del DICYT-H 259 (8.79), para energía no hubo diferencias significativas, se obtuvo una media general de 607 Kcal. Para las variables organolépticas el DICYT-H 262 obtuvo un perfil floral (Sabor Arriba). El mayor costo fue para el tratamiento CCN-51 con USD 51.20, el menor costo fue el DICYT-H 258 con USD 40.20 por el uso de más aditivos que los otros tratamientos.

Optimisation of a process for cocoa-based vermicelli

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

Due to its health promoting properties owing to a high phenolic content and sensory acceptability, cocoa has gained interest as an additive of choice in many food products. The purpose of this study was to incorporate cocoa powder (CP) in vermicelli. Different proportions of cocoa powder (5, 10, 15 and 20%) were prepared by mixing it into a blend of wheat flour and rice flour (60:40) as base ingredients. The quality parameters, including nutritional characteristics, antioxidant activity, cooking and functional properties, and sensory acceptability, were studied. The nutritional profiling showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate alongside a significiant decrease in the moisture content. Similarly, an antioxidant activity increased significantly at p < 0.05, with the increase of cocoa powder concentration. It can be concluded that vermicelli with the 10% cocoa powder incorporated was the best treatment since it was rated as the highest in overall acceptability compared to the other formulations. The bulk density, cooked weight, cooking time, gruel solid loss, and water absorption capacity of samples with 10% cocoa powder were 0.714 g/cm3 , 11.56 g, 7.21 min, 0.47 g/100 g, and 146%, respectively. The energy value of the optimised cocoa-based vermicelli was 375 kcal/100g of sample.

Diplomats' Mystery Illness and Pulsed Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2018
NEURAL COMPUT

Beatrice Golomb

Importance: A mystery illness striking U.S. and Canadian diplomats to Cuba (and now China) “has confounded the FBI, the State Department and US intelligence agencies” (Lederman, Weissenstein, & Lee, 2017). Sonic explanations for the so-called health attacks have long dominated media reports, propelled by peculiar sounds heard and auditory symptoms experienced. Sonic mediation was justly rejected by experts. We assessed whether pulsed radiofrequency/microwave radiation (RF/MW) exposure can accommodate reported facts in diplomats, including unusual ones. Observations: (1) Noises: Many diplomats heard chirping, ringing or grinding noises at night during episodes reportedly triggering health problems. Some reported that noises were localized with laser-like precision or said the sounds seemed to follow them (within the territory in which they were perceived). Pulsed RF/MW engenders just these apparent “sounds” via the Frey effect. Perceived “sounds” differ by head dimensions and pulse characteristics and can be perceived as located behind in or above the head. Ability to hear the “sounds” depends on high-frequency hearing and low ambient noise. (2) Signs/symptoms: Hearing loss and tinnitus are prominent in affected diplomats and in RF/MW-affected individuals. Each of the protean symptoms that diplomats report also affect persons reporting symptoms from RF/MW: sleep problems, headaches, and cognitive problems dominate in both groups. Sensations of pressure or vibration figure in each. Both encompass vision, balance, and speech problems and nosebleeds. Brain injury and brain swelling are reported in both. (3) Mechanisms: Oxidative stress provides a documented mechanism of RF/MW injury compatible with reported signs and symptoms; sequelae of endothelial dysfunction (yielding blood flow compromise), membrane damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, mitochondrial injury, apoptosis, and autoimmune triggering afford downstream mechanisms, of varying persistence, that merit investigation. (4) Of note, microwaving of the U.S. embassy in Moscow is historically documented. Conclusions and relevance: Reported facts appear consistent with pulsed RF/MW as the source of injury in affected diplomats. Nondiplomats citing symptoms from RF/MW, often with an inciting pulsed-RF/MW exposure, report compatible health conditions. Under the RF/MW hypothesis, lessons learned for diplomats and for RF/MW-affected civilians may each aid the other.

Oral Photoprotection: Effective Agents and Potential Candidates

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018

Electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared ranges produces biologic effects in humans. Where some of these effects are beneficial, others are harmful to the skin, particularly those stemming from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Pharmacological photoprotection can be topical or systemic. Systemic photoprotection is often administered orally, complementing topical protection. New and classic oral agents (e.g., essential micronutrients as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, carotenoids) are endowed with photoprotective and anti-photocarcinogenic properties. These substances bear the potential to increase systemic protection against the effects of electromagnetic radiation in the UV, visible, and infrared ranges. Protective mechanisms vary and include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. As such, they provide protection against UVR and prevent photo-induced carcinogenesis and aging. In this review, we present state of the art approaches regarding the photoprotective effects of vitamins and vitamin derivatives, dietary botanical, and non-botanical agents. A growing body of data supports the beneficial effects of oral photoprotection on the health of the skin. More studies will likely confirm and expand the positive impact of oral dietary botanicals as complementary measures for photoprotection.

Cosmeceutical uses of herbs in sunscreens

Chapter

Full-text available

May 2018

Herbs are being used in skin care and therapeutics from centuries. Their ingredients including bioactive phytochemicals have been widely used in sunscreens, moisturizers, and anti-aging lotions. Sunscreens have enhanced photo-protection activity when they contain bioactive components including vitamins such as A, C and E, flavonoids, carotenoids, polyphenols, hydroxy and phenolic acids. Herbal formulations in sunscreens or skin care products are used to repair or hide skin imperfections such as wrinkles and dark circles, and also for soothing and cooling of the skin. Their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities help to treat acne. Some herbal constituents with strong antioxidant properties inhibit the formation of free radicals and counterbalance reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regular exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause sunburns, rashes, premature aging of the skin, oxidative stress, DNA damage and cancer. In order to avoid these undesired effects, the protection from UV ray exposure and prevention from its harmful effects are desired. The chemical-based products may cause allergy and contact dermatitis, while natural or herbal products are generally non-toxic and biodegradable. Also, nanoformulation of herbal components may effectively be absorbed to layers of skin cells to sustained and prolonged effects. Herein, different types of herbs with active components that could serve as a photoprotectant against harmful UV rays are discussed.

Organic cocoa extract -loaded surfactant-based systems intended to skin bioadhesion

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2017

This study was to develop, characterize, and evaluate the physical-chemical stability, in vitro antioxidant activity and in vitro safety profile of liquid crystalline systems (LCS) and microemulsions (MEs) with and without organic cocoa (OC) extract. LCS stabilized by surfactant polyoxyethylene 20 cetyl ether, containing water and oleic acid were studied. LCS and MEs were characterized using polarized light microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, rheology and in vitro bioadhesion, and were evaluated for a period of 30 days by visual aspects, centrifuge test, pH value and relative density. PLM and SAXS assays showed the presence of domains of MEs, cubic and hexagonal mesophasephases, varying the proportions of the components of the formulations; where in the addition of the extract did not change rheological behavior of the formulations. All of the formulations were stable in the period analyzed and presented higher bioadhesive strength. In vitro antioxidant activity suggests that LCS and MEs presented a high capacity to maintain the antioxidant activity of OC extract. The results showed that the incorporation of OC in LCS improved the safety profile, according to cytotoxicity assays of systems may be a promising platform to OC extract for topical application for the potential treatment of skin disorders.

PENGARUH GLISERIN DAN PROPILENGLIKOL TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FISIK, KIMIA DAN SPF SEDIAAN KRIM TIPE O/W EKSTRAK BIJI KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) (Kadar Ekstrak Kakao 10%, 15% dan 20%)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2013

ABSTRAK Kakao (Theobroma Cacao Linn) adalah salah satu tanaman yang hasil olahannya dapat digunakan untuk bahan dasar kosmetika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh humektan gliserin dan propilenglikol terhadap karakteristik fisik, pH, SPF dan aseptabilitas sedian krim tipe O/W ekstrak kakao dengan kadar 10%, 15%, dan 20%. Evaluasi adalah tipe emulsi, organoleptis, viskositas, pH dan nilai SPF. Hasil tipe krim semua sediaan O/W. Pengamatan organoleptis sediaan dengan humektan gliserin 10% (IA), 15% (IB) dan 20% (IC) serta sediaan dengan humektan propilenglikol 10% (IIA), 15% (IIB) dan 20% (IIC) memiliki tekstur lembut, bau cokelat dan warna sediaan coklat. Hasil analisis One-Way Anova untuk viskositas sediaan krim dengan humektan gliserin yang berbeda bermakna adalah sediaan IA dan IC. Sedangkan viskositas antar sediaan dengan humektan propilenglikol yaitu IIA, IIB dan IIC tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna. Nilai pH sediaan dengan kadar ekstrak kakao berbeda untuk sediaan dengan gliserin maupun propilenglikol didapatkan perbedaan bermakna, pH antar sediaan dengan gliserin dan propilenglikol dengan kadar ekstrak kakao yang sama tidak berbeda bermakna. Untuk semua formula nilai SPF didapat hasil sangat kecil yaitu dibawah 2. Untuk aseptabilitas semua formula nilainya  70% kecuali formula IC untuk kemudahan diratakan nilainya  70%. Berdasarkan hasil, formula yang terbaik adalah IIC. Kata kunci : ekstrak biji kakao, krim, gliserin, propilenglikol, sun protection factor (SPF) ABSTRACT Cocoa (Theobroma cacao Linn) is a model of plant that processed products can be used for cosmetic base materials .This study is aimed to determine the effect of humectants glycerin and propilenglycol the physical characteristics, pH, and acceptability by indicating the SPF cream O/W type of with extract cocoa at concentrations of 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %. The evaluations were including the emulsion type, organoleptic, viscosity, pH and SPF value. The results of all types of cream O/W was as follows: Organoleptic observations preparations with 10 % glycerin humectant (IA), 15% (IB) and 20 % (IC) as well as the preparation with 10 % propilenglycol as humectant (IIA), 15% (IIB) and 20% (IIC) had a soft texture, cocoa smell and brown color preparation. Results of One-Way ANOVA analysis for viscosity creams with glycerin was significantly different for IA and IC preparations. While viscosity between preparations using humectants

Flavonoids as photoprotective agents: A systematic review

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017
J MED PLANTS RES

There is a growing need for research of photoprotective molecules from natural sources. Flavonoids have shown significant absorption in ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB) region, due to their chemical structure with conjugated double bonds, and may be used as ingredients in cosmetics formulations for skin protection. This systematic review reports what has been researched over the past decade on flavonoid and photoprotective activity, as well as some mechanisms of action by which these metabolites act. The search was conducted in three databases (Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus) using the descriptors " flavonoid " , " photoprotection " and " sunscreen " combined, published between January 2006 and January 2016. Twenty-two articles were selected and 17 flavonoids were cited. The data reviewed here indicate that flavonoids are potential in the fight against UVA and UVB radiation and which may be used as adjuvants in photoprotective formulations.

Discovering the Link Between Nutrition and Skin Aging

Chapter

Sep 2017

Current consumer trends have brought the nutritional supplements, among other antiaging products, into a high-profit enterprise. The main pillar of the marketing campaign is the pharmacological activity of nutrients that are called “nutraceuticals.” Nutrition has long been associated with skin health, beauty, and aging. Although the frequency of nutritional deficiencies is low in the developed countries, incomplete diets could influence health and affect skin health. Oral supplementation with vitamins, trace minerals, and fatty acids has been shown in clinical studies to modulate skin function and possibly hair health. Vitamin, carotenoid, and fatty acid supplementation may prevent skin diseases. Vegetables, legumes, and olive oil may be protective against cutaneous actinic damage and skin wrinkling. Oral fish polysaccharide supplementation may improve dermal thickness, skin wrinkling, color, and viscoelasticity. Benefits on hydration, skin barrier, defense against inflammation, and skin roughness were reported under intake of essential fatty acids. Carotenoids (pro-vitamin A) as well as the vitamins C and E have been extensively associated with the protection of the skin against photodamage (sunburn, tanning) and subsequently photoaging, as well as precancerous conditions and cancers.

Skin Cancer Prevention Strategies

Chapter

Apr 2013

The goal of this chapter is to present a variety of skin cancer prevention strategies in the context of existing scientific knowledge on photocarcinogenesis. The connection between UVR exposure and skin cancer has been shown in numerous epidemiological, in-vivo, and in-vitro studies. Health professionals and government agencies have been communicating the dangers of UV exposure and the benefits of adopting primary and secondary prevention practices to lessen skin cancer incidence and mortality [1, 6]. Primary prevention strategies to protect against skin cancer are to wear broad spectrum sunscreen, seek shade, avoid the outdoors during peak daytime hours, and to wear protective clothing. Intentional UVR exposure for the purpose of tanning (indoor or outdoor) or stimulation of vitamin D synthesis is strongly discouraged. There is scientific evidence that indicates oral and topical supplementation with antioxidants, vitamins, and phytochemicals is beneficial for chemoprevention. Secondary prevention for skin cancer is performing periodic examinations of the skin for suspicious growths, and having dangerous-looking growths excised by a dermatologist. Practicing a combination of these skin cancer prevention strategies will reduce the risk of skin cancer. Tea (Camellia sinensis) drinking has been associated with health in many cultures. Green tea consumption has been associated with reduced cancer risk, including SCC [17]. It has been demonstrated in mouse skin tumor models that green tea inhibits photocarcinogenesis [37]. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) makes up approximately 40% of all the polyphenols found in green tea, and it is believed to be the main polyphenol responsible for the beneficial health effects of green tea [12, 37]. White and black teas also have protective effects. Theaflavins, the polyphenols found in black tea, can inhibit the UVB-induced activation of cell signaling through AP-1, MAPK, and extracellular matrix receptor-activated kinase [17]. Topical application of white or green teas have been shown to protect against the loss of Langerhans cells after solar simulated UVR exposure in both human subjects and in an ex vivo skin explant model [21]. In another human study, EGCG inhibited UVB-induced erythema and inflammation. Fewer leukocytes infiltrated the skin when EGCG was applied prior to irradiation with UVB, and less prostanoids were synthesized [37]. In addition to being able to suppress the inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of UVB, topical application of green or white tea has been shown to completely prevent the formation of 8-OH-dG adducts in human skin [21]. The reduction of DNA damage, aberrant cell signaling, inflammation, and immunosuppression are mechanisms exhibited by teas and tea extracts that contribute to their anti-cancer properties.

Discovering the Link Between Nutrition and Skin Aging

Chapter

Jan 2015

High levels of flavonoids and HPLC profile from purified extract of cocoa bean from west sulawesi indonesia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2014

Cocoa beans have a high content of flavonoids in comparison with some vegetables and fruit. Flavonoid is secondary metabolite in plants. It is a natural phenolic compound which is potential as antioxidants. This study aims to obtain high flavanoid compounds in a purified form of cocoa beans. The extraction and purification werecarried out on seeds by using the solvent n-hexan, using the solvent acetone: water (7:3). The measurement of total flavonoids used aluminum chloride colometric assay method and the contents of theobromine and kofein of purified extract were conducted using HPLC The measurement results showed that total flavonoids of purified extract of cocoa beans at 272.2 mg/g with a very low content of caffeine and theobromine.

Cocoa Bioactive Compounds: Significance and Potential for the Maintenance of Skin Health

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2014

Cocoa has a rich history in human use. Skin is prone to the development of several diseases, and the mechanisms in the pathogenesis of aged skin are still poorly understood. However, a growing body of evidence from clinical and bench research has begun to provide scientific validation for the use of cocoa-derived phytochemicals as an effective approach for skin protection. Although the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms of the beneficial actions of cocoa phytochemicals remain to be elucidated, this review will provide an overview of the current literature emphasizing potential cytoprotective pathways modulated by cocoa and its polyphenolic components. Moreover, we will summarize in vivo studies showing that bioactive compounds of cocoa may have a positive impact on skin health.

The Effects of Polyphenol Rich Chocolate on Cardiovascular Risk and Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. PhD Thesis

Thesis

Full-text available

Jul 2013

Duane Mellor

Flavanols: Epigallocatechin Gallate, Green Tea, Cocoa, Clinical Trial, and Functional Foods

Chapter

Sep 2023

Flavanols: Epigallocatechin Gallate, Green Tea, Cocoa, Clinical Trial, Functional Foods

Chapter

Jun 2023

Systemic photoprotection in 2021

Article

Apr 2021

Systemic photoprotection aims to negate the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation‐induced DNA damage. Systemic supplements might be used as a monotherapy or in combination with topical sunscreens. Using the keywords ‘carotenoids,’ ‘flavonoids,’ ‘systemic photoprotection,’ ‘polyphenols’ and ‘polypodium leucotomos extract,” we searched the databases MEDLINE and EMBASE to find relevant English‐language articles. Few trials have supported the use of any of these supplements as a monotherapy, impeding the recommendation of these systemic supplements as an alternative to sunscreen for photoprotection. Nicotinamide has exhibited clinically relevant benefits in reducing non‐melanoma skin cancers in trials and could be recommended as an adjunctive therapy in those most vulnerable. Further research is required that is of higher statistical power, using more clinically meaningful outcome measures with comparison to the current gold standard of care, topical photoprotection, to support the use of alternative therapies in clinical practice.

Plant Polyphenols: Natural and Potent UV-Protective Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Disorders

Article

Nov 2020
MINI-REV MED CHEM

Nowadays, destructive and immunosuppressive effects from long-term exposure to UV radiation have been fully investigated and documented in the literature. UV radiation is known as the main cause of skin ageing and carcinogenesis. Hence, skin protection against anti-oxidative and immunosuppressive processes is highly in demand. Now, plant polyphenols have been found as a versatile and natural tool for the prevention and treatment of various skin diseases. The presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups in the cyclic structure of polyphenols has induced valuable biological activities. Among them, their UV protective activity has attracted lots of attention due to promising efficacy and simple instruction to use.

Herbal Treatment for Skin Wrinkle: An Overview

Chapter

Oct 2015

A Comprehensive Review on Herbal Cosmetics in the Management of Skin Diseases

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2020

Chandrasekar Raju

Cosmetics are applied on skin to enhance the personality, beauty, colour, complexity, tone, texture etc. Maintaining a healthy skin is important for a healthy body. Skin is a protective covering and an attractive feature of the body for both men and women. It forms an important part of personal appearance. There are various cosmetic preparations available in the market like creams, lotions, oils, soaps, gels, moisturizers, etc. These cosmetic can be applied on the skin to enhance beauty and protect the skin from different skin disorders like acne, blackheads, age spots, skin rashes, skin allergy etc. There are also other preparations which include anti-ageing creams, skin whitening agents, gels etc. for protecting the skin from UV radiations, sunscreen lotions and moisturizing creams to protect the skin from different climatic conditions. In the present scenario most of the cosmetics products are adulterated. There are various other cosmetic preparations in the market which are of spurious quality which may produce some side effects like skin rashes, skin allergic reactions and may lead to skin diseases. In this paper we have reviewed different medicinal plants used as cosmetics and these preparations can be used safely without side effects on the skin. In this article a special emphasis has been given to herbal cosmetics because herbals are a part of our life and their uses are increasing day by day all over the world. Scientists are still working on the evaluation of new methods that could increase our knowledge and enable to find new applications for it.

Dietary Epicatechin, A Novel Anti-aging Bioactive Small Molecule

Article

Dec 2019

Epicatechin (EC), a flavonoid present in various foods including cocoa, dark chocolate, berries, and tea, was recently reported to promote general health and survival of old mice fed a standard chow diet. This is considered a novel discovery in the field of identifying natural compounds to extend lifespan, given that presumably popular anti-aging natural agents including resveratrol, green tea extract, and curcumin had failed in extending the lifespan of standard chow-diet-fed mice. However, the anti-aging mechanism of EC is not fully understood, thus impeding the potential application of this natural compound in improving healthy lifespan in humans. In this review, we first summarized the main dietary sources that contains significant amount of EC and recent research regarding the absorption, metabolism and distribution of EC in humans and rodents. The review is then focused on the anti-aging effects of EC in cultured cells, animals and humans with the possible physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its lifespan-extending effects.

Sunscreen-Based Skin Protection Against Solar Insult: Molecular Mechanisms and Opportunities

Chapter

Sep 2019

Solar ultraviolet (UV) photons are established environmental carcinogens. Sunscreens (small molecule organic filters that absorb solar UV-photons and particle-sized inorganic filters that reflect and scatter UV-photons) are important topical solar photoprotectants and cancer chemopreventive molecular agents. Based on the emerging consensus that broad-spectrum photoprotection is an effective key component of a sun-safe strategy to reduce lifetime exposure to detrimental cumulative doses of solar UV light, much effort has been directed towards the identification, development, and optimization of photoprotectants that prevent and attenuate solar skin damage, a topic of particular relevance to high-risk patients such as immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients and individuals suffering from conditions associated with extreme photosensitivity. Generally, sunscreen development has aimed at (a) increased absorbance with broadened spectral coverage over the whole UVA/B spectrum, (b) optimized photostability of UV-active chromophores, and (c) prolonged skin residence time with minimal skin penetration and lack of off-target activity and systemic availability upon topical application. Extensive research has focused on the identification of targeted molecular interventions and agents that are expected to synergize with sunscreens and may also provide photoprotective benefit if used in stand-alone topical regimens (referred to as “non-sunscreen photoprotection”) through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Importantly, recent legislation that responds to ecotoxicological concerns associated with sunscreen use that damages marine environments emphasizes an urgent need for the continuous development of more efficacious and safer molecular and nonmolecular strategies for skin photoprotection.

Cutaneous Photoprotective Activity of a Short‐term Ingestion of High‐Flavanol Cocoa: A Nutritional Intervention Study

Article

Jan 2019
PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL

In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that prolonged oral administration of flavanol rich cocoas extracts have photoprotective effects. The aim of the present study is to assess the photoprotective activity of short‐time administration of a new variety of naturally selected cocoa extract rich in bioactive compounds. We selected a cocoa powder particularly rich in polyphenols, flavanols, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. We then investigated, in 10 healthy subjects, the photoprotective effects of one week of daily oral administration of two doses of such powder. Phototesting with solar simulated radiation was performed at baseline and after cocoa supplementation. Visual assessment of the minimal erythema dose and spectrophotometric measurement of the “a” parameter were done after 24 hours from the irradiation. Oral daily supplementation of 1 g of high‐flavanol cocoa was not effective but a one‐week administration of 4‐6 g of cocoa induced a statistically significant increase of the visual erythema threshold and a significant reduction of the “a” parameter. We demonstrated that a new variety of naturally selected cocoa extract, even when administered for a short time, retains a dose‐dependent photoprotective effect. These results are also indicative of the fact that topical sunscreens could be supplemented by a specific diet. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Photoprotection solaire interne et externe

Article

Apr 2018

Harnessing food-based bioactive compounds to reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation: a review exploring the link between food and human health

Article

Dec 2016

Chocolate and Skin Health

Chapter

Jan 2013

Chocolate is a sweet dessert that brings satisfaction. Nonetheless, chocolate is a complex food that has many benefits for the body. Certain types are known to provide advantages in terms of blood pressure and flow, total and LDL cholesterol, insulin sensitivity, and may have anticancer properties [1]. Recently, the components of chocolate that is most beneficial to the body, flavanols, have received considerable research attention from nutritionists, scientists, and the media [1]. Flavanols are secondary plant constituents found in blueberries, cranberries, grapes, apples, red wine, tea, and cocoa [2]. While chocolate contributes a large amount of kilocalories and sugars to the body, the flavanols provide essential nutrients that should improve the health of the body. In addition, there has been some controversy in the general population about the effect that chocolate provides on the onset or inflammation of acne in adolescents [3]. Nonetheless, research has shown that antioxidants are a necessary part of one’s diet, and this information has boosted consumption of chocolate [2]. In fact, the popularity of chocolate and its potential ability to provide health benefits has caused a substantial amount of research because it has a high palatability [4]. Palatability is how acceptable or agreeable to the taste a food is. The use of chocolate in order to benefit human health ushers in a new idea that foods enjoyed by much of the population may provide health advantages, and therefore, the role of chocolate in dermal health is reviewed.

Chocolate: A Role in Skin Care and Cancer

Chapter

Oct 2013

As a living, breathing organism, cocoa contains several polyphenols. Polyphenols are aromatic ring-like structures and can be classified into three subgroups: phenolic acids, non-flavonoids, and flavonoids. Extract from cacao is especially rich in flavonoids, “a class of compounds that occur in a wide variety of vegetables, teas and red wines,” [2]. Note this list of dietary foods. They are all nutritive plant by-products researched and believed to provide better heart and vascular health, promote cancer defenses, and potentially lower the prevalence of chronic disease like diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disorders.

Acne and Chocolate: Is There Any Evidence of Their Association?

Chapter

Jan 2013

Acne is a common dermatosis and affects millions of people around the world. For several years, acne has been associated with some types of foods. Popular wisdom claims that chocolate is the most important food that causes acne. Recent observational studies have shown a possible relation between a Westernized dietary pattern (based on a high glycemic index that can promote a hyperinsulinemia scenario) and acne establishment. Modern nutritional studies have supported the idea that chocolate has biologically active compounds that can affect acne.

Sunscreen-Based Skin Protection Against Solar Insult: Molecular Mechanisms and Opportunities

Chapter

Jan 2014

Georg T. Wondrak

Solar ultraviolet (UV) photons are established environmental carcinogens. Sunscreens are important solar photoprotectants and cancer chemopreventive molecular agents. The importance of efficient skin UVB (290-320 nm) photoprotection that attenuates photomutagenic events originating from direct absorption of UVB photons by DNA bases is firmly established. Cumulative evidence for the involvement of chronic UVA exposure in the causation of solar skin damage including photocarcinogenesis and photoaging now dictates the necessity for additional broadspectrum skin photoprotection that includes the UVA spectral region of sunlight. Based on the emerging consensus that broad spectrum photoprotection is an effective key component of a sun-safe strategy to reduce cumulative lifetime exposure to UV light, much effort has been directed towards the identification, development, and optimization of topical photoprotectants that prevent and attenuate solar skin damage.

Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants

Chapter

Jan 2012

T. K. Lim

Recent studies of Theobroma cacao genetics indicated that the plant originated in the upper basin of the Amazon and its headwaters in Peru, Ecuador, Columbia and Brazil. It was distributed by humans throughout Central America and Mesoamerica. Wild cocoa population are also present in the lower Amazon basin as well as along the Orinoco river basin in Venezuela and in the Guyanas. The Amazon cocoa population form the Forastero group and are distinct from the population in Central America that form the Criollo group. The latter also has its roots in the Amazon basin. The Amelonado Forastero cocoa in Bahia has its origin in the lower Amazon basin while the Trinatrio cocoa is a natural hybrid between Criollo and the Venezuelan Forastero. Besides Latin America, cocoa is grown extensively in West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and Cote D’Ivoire) based on the Trinitario, Amelonado and Forastero cocoa materials; and in Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea Trinitario and Forastero materials were introduced from the Caribbean and south America.

Photoprotective effect of botanicals and vitamins: A systematic review of clinical trials

Article

Apr 2015
J DERMATOL TREAT

Overexposure to solar radiation is a major contributor to skin cancer development and premature skin aging. Botanical extracts and vitamins may represent novel photoprotective agents. We sought to systemically review clinical evidence for the use of botanically derived agents and vitamins as photoprotective agents. We systematically searched Embase and PubMed databases. Two independent reviewers reviewed abstracts for inclusion. Additional relevant studies were identified by a manual review of reference lists. Data from eligible studies were extracted independently and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. A total of 51 studies met inclusion criteria. Limited available evidence indicates that several botanical agents and vitamins in topical or oral forms may have promising photoprotective effects. However, generalizability of results is limited by small sample sizes. Conclusion and relevance: Botanical extracts and vitamins may add to the armamentarium of sun-protective agents. Additional high-quality trials are needed to strengthen support for their use.

Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2014

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection.

Photoprotection: Facts and controversies

Article

Jan 2015

Excessive exposure of the skin to sunlight can lead to many negative effects, such as sunburn, photoaging and skin cancer development. Pollution and stratospheric ozone layer depletion are factors that increase exposure to ultraviolet radiation. This work is an accurate summary of the current state of knowledge on broad-spectrum photoprotection. Avoiding the sun, skin protection through the use of protective clothing and protective filters are currently the most effective methods of sunscreen provided that they are suitably used. In addition, discussed are controversial issues such as the toxicity of zinc used in sunscreen preparations and the potential for deficiency of vitamin D3 in relation with the application of strict photoprotection. The study has also addressed issues concerning the most recent lines of research in the exploration of modern methods of photoprotection both local and systemic, such as with the use of photolyase or examination of various enzymes repairing damage after sun exposure, as well as the promising future in photoprotection technology.

Antidepressant-like effects of a cocoa polyphenolic extract in Wistar-Unilever rats

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009
NUTR NEUROSCI

Depression is a major public health problem affecting about 12% of the world population. Drugs exist but they have many side effects. In the last few years, natural substances (e.g. flavonoids) have been tested to cure such disorders. Cocoa polyphenolic extract is a complex compound prepared from non-roasted cocoa beans containing high levels of flavonoids. The antidepressant-like effect of cocoa polyphenolic extract was evaluated using the forced swimming test in rats. Cocoa polyphenolic extract significantly reduced the duration of immobility at both doses of 24 mg/kg/14 days and 48 mg/kg/14 days, although no change of motor dysfunction was observed with the two doses tested in the open field. The results of the forced swimming test after a subchronic treatment and after an additional locomotor activity test confirm the assumption that the antidepressant-like effect of cocoa polyphenolic extract in the forced swimming test model is specific. Further, it can be speculated that this effect might be related to its content of active polyphenols.

Polyphenols in Cocoa and Cocoa Products: Is There a Link between Antioxidant Properties and Health?

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2008
MOLECULES

Cocoa and cocoa products have received much attention due to their significant polyphenol contents. Cocoa and cocoa products, namely cocoa liquor, cocoa powder and chocolates (milk and dark chocolates) may present varied polyphenol contents and possess different levels of antioxidant potentials. For the past ten years, at least 28 human studies have been conducted utilizing one of these cocoa products. However, questions arise on which of these products would deliver the best polyphenol contents and antioxidant effects. Moreover, the presence of methylxanthines, peptides, and minerals could synergistically enhance or reduce antioxidant properties of cocoa and cocoa products. To a greater extent, cocoa beans from different countries of origins and the methods of preparation (primary and secondary) could also partially influence the antioxidant polyphenols of cocoa products. Hence, comprehensive studies on the aforementioned factors could provide the understanding of health-promoting activities of cocoa or cocoa products components.

Regular Consumption of Dark Chocolate Is Associated with Low Serum Concentrations of C-Reactive Protein in a Healthy Italian Population

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2008
J NUTR

Dark chocolate contains high concentrations of flavonoids and may have antiinflammatory properties. We evaluated the association of dark chocolate intake with serum C-reactive protein (CRP). The Moli-sani Project is an ongoing cohort study of men and women aged >/=35 y randomly recruited from the general population. By July 2007, 10,994 subjects had been enrolled. Of 4849 subjects apparently free of any chronic disease, 1317 subjects who declared having eaten any chocolate during the past year (mean age 53 +/- 12 y; 51% men) and 824 subjects who ate chocolate regularly in the form of dark chocolate only (50 +/- 10 y; 55% men) were selected. High sensitivity-CRP was measured by an immunoturbidimetric method. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition FFQ was used to evaluate nutritional intake. After adjustment for age, sex, social status, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, BMI, waist:hip ratio, food groups, and total energy intake, dark chocolate consumption was inversely associated with CRP (P = 0.038). When adjusted for nutrient intake, analyses showed similar results (P = 0.016). Serum CRP concentrations [geometric mean (95% CI)] univariate concentrations were 1.32 (1.26-1.39 mg/L) in nonconsumers and 1.10 (1.03-1.17 mg/L) in consumers (P < 0.0001). A J-shaped relationship between dark chocolate consumption and serum CRP was observed; consumers of up to 1 serving (20 g) of dark chocolate every 3 d had serum CRP concentrations that were significantly lower than nonconsumers or higher consumers. Our findings suggest that regular consumption of small doses of dark chocolate may reduce inflammation.

Blood Pressure Is Reduced and Insulin Sensitivity Increased in Glucose-Intolerant, Hypertensive Subjects after 15 Days of Consuming High-Polyphenol Dark Chocolate1-3

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2008
J NUTR

Flavanols from chocolate appear to increase nitric oxide bioavailability, protect vascular endothelium, and decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. We sought to test the effect of flavanol-rich dark chocolate (FRDC) on endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). After a run-in phase, 19 hypertensives with IGT (11 males, 8 females; 44.8 +/- 8.0 y) were randomized to receive isocalorically either FRDC or flavanol-free white chocolate (FFWC) at 100 g/d for 15 d. After a wash-out period, patients were switched to the other treatment. Clinical and 24-h ambulatory BP was determined by sphygmometry and oscillometry, respectively, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), oral glucose tolerance test, serum cholesterol and C-reactive protein, and plasma homocysteine were evaluated after each treatment phase. FRDC but not FFWC ingestion decreased insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; P < 0.0001) and increased insulin sensitivity (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, insulin sensitivity index (ISI), ISI(0); P < 0.05) and beta-cell function (corrected insulin response CIR(120); P = 0.035). Systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP decreased (P < 0.0001) after FRDC (SBP, -3.82 +/- 2.40 mm Hg; DBP, -3.92 +/- 1.98 mm Hg; 24-h SBP, -4.52 +/- 3.94 mm Hg; 24-h DBP, -4.17 +/- 3.29 mm Hg) but not after FFWC. Further, FRDC increased FMD (P < 0.0001) and decreased total cholesterol (-6.5%; P < 0.0001), and LDL cholesterol (-7.5%; P < 0.0001). Changes in insulin sensitivity (Delta ISI - Delta FMD: r = 0.510, P = 0.001; Delta QUICKI - Delta FMD: r = 0.502, P = 0.001) and beta-cell function (Delta CIR(120) - Delta FMD: r = 0.400, P = 0.012) were directly correlated with increases in FMD and inversely correlated with decreases in BP (Delta ISI - Delta 24-h SBP: r = -0.368, P = 0.022; Delta ISI - Delta 24-h DBP r = -0.384, P = 0.017). Thus, FRDC ameliorated insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function, decreased BP, and increased FMD in IGT hypertensive patients. These findings suggest flavanol-rich, low-energy cocoa food products may have a positive impact on CVD risk factors.

Lycopene-rich products and dietary photoprotection

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2006

Plant constituents such as carotenoids and flavonoids are involved in the light-protecting system in plants and contribute to the prevention of UV damage in humans. As micronutrients they are ingested with the diet and are distributed into light-exposed tissues where they provide systemic photoprotection. beta-Carotene is an endogenous photoprotector, and its efficacy to prevent UV-induced erythema formation has been demonstrated in intervention studies. Lycopene is the major carotenoid of the tomato and is a very efficient singlet oxygen quencher in the group of carotenoids. Following ingestion of lycopene or tomato-derived products rich in lycopene, photoprotective effects have been demonstrated. After 10-12 weeks of intervention a decrease in the sensitivity towards UV-induced erythema was observed in volunteers. Dietary carotenoids may contribute to life-long protection against harmful UV radiation.

Cocoa Polyphenols Inhibit Phorbol Ester-Induced Superoxide Anion Formation in Cultured HL-60 Cells and Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in Mouse Skin In Vivo

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2006

We investigated the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of a flavonoid-rich polyphenolic fraction of cocoa. Cocoa polyphenol (CP) was fractionated from commercial cocoa powder and contained 468 mg/g of gallic acid-equivalent phenolics and 413 mg/g epicatechin-equivalent flavonoids. CP exhibited a dose-dependent free radical-scavenging activity as determined by both 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. CP also dose-dependently inhibited xanthine oxidase activity and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced superoxide-anion generation in cultured human promyeolcytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Oral administering of CP (4, 20, 40, and 200 mg/kg body weight) to ICR mice 1 h prior to TPA (10 nmol) inhibited ear edema at 5 h in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of COX-2 expression induced in mouse skin after 4-h treatment with topical TPA (10 nmol) was also diminished significantly by pretreating CP (40 or 200 mg/kg) for 30 min. CP at the same doses inhibited TPA-induced nuclear translocation of p65 and subsequent DNA binding of NF-kappaB at 1 h by blocking the degradation of IkappaBalpha in mouse skin. Moreover, phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ICR mouse skin, measured 4 h after TPA treatment, was suppressed by oral pretreatment of CP (40 or 200 mg/kg). Although extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 phosphorylation was unaffected, CP inhibited the catalytic activity of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 in TPA-stimulated mouse skin. Since cellular proinflammatory and prooxidant states are closely linked to tumor promotion, the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of CP may constitute the basis of possible antitumor promoting effects of this phytochemical.

Long-Term Ingestion of High Flavanol Cocoa Provides Photoprotection against UV-Induced Erythema and Improves Skin Condition in Women1

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2006

Dietary antioxidants contribute to endogenous photoprotection and are important for the maintenance of skin health. In the present study, 2 groups of women consumed either a high flavanol (326 mg/d) or low flavanol (27 mg/d) cocoa powder dissolved in 100 mL water for 12 wk. Epicatechin (61 mg/d) and catechin (20 mg/d) were the major flavanol monomers in the high flavanol drink, whereas the low flavanol drink contained 6.6 mg epicatechin and 1.6 mg catechin as the daily dose. Photoprotection and indicators of skin condition were assayed before and during the intervention. Following exposure of selected skin areas to 1.25 x minimal erythemal dose (MED) of radiation from a solar simulator, UV-induced erythema was significantly decreased in the high flavanol group, by 15 and 25%, after 6 and 12 wk of treatment, respectively, whereas no change occurred in the low flavanol group. The ingestion of high flavanol cocoa led to increases in blood flow of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, and to increases in skin density and skin hydration. Skin thickness was elevated from 1.11 +/- 0.11 mm at wk 0 to 1.24 +/- 0.13 mm at wk 12; transepidermal water loss was diminished from 8.7 +/- 3.7 to 6.3 +/- 2.2 g/(h x m2) within the same time frame. Neither of these variables was affected in the low flavanol cocoa group. Evaluation of the skin surface showed a significant decrease of skin roughness and scaling in the high flavanol cocoa group compared with those at wk 12. Dietary flavanols from cocoa contribute to endogenous photoprotection, improve dermal blood circulation, and affect cosmetically relevant skin surface and hydration variables.

Consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa acutely increases microcirculation in human skin

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2007

Long term cocoa ingestion leads to an increased resistance against UV-induced erythema and a lowered transepidermal water loss. To investigate the acute effects of a single dose of cocoa rich in flavanols on dermal microcirculation. In a crossover design study, 10 healthy women ingested a cocoa drink (100 ml) with high (329 mg) or low (27 mg) content of flavanols. The major flavanol monomer in both drinks was epicatechin, 61 mg in the high flavanol, and 6.6 mg in the low flavanol product per 100 ml. Dermal blood flow and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin were examined by laser Doppler flowmetry and spectroscopically at 1 mm skin depth at t = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h. At the same time points, plasma levels of total epicatechin (free compound plus conjugates) were measured by means of HPLC. Subsequent to the intake of high flavanol cocoa, dermal blood flow was significantly increased by 1.7-fold at t = 2 h and oxygen saturation was elevated 1.8-fold. No statistically significant changes were found upon intake of low flavanol cocoa. Maximum plasma levels of total epicatechin were observed 1 h after ingestion of the high flavanol cocoa drink, 11.6 +/- 7.4 nmol/l at baseline, and 62.9 +/- 35.8 nmol/l at 1 h. No change of total epicatechin was found in the low flavanol group. Flavanol-rich cocoa consumption acutely increases dermal blood flow and oxygen saturation.

Polyphenolic phytochemicals - Just antioxidants or much more?

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2007

Polyphenolic phytochemicals are ubiquitous in plants, in which they function in various protective roles. A 'recommended' human diet contains significant quantities of polyphenolics, as they have long been assumed to be 'antioxidants' that scavenge excessive, damaging, free radicals arising from normal metabolic processes. There is recent evidence that polyphenolics also have 'indirect' antioxidant effects through induction of endogenous protective enzymes. There is also increasing evidence for many potential benefits through polyphenolic-mediated regulation of cellular processes such as inflammation. Inductive or signalling effects may occur at concentrations much lower than required for effective radical scavenging. Over the last 2-3 years, there have been many exciting new developments in the elucidation of the in vivo mechanisms of the health benefits of polyphenolics. We summarise the current knowledge of the intake, bio-availability and metabolism of polyphenolics, their antioxidant effects, regulatory effects on signalling pathways, neuro-protective effects and regulatory effects on energy metabolism and gut health.

Effects of long-term administration of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (Acticoa powder) on cognitive performances in aged rats

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2008
BRIT J NUTR

Numerous studies have indicated that increased vulnerability to oxidative stress may be the main factor involved in functional declines during normal and pathological ageing, and that antioxidant agents, such as polyphenols, may improve or prevent these deficits. We examined whether 1-year administration of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (Acticoa powder), orally delivered at the dose of 24 mg/kg per d between 15 and 27 months of age, affects the onset of age-related cognitive deficits, urinary free dopamine levels and lifespan in old Wistar-Unilever rats. Acticoa powder improved cognitive performances in light extinction and water maze paradigms, increased lifespan and preserved high urinary free dopamine levels. These results suggest that Acticoa powder may be beneficial in retarding age-related brain impairments, including cognitive deficits in normal ageing and perhaps neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of cocoa polyphenols in neuroprotection and to explore their effects in man.

Selective cytotoxicity of synthesized procyanidin 3-O-Galloylepicatechin-4b,8-3-O-galloylcatechin to human cancer cells

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2008
CELL CYCLE

Cocoa-derived flavanols and procyanidins have been previously reported to exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-tumor properties. In this study, we have investigated the cellular growth inhibitory effect of chemically-synthesized procyanidin [3-O-galloyl]-(-)-epicatechin-(4beta,8)-(+)-catechin-3-O-gallate (GECGC) on a variety of human cancer cell lines. Among 16 human cancer cell lines tested, GECGC selectively inhibited proliferation of a subset of human cancer cell lines, especially those of short doubling time. In contrast, all 6 normal cell lines tested including human mammary epithelial cells and skin fibroblast were resistant to GECGC's cytotoxicity. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assay showed that GECGC increased sub-G(1) population and increased the population of propidium iodide and Annexin V staining cells in GECGC-sensitive cell lines, suggesting that cell growth inhibition by GECGC may be mediated through both apoptotic and non-apoptotic mechanisms. Further characterization of GECGC cytotoxicity on 30 genetically modified cell lines with overexpression or depletion of key proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and signal transduction pathways suggested that GECGC-mediated cell death involves IKKalpha and IKKgamma. Collectively, our observations indicate that synthesized GECGC has selective anti-proliferative effect on human cancer cells and warrant further evaluation as a preventive and chemotherapeutic reagent to human malignancies.

Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestion and endothelial function: A randomized controlled crossover trial

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2008
AM J CLIN NUTR

Studies suggest cardioprotective benefits of dark chocolate containing cocoa. This study examines the acute effects of solid dark chocolate and liquid cocoa intake on endothelial function and blood pressure in overweight adults. Randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind crossover trial of 45 healthy adults [mean age: 53 y; mean body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 30]. In phase 1, subjects were randomly assigned to consume a solid dark chocolate bar (containing 22 g cocoa powder) or a cocoa-free placebo bar (containing 0 g cocoa powder). In phase 2, subjects were randomly assigned to consume sugar-free cocoa (containing 22 g cocoa powder), sugared cocoa (containing 22 g cocoa powder), or a placebo (containing 0 g cocoa powder). Solid dark chocolate and liquid cocoa ingestion improved endothelial function (measured as flow-mediated dilatation) compared with placebo (dark chocolate: 4.3 +/- 3.4% compared with -1.8 +/- 3.3%; P < 0.001; sugar-free and sugared cocoa: 5.7 +/- 2.6% and 2.0 +/- 1.8% compared with -1.5 +/- 2.8%; P < 0.001). Blood pressure decreased after the ingestion of dark chocolate and sugar-free cocoa compared with placebo (dark chocolate: systolic, -3.2 +/- 5.8 mm Hg compared with 2.7 +/- 6.6 mm Hg; P < 0.001; and diastolic, -1.4 +/- 3.9 mm Hg compared with 2.7 +/- 6.4 mm Hg; P = 0.01; sugar-free cocoa: systolic, -2.1 +/- 7.0 mm Hg compared with 3.2 +/- 5.6 mm Hg; P < 0.001; and diastolic: -1.2 +/- 8.7 mm Hg compared with 2.8 +/- 5.6 mm Hg; P = 0.014). Endothelial function improved significantly more with sugar-free than with regular cocoa (5.7 +/- 2.6% compared with 2.0 +/- 1.8%; P < 0.001). The acute ingestion of both solid dark chocolate and liquid cocoa improved endothelial function and lowered blood pressure in overweight adults. Sugar content may attenuate these effects, and sugar-free preparations may augment them.

Impact of Alkalization on the Antioxidant and Flavanol Content of Commercial Cocoa Powders

Article

Aug 2008
J AGR FOOD CHEM

Cocoa is a food ingredient that is important for the contribution of flavor to foods but is also associated with potential health benefits. The chemistry thought to be responsible for its cardiovascular health benefits is the flavanol (flavan-3-ol) antioxidants. Evidence from the literature indicates that natural cocoas are high in flavanols, but when the cocoa is processed with alkali, also known as Dutch processing or Dutching, the flavanols are substantially reduced. This paper provides a survey of the physical and chemical composition of representative natural cocoas and lightly, medium, and heavily alkalized cocoas. As part of the survey, both brown/black and red/brown alkali-processed cocoas were measured. Natural cocoa powders have an extractable pH of 5.3−5.8. Alkalized cocoa powders were grouped into lightly treated (pH 6.50−7.20), medium-treated (pH 7.21−7.60), and heavily treated (pH 7.61 and higher). The natural, nonalkalized powders had the highest ORAC and total polyphenols and flavanols (including procyanidins). These chemical measurements showed a linear decrease as the extractable pH of the cocoa powder increased. Likewise, the flavanol monomers, oligomers, and polymers all showed a linear decrease with increasing pH of the final cocoa powder. When brown/black cocoa powders were compared to red cocoa powders, similar decreases in flavanols were observed with increased alkalization. The average total flavanol contents were 34.6 ± 6.8 mg/g for the natural cocoas, 13.8 ± 7.3 mg/g for the lightly processed cocoas, 7.8 ± 4.0 mg/g for the medium processed cocoas, and 3.9 ± 1.8 mg/g for the heavily processed cocoa powders. The observed linear and predictable impact of alkalization on flavanol content is discussed with respect to other reports in the literature as well as what implications it may have on diet and food manufacturing.Keywords: Alkalization; Dutching; flavanols; flavan-3-ols; procyanidins; antioxidants; cocoa powder; cacao

Effects of Oral Epigallocatechin Gallate Supplementation on the Minimal Erythema Dose and UV-Induced Skin Damage

Article

Mar 2009
SKIN PHARMACOL PHYS

Excessive exposure to UV radiation causes acute adverse effects like sunburn and photosensitivity reactions and is involved in the induction and development of skin cancer. It has been reported that antioxidants have photoprotective effects against solar UV radiation. We investigated the effect of oral epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a powerful antioxidant in green tea, on the minimal erythema dose (MED) and UV-induced skin damage. Female HWY/Slc hairless rats were fed the normal diet supplemented with 1,500 ppm EGCG for 8 weeks; then, the MED was determined and visual scores and transepidermal water loss were assessed to evaluate the severity of UV-induced skin damage. At week 8 of the study, the use of dietary EGCG significantly increased MED. UV-radiation-induced sunburn severity and alterations in epidermal barrier function were also attenuated by the supplementation of EGCG. Regular intake of EGCG strengthens the skin's tolerance by increasing MED and thus prevents UV-induced perturbation of epidermal barrier function and skin damage. These results suggest that EGCG is a potent candidate for systemic photoprotection.

Chocolate at heart: The anti-inflammatory impact of cocoa flavanols

Article

Nov 2008
MOL NUTR FOOD RES

Chronic and acute inflammation underlies the molecular basis of atherosclerosis. Cocoa-based products are among the richest functional foods based upon flavanols and their influence on the inflammatory pathway, as demonstrated by several in vitro or ex vivo studies. Indeed, flavanols modify the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the synthesis of eicosanoids, the activation of platelets, and nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms. A relative paucity of data still characterizes the in vivo implications of these findings albeit there have been studies suggesting that the regular or occasional consumption of cocoa-rich compounds exerts beneficial effects on blood pressure, insulin resistance, vascular damage, and oxidative stress. Accordingly, rigorous controlled human studies with adequate follow-up and with the use of critical dietary questionnaires are needed to determine the effects of flavanols on the major endpoints of cardiovascular health.

Cocoa polyphenols and their influence on parameters involved in ex vivo skin restructuring

Article

Nov 2008

Synopsis Polyphenols in general are compounds that are known to promote health and have a preventive effect against various chronic diseases. The influence of cocoa polyphenols on skin, however, has scarcely been studied from a histological point of view. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of cocoa polyphenols on several indicators of skin elasticity and skin tonus, namely, glycosaminoglycans and collagen I, III and IV. This was carried out by using a model of ex vivo human skin explants maintained in survival, on which a cocoa polyphenol extract was applied. After processing by standard histological techniques (fixation, paraffin embedding, sectioning, staining, immunostaining and microscopical observation), the influence of cocoa polyphenols on the evaluated parameters was quantified by image analysis. The results obtained show that cocoa polyphenols exhibit a positive action on the parameters assessed, and the dose at which they improve the most parameters associated with skin tonus and elasticity was determined. Their activity was compared with a commercially available product, and the results obtained show that their efficacy is equivalent. Moreover, an enhancing effect of cocoa butter on activity of cocoa polyphenol was highlighted. Now that the properties of cocoa polyphenols on ex vivo skin restructuring parameters have been assessed, the next step could include their evaluation in vivo .

Topical or Oral treatment of an extract of Polypodium leucotomos prevents acute sunburn and psoralen-induced phototoxic reactions as well as depletion of Langerhans cells in human skin

Article

Feb 1997

Sunburn, immune suppression, photoaging, and skin cancers result from uncontrolled overexposure of human skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Preventive measures, including photoprotection, are helpful and can be achieved by topical sunscreening agents. Polypodium leucotomos (PL) has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and has shown some in vitro and in vivo inmunomodulating properties. Its beneficial photoprotective effects in the treatment of vitiligo and its antioxidant properties encouraged us to evaluate in vivo the potentially useful photoprotective property of natural extract of PL after topical application or oral ingestion. Twenty-one healthy volunteers [either untreated or treated with oral psoralens (8-MOP or 5-MOP)] were enrolled in this study and exposed to solar radiation for evaluation of the following clinical parameters: immediate pigment darkening (IPD), minimal erythema dose (MED), minimal melanogenic dose (MMD), and minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) before and after topical or oral administration of PL. Immunohistochemical assessment of CD1a-expressing epidermal cells were also performed. PL was found to be photoprotective after topical application as well as oral administration. PL increased UV dose required for IPD (P < 0.01), MED (P < 0.001) and MPD (P < 0.001). After oral administration of PL, MED increased 2.8 +/- 0.59 times and MPD increased 2.75 +/- 0.5 and 6.8 +/- 1.3 times depending upon the type of psoralen used. Immunohistochemical study revealed photoprotection of Langherhans cells by oral as well as topical PL. The observed photoprotective activities of oral or topical PL reveal a new avenue in examining the potentially useful field of systemic photoprotection and suggests that PL can be used as adjunct treatment and can make photochemotherapy and phototherapy possibly safe and effective when the control of cutaneous phototoxicity to PUVA or UVB is a limiting factor in such phototherapies.

Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and D-??-tocopherol (vitamin E)

Article

Jan 1998
J AM ACAD DERMATOL

UV radiation causes acute adverse effects like sunburn, photosensitivity reactions, or immunologic suppression, as well as long-term sequelae like photoaging or malignant skin tumors. UV radiation induces tissues to produce reactive oxygen species, eicosanoids and cytokines. Inhibition of these mediators might reduce skin damage. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and d-alpha-tocopherol have been found to be photoprotective in some in vitro studies and animal experiments. Our purpose was to assess the protective effect of systemic vitamins C and E against sunburn in human beings. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, each of 10 subjects took daily either 2 gm of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) combined with 1000 IU of d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or placebo. The sunburn reaction before and after 8 days of treatment was assessed by determination of the threshold UV dose for eliciting sunburn (minimal erythema dose [MED]) and by measuring the cutaneous blood flow of skin irradiated with incremental UV doses against that of nonirradiated skin. The median MED of those taking vitamins increased from 80 to 96.5 mJ/cm2 (p < 0.01), whereas it declined from 80 to 68.5 mJ/cm2 in the placebo group. Cutaneous blood flow changed significantly (p < 0.05) for most irradiation doses with decreases in those given vitamins and increases in the placebo group. Combined vitamins C and E reduce the sunburn reaction, which might indicate a consequent reduced risk for later sequelae of UV-induced skin damage. The increase of sunburn reactivity in the placebo group could be related to "priming" by the previous UV exposure.

Modulation of UV-light-induced skin inflammation by D-alpha-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid: A clinical study using solar simulated radiation

Article

Jan 1999
FREE RADICAL BIO MED

In this clinical trial we studied whether oral supplementation with D-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc), L-ascorbic acid (Asc), or alpha-Toc combined with Asc influenced the solar simulated radiation (SSR) induced skin inflammation in healthy volunteers. We investigated the following groups in a prospective, randomized and placebo controlled study: Group (1) alpha-Toc 2 g/day, group (2) Asc 3 g/day, group (3) alpha-Toc 2 g/day combined with Asc 3 g/day, and group (4) placebo. Before and 50 days after supplementation we analyzed alpha-Toc and Asc concentrations in keratinocytes. The dose response curve of UV erythema was determined by reflectance spectrophotometry and the minimal erythema dose (MED) by visual grading before and after supplementation. 50 days after supplementation alpha-Toc keratinocyte levels were increased in groups (1) and (3), Asc concentrations were elevated in groups (2) and (3), and the a/gamma-Toc ratio increased in groups (1) and (3). The dose response curve of UVR induced erythema showed a significant flattening and the MED increased from 103 +/- 29 mJ/cm2 (before supplementation) to 183 +/- 35 mJ/cm2 (after supplementation) in group (3), while there were no significant changes in groups (1) and (2) after vitamin supplementation. Alpha-Toc and Asc act synergistically in suppression of the sunburn reaction.

The Anti-inflammatory Properties of Cocoa Flavanols

Article

Feb 2006

Signs of chronic or acute inflammation have been demonstrated in most cardiovascular diseases of multifactorial pathogenesis, including atherosclerosis and chronic heart failure. The triggers and mechanisms leading to inflammation may vary between clinical conditions but they share many common mediators, including specific patterns of eicosanoid and cytokine production. Certain cocoa-based products can be rich in a subclass of flavonoids known as flavanols, some of which have been found in model systems to possess potential anti-inflammatory activity relevant to cardiovascular health. Indeed, experimental evidence demonstrates that some cocoa-derived flavanols can reduce the production and effect of pro-inflammatory mediators either directly or by acting on signaling pathways. However, it should be noted that the evidence for any beneficial effects of cocoa flavanols in providing a meaningful anti-inflammatory action has been gathered predominantly from in vitro experiments. Therefore, additional research in well-designed human clinical experiments, using cocoa properly characterized in terms of flavanol content, would be a welcome addition to the evidence base to determine unambiguously if this benefit does indeed exist. If so, then flavanol-rich cocoa could be a potential candidate for the treatment, or possibly prevention, of the broad array of chronic diseases that are linked to dysfunctional inflammatory responses.

Effect of dark chocolate on arterial function in healthy individuals: Cocoa instead of ambrosia?

Article

Jul 2006

Cocoa has been consumed for at least 2500 years, and for long time it has been regarded as a medicine. Arterial function is of paramount importance for the proper function and integrity of the cardiovascular system. Dark chocolate and flavonoid-rich cocoa have beneficial acute and short-term effects on endothelial function and wave reflections in normal individuals, in adults with cardiovascular risk factors, and in patients with coronary artery disease. Furthermore, dark chocolate and flavonoid-rich cocoa may have a blood pressure-lowering effect. These effects can be attributed to flavonoids and are mainly mediated through increased nitric oxide bioavailability. Further research is needed to demonstrate whether these effects of chocolate on arterial function are translated into clinical benefit.

Photoprotective effects of green tea polyphenols

Article

Mar 2007

Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common malignancy in humans and is equivalent to the incidence of malignancies in all other organs combined in the United States. Current methods of prevention depend on sunscreens in humans, efficacy of which is largely undetermined for non-melanoma skin cancers. Green tea polyphenols have the greatest effect with respect to chemoprevention and have been found to be most potent at suppressing the carcinogenic activity of UV radiation. They protect against many of the other damaging effects of UV radiation such as UV-induced sunburn response, UV-induced immunosuppression and photoaging of the skin. They exert their photoprotective effects by various cellular, molecular and biochemical mechanisms in in vitro and in vivo systems. Green tea polyphenols thus have the potential, when used in conjunction with traditional sunscreens, to further protect the skin against the adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation.

Carotenoids and Flavonoids Contribute to Nutritional Protection against Skin Damage from Sunlight

Article

Oct 2007

The concept of photoprotection by dietary means is gaining momentum. Plant constituents such as carotenoids and flavonoids are involved in protection against excess light in plants and contribute to the prevention of UV damage in humans. As micronutrients, they are ingested with the diet and are distributed into light-exposed tissues, such as skin or the eye where they provide systemic photoprotection. beta-Carotene and lycopene prevent UV-induced erythema formation. Likewise, dietary flavanols exhibit photoprotection. After about 10-12 weeks of dietary intervention, a decrease in the sensitivity toward UV-induced erythema was observed in volunteers. Dietary micronutrients may contribute to life-long protection against harmful UV radiation.

Preventive Antioxidant Effects of Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract on Free Radical Production and Cognitive Performances after Heat Exposure in Wistar Rats

Article

May 2007
J FOOD SCI

The preventive effects of ACTICOA powder (AP), a cocoa polyphenolic extract, on free radicals produced by leucocytes in rats after heat exposure (HE) and its protective effects on subsequent cognitive impairments were assessed. AP or vitamin E, the antioxidant reference, was orally administered to rats for 14 d before HE at 40 degrees C temperature during 2 h. The day after HE, free radical production by leucocytes in rats treated with AP or vitamin E was significantly reduced as compared to control. Unlike controls, AP- and vitamin E-treated rats discriminated between active lever and inactive levers in a light extinction paradigm. In the Morris water maze, escape latencies before reaching the hidden platform by AP- and vitamin E-treated rats decreased throughout testing. The daily oral administration of AP or vitamin E protected rats from cognitive impairments after HE by counteracting the overproduction of free radicals.

Protective effect of Acticoa powder, a cocoa polyphenolic extract, on prostate carcinogenesis in Wistar-Unilever rats

Article

Mar 2008
EUR J CANCER PREV

The effects of Acticoa powder on prostate carcinogenesis were investigated using the N-methylnitrosourea and testosterone propionate prostate tumor model. Sixty male Wistar-Unilever rats were randomly divided in four groups of 15 rats: one control group not induced but treated with vehicle (not induced+vehicle) and three chemo-induced groups. Two weeks before prostate tumor induction and then throughout the experiment, chemo-induced rats were orally treated with Acticoa powder at 24 (chemo-induced+Acticoa powder24) or 48 (chemo-induced+Acticoa powder48) mg/kg or with vehicle (chemo-induced+vehicle), daily from Monday to Friday. Survival, body weight, food and water consumption were recorded throughout the experiment. Six rats per group were randomly killed 9 months after the prostate tumor induction for histopathological analysis of prostates. A reduction in the incidence of prostate tumors was observed for the chemo-induced+Acticoa powder48-treated group in comparison with the chemo-induced+vehicle-treated group and no tumors were observed in the chemo-induced+Acticoa powder24-treated group as in the not induced+vehicle-treated group after 9 months. The nine remaining rats per group were maintained in a long-term survival study. The life span of the chemo-induced+Acticoa powder24-treated group was significantly increased in comparison with the chemo-induced+Acticoa powder48 and the chemo-induced+vehicle-treated groups, close to the one of the not induced+vehicle-treated group. A significant reduction in the incidence of prostate tumors was also observed for the chemo-induced+Acticoa powder24 and chemo-induced+Acticoa powder48-treated groups in comparison with the chemo-induced+vehicle-treated group. In conclusion, Acticoa powder at 24 mg/kg protected rats from prostate carcinogenesis when chronically given before the initiation and promotion phases of induction.

Therapeutic Effect of ACTICOA Powder, a Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract, on Experimentally Induced Prostate Hyperplasia in Wistar-Unilever Rats

Article

Jan 2008

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate that results in obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms. Plant extracts are frequently used to treat BPH rather than therapeutics that can cause severe side effects. ACTICOA() (Ba0rry Callebaut France, Louviers, France) powder (AP) is a cocoa polyphenolic extract, and we have shown in a previous study that oral treatment with AP prevented prostate hyperplasia. This study investigated whether AP could improve established prostate hyperplasia using the same testosterone propionate (TP)-induced prostate hyperplasia model in rats. Male Wistar-Unilever rats were randomly divided in four groups of 12 rats: one group injected with corn oil and orally treated with the vehicle (negative control) and three groups injected subcutaneously with TP and orally treated with the vehicle (positive control) or AP at 24 (AP24) and 48 (AP48) mg/kg/day. Treatments started 1 week after the start of the induction of prostate hyperplasia and lasted for 2 weeks. The influence of TP and AP on body weights, food and water consumptions, plasma polyphenolic concentration, and serum dihydrotestoterone (DHT) level of rats was examined. At completion of the study, rats were sacrificed, and the prostates were removed, cleaned, and weighed. The prostate size ratio (prostate weight/rat body weight) was then calculated. TP significantly influenced the body weight gain of the rats and their food and water consumptions, while AP reduced significantly these differences in a dose-dependent manner. AP significantly reduced serum DHT level and prostate size ratio in comparison with positive controls also dose-dependently. In conclusion, AP orally administered was effective for reducing established prostate hyperplasia, especially at the dose of 48 mg/kg/day.

Preventive Effects of ACTICOA Powder, a Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract, on Experimentally Induced Prostate Hyperplasia in Wistar-Unilever Rats

Article

Jan 2008

Plant extracts are useful in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This study investigates whether ACTICOA (Barry Callebaut France, Louviers, France) powder (AP), a cocoa polyphenolic extract, could prevent prostate hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate (TP) in rats. Male Wistar-Unilever rats were randomly divided in four groups of 12 rats: one negative control group receiving subcutaneous injections of corn oil and treated with vehicle and three groups injected subcutaneously with TP and treated with the vehicle (positive control) or AP at 24 (AP24) and 48 (AP48) mg/kg/day. Treatments were given orally and started 2 weeks before the induction of prostate hyperplasia. The influence of TP and AP on body weights and food and water consumption of rats was examined. On day 36, rats were sacrificed, and the prostates were removed, cleaned, and weighed. The prostate size ratio (prostate weight/rat body weight) was then calculated. TP significantly influenced the body weight gain of the rats and their food and water consumption, while AP at both doses tested reduced significantly these differences. TP significantly increased prostate size ratio (P < .001), and this induced increase was significantly inhibited in AP-treated rats in comparison with positive controls (P < .001) in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that AP can prevent TP-induced prostate hyperplasia and therefore may be beneficial in the management of BPH.

Flavanol and Flavonol Contents of Cocoa Powder Products: Influence of the Manufacturing Process

Article

Jun 2008

Major brands of cocoa powder products present in the Spanish market were analyzed for monomeric flavanols [(+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin] and flavonols [quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3-glucoside (isoquercitrin), quercetin-3-arabinoside, and quercetin]. In addition, the influence of the manufacturing process of cocoa powder products, in particular, the alkalinization treatment ( Dutching), on the original content of these flavonoids has been studied. (-)-Epicatechin was in the range of 116.02-730.26 microg/g, whereas (+)-catechin was in the range of 81.40-447.62 microg/g in the commercial cocoa products studied. Among flavonols, quercetin-3-arabinoside and isoquercitrin were the major flavonols in the cocoa powder products studied, ranging from 2.10 to 40.33 microg/g and from 3.97 to 42.74 microg/g, respectively, followed by quercetin-3-glucuronide (0.13-9.88 microg/g) and quercetin aglycone (0.28-3.25 microg/g). To our knowledge, these results are the first quantitative data in relation to the content of individualized flavonol derivatives in commercial cocoa powder products. The alkalinization treatment resulted in 60% loss of the mean total flavonoid content. Among flavanols, (-)-epicatechin presented a larger decline (67%, as a mean percentage difference) than (+)-catechin (38%), probably because of its epimerization into (-)-catechin, a less bioavailable form of catechin. A decline was also confirmed for di-, tri-, and tetrameric procyanidins. In the case of flavonols, quercetin presented the highest loss (86%), whereas quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3-arabinoside, and isoquercitrin showed a similar decrease (58, 62, and 61%, respectively). It is concluded that the large decrease found in the flavonoid content of natural cocoa powder, together with the observed change in the monomeric flavanol profile that results from the alkalinization treatment, could affect the antioxidant properties and the polyphenol biovailability of cocoa powder products.

Flavanol-Rich Cocoa

Article

May 2008

A growing number of epidemiologic studies have shown a link between the ingestion of flavonoid-rich cocoa and cardiovascular health benefits. A particular kind of flavonoid found in cocoa, namely flavan-3-ol (flavanol), has recently received more attention in this context. This review discusses the cardioprotective properties of flavanols, and the mechanisms underlying these beneficial actions.

Flavanol-rich cocoa: a cardioprotective nutraceutical

Jan 2008
109

Mehrinfar

10 Mehrinfar R, Frishman WH. Flavanol-rich cocoa: a cardioprotective nutraceutical. Cardiol Rev 2008; 16: 109–15.

Impact of alkalization on the antioxidant and flavanol content of commercial cocoa powders

Kb Miller
Wj Hurst
Mj Payne
Etal

Selective cytotoxicity of synthesized procyanidin 3-O-galloylepicatechin-4b, 8-3-O-galloylcatechin to human cancer cells

M Kim
X Wu
I Song
Etal

Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light

Abstract

No full-text available

Recommended publications

Anti‐inflammatory / anti‐oxidant activity of ingredients of sunscreen products? Implications for SPF

Public Health Messages Associated with Low UV Index Values Need Reconsideration

Sid Patients Bearing Basaliomas in Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group F

Influence of topically applied organic solvents on UVB-minimal erythema dose (MED)