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Omega‐3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds
Abstract
Human beings evolved consuming a diet that contained approximately equal amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids. Over the past 100−150 years there has been an enormous increase in the consumption of omega-6 fatty acids due to the increased intake of vegetable oils from seeds of corn, sunflower, safflower, cotton and soybeans. Today, in Western diets, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ranges from 10 to 20:1 instead of the traditional range of 1−2:1. Studies indicate that a high intake of omega-6 fatty acids shifts the physiologic state to one that is prothrombotic and proaggregatory, characterized by increases in blood viscosity, vasospasm, and vasoconstriction and decreases in bleeding time, whereas omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, anti-arrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory properties. These beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been shown in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and hypertension, as for example, in the Lyon Heart Study, the GISSI Prevenzione Trial, and in the The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Study. Most of the studies have been carried out with fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)). However, -linolenic acid (ALA), found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, rapeseed, and walnuts, desaturates and elongates in the body to EPA and DHA and by itself may have beneficial effects in health and in the control of chronic diseases. The present paper identifies multiple sources of ALA from plants, legumes, nuts and seeds and emphasizes the importance of the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids for proper desaturation and elongation of ALA into EPA and DHA. -linolenic acid is not equivalent in its biological effects to the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids found in marine oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA are more rapidly incorporated into plasma and membrane lipids and produce more rapid effects than does ALA. Relatively large reserves of linoleic acid in body fat, as are found in vegans or in the diet of omnivores in Western societies, would tend to slow down the formation of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from ALA. Therefore, the role of ALA in human nutrition becomes important in terms of long-term dietary intake. One advantage of the consumption of ALA over omega-3 fatty acids from fish is that the problem of insufficient vitamin E intake does not exist with high intake of ALA from plant sources.
... Several studies reported the nutritional and health benefits of ω-3 in humans [17]. Besides, ω-3 fatty acids are known for therapeutic uses and to offer protection against numerous diseases [15]. ...
... Thus, the nutritional value of ω-3 fatty acids is now widely accepted. Earlier diets comprised meat, plants, eggs, fish, nuts, and berries, which contained substantial amounts of ω-3 fatty acid [17,18]. With the changes in dietary habits, consumption of ω-6 fatty acid was enhanced, which consequently reduced the level of ω-3 fatty acids in human. ...
... The balanced ω-6/ω-3 ratio is an important determinant in decreasing the risk for CVD [17]. Increased intake of linoleic acid is known to interfere with the incorporation of EPA and DHA (which have the most potent inflammatory effects) in cell membrane lipids, and causes platelet aggregation and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. ...
Plant-derived omega (ω)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is an essential fatty acid in human and animal diets and is a precursor of eicosapentaenoic acid and doco-sahexaenoic acid, which exists as α-linolenic acid (ALA, ω-3) in plant oil. Several epidemiological studies have revealed the health benefits of regular consumption of ω-3 fatty acid-containing diets. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the major oil crops in the world and has around 8% ALA (ω-3) in seed oil. Soybean-derived ω-3 can be potential alternative sources of ω-3 fatty acids for populations living in countries with high risks of inadequate ω-3 intake. Therefore, increasing ω-3 concentration became an important goal in soybean breeding. Conversely, higher content of ω-3 fatty acids makes seed oil rancid, necessitating chemical hydrogenation, which generates trans fats. Since trans fats have been associated with the heart and other diseases, demand for soybeans with reduced ALA content is growing. In this book chapter, we described the importance of ω-3 fatty acid and consumption of diets with balanced ω-6/ω-3 ratio and discussed breeding and biotechnological means (and integrated approaches) for altering the ω-3 fatty acid content to avoid the need for chemical hydrogenation as well as to improve the ω-6/ω-3 ratio.
... In this context, linoleic [18:2 (n-6), LA] and alpha-linolenic [18:3 (n-3), ALA] acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) classified as essential, which can only be supplied to the body by the diet. Essential fatty acids are known to help control various chronic diseases [78,3], and are converted to other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as gamma linolenic acid (18:3n-6); dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) (20: 3n-6); arachidonic acid (AA) (20:4n-6); eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5n-3); docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3); docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3)] by desaturase and chain lengthening enzyme systems (Holman, 1998). The n-3 PUFA series is found mainly in fish oils (e.g. ...
... cod, salmon, sardine, sole), whereas the n-6 series is more common in vegetable oils (e.g. from grape seeds, corn, sunflower). But it has also been found α-linolenic acid precursor of omega-3, in green leafy vegetables with beneficial effects on health [78,3] as is the case in our results where the contents vary between 9% (S. maxima) and 53% Amaranthus caudatus with a significant difference between the vegetable oils. ...
The present study, aimed at analyzing by comparison the nutritional, mineral and fatty acid composition of some available green leafy vegetables, will promote an increased use and consumption of these vegetables for their contribution as a source of nutrients. L. schlechteri was used as a reference vegetable to perform this comparison. Recommended AOAC methods were used for the determination of moisture, ash, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins of L. schlechteri, while the gas chromatographic method was used to evaluate the fatty acid profile of the extracted oil. The results showed that the ash of its vegetables ranged from 1.71 to 30.62% (b.h). Moisture was higher in L. schlechteri (97.50% b.h) and lower in C. integrifolia. (61.22% b.h). Protein and carbohydrate contents varied widely from 3.5 to 30.62 g/100 g, and from 2.30 to 63.22 g/100 g respectively. Lipids were higher in L. schlechteri (7.85%) and lower in Hibiscus c. (0.20%), while the calorific value in all leafy vegetables was relatively low. L. schlechteri had the highest calcium (1160 mg/100 g) and iron (400 mg/100 g) contents, M. oleifera in Mg (1910 mg) and finally G. africanum in phosphorus (1340 mg/100 g). It should also be noted that the PMQ oils contain 5 main fatty acids: palmitic, C16:0 (15.7-63%); stearic, C18:0 (1-2.50%); oleic, C18:1 (2-5.1%); linoleic, C18:2 (4-28.68%) and linolenic (9-53%). The values of ω6/ω3 and PUFA/SFA ratios are within the recommended levels for edible oils.
... Foods with a high ratio of pro-inflammatory omega-6 to inflammation-resolving omega-3 fats are also linked to nonresolving inflammation. [181][182][183][184][185][186][187] The modern diet provides an excessively high ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 oils, largely in the form of mass-produced vegetable oils. 184,185,188 Moreover, processed foods are deficient in prebiotic dietary components, such as fiber and oligosaccharides, needed as food for communities of fermenting colon microbes whose waste products serve as human gene regulators, such as butyrate, 189,190 with inflammationresolving effects. ...
... [181][182][183][184][185][186][187] The modern diet provides an excessively high ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 oils, largely in the form of mass-produced vegetable oils. 184,185,188 Moreover, processed foods are deficient in prebiotic dietary components, such as fiber and oligosaccharides, needed as food for communities of fermenting colon microbes whose waste products serve as human gene regulators, such as butyrate, 189,190 with inflammationresolving effects. Figure 5 depicts how free sugars (such as the table sugar sucrose) and quick-burning starches are removed early during their passage through the human gut, leaving no food for fermenting colon microbes. ...
The SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), and the disease it causes (COVID-19), have had a profound impact on global human society and threaten to continue to have such an impact with newly emerging variants. Because of the widespread effects of SARS-CoV-2, understanding how lifestyle choices impact the severity of disease is imperative. This review summarizes evidence for an involvement of chronic, non-resolving inflammation, gut microbiome disruption (dysbiosis with loss of beneficial microorganisms), and impaired viral defenses, all of which are associated with an imbalanced lifestyle, in severe disease manifestations and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Humans’ physiological propensity for uncontrolled inflammation and severe COVID-19 are briefly contrasted with bats’ low propensity for inflammation and their resistance to viral disease. This insight is used to identify positive lifestyle factors with the potential to act in synergy for restoring balance to the immune response and gut microbiome, and thereby protect individuals against severe COVID-19 and PASC. It is proposed that clinicians should consider recommending lifestyle factors, such as stress management, balanced nutrition and physical activity, as preventative measures against severe viral disease and PASC.
... 39 In addition, EPA and DHA are related to the decrease in the production of cytokines, T cell reactivity, PGE2 metabolites, thromboxane A2 (linked to platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction), leukotriene B4 (inflammation and potent inducer of leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells chemotaxis, and adherence) and IL-6 and the increase of thromboxane A3 (weak platelet aggregation and vasoconstrictor), prostacyclin PGI3 and PGI2 (vasodilators and inhibitors of platelet aggregation), leukotriene B5 (low inflammation and chemotactic agent). [40][41][42][43][44] Thus, EPA and DHA-rich diets or supplement intake have central role correlated with decreasing and preventing incidence of RA and UC effects on human subjects. [44][45][46][47][48][49][50] ...
... 66,67 Thus, these two dysbiosis-related inflammatory conditions could be managed by n-3 PUFAs, including EPA and DHA administration in diet or supplementations. 40,47,49,68,69 The beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs diet and supplementation on UC and RA subjects are given in Table 3. ...
The aim of this article was to review experimental and clinical studies regarding the use of omega-3 fatty acids on the prevention and control of chronic inflammatory diseases with autoimmune background through the gut microbiota modulation. For this, natural omega-3 sources are presented emphasizing the importance of a healthy diet for the body's homeostasis and the enzymatic processes that these fatty acids go through once inside the body. The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis are revisited under the light of the gut microbiota dysbiosis approach and how those fatty acids are able to prevent and control these two pathological conditions that are responsible for the global chronic burden and functional disability and life-threatening comorbidities if not treated properly. As a matter of reflection, as we are living a pandemic crisis owing to COVID-19 infection, we present the potential of omega-3 in preventing a poor prognosis once they contribute to balancing the immune system modulation the inflammatory process.
... As razões de 2:1 (n-6:n-3) a 3:1 têm sido recomendadas por alguns autores por possibilitar uma maior conversão do ácido alfa linolênico em ácidos n-3. Nas últimas décadas, tem-se verificado, que a ingestão média da razão n-6:n-3 está entre 10:1 a 20:1 (SIMOPOULOS, 2002;SIMOPOULOS, 2004). ...
... A razão n-6:n-3 é superior no ensaio 5, entretanto não diferiu do ensaio 1, que não continha polpa de abacate. Os valores obtidos nessa razão são superiores ao recomendo por alguns autores (HORNSTRA, 2000;SANGIOVANNI, 2000;YEHUDA, 2002;YOUDIM et al., 2000;SIMOPOULOS, 2002;SIMOPOULOS, 2004). ...
... The focus of research has been on improving the physicochemical properties of fatty acid supplements to meet the fatty acid requirements of cows, and it is now widely accepted that saturated fatty acid intake should be reduced and polyunsaturated functional fatty acid intake should be increased, especially the intake of n-3 functional fatty acids [190], which is important for the health of humans who rely on dairy products. Due to the fact that in contrast to primitive societies, the modern human diet is rich in saturated fatty acids and n-6 PUFAs but deficient in n-3 PUFAs, and n-3 PUFA deficiency is linked to the development of coronary heart disease and other noninfectious disorders [219,220]. Compared with those from placental transfer, fatty acids from colostrum or milk, on the other hand, have a stronger influence on calves' development and health [221,222]. Furthermore, in a recent study, n-3 functional fatty acids in colostrum have been found to have favorable benefits on calf inflammatory responses [223]. ...
Fatty acids are not only widely known as energy sources, but also play important roles in many metabolic pathways. The significance of fatty acids in modulating the reproductive potential of livestock has received greater recognition in recent years. Functional fatty acids and their metabolites improve follicular development, oocyte maturation and embryo development, as well as endometrial receptivity and placental vascular development, through enhancing energy supply and precursors for the synthesis of their productive hormones, such as steroid hormones and prostaglandins. However, many studies are focused on the impacts of individual functional fatty acids in the reproductive cycle, lacking studies involved in deeper mechanisms and optimal fatty acid requirements for specific physiological stages. Therefore, an overall consideration of the combination and synergy of functional fatty acids and the establishment of optimal fatty acid requirement for specific stages is needed to improve reproductive potential in livestock.
... Humans could take nutritional advantage of plant dietary sources of n3 PUFA-rich oils extracted from seeds and nuts [61]. However, the choice of the type of sources for lipid production is crucial to obtain an adequate n6:n3 ratio, as seeds and nuts can contain variable proportions of the two subclasses [62]. ...
1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
... Although organic compounds are prone to oxidation 95 , archaeological ceramics and dental calculus have proved to be preservative for a wide range of molecules, including PUFAs 39,93,96,97 . The identification of omega-3 fatty acids in 16 Neolithic samples suggested intake of dried fruits (e.g., hazelnuts) and/or plant oils 98,99 , as supported by archaeobotanical records from the site 100 . Nevertheless, considering the proximity of the cave to Aniene River, consumption of aquatic organisms (e.g., freshwater fish) cannot be excluded due to their richness in PUFAs 101,102 . ...
Looking for a biological fingerprint relative to new aspects of the relationship between humans and natural environment during prehistoric times is challenging. Although many issues still need to be addressed in terms of authentication and identification, microparticles hidden in ancient dental calculus can provide interesting information for bridging this gap of knowledge. Here, we show evidence about the role of edible plants for the early Neolithic individuals in the central Apennines of the Italian peninsula and relative cultural landscape. Dental calculi from human and animal specimens exhumed at Grotta Mora Cavorso (Lazio), one of the largest prehistoric burial deposits, have returned an archaeobotanical record made up of several types of palaeoecological proxies. The organic fraction of this matrix was investigated by a multidisciplinary approach, whose novelty consisted in the application of next generation sequencing to ancient plant DNA fragments, specifically codifying for maturase K barcode gene. Panicoideae and Triticeae starches, together with genetic indicators of Rosaceae fruits, figs, and Lamiaceae herbs, suggested subsistence practices most likely still based on wild plant resources. On the other hand, pollen, and non-pollen palynomorphs allowed us to outline a general vegetational framework dominated by woodland patches alternated with meadows, where semi-permanent settlements could have been established.
... These essential fatty acids are found in fatty seeds, nuts, and some vegetables. 65 In this review, flaxseed oil (as a source of omega-3), sea buckthorn berry oil (as a source of omega-6 and omega-3), and argan oil containing balanced proportions of MUFAs (oleic acid) and PUFAs (omega-6) 53 showed inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Previous studies have revealed that PUFAs can significantly prevent cardiovascular diseases. ...
Background:
Platelet aggregation is a crucial mechanism in the progression of atherothrombotic events. This systematic review aims to introduce the plants studied in healthy people as the primary prevention to inhibit platelet aggregation. We also discuss possible mechanisms that are involved in the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Methods:
A systematic search on the electronic medical databases from 1970 to February 2020 was performed. The selected keywords were: "herb", "plant", "platelet aggregation", "platelet activation", "clinical trial", "randomized" and "controlled".
Results:
The result of the initial search was a pool of 136 articles. After initial abstract reviewing, there were 55 relevant articles. Finally, 28 eligible records fulfilled our inclusion criteria to enter the qualitative synthesis process.
Conclusion:
Out of the 10 plants evaluated in the clinical trials, nine had inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Most of the reviewed plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L), garlic (Allium sativum), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), cacao (Theobroma cacao), grape (Vitis vinifera), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), sea buckthorn berry (Hippophae), and argan (Argania spinose) could be potential sources for the primary prevention of atherothrombotic events at an appropriate dosage. Finally, we do not consider phytoceuticals as a replacement for the guideline-directed medical treatment. Large randomized double-blind clinical trials are required to evaluate the anti-platelet characteristics of these plants for the adjuvant primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
... Mizoram is gaining popularity as a commercial crop because of its remunerative cash crops, highly nutritional and medicinal properties believed that its consumption to help in fighting free radicals preventing cell damage & cancer due to rich in phytonutrients which provides sufficient antioxidants. "Dragon fruit are rich in antioxidants It is rich with beta carotene, lycopene, vitamin E vitamin C, phosphorus and calcium helps to develop strong bones, teeth and skin" [1] and "contain essential fatty acids, i.e., 48% linoleic acid and 1.5% linolenic acid in black seeds" [3]. "It is a potential source of betalins for the food industries" [4]. ...
The cluster demonstration of dragon fruit at Muthi & Durtlang Village of Aizawl District has demonstrated under PKVY Programme in the year 2019. A total of 30 farmers were demonstrated for that KVK has provided altogether 1000 nos. of cutting from 2-3 years old strong and dark green healthy (damage free & pest free) and 300 nos. RCC pole 100 mm concrete post with the height of 2 m of selected beneficiaries. Each plant was fed 15-20 kg with organic inputs well decomposed FYM or poultry manure, coir compost and vermicompost along with bio-fertilizers and recommended dose of fertilizer: (500: 300:250 NPK and 100 each of Azotobacter, Phosphate Solubilizing and Potash Solubilizing Bacteria were applied to each plant g/plant/year.) Applied in three doses just before flowering (in April), fruit developing stage (July -August) and after harvesting time (in December).The results revealed that there were significant differences in term of vine length (196.26cm), vine thickness (19.03cm), number of vines per plant (5.98) over the farmers practices which was vine length (182.23cm), vine thickness (17.95cm), number of vines per plant (5.14) The results revealed that there were significant differences over farmer practices as influenced by technology demonstration treatment in both the demonstration year. The demonstrated technologies recorded average yield of 8.043 tone/ha which was 18.50 percent higher than the obtained with farmer’s practices of 6.787 tone/ha. The demonstrated field gave higher mean gross return (`USD 12763.70 /ha) and mean net returns (`USD 12155.91 /ha) with average benefit cost ratio of 1.14 compared to benefit cost ratio of 1.04 over farmer practices. The findings demonstrated that by implementing suggested technology, broccoli yield and economics can be improved.
... Inchi oil, Echium oil, and hemp oil (Simopoulos, 2002 (Veena et al., 2017). One of the distinctive features of chia seeds is their high levels of omega-3 fatty acids good for cardiac health. ...
The growth of functional components containing agricultural foods is enhancing because these components aid the human body against different chronic diseases. Currently, chia seeds basically belong to the mint family and are edible seeds of Salvia hispanica. These seeds are composed of different functional components including fiber, polyphenols, antioxidants, omega-3-fatty acids vitamins, minerals and peptides. Besides, these seeds also a good source of vegetable protein, unsaturated fat, carbohydrates and ash. Chia seeds components have helpful in cardiovascular disease by reducing blood pressure, platelet aggregation, cholesterol and oxidation. In GI-tract-related diseases like diabetes and constipation, chia fiber reduces the blood glucose level and provides bulk to stool. However, antioxidants and polyphenols are protected beta-cells of the pancreas from inflammation. These components are protected from the cell damages of the different body parts, that can provide help in different types of cancer including breast, colorectal, liver and pancreatic. Conclusively, some previous studies approved that chia seeds components are played important role in chronic diseases.
... a-Linolenic acid, which is abundant in many green leafy vegetables and is a major source of omega-3, can be metabolized in our bodies to longer chain fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This, in turn, may improve chronic disease management (Simopoulos, 2002). The second important plant part used in herbal preparation are roots (Table S3 and Fig. 6), as they also contain a high concentration of bioactive metabolites as compared to other plant parts (Basualdo et al., 1995;Srithi et al., 2009). ...
The current research is the first quantitative ethno-botanical assessment of district Haveli in the Himalayan region, a remote and undiscovered territory of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK). The people of the Himalayan region have a wealth of traditional knowledge that can be used to cure a variety of diseases. However, ethno-medicinal data must be recorded as soon as possible in order to preserve them and prevent extinction due to oral transmission, as well as to determine which remedies are still in use. Data was gathered from 70 inform-ants (25 female and 45 male) through semi-structured interviews and group discussions. Informants were chosen at random or, in certain cases, using the snowball approach. To evaluate the gathered information, different ethnobotanical indices including UV, RFC, FL%, and ICF were used. Moreover, the information gathered in the current research work was contrasted with 22 different studies of aligned areas, including Paki-stan. A total of 125 plant species used in herbal medicine were identified, which were distributed among 56 families and employed in 16 illness categories. Asteraceae (16 spp.) was the most used family in the area. The herbaceous life form was dominantly (66 spp., 53.65%) used in herbal preparation. The most commonly used part in herbal medicine was leaves (29.55%), and the most generally used method for preparing herbal recipes was extract (26.53%). The maximum ICF index value (0.92) was calculated for liver and digestive problems. The highest UV (0.92) was calculated for Berginia virgata. Olea ferruginea had the highest relative importance (100). Two plant species, Berberis lycium and Thymus surphylum, had 100% fidelity value. A high similarity was found with the study conducted on Devi Gali and Neelum valley with JI of 16.75 and 14.58. The plants with the highest levels of UV, RFC, RI, and FL would be examined for future pharmacological study in order to validate the findings and produce novel medications. Local residents have remained closer to nature due to their lack of communication with modern civilization. Despite the fact that they continued to employ medicinal plants in different herbal recipes, this tradition is on the verge of extinction since it is mostly retained by hakims, midwives, or the elderly people. The new generation is much less interested in traditional health practices due to advanced healthcare facilities and modern lifestyles.
... These essential fatty acids are found in fatty seeds, nuts, and some vegetables. 65 In this review, flaxseed oil (as a source of Omega-3), sea buckthorn berry oil (as a source of Omega-6 and Omega-3), and argan oil containing balanced proportions of MUFAs (oleic acid) and PUFAs (Omega-6) 53 showed inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Previous studies have revealed that PUFAs can significantly prevent cardiovascular disease. ...
Background: Platelet aggregation is a crucial mechanism in the progression of atherothrombotic events. This systematic review aims to introduce the plants studied in healthy people as primary prevention to inhibit platelet aggregation. We also discuss possible mechanisms that are involved in the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Methods: A systematic search on the electronic medical databases from 1970 to February 2020 was performed. The selected keywords were: "herb", "plant", "platelet aggregation", "platelet activation", "clinical trial", "randomized" and "controlled". Results: The result of the initial search was a pool of 136 articles. After initial abstract reviewing, there were 55 relevant articles. Finally, 28 eligible records fulfilled our inclusion criteria to enter the qualitative synthesis process. Conclusion: Out of the 10 plants evaluated in the clinical trials, nine had inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Most of the reviewed plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L), garlic (Allium sativum), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), cacao (Theobroma cacao), grape (Vitis vinifera), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), sea buckthorn berry (Hippophae), and argan (Argania spinose) could be potential sources for the primary prevention of atherothrombotic events at an appropriate dosage. Finally, we do not consider phytoceuticals as a replacement for the guideline-directed medical treatment. Large randomized, double-blind clinical trials are required to evaluate the anti-platelet characteristics of these plants for the adjuvant primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
... Given the beneficial bioactivity of linotrins, detection of these mediators in edible portions of plants, such as leaves, seeds, roots, tubers, etc., that provide ALA in livestock and the human diet represents a crucial step in evaluating the potential health benefits of linotrins. Our initial interest focused on green leaves in which ALA is a predominant component of the membrane [61,62] of chloroplasts. ...
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in plants, exerts neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory effects in chronic and acute CNS disease models. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. Since ALA is not incorporated into the brain, the observed health benefits may result from some of its metabolites. The putative formation of dihydroxylated ALA derivatives (called linotrins) was recently shown in vitro in the presence of lipoxygenases. However, the in vitro biosynthesis of linotrins was neither stereoselective nor quantitatively efficient for studying their physiological roles as enantiomeric pure forms. Herein, we report the first stereo-controlled synthesis that features regio- and stereoselective hydrometalations of alkynes for assembling the sensitive E,Z,E-conjugated trienes, as well as LC-MS investigations that provide evidence of linotrins occurrence in plants. Moreover, strong anti-inflammatory effects on microglia highlight the potential physiological importance of linotrins and open new perspectives in search of CNS therapeutics.
... It has been shown that low levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the plasma and red blood cells are positively associated with the risk of ADHD [46e48]. Fish and nuts are the rich sources of omega 3 fatty acids [49,50]. Omega 3 fatty acids by mechanisms such as inhibiting inflammatory pathways and altering cell membrane fluidity in the central nervous system can improve the severity of ADHD symptoms [51,52]. ...
Objective
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. The Mediterranean diet as a plant-based diet has a beneficial effect on mental health. The present study was designed to investigate the association between adherence to Mediterranean diet and odds of ADHD in Iranian children.
Methods
This age and gender matched case-control study was conducted on 360 children 7–13 years old in Yazd, Iran. Children were categorized into new diagnosed case (n = 120) and control groups (n = 240). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSMIV-TR) was used to diagnose ADHD. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to measure food intake. The association of adherence to the Mediterranean with the odds ratio of ADHD examined by logistic regression.
Results
After adjusting for potential confounders including energy intake, parents’ educational level, economic status, family history ADHD and physical activity, the children in the highest tertile of adherence to Mediterranean diet had a lower odd of ADHD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.49; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.27-0.89) compared to the children in the lowest. In addition, an association was observed between increasing trend adherence to Mediterranean diet and decrease odds of ADHD after full adjustments (P for trend < 0.001).
Conclusion
We found that higher adherence to Mediterranean diet containing vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, grains, and fish could decrease the odds of ADHD in primary school children. Further studies are suggested to approve our vision.
... compounds (omega-3) compared to other seed oils such as linseed (53.3 g/100 g), canola (11.1 g/100 g), or walnut oil (10.4 g/100 g), roasted and toasted soybean kernels (1.5g/100 g), butternuts, dried (8.7g/100 g), among others (Simopoulos, 2002a). Besides, excessive consumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as reported in current Western diets promotes the development of many diseases including cardiovascular, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio) exert suppressive effects (Simopoulos, 2002b). ...
Within the coffee industry, the need has arisen to generate different uses of the grain, due to the health impact generated by coffee on consumers, many studies have been carried out about its composition and its benefits thanks to antioxidants that are present in the bean. The lipid fraction of the bean is composed of fatty acids, sterols, diterpenes, tocopherols, and triglycerides, which influence the aroma and flavor of coffee. Coffee lipids are mostly distributed in the endosperm of the grain and only part is in the outer layer in the form of wax. Coffee beans contain between 7 and 17% total lipids, Arabica coffee has between 10.5 and 17.5% and Robusta coffee has between 8 and 10%. Cafestol and kahweol are diterpenes present in coffee oil, these lipids are interesting owing to their impact on human health. Cafestol is present in both species (Arabica and Robusta). However, kahweol is specifically presented in Arabica coffee. These are classified as pentacyclic diterpenes penta cyclic based on isoprene fusion (C5) to form a 20-carbon kauran skeleton. Kahweol differs from cafestol by a double link between C1 and C2. Both compounds have low light and heat stability. Evidence has been accumulated showing that cafestol, and kahweol have a relevant role as antioxidants, antitumor, chemoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Green coffee oil has antioxidant compounds such as β-tocopherol (47.12 g/g), γ-tocopherol (2.63 g/g), and α-tocopherol (16.72 g/g). Therefore, the study of green coffee oil is relevant. Extraction and/ or isolation of the main functional compounds can be carried out by different methodologies such as the use of presses, solvent extraction, extraction with supercritical CO2, microwave-assisted extraction, and extraction of pressurized liquid. There are studies in which the oil has been extracted and characterized, where these suggest that it has applications for the food industry and provides health benefits, due to its effectiveness in protecting oxidative stress through kahweol and cafestol that mainly act as antioxidants.
... Artemisia plants, compared to other leafy vegetables, are rich in fatty acids. In the literature values of 3.31 -17.78 mg/g are quoted for green Artemisia leaves, compared to 1,7 mg/g for spinach, 0.6 mg/ g for salad, 8.5 mg/g for parsley [42,43]. ...
Arachidonic acid (AA or ARA) is an extremely important fatty acid involved in cell regulation. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (20:4n6) covalently bound in esterified form in membrane phospholipids of most body cells. Following irritation or injury, arachidonic acid is released and oxygenated by enzyme systems leading to the formation of an important group of inflammatory mediators, to the prostaglandins (PGE₂) by the cyclooxygenase enzyme. This paper describes the positive health effects of arachidonic acid on malaria and other tropical diseases.
... In addition, we considered the intake of both nuts and seeds in our analyses as they are often consumed together and share similar nutrient profiles (18,44). We also categorized nut and seed intake based on the national recommendations, making the results more applied. ...
Background:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease globally. Nuts and seeds, due to their unique nutrient composition, may provide health benefits for the prevention of NAFLD. To date, no research has investigated the association between nut and seed intake and NAFLD prevalence in a non-Mediterranean Western population.
Objectives:
This study aimed to explore the association between nut and seed intake with NAFLD and metabolic biomarkers in a US representative sample.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study used data from 25,360 adults involved in the 2005-2018 NHANES, including adults (aged ≥18 y) with negative serology for hepatitis B and C and nonexcessive alcohol consumption. NAFLD was assessed using the fatty liver index (FLI); metabolic biomarkers were also assessed; nut and seed intake was evaluated from two 24-h dietary recalls. ANOVA and Poisson regression were used to establish the relation between nut and seed intake categories and NAFLD prevalence.
Results:
Nut and seed consumption was associated with a reduced prevalence of NAFLD. In females, in the fully adjusted model, this was significant across all nut and seed consumption categories but was most prominent in the moderate consumption group (7%, 15%, and 14% risk reduction in low, moderate, and adequate consumption categories, respectively, compared with nonconsumers). In males, moderate intake of nuts and seeds demonstrated a significantly lower prevalence of NAFLD (9%) compared with nonconsumers.
Conclusions:
Daily consumption for nuts and seeds was associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD in non-Mediterranean, US adults, although the benefits seem to be greater in females across all categories of nut and seed consumption groups compared with nonconsumers. Both males and females presented with lower prevalence of NAFLD with intakes of 15-30 g/d.
... Due to ineffective synthesis from endogenous precursors, omega-3 is considered to be nutritionally essential. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is found in seeds, nuts, and seed oils, [8] whereas the primary exogenous sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are fatty fish. 9 Preceding studies have shown that omega-3 is beneficial in the treatment of diseases involving inflammation, such as cardiovascular, joint, and inflammatory bowel diseases. ...
Background: As the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) places a significant burden on healthcare-related costs. COPD is characterized by airflow impairment, including chronic bronchitis, small airways obstruction, and emphysema. COPD pathophysiology involves inflammation correlated with lung decline, body composition alteration, and decreased quality of life. Since preceding studies have shown its roles in inflammatory processes, omega-3 is proposed as a potential adjunct treatment in slowing down COPD progression.Aim: To analyse the efficacy of omega-3 as a potential adjunct therapy in COPD management.Method: A literature review was conducted by retrieving studies published from 2010-2020 through PubMed, EBSCOhost, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, Clinical Key, Wiley, and Science Direct that evaluate the effect of omega-3 supplementation in COPD management.Outcome: The search yielded 12 studies with a total of 6,474 subjects. Outcomes suggested that omega-3 leads to a reduction in inflammation, improved body composition, enhanced exercise capacity, higher quality of life, and lower exacerbation occurrences. Association found for lung function was weak, but this might be due to the study designs. The only potential adverse effect was diarrhoea, but this is insignificant.Conclusion: To conclude, omega-3 supplementation in COPD management showed promising results, considering its efficacy in slowing down COPD progression, minimal side effects, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility. However, the incorporation of this intervention into management guidelines require more trials with larger samples to establish more substantial evidence and more in-depth understanding of its roles.
... The scientific community agrees on the importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs), linoleic and α-linolenic acids, and oleic acid in human nutrition and disease prevention [1]. In recent decades, researchers have focused their attention on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), because of their health, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties [2]. It is known that for the maintenance of optimal health conditions, n-3 and n-6 PUFA must be consumed in a balanced proportion; the optimal n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio is 4:1 [1]. ...
Nowadays, there is increasing evidence that the intake of essential fatty acids (FAs) and oleic acid has high nutritional importance. However, the vulnerability of these FAs to oxidation deserves special attention. FA oxidation may be avoided or delayed by intercalation of its anionic form in inorganic matrices as layered double hydroxides (LDH). Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the protective effects of MgAl LDH towards oleate (O), linoleate (L) and α-linolenate (Ln) degradation. The incorporation and the loading of different FAs in anionic form in LDH was determined by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. In order to study the selectivity of LDH towards the FA, the inorganic solid was equilibrated with a mixture of O, L and Ln (1:1:1). TGA and gas chromatography showed that Ln was preferentially intercalated. Free FA (FFA) and intercalated FA (IFA) were heated at 40 °C in the dark and then analyzed weekly for a maximum of 42 days. Their oxidative stability was evaluated by monitoring the primary and secondary oxidative compounds. The volatile compounds were determined by solid-phase microextraction, coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Peroxide values were higher in FFA samples than in IFA samples, such as hexanal and trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal % contents. The results showed the potential of LDH intercalation for FA preservation from oxidative modification.
... They are also considered one of the most important sources of the omega-3 fatty acid, alphalinolenic acids (18:3) (ALA), which is mostly stored in leaves and oleaginous seeds. ALA is present in very high concentrations especially in walnuts, flax seeds, and canola oils and leafy green plants (26) (Figure 2). Vegetable oils and fats have always been the primary sources, earlier through direct consumption, and later through extraction processes, of these classes of fatty acids for food applications. ...
Fats and lipids have always had a primary role in the history of humankind, from ancient civilisations to the modern and contemporary time, going from domestic and cosmetic uses, to the first medical applications and later to the large-scale industrial uses for food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and biofuel production. Sources and uses of those have changed during time following the development of chemical sciences and industrial technological advances. Plants, fish, and animal fats have represented the primary source of lipids and fats for century. Nowadays, the use of fatty acid sources has taken a turn: industries are mainly interested in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have beneficial properties in human health; and also, for high-value fatty acids product for innovative and green production of biofuel and feedstocks. Thus, the constant increase in demand of fatty acids, the fact that marine and vegetable sources are not adequate to meet the high level of fatty acids required worldwide and climate change, have determined the necessity of the search for renewable and sustainable sources for fatty acids. Biotechnological advances and bioengineering have started looking at the genetic modification of algae, bacteria, yeasts, seeds, and plants to develop cell factory able to produce high value fatty acid products in a renewable and sustainable manner. This innovative approach applied to FA industry is a peculiar example of how biotechnology can serve as a powerful mean to drive the production of high value fatty acid derivatives on the concept of circular bioeconomy, based on the reutilisation of organic resources for alternative and sustainable productive patterns that are environmentally friendly.
... Among the FAs, linoleic acid (LA; C18: 2 Δ9,12 , a ω-6 FA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA; C18: 3 Δ9, 12,15 ) are essential dietary nutrients for humans; these FAs cannot be synthesized independently by humans [1]. ω-6 FA and ALA not only exert a hypocholesterolemic effect against coronary heart disease and hypertension when used as human dietary supplements, but also are critical for fetal development and breastfeeding support [1,2]. It has been suggested that a ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 FAs < 5 is optimal for human beings [3], and several sources have testaulated that ancient human diets had ω-6 to ω-3 FA ratios of~1 [4]. ...
Background
Paeonia ostii is a potentially important oilseed crop because its seed yield is high, and the seeds are rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ALA biosynthesis during seed kernel, seed testa, and fruit pericarp development in this plant are unclear. We used transcriptome data to address this knowledge gap.
Results
Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry indicated that ALA content was highest in the kernel, moderate in the testa, and lowest in the pericarp. Therefore, we used RNA-sequencing to compare ALA synthesis among these three tissues. We identified 227,837 unigenes, with an average length of 755 bp. Of these, 1371 unigenes were associated with lipid metabolism. The fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis and metabolism pathways were significantly enriched during the early stages of oil accumulation in the kernel. ALA biosynthesis was significantly enriched in parallel with increasing ALA content in the testa, but these metabolic pathways were not significantly enriched during pericarp development. By comparing unigene transcription profiles with patterns of ALA accumulation, specific unigenes encoding crucial enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in de novo FA biosynthesis and oil accumulation were identified. Specifically, the bell-shaped expression patterns of genes encoding SAD, FAD2, FAD3, PDCT, PDAT, OLE, CLE, and SLE in the kernel were similar to the patterns of ALA accumulation in this tissue. Genes encoding BCCP, BC, KAS I– III, and FATA were also upregulated during the early stages of oil accumulation in the kernel. In the testa, the upregulation of the genes encoding SAD, FAD2, and FAD3 was followed by a sharp increase in the concentrations of ALA. In contrast, these genes were minimally expressed (and ALA content was low) throughout pericarp development.
Conclusions
We used three tissues with high, moderate, and low ALA concentrations as an exemplar system in which to investigate tissue-specific ALA accumulation mechanisms in P. ostii. The genes and TFs identified herein might be useful targets for future studies of ALA accumulation in the tree peony. This study also provides a framework for future studies of FA biosynthesis in other oilseed plants.
... The residual contents of vitamins after 10 min of cooking were: Vitamin B 1 (1260-180 mg/100 g) and vitamin B 2 (70-40 mg/100 g). Vitamin B 1 and B 2 are water-soluble vitamins, the reduction of vitamin content may be due to leach into the boiling water [39]. Water-soluble vitamins are essential compounds for adequate functioning of the human body. ...
... The linoleic acid ethyl ester found in the extract from flowers and fruits (Fig. 2) is a long-chain polar compound with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities utilized in the cosmetic industry (Jelenko, Wheeler, Anderson, Callaway, & McKinley, 1975;Park et al., 2014). The linoleic acid ethyl ester as well as the linolenic acid methyl ester are present in the dark green leaves because they are part of the apolar lipid fraction of plants (Simopoulos, 2002). There are no reports on the activity of these molecules against A. aegypti, but fatty acid methyl ester had LC 99.9 of 0.17 mg/mL in Culex quinquefasciatus larvae , indicating insecticide effect against larvae of this insect. ...
Introduction:
Phytoinsecticides are alternatives to control insects in different stages, Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Phytolacaceae family, popularly known as pau d’alho, garlic tree, and guararema in Brazil, is known due to its strong alliaceous odor because of the presence of sulfur molecules in the plant. This species presents biological activity and potential insecticide effect that is still unexploited.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of the ethanolic crude extract from G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits on the control of Aedes aegypti third-stage larvae and pupae.
Methods:
The botanical material was collected in city Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil at the coordinates (23º46’16” S & 53º19’38” WO), and altitude of 442 m, the fruits of G. integrifolia were collected in May and the leaves and flowers in December 2017. The crude extracts of G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits were prepared by dynamic maceration technique. The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry. The insecticidal activity of the crude extracts of G. integrifolia were carried out on larvae and pupae of A. aegypti in concentrations between 0.001 to 25 000 mg/mL, and afterwards the lethal concentrations that kill 50 % (LC50) and 99.9 % (LC99.9) were determined by probit analysis. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by bioautographic method at concentrations from 0.000095 to 50 mg/mL.
Results:
The yield of G. integrifolia crude extracts were 8.2, 9.1, and 17.3 % for flowers, fruits, and leaves, respectively. The chemical composition of G. integrifolia extracts was characterized by presence of fatty acid esters, phytosterols, vitamins, oxygenated diterpenes and organosulfur compounds. The flower extract presented the high amount of sulfur compounds (20.2 %) such as disulfide, bis (2-sulfhydryl ethyl) (11.9 %), 2,3,5-trithiahexane (6.2 %), 1,2,4-trithiolane (1.1 %), and 2,4-dithiapentane (1.1 %). Regarding the insecticidal activity, flower extract showed highly active with LC99.9 of 0.032 mg/mL and LC99.9 of 0.969 mg/mL on A. aegypti larvae and pupae, respectively, and the highest inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (0.00019 mg/mL) ex situ. The flower extract presented anticholinesterase and larvicide activity, respectively, 12.8 % and 35.6 % greater than the control temephos.
Conclusions:
This study opens new perspectives on the use of extracts from G. integrifolia as a bioinsecticide alternative for the control of A. aegypti larvae and pupae.
... Long chain omega-3 fatty acids are the mostly commonly cited reason to continue to consume fish. However, they can be obtained straight from the source, marine algae (Lenihan-Geels, Bishop, & Ferguson, 2013), or from the precursor short chain omega-3 fatty acid found in plant foods, including walnuts, chia, and flax seeds (Simopoulos, 2002). For a global population of over 7 billion to eat fish 1-2 times per week is not sustainable given that 90% of world fish stocks are already fully or overexploited from fishing (FAO, 2016b). ...
A responsible food system is one that provides healthy and nutritious food, from ecologically sustainable production systems, that meets nutritional requirements for all stages of human life, while minimizing wastage and its negative impact on long-term planetary health. Our current food system meets none of these objectives. This chapter reviews data on the impact of diet on health and illness and shows how current dietary patterns are fueling an epidemic of chronic disease. We discuss the role and influence of government and industry on our current diet choices, summarize the impact of food production on environmental health, and provide evidence supporting the need for a global shift to a predominantly plant-based dietary pattern for both optimal human and planetary health. Governments, policy makers, health professionals, and the food industry urgently need to work together to forge a new food paradigm guided by the principles outlined in this chapter.
... ALA can be converted to DHA or EPA after ingestion and is found in seeds such as chia, flaxseed and pumpkin seeds, as well as in vegetable and oilseeds like nut oils. In addition, it is also present in small amounts in other vegetable sources, such as spinach and kale (18) . ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is defined as a reproductive endocrine disease that results in a low-grade inflammatory and prooxidant state. Dietary factors, including omega-3 fatty acids, may have a key role in improving metabolic disorders in PCOS patients. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with PCOS. A systematic literature search of Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Lilacs, until November 2019, was conducted. Randomized clinical trials that reported inflammatory and oxidative stress markers as endpoints in women with PCOS receiving omega-3 fatty acid supplementation were included. The pooled estimates of the weighted mean differences (WMD) and the standard mean differences (SMD) were calculated. Random effect models were adopted to measure the pooled outcomes. Among the 323 studies retrieved, 10 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for a meta-analysis. We founded a significant decrease in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) [SMD: −0.29 (95%CI: −0.56 to −0.02) mg/L] and an increase of adiponectin [WMD: 1.42 (95%CI 1.09 to 1.76) ng/ml] concentrations in the intervention group when compared with the placebo group. No statistically significant results were found in the meta-analysis for visfatin, nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH) or malondialdehyde (MDA) levels or total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The data suggest that supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids could reduce the inflammatory state in women with PCOS, through a decrease in hs-CRP and an increase in adiponectin levels.
... This type of diet increased the ratio of n-6/n-3 from 1-2:1 to 15-20:1, which was reflected in an increase in typical modern age diseases (Simopoulos, 2009). The increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in the last two decades was attributed to the deficiencies of n-3 fatty acids in the diet (Simopoulos 2001;2002) due to the competition between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids for enzymatic desaturation. Although both enzymes (Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturasses) prefer omega-3 versus omega-6 fatty acids, this process is slow and disabled by a high linolic acid intake, which is typical for nutrition in developed countries (Simopoulos, 2009). ...
In order to determine the profitability of value-added egg production, an economic analysis of the production costs incurred therein was performed. The cost of feed mixture for laying hens can be calculated as the sum of the raw material costs and the total mixture production and processing costs. The results obtained indicate that the production cost of value-added eggs (with increased contents of omega fatty acids and the use of natural pigments) was higher by RSD 3-9 than that of control eggs. The cost of currently available S class omega eggs approximates to 23 RSD/pc. Accordingly, the current cost of omega eggs in the Serbian market is higher by 4-9 RSD/pc than that of standard commercial eggs of the same class. Therefore, it can be concluded that the value-added egg production achieved in our experiment is extremely cost-effective and fully justified economically.
... Intake of excessive amounts of ω-6 fatty acid, or a very high ratio of ω-6/ω-3 will cause many diseases (Simopoulos, 2008). Nowadays, intake of ω-3 fatty acids is not enough because of the decrease in fish production and consumption and the industrial production of animal feeding with high content of ω-6 fatty acid fodder (Simopoulos, 2002). To find some ways to increase the supply of ω-3 fatty acid was very important. ...
... Compared to FO, conventional plant-based oils are not comprised of LC-PUFAs but, instead, are characterized by an abundance of MUFAs, or n-6 FAs, and low levels of n-3 FAs (Naylor et al., 2009). Several studies have highlighted the importance of a well-balanced FA profile in fish, reflected by the ratio of n-3 to n-6 C18PUFAs (Darios and Davletov, 2006;Simopoulos, 2002Simopoulos, , 2003Simopoulos, , 2006Simopoulos, , 2008Simopoulos, , 2011Simopoulos and Leaf, 1999), as these directly influence the synthesis and modulation of LC-PUFA levels (Garg et al., 1990;Greenberg et al., 1950;Henderson and Tocher, 1987;Watanabe, 1982;Xu et al., 1993;Yu and Sinnhuber, 1972). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic responses to fish oil (FO) replacement with different inclusion levels of sacha inchi (SI) oil (0FO, 40FO, 60FO, and 100FO, representing the % of FO inclusion) in the diet of O. mykiss juveniles. Growth rates, energetic substrates, enzymatic pathways involved in the synthesis of fatty acids (FAs), and the FA profile in the muscle, liver, and plasma were investigated. Fish (n = 320) were distributed into eight tanks (four groups in duplicate) and fed with the four experimental diets for 90 days. Biometric data were obtained every 30 days, and after 45 and 90 days, ten fish from each experimental group were sampled. Somatic indices, biochemical parameters, and the mRNA expression levels of three genes involved in FA elongation and desaturation, Δ6 desaturase (Δ6), elongase 2 (elovl2), and elongase 5 (elovl5), were analyzed. The substitution of FO with SI oil did not alter growth rates, regardless of inclusion level and time point. Fish fed with SI oil had increased hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes (HSI and VSI) after 45 days, while the VSI increased after 90 days in the 0FO group. Fish fed exclusively with SI oil had increased total protein content in their muscle tissue after 90 days. The 40FO, 60FO, and 100FO groups had similar ARA and DHA percentages in their livers at 45 days, which is reflective of rainbow trout being able to synthesize LC-PUFA from dietary C18PUFAs. Although replacing FO with SI oil resulted in higher expression levels of the desaturase and elongase genes at both time points, this increase was insufficient to maintain the high levels of muscular LC-PUFA in the 40FO and 0FO groups. The percentages of C18PUFAs in the muscle of fish fed with the 0FO diet increased, while the percentage of n-3 LC-PUFA and the n-3:n-6 ratio decreased. Although the 0FO group exhibited higher transcription levels for the enzymes involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, the most promising results in terms of muscle FA profile were observed in the 60FO group. This finding indicates that the inclusion of 40% of SI into the diet of O. mykiss did not affect the percentage of ARA, EPA, and DHA. Taken together, these data suggest that SI represents a viable, promising replacement for FO in the feed for salmonids and potentially other aquacultured fish species as well.
... Intake of excessive amounts of ω-6 fatty acid, or a very high ratio of ω-6/ω-3 will cause many diseases (Simopoulos, 2008). Nowadays, intake of ω-3 fatty acids is not enough because of the decrease in fish production and consumption and the industrial production of animal feeding with high content of ω-6 fatty acid fodder (Simopoulos, 2002). To find some ways to increase the supply of ω-3 fatty acid was very important. ...
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is an important salt-tolerance plant in the world. Salt stress influenced fatty acid contents and composition. In this study, two purslane genotypes, one cultivated variety (Pakistan Local, ‘PL’) and another wild variety (Liaoning China local ‘LCL’) were chosen. The effects of 100 mM and 200 mM of NaCl stress on morphological and physiological indexes along with fatty acid contents in leaves, stems and roots of two genotypes were analyzed. The results showed that NaCl stress affected the above-ground and underground growth, chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency and osmotic potential of purslane, especially 200 mM of NaCl stress and for salt-sensitive ‘LCL’. 12 types of fatty acids were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Alpha-Linolenic acid (18:3, ω-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (18:2, ω-6 fatty acid) were important fatty acids in three different organs. NaCl stress significantly increased ω-3 contents at 200 mM of NaCl stress in the leaves of ‘PL’ and in the stems of ‘LCL’. Compared with stems and roots, the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 was very low in leaves for two genotypes, especially in ‘PL’. According to our results, purslane should be generalized as a prospective functional vegetable and fodder in saline areas.
O uso de lipídios na alimentação das aves é uma estratégia nutricional muito utilizada, pois contribui com o incremento energético, fornece importantes nutrientes para um equilíbrio nutricional e é a principal fonte de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados. Os poliinsaturados compreende as famílias de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e ômega-6. Onde seus principais representantes são os ácidos linoléico, alfa-linolênico, ácidos araquidônico e docosaexaenoico. Esses ácidos vêm sendo bastante estudados devido a suas diversas funções no organismo da ave reprodutora como: melhoria da qualidade do pintinho, enriquecimento do ovo, função anti-inflamatória, diminuição da gordura entre outros. Devido a esses benefícios vem se buscando o enriquecimento dos ovos com esses ácidos através da manipulação da dieta. Para isso tem sido utilizada diversas fontes lipídicas ricas em PUFAs n-3 como a linhaça, canola e óleos de peixes. O objetivo dessa revisão é abordar o efeito de diferentes relações do ácido linoleico (18:2 n-6) e alfa linolênico (18:3 n-3) na alimentação de aves de postura. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo descritivo, baseada em artigos científicos publicados, resultando assim em um compilado de dados para essa revisão bibliográfica.
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of enriching liver sausages with different levels of walnut paste on the quality properties of this product. Sausages were produced with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% amount additions of walnut paste and without the addition of nuts (control product). It was found that walnut paste, especially when introduced at an amount >15%, was a component that limited thermal losses and significantly modified the characteristics of liver sausages. The addition of walnut paste also increased the fat content of liver sausages by two–three times, which was one of the factors that weakened their structure, including lowering their compression, shear, and penetration force but increasing their spreadability. Moreover, the addition of walnut paste at an amount of ≥20% resulted in the products having a slightly different color, with lower values for the a* color parameter. Such changes were assessed as a favorable modification to the product, increasing its overall desirability, especially with the addition of walnut paste at the level of 20%. Walnut paste can therefore be a valuable ingredient that allows for the development of a health-promoting product with improved quality features. However, with the addition of a walnut paste at an amount of 25%, it is necessary to take into account the more rapid and unfavorable fat changes that occur during the storage of the liver sausages, as indicated by about 50% higher TBARS values (compared to the control product).
We evaluated whether linseed oil (LO) modulates the effects of a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) on liver inflammation, fatty acid (FA) accumulation, and lipid distribution in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. The control group (control high-carbohydrate diet [HCD-C]) received an HCD with lard and soybean oil as the lipid source. The L10 and L100 groups received the HCD with 10% and 100% of LO as the lipid source, respectively. The animals were killed by decapitation before (day 0) and after receiving the diets. Liver FA composition, inflammation, and fibrogenesis gene expression were evaluated. Also, the percentage of lipid-occupied area in periportal end perivenous hepatocytes were measured. The L100 group exhibited a higher (P < .05) liver amount of omega-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA) and lower (P < .05) amounts of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and omega-6 polyunsaturated FA (n-6 PUFA) compared with L10 or HCD-C mice. On day 56, interleukin 10 and type IV collagen gene expression were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively in L100. Also, the L100 group showed lower (P < .05) FA accumulation (i.e., total FA, SFA, MUFA, and n-6 PUFA). Also, L10 and L100 presented lower (P < .05) percentage of high lipid-containing portion in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. We concluded that LO attenuation of liver inflammation promoted by an HCD is associated with increased liver n-3 PUFA levels, so modulating FA composition, deposition, and distribution in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes.
Over the years, leafy vegetables have served as a source of income to the poor resource segment of the Nigerian populace. Due to the density of nutrients in these vegetables, they have been recognized as a major source of supply of micro- and macronutrients in many households, especially where malnutrition is on the rise. They are either used as part of ingredients for meals or as major material for soup preparation. Inadequate utilization of leafy vegetables as ingredients in the industry is a way of underutilizing the vast nutrients in these leaves. However, the use of the by-products of these leafy vegetables such as the leaf powder, leaf slurry, polyphenols, proteins and peptides in improving the nutritional and bioactive properties of some food commodities such as snack, cookies, bread, fruit juice and maize ogi may help to take these vegetables out of pots to the industries. This chapter discusses the various ways by which the leaves may be put in various use rather than the conventional means as ingredient in vegetable soup preparations.
This work investigated incorporation of Nannochloropsis salina into renneted dairy gels and curd. Whole and ruptured microalgal cells did not impair κ-casein macropeptide cleavage by the rennet enzyme. However, insoluble components of ruptured cells impeded gelation, presumably by hindering interactions between renneted casein micelles. Confocal imaging showed that whole cells were retained and homogenously distributed within the protein network of the gels and cooked curd, whereas ruptured algae formed large aggregates that altered the protein matrix. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the whole microalgal cells was incorporated within the curds, with considerably less EPA retained for ruptured cells. Soluble algal debris did not impair gelation, however EPA wasn't retained in the curd. The study demonstrates that nutrient enrichment of renneted dairy products is possible by incorporating whole microalgal cells to displace milk fat with protein and the beneficial long-chain omega-3 fatty acid EPA. Future research into the optimisation of product organoleptic properties is required.
Vegetables play an important role in food and nutrition conservation. Green leafy vegetables, in particular,are known as a high-quality source of vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Leafy vegetables havehigher levels of mineral nutrients like iron and calcium than staple foods like grains. Leafy vegetables areamong the most potent herbal assets and the only available sources of folic acid, this paper examines thenutritional and anti-nutritional properties of some common green leafy vegetables, which are significantlyhigher in Moringa oleifera plant leaves than in other leafy and non-leafy vegetables. There are several different forms and compositions of nutritional and anti-nutritional factors in edible leafy vegetable plants.Antinutritionalelements are chemical compounds found in plant tissues that prevent humans from absorbingnutrients. Their results can be direct or indirect and they can vary from mild reactions to death. Antinutrientssuch as nitrates, phytates, tannins, oxalates, and cyanogenic glycosides have been linked toseveral healthproblems. Anti-nutritional factors can be minimized using one-of-a-kind processing techniques such asboiling and blanching. The various analytical methods for the willpower of the various dietary and antinutritional factors in a few green leafy vegetables were also briefly discussed below.
From the ancient period, Green leafy vegetables (GLV) are part of the daily diet and were believed
to have several health beneficial properties. Later it has been proved that GLV has outstanding
nutritional value and can be used for medicinal benefits. GLV is particularly rich in minerals like
iron, calcium, and zinc. These are also rich in vitamins like beta carotene, vitamin E, K, B and
vitamin C. In addition, some anti-nutritional elements in GLV can be reduced if it is grown properly
and processed properly before consumption. Tropical countries have a wide variety of these green
plants such as Red Spinach, Amaranth, Malabar Spinach, Taro Leaf, Fenugreek leaf, Bengal Gram
Leaves, Radish Leaves, Mustard Leaves, and many more. This review focuses on listing this wide
range of GLVs (in total 54 underutilized GLVs) and their compositions in a comparative manner.
GLV also possesses medicinal activities due to its rich bioactive and nutritional potential. Different
processing techniques may alter the nutritional and bioactive potential of the GLVs significantly.
The GLVs have been considered a food fortification agent, though not explored widely. All of these
findings suggest that increasing GLV consumption could provide nutritional requirements necessary
for proper growth as well as adequate protection against diseases caused by malnutrition.
This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of rice bran oil extracted from locally available bran from commercial rice mill in ga;ghdesh. Three types of rice bran available in local rice mills pitir.*t cUrLteristlci of rice bran oil iz. proximate contents, free fatry aci4 iodine value, saponification value, pH, omega-3, and .9mega-6 conten!.wer9 investigated' The ' highest and lowest amount-of oil were obtained ton Uy pmboiled bran (2L'32Y) ant un;P3rboiled bran (l|.l2yL, parboiled brm profuced 24-5'/obtdber oil compared to un:parboiled rice bran' The highest amormt or tee atty acid was formd in oil from ri-parboiled brat (17.39%) f9llow9d-.bv partially parboiled (L32g/o)and fully paftoiled (4-42y.)bran oil-todine values of full parboiled, partially parboiled and uo-patoiled lrran oil *eri ford to b lxi,l0l and 95, respectively. It indicates.that the degree of un-saturatioa i" hig h fully parboiled rice b,ran oil rr,-t pstially parbolled and un-parboiled br.an oil' Omega-3 fatty acid conterb of paboile4 pmtiaffy partoiled-4,-p.toited bran oil were found to be l'90%, l'62% a,.d 1.45%o,r"-p".ili"4y. 1'he resutts rf,ri" tt pflboiled-brao oil is more stable compared to un-parboiled ;;. r;rli,6[ rorqrir*"16 rhd oil to,m pdboiled brm is more advantageous in terms of oil contents' omega-3, rya{ ad rrrrcover, higb6 shbility' trfuywords: Rice brm oil, paffi brm, (mgA3, omegr6, iodine value, saponification value
This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of rice bran oil extracted from locally available bran from commercial rice mill in Bangladesh. Three types of rice bran available in local rice mills were chosen to conduct this study: fully parboiled, partially parboiled, and un-parboiled. Rice bran oil was extracted by using n-hexane solvent. Different characteristics of rice bran oil viz. proximate contents, free fatty acid, iodine value, saponification value, pH, omega-3, and omega-6 content were investigated. The highest and lowest amount of oil were obtained from fully parboiled bran (21.32%) and un-parboiled bran (17.12%), respectively. Parboiled bran produced 24.5% higher oil compared to un-parboiled rice bran. The highest amount of free fatty acid was found in oil from un-parboiled bran (17.39%) followed by partially parboiled (13.29%) and fully parboiled (4.42%) bran oil. Iodine values of full parboiled, partially parboiled and un-parboiled bran oil were found to be 102, 101 and 95, respectively. It indicates that the degree of un-saturation is high in fully parboiled rice bran oil than partially parboiled and un-parboiled bran oil. Omega-3 fatty acid contents of parboiled, partially parboiled and un-parboiled bran oil were found to be 1.90%, 1.62% and 1.45%, respectively. The results shows that parboiled bran oil is more stable compared to un-parboiled one. Finally, the study concludes that oil from parboiled bran is more advantageous in terms of oil contents, omega-3, omega-6 and moreover, higher stability.
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Published in Journal of Agricultural Engineering (ISSN: 0379-4318), The Institute of Engineers, Bangladesh. Vol. 44(1), pp.49-56.
Lipids are essential part of human nutrition and are sourced through various sources. These different sources have different significance owing to their composition of fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are considered as the good form of lipids that possess various health benefits. Omega 3 fatty acids are the most popular unsaturated fatty acids. These have various metabolic functions and are involved in brain and physiological development of the human body. The review highlight the various sources of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Emphasize is given on the synthesis of these essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. A profound discussion is made over the associated benefits of the consumption of omega 3 fatty acids.
Fluid milk and its derivatives are important dietary ingredients that contribute to daily nutrient intake of the modern Homo sapiens. To produce milk that is healthier for human consumption, the present study evaluated the effect of adding soybean oil and linseed oil in the diet of lactating cows. The fatty acid profile of milk, milk composition, and the blood parameters of cows were evaluated. Eighteen Holstein cows were distributed in a replicated Latin square design and distributed according to the following treatments: 1) Control (CC): traditional dairy cow diet, without addition of oil; 2) Soybean oil (SO): 2.5% addition of soybean oil to the traditional diet, as a source of omega-6; 3) Linseed oil (LO): 2.5% addition of linseed oil in the diet as a source of omega-3. Milk production was not affected, but oil supplementation decreased feed intake by 1.93 kg/cow/day. The milk fat percentage was significantly lower when cows were supplemented with vegetable oil (3.37, 2.75 and 2.89% for CC, SO and LO, respectively). However, both soybean and linseed oils decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids (66.89, 56.52 and 56.60 g/100g for CC, SO and LO respectively), increased the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in milk (33.05, 43.39, and 43.35 g/100g for CC, SO and LO respectively) and decreased the ratio between saturated/unsaturated fatty acids (2.12, 1.34, and 1.36 for CC, SO and LO respectively). Furthermore, SO and LO increased significantly the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (29.58, 39.55 and 39.47 g/100g for CC, SO and LO respectively), though it did not significantly alter the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat (3.57, 3.93 and 3.98 g/100g for CC, SO and LO respectively). Supplementation with LO enhanced the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids on milk (0.32, 0.36, and 1.02 for CC, SO and LO respectively). Blood variables aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, urea, albumin, creatinine and total proteins were not altered. On the other hand, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL were greater in the group supplemented with vegetable oils. Supplementation with vegetable oils reduced the dry matter intake of cows, the fat content of milk, and improved saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio of milk fat. Compared to the SO treatment, animals fed LO produced milk with greater content of omega-3, and a more desirable omega-6/omega-3 ratio on a human nutrition perspective. Thus, the inclusion of SO and LO in the diet of lactating dairy cows makes the milk fatty acid profile nutritionally healthier for the human consumption.
Flaxseed oil was fractionated at ‐40°C, filtrate was designated as olein fraction (31% yield) which was further fractionated at ‐60°C and filtrate was named as super olein fraction (17% yield). Flaxseed oil, olein and super olein fractions were stored at 25‐30°C for the duration of 90 days. Alpha linolenic acid in flaxseed oil, olein and stearin fraction was 55.26%, 63.47% and 71.61%. HPLC characterization showed that phenolic compound were concentrated in olein and super olein fractions. In super olein fraction of flaxseed oil, concentration of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, p‐coumaric acid and ferulic acid were 8.14, 40.59, 75.38, 7.95 and 9.27 mg/100g. Total phenolic contents of flaxseed oil, olein and super olein were 145, 185 and 247mg GAE/100g. Peroxide value of 90 days stored flaxseed oil, olein and super olein was 0.59, 0.75 and 0.96 (MeqO2/Kg) with no difference in color and flavor scores.
The hair follicle is subject to a constant turnover in the course of perpetual cycles through phases of proliferation, involution, and resting, with regeneration in the successive hair cycle. Understanding the basics of the hair cycle enables insight into the principles of hair growth and shedding. Many factors can lead to a pathologically increased hair loss. Whatever the cause, the follicle tends to behave in a similar way. To grasp the meaning of this generalization requires understanding the varied derangements of the normal hair cycle. Cyclic hair growth activity occurs in a random mosaic pattern with each follicle possessing its own individual control mechanism over the evolution and triggering of the successive phases, including the local milieu at the level of the stem cells. In addition, a number of systemic and environmental factors may have influence, such as hormones, cytokines and growth factors, toxins, and deficiencies of nutrients, vitamins, and energy (calories). Normal supply, uptake, and transport of proteins, calories, trace elements, and vitamins are of fundamental importance in tissues with a high biosynthetic activity such as in the course of hair cycling. It may appear that on a typical Western diet, people are not subject to nutritional deficiencies. Nevertheless, genetic diversity in nutrient requirements, inappropriate food selection or preparation, intensive physical exertion, comorbidities, and use of drugs may lead to deficiency symptoms resulting in unhealthy hair. In fact, nutritional needs fluctuate with age and with situations that occur throughout the life cycle: infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, lactation, old age, lifestyle (restricted diets, smoking, alcohol consumption), and health status (chronic disease, medications).
Brown seaweeds are known to present components with appealing bioactive properties eliciting great interest for industrial applications. However, their lipid content is generally disregarded beyond their fatty acid (FA) composition. This study thoroughly characterized the lipid profile of two brown seaweeds collected from Portuguese coast, the native Bifurcaria bifurcata and the invasive Sargassum muticum species, and bioprospecting for antioxidant activity. An integrated state-of-the-art approach including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC–ESI-MS/MS), allowed a comprehensive picture of FA and polar lipid content. Polar lipid profile of B. bifurcata and S. muticum included 143 and 217 lipid species respectively, distributed between glycolipids, phospholipids, and betaine lipids. Some of the lipid species found have been assigned biological activity and contain of n-3 and n-6 FA. Sargassum muticum presented the highest n-3 FA content. Low concentrations of extracts of both seaweeds displayed antioxidant activity, with S. muticum presenting more promising results. These findings contribute to the nutritional and industrial exploitation of both seaweeds, highlighting their relevance as viable sources of bioactive and added-value compounds. Sargassum muticum presented interesting lipid composition and bioactivity, which may represent an accessible opportunity for the exploitation of this invasive seaweed, especially taking advantage of Sargassum blooms.
Background
Paeonia ostii is a potentially important oilseed crop because its seed yield is high and the seeds are rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ALA biosynthesis during seed kernel, seed testa, and fruit pericarp development in this plant are unclear. We used transcriptome data to address this knowledge gap.
Results
Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry indicated that ALA content was highest in the kernel, moderate in the testa, and lowest in the pericarp. Therefore, we used RNA-sequencing to compare ALA synthesis among these three tissues. We identified 227,837 unigenes, with an average length of 755 bp. Of these, 1371 unigenes were associated with lipid metabolism. The fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis and metabolism pathways were significantly enriched during the early stages of oil accumulation in the kernel. ALA biosynthesis was significantly enriched in parallel with increasing ALA content in the testa, but these metabolic pathways were not significantly enriched during pericarp development. By comparing unigene transcription profiles with patterns of ALA accumulation, specific unigenes encoding crucial enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in de novo FA biosynthesis and oil accumulation were identified. Specifically, the bell-shaped expression patterns of genes encoding SAD, FAD2, FAD3, PDCT, PDAT, OLE, CLE, and SLE in the kernel were similar to the patterns of ALA accumulation in this tissue. Genes encoding BCCP, BC, KAS I– III, and FATA were also upregulated during the early stages of oil accumulation in the kernel. In the testa, the upregulation of the genes encoding SAD, FAD2, and FAD3 was followed by a sharp increase in the concentrations of ALA. In contrast, these genes were minimally expressed (and ALA content was low) throughout pericarp development.
Conclusions
In this study, we used three tissues with high, moderate, and low ALA concentrations as an exemplar system in which to compare tissue-specific ALA accumulation mechanism in P. ostii. The genes and TFs identified herein might be useful targets for future studies of ALA accumulation in the tree peony. This study also provides a framework for future studies of FA biosynthesis in other oilseed plants.
The purpose of this research was to incorporate 0% to 30% chia seed flour into rice flour gluten‐free layer cake and evaluate its effect on nutritional qualities and physicochemical properties. The supplement of chia seed flour resulted in higher batter viscosity, hardness of gluten free layer cake, crude protein, fat, ash, α‐linolenic acid (increase up to 10.2% of total fatty acid), total phenolics content, and reducing power but the lower crust, crumb white index, cohesiveness, and resilience of gluten‐free layer cake was found. Substitution of rice flour with 10% prehydrated chia seed flour can achieve a higher center height and volume index of gluten‐free layer cakes. Higher carosine and angiotension I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was observed in the supplement of 10% chia seed flour when compared to a rice flour layer cake. Gluten‐free layer cake with 10% prehydrated chia seeds flour had similar overall acceptability, texture, flavor, and odor scores except for lower appearance score to those of gluten‐free layer cake made with 100% rice flour and layer cake made with 100% wheat flour. Incorporation of 10% prehydrated chia seed flour results in more desirable volume index of gluten‐free layer cake and it is feasible for gluten‐free layer cake application. Gluten‐free layer cakes with improved quality characteristics and high nutritional value can be manufactured by the incorporation of chia seed flour.
Adipose tissue is a complex structure responsible for fat storage and releasing polypeptides (adipokines) and metabolites, with systemic actions including body weight balance, appetite regulation, glucose homeostasis, and blood pressure control. Signals sent from different tissues are generated and integrated in adipose tissue; thus, there is a close connection between this endocrine organ and different organs and systems such as the gut and the cardiovascular system. It is known that functional foods, especially different nuts, may be related to a net of molecular mechanisms contributing to cardiometabolic health. Despite being energy-dense foods, nut consumption has been associated with no weight gain, weight loss, and lower risk of becoming overweight or obese. Several studies have reported beneficial effects after nut consumption on glucose control, appetite suppression, metabolites related to adipose tissue and gut microbiota, and on adipokines due to their fatty acid profile, vegetable proteins, l-arginine, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and phytosterols. The aim of this review is to briefly describe possible mechanisms implicated in weight homeostasis related to different nuts, as well as studies that have evaluated the effects of nut consumption on adipokines and metabolites related to adipose tissue and gut microbiota in animal models, healthy individuals, and primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention.
The present study aimed to extract seed oils and characterize the chemical composition, including fatty acid profiles, tocopherols, sterols, and total phenolics of oils and extracts from five Fabaceae seeds: Glycine soja, Vigna angularis, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgarisand, and Phaseolus coccineus. The composition and content of all substance layers in total lipids of the extracted seed oils from five Fabaceae species contain: polar lipid (PL), sterol (ST), diacylglycerol (DG), triacylglycerol (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), and hydrocarbon and wax (HC + W). Antioxidant activity determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was also estimated. Among these examined samples, Phaseolus vulgarisand and Phaseolus coccineus seed oils showed high content of α-linolenic acid (59.39% and 49.38%, respectively). Linoleic acid was abundantly found in Vigna angularis (49.01%). Ferunic and caffeic acid, γ-tocopherol, and β-sistosterol were the main ingredients present in the species studied. The V. angularis seed extract displayed significant antioxidant activity.
This study evaluated the viability of using oil extracted from Salvia hispanica L. seeds as a source of omega-3 for sheep's cheese enrichment. Two concentrations (3 and 5 g/L) of chia oil prepared as emulsions stabilized with calcium caseinate were assayed in pressed sheep's milk cheese, and their physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic parameters were evaluated throughout the 32-day ripening period. Sheep's milk coagulation parameters during cheese making were not affected by addition of the oil emulsion. The fortification with the emulsion had a positive impact on cheese yield, fat, dry matter and α-linolenic acid content. Moreover, total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria growth were not inhibited in the cheeses containing the highest oil concentration, confirming the hypothesis that oil addition would not interfere with the normal ripening process. Regarding the sensory analysis, the chia oil enriched cheeses showed a good acceptance by the judges.
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of enrichment of restructured beef steaks with various types of nuts and oilseeds on their quality. According to our results, the addition of nuts and oilseeds affected the quality of the various features of the products. Among the studied nuts and oilseeds, flaxseeds showed the most adverse effect on the quality of the product. It caused, i.a.: significant (P < 0.05) increase in cooking loss (from control 12.2–14.9%), reduction of shear force (from control 91.5 to 35.6 N) and penetration force (from control 47,7–19.1 N), color change (increase L* a* b* parameters) and a reduction of scores granted for the product in sensory quality evaluation. Concurrently, the addition of these seeds allowed to a significant (P < 0.05) increase the content of n-3 PUFA in the product (from 0.49 control to 22.24%). The slightest changes were found in the texture and sensory quality of the products after the addition of pecan nuts, walnuts, peanuts, and pistachios. Among the nuts tested, the most nutritionally beneficial modification of lipid profile (increasing n-3 PUFA to 6.06%) was obtained by the addition of walnuts.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen thought to propagate atherosclerosis and other proliferative or inflammatory diseases. Some of these diseases are ameliorated in humans by ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids. We investigated mRNA expression of both PDGF-A and PDGF-B in quiescent peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy male volunteers. For this, a highly sensitive, quantitative polymerase chain reaction strategy (3n-PCR) was developed. In contrast to granulocytes, both PDGF-A and PDGF-B mRNAs are expressed in mononuclear cells. This expression occurs at a remarkably constant rate. Moreover, effects of 7 g/d of a 85% omega-3 fatty acid fish oil concentrate were investigated in a 6-week controlled, randomized, observer-blind study in 14 human volunteers, 7 of whom served as controls. omega-3 Fatty acids increased in mononuclear cell phospholipids. We demonstrate for the first time that diet affects human gene regulation. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids downregulate gene expression of both PDGF-A (-66%), and PDGF-B (-70%). This may represent a novel mechanism for the antifibrotic and antiatherosclerotic action of omega-3 fatty acids.
An international workshop on the role of plant-derived omega–3 fatty acids in human nutrition took place in Milan on February 9, 2000. The meeting was sponsored by the Nutrition Foundation of Italy and was organized by its Scientific Director, Dr. Andrea Poli. It was attended by experts in polyunsaturated fatty acids and human lipid nutrition. This is the first meeting devoted to the health aspects of alpha-linolenic acid, the omega–3 fatty acid contained in plant-derived edible products, as distinct from the more widely studied long-chain omegy–3 products typically present in fish and fish-derived products. This report, which is based on updated scientific evidence presented and discussed at the workshop, was prepared by the international expert panel.
Four experiments were conducted to investigate what influence methyl esters of Ci«:o, Ci8:o, Ci8:i, C18:2,and Cis-.a fatty acids exert on rat liver and adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis and related enzymes when supplemented to a fat-free diet (FF). A randomized complete block design, in which rats were matched for body weight and food intake, was utilized. Rats previously adapted to a meal-eating regimen (access to food from 0900 to 1200 hours ) were fed a FF-diet for 7 days prior to the addition of the respective dietary fatty acids. In experiments 1 to 3, all esters were supplemented at a level of 3% of the daily FF-diet allotment. The apparent absorbabilities of C18:0 and Ci8:u were determined to be 40% and 35%, while values for Ci8:i, GI«^, and Ci8:3 were 88%, 87%, and 89%, respec tively. In comparison to the FF dietary treatment, polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ci8:2 and C^s) were able in three of four experiments to reduce the rate of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and the activities of hepatic fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME). In all four experiments, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was significantly de pressed by Ci8:2 and CiR:3.Ci8:i produced an intermediate rate of in vitro liver fatty acid synthesis, but exerted no significant effect on hepatic lipo- genic enzyme activities. Adding Ci6:0 or Ci8:0 to the FF-diet had no de pressive effect on hepatic fatty acid synthesis, but Ci8;0 supplementation was associated with a significant increase in hepatic FAS, G6PD and ME activities. Neither unsaturated nor saturated fatty acids affected adipose tissue FAS, G6PD or ME activities or rates of fatty acid synthesis. The lack of influence of Ci6:u and Ci8:0 may have been partially due to their poor absorbability. Therefore, in experiment 4 a level of 7% Cieio supple mentation was compared to 3% C\g-.2or Ci8:3. This resulted in comparable amounts of fatty acid absorbed. Both Ci8:a and Cis-.a addition to the FF- diet were equally effective in significantly depressing in vivo hepatic fatty acid synthesis, and FAS, G6PD and ME activities by more than 50%. Cie:o had no suppressive action on liver fatty acid synthesis or related enzyme activities. Again adipose tissue lipogenesis remained unchanged by dietary fat treatment. These data clearly demonstrate that Ci8:2and Ci8:3 specifically inhibit rat liver fatty acid synthesis, independent of carbohydrate intake. Under these conditions adipose tissue lipogenesis was unaffected by low levels of dietary fat regardless of the degree of unsaturation. J. Nutr. 107: 1170-1181,1977.
Expression of the murine liver stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene (SCD1) is induced upon feeding fasted mice a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet (Ntambi, J. M., Buhrow, S. A., Kaestner, K. H., Christy, R. J., Sibley, E., Kelly, T. J., and Lane, M.D. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 17291-17300). In the present study, SCD1-specific RNA riboprobes and cDNA probes were used to study the mechanism for the induction of SCD1 mRNA. Based on the time course of induction, the SCD1 mRNA increased from 2-fold within 6 h to 45-fold within 36 h. Nuclear run-on transcription studies showed that the accumulation of SCD1 mRNA after refeeding starved mice a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet was a consequence of the transcriptional activation of the SCD1 gene. The SCD1 mRNA level decreased rapidly (t1/2 = approximately 4 h) within 24 h when mice fed the fat-free, high carbohydrate diet were switched to a regular chow diet. Furthermore, when the fat-free diet was supplemented with triacylglycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, the transcription of the SCD1 gene and the induction of the SCD1 mRNA were significantly blunted. Triacylglycerides containing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were without dramatic effects. In contrast, synthesis of liver albumin mRNA was little affected by any of these dietary variations, indicating that the observed changes in the transcription of the SCD1 gene and mRNA levels were specific. These data demonstrate that both dietary carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids or their metabolites directly or indirectly regulate the expression of the SCD1 gene in mouse liver.
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is more atherogenic than native LDL. The initial step in the oxidation is the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, decreasing the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids should reduce the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. Therefore, we tested the possibility that diets enriched in oleate might result in LDL that is less susceptible to oxidative modification. LDL isolated from subjects consuming an oleate-enriched diet, compared with LDL from subjects on a linoleate-enriched diet, contained significantly more oleate (28.7% vs 11.5%) and less linoleate (31.9% vs 50.9%). Generation of conjugated dienes was significantly lower in the LDL from the oleate group. Most important, after incubation with endothelial cells, LDL from the oleate group underwent less degradation by macrophages. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of altering the diet in a way that will not raise LDL cholesterol concentrations and yet will decrease the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification.
Several sources of information suggest that man evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids of approximately 1 whereas today this ratio is approximately 10:1 to 20-25:1, indicating that Western diets are deficient in omega 3 fatty acids compared with the diet on which humans evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Omega-3 fatty acids increase bleeding time; decrease platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, and fibrinogen; and increase erythrocyte deformability, thus decreasing the tendency to thrombus formation. In no clinical trial, including coronary artery graft surgery, has there been any evidence of increased blood loss due to ingestion of omega 3 fatty acids. Many studies show that the effects of omega 3 fatty acids on serum lipids depend on the type of patient and whether the amount of saturated fatty acids in the diet is held constant. In patients with hyperlipidemia, omega 3 fatty acids decrease low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol if the saturated fatty acid content is decreased, otherwise there is a slight increase, but at high doses (32 g) they lower LDL cholesterol; furthermore, they consistently lower serum triglycerides in normal subjects and in patients with hypertriglyceridemia whereas the effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) varies from no effect to slight increases. The discrepancies between animal and human studies most likely are due to differences between animal and human metabolism. In clinical trials eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of fish oils along with antirheumatic drugs improve joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; have a beneficial effect in patients with ulcerative colitis; and in combination with drugs, improve the skin lesions, lower the hyperlipidemia from etretinates, and decrease the toxicity of cyclosporin in patients with psoriasis. In various animal models omega 3 fatty acids decrease the number and size of tumors and increase the time elapsed before appearance of tumors. Studies with nonhuman primates and human newborns indicate that DHA is essential for the normal functional development of the retina and brain, particularly in premature infants. Because omega 3 fatty acids are essential in growth and development throughout the life cycle, they should be included in the diets of all humans. Omega-3 and omega 6 fatty acids are not interconvertible in the human body and are important components of practically all cell membranes. Whereas cellular proteins are genetically determined, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of cell membranes is to a great extent dependent on the dietary intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The objective of this research was to evaluate the change in abundance of S14 and fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNAs under a variety of nutritional conditions to evaluate the hypothesis that the regulation of the S14 gene is similar to that of other proteins involved in lipid metabolism and that changes in S14 expression are comparable to those that occur in FAS expression. Livers from rats fed a high carbohydrate diet were found to contain 350- and 100-fold more S14 and FAS mRNA than livers from rats fasted for 48 h. Although feeding a high fat diet increased S14 and FAS mRNA above fasting (P less than 0.05), the level of S14 and FAS mRNAs was only 5% and 4%, respectively, of the amount in the high carbohydrate group. Both S14 and FAS mRNAs accumulated quickly upon intubation of fasted rats with a solution of sucrose. The earliest rise in these mRNAs occurred within 60 min; by 240 min after gavage, each mRNA had increased 30-fold. The rapid induction of FAS and S14 mRNAs was also observed during ingestion of a high glucose meal. Hepatic FAS and S14 mRNA decreased 80-90% and 60%, respectively, during the 21-h interval between meals. This degree of mRNA loss was estimated to require a half-life for FAS and S14 mRNA of less than 8 h and less than 12 h, respectively. Regression analysis of the three dietary studies revealed a correlation coefficient for the relationship between S14 and FAS mRNA abundance ranging between 0.88 and 0.96.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) modulate the rate of gene transcription for a number of different genes including hepatic lipogenic and glycolytic genes, adipose Glut-4 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase and interleukins. Some of the transcriptional effects of PUFA appear to be mediated by eicosanoids, but the PUFA suppression of lipogenic and glycolytic genes is independent of eicosanoid synthesis and appears to involve a nuclear mechanism directly modified by PUFA. With the recent cloning of a fatty acid-activated nuclear factor termed peroxisome-proliferator-acitivated receptor (PPAR) has come the suggestion that PPAR may be the PUFA response factor. However, this review presents several lines of evidence that indicate that the PPAR and PUFA regulation of gene transcription involves separate and independent mechanisms, and the PPAR is not the PUFA response factor.
Intakes of partially hydrogenated fish oil and animal fats have declined and those of palm, soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed oils have increased in northern Europe in the past 30 y. Soybean and rapeseed oils are currently the most plentiful liquid vegetable oils and both have desirable ratios of n−6 to n−3 fatty acids. However, soybean and rapeseed oils are commonly partially hydrogenated for use in commercial frying to decrease susceptibility to oxidative degradation. This process leads to selective losses of α-linolenic acid (18:3n−3). Intake of linoleic acid (18:2n−6) has risen in many northern European countries. In the United Kingdom, intakes have increased from ≈10 g/d in the late 1970s to ≈15 g/d in the 1990s. The intake of α-linolenic acid is estimated to be ≈1–2 g/d but varies with the type of culinary oil used. There are few reliable estimates of the intake of long-chain n−3 fatty acids, but those are generally ≈0.1–0.5 g/d. The increased use of intensive, cereal-based livestock production systems has resulted in a lower proportion of n−3 fatty acids in meat compared with traditional extensive production systems. Overall, there has been a shift in the balance between n−6 and n−3 fatty acids over the past 30 y. This shift is reflected in the declining concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and rising concentrations of linoleic acid in breast milk.
Several sources of information suggest that man evolved on a diet with a ratio of ω6 to ω3 fatty acids of ∼ 1 whereas today this ratio is ∼10:1 to 20–25:1, indicating that Western diets are deficient in ω3 fatty acids compared with the diet on which humans evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Omega-3 fatty acids increase bleeding time; decrease platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, and fibrinogen; and increase erythrocyte deformability, thus decreasing the tendency to thrombus formation. In no clinical trial, including coronary artery graft surgery, has there been any evidence of increased blood loss due to ingestion of ω3 fatty acids. Many studies show that the effects of ω3 fatty acids on serum lipids depend on the type of patient and whether the amount of saturated fatty acids in the diet is held constant. In patients with hyperlipidemia, ω3 fatty acids decrease low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol if the saturated fatty acid content is decreased, otherwise there is a slight increase, but at high doses (32 g) they lower LDL cholesterol; furthermore, they consistently lower serum triglycerides in normal subjects and in patients with hypertriglyceridemia whereas the effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) varies from no effect to slight increases. The discrepancies between animal and human studies most likely are due to differences between animal and human metabolism. In clinical trials eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of fish oils along with antirheumatic drugs improve joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; have a beneficial effect in patients with ulcerative colitis; and in combination with drugs, improve the skin lesions, lower the hyperlipidemia from etretinates, and decrease the toxicity of cyclosporin in patients with psoriasis. In various animal models ω3 fatty acids decrease the number and size of tumors and increase the time elapsed before appearance of tumors. Studies with nonhuman primates and human newborns indicate that DHA is essential for the normal functional development of the retina and brain, particularly in premature infants. Because ω3 fatty acids are essential in growth and development throughout the life cycle, they should be included in the diets of all humans. Omega-3 and ω6 fatty acids are not interconvertible in the human body and are important components of practically all cell membranes. Whereas cellular proteins are genetically determined, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of cell membranes is to a great extent dependent on the dietary intake. Therefore appropriate amounts of dietary ω6 and ω3 fatty acids need to be considered in making dietary recommendations, and these two classes of PUFAs should be distinguished because they are metabolically and functionally distinct and have opposing physiological functions. Their balance is important for homeostasis and normal development. Canada is the first country to provide separate dietary recommendations for ω6 and ω3 fatty acids.
On June 24-26, 1985, a major International Conference on the Hea1th Effects of P01yunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods was held in Washington, D. C. The conference had two objectives: (1) to review the research data on the health effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in seafoods in terms of the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on eicosanoid formation, thrombosis and inflammation, and the role of docosahexaenoic acid in membrane function and metabolism, and (2) to develop a research agenda to determine the spectrum of the health effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids of seafood origin in the American diet. The 1985 conference established the fact that omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin - eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - play important roles in prostaglandin metabolism, thrombosis and atherosc1erosis, immunology and inflammation, and membrane function. In response to the conference recommendations, the Congress of the United States provided special funding for the establishment of a "test materials 1aboratory" within the US Department of Commerce to produce under documented quality contr01 the types and quanti ties of omega-3 te~3t materials required by biomedica1 researchers. The forms of test materials to be produced include refined fish oil, polyunsaturated fatty acid enhanced triglycerides, concentrates of esters of fatty acids, purified omega-3 fatty acids, and omega-3 mono-, di- and tri~lyceride mixtures.
Background There is conflicting evidence on the benefits of foods rich in vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and their pharmacological substitutes. We investigated the effects of these substances as supplements in patients who had myocardial infarction. Methods From October, 1993, to September, 1995, 11324 patients surviving recent (less than or equal to 3 months) myocardial infarction were randomly assigned supplements of n-3 PUFA (Ig daily, n=2836), vitamin E (300 mg daily, n=2830), both (n=2830), or none (control, n=2828) for 3.5 years. The primary combined efficacy endpoint was death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke. Intention-to-treat analyses were done according to a factorial design (two-way) and by treatment group (four-way). Findings Treatment with n-3 PUFA, but not vitamin E, significantly lowered the risk of the primary endpoint (relative risk decrease 10% [95% CI 1-18] by two-way analysis, 15% [2-26] by four-way analysis). Benefit was attributable to a decrease in the risk of death (14% [3-24] two-way, 20% [6-33] four-way) and cardiovascular death (17% [3-29] two-way, 30% [13-44] four-way). The effect of the combined treatment was similar to that for n-3 PUFA for the primary endpoint (14% [1-26]) and for fatal events (20% [5-33]). Interpretation Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA led to a clinically important and satistically significant benefit. Vitamin E had no benefit. Its effects on fatal cardiovascular events require further exploration.
Background:
Several lines of evidence suggest that supplementation of diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) PUFA), commonly referred to as fish oils, may reduce blood pressure (BP). However, most clinical trials of ω-3 PUFA supplementation have been of insufficient size to detect relevant BP changes.
Methods:
We conducted a meta-analysis of 17 controlled clinical trials of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. To estimate an overall effect of ω-3 PUFA supplementation on BP, we calculated the net BP change in each trial (BP A in ω-3 PUFA group minus BP A in control group), which was then weighted according to the inverse of the variance.
Results:
In the 11 trials that enrolled normotensive individuals (n=728), ω-3 PUFA supplementation led to significant reductions of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in two and one trials, respectively. In the six studies that enrolled untreated hypertensives (n=291), significant reductions of SBP and DBP were present in two and four trials, respectively. Weighted, pooled estimates of SBP and DBP change (mm Hg) with 95% confidence intervals were —1.0 (—2.0 to 0.0) and —0.5 (—1.2 to +0.2) in the trials of normotensives, and —5.5 (—8.1 to —2.9) and —3.5 (—5.0 to —2.1) in the trials of untreated hypertensives. In 13 of 17 studies, trial duration was less than 3 months. Doses of ω-3 PUFA tended to be high (average dose >3 g/d in 11 trials). The magnitude of BP reduction was greatest at high BP but was not significantly associated with dose of ω-3 PUFA. Side effects, most commonly eructation and a fishy taste, occurred more frequently in ω-3 PUFA participants than in control participants (28% vs 13%, P<.001).
Conclusions:
Our analyses indicate that diet supplementation with a relatively high dose of ω-3 PUFA, generally more than 3 g/d, can lead to clinically relevant BP reductions in individuals with untreated hypertension. However, use of ω-3 PUFA as antihypertensive therapy will require demonstration of long-term efficacy and patient acceptability of lower doses.(Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1429-1438)
Twenty‐seven roots, berries and sprouts common in the pre‐contact diet of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest have been analyzed and found to be valuable sources of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and ascorbic acid. Native peoples serially harvested these indigenous foods as part of their economic rounds. These members of the Lily, Purslane, Barberry, Currant, Rose, Parsley, Heath, Honeysuckle, Sunflower and Water‐plantain families are among those regularly collected by these foraging groups whose economic strategies were keyed to the use of multiple resources and the storage of large quantities of processed foods. Stored vegetable foods, particularly berries and roots, along with dried fish, provided ample and nutritious diets during seasonal periods of resource non‐productivity. These indigenous foods are compared with some commonly used commercial species.
The Workshop on the Essentiality of and Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDIs) for Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids was held at The Cloisters, National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md., USA, April 7–9, 1999. The workshop was sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism-NIH, the Office of Dietary Supplements-NIH, The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, and the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, and cosponsored by several industry groups1.
A comparison has been made of the tissue fatty acids in domestic bovids and bovids from free-living and undisturbed habitats. In the domestic state, the proportion of polyunsaturated to non essential fatty acids was of the order of 1/50, whereas in the free-living animal it was 1/2.3. There also seemed to be a greater diversity of polyunsaturated acids in free-living species. These differences may arise partly because oil-rich vegetation which is available to free-living animals has been eliminated from the diet of domestic animals raised on grassland. Since man's tissue lipids approximate to the domestic pattern on which he is dependent, the question arises as to whether the total domestic development of water-rich vegetation is nutritionally detrimental and that a resultant low balance of polyunsaturated to saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids may be related to arterial disease.
• This report of an expert panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program provides new guidelines for the treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults 20 years of age and over. Total cholesterol levels are classified as follows: <200 mg/dL —"desirable blood cholesterol"; 200 to 239 mg/dL—borderline—high blood cholesterol; ≥240 mg/dL—high blood cholesterol. The guidelines detail which patients should go on to have lipoprotein analysis, and which should receive cholesterol-lowering treatment on the basis of their low density lipoprotein (LDL)—cholesterol levels and status with respect to other coronary heart disease risk factors. Dietary therapy is the primary cholesterol-lowering treatment. The report specifies the LDL-cholesterol levels at which dietary therapy should be started and the goals of therapy, and provides detailed guidance on the nature of the recommended dietary changes. If, after six months of intensive dietary therapy, LDL-cholesterol exceeds specified levels, drug treatment should be considered.
(Arch Intern Med 1988;148:36-69)
• Human physiology during evolution would have been adapted to the nature of wild foods, yet there is a striking qualitative and quantitative difference between the fat in wild or extensive meat consumption compared to what we eat today.
• The total proportion of ω-3 has fallen 10-fold from a range of 12–16% of the fatty acids in wild bovids to 1.0–2.6% in currently sold meat.
• The intensively reared animal carcass ratio is >1 often with between four and nine times the calories coming from fat compared to protein so that a chicken thigh eaten today provides the consumer with 100 more calories from fat than it did in the 1970s.
• Most of the fat is of a saturated type and there is a discernable loss of ω-3 fatty acids in the meat of beef and poultry so that the ω6/ω-3 ratio in chickens as purchased was found to be about 9 compared to wild birds in which it is approximately 2.
• A high level of fat infiltration in muscle which is purchased as meat has happened because of the intensive conditions of high-energy diets, growth promotion and absence of exercise which encourages weight gain as fat and fat infiltration at the expense of muscle loss.
• Human physiology is adapted to wild foods; so drift from the genetic adaptation background contributed to the rise in the Western cluster of non-communicable diseases and the current concern with obesity, metabolic syndrome and mental ill health.
Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) were given 30 ml cod liver oil (CLO) as dietary supplement daily for 6 weeks. The effects on platelets, bleeding time, coagulation and blood and platelet lipids were examined. The major findings were a reduced collagen-induced platelet aggregation and a decrease in thrombin-stimulated thromboxane B2 generation in platelets in vitro. The primary bleeding time was not significantly prolonged. Statistically significant increase in ***eicosapentaenoic add/arachidonic acid ratios in the main platelet phospholipids were also observed. These changes did not correlate with any of the changes in platelet behavior observed after CLO intake. The serum total and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were not altered during the trial.
Studies were conducted in human volunteers maintained on habitual Indian diets to determine (a) the effective dose of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) needed for hypolipidemic and antithrombotic effects and (b) the efficacy of the use of alphalinolenic acid (ALNA), the precursor of LC n-3 PUFA, as a substitute for fish oils. Keeping the levels of linoleic acid constant, the levels of fatty acids were altered either in the form of LC n-3 PUFA or as ALNA. The results show that while 1.4g LC n-3 PUFA may be needed for hypotriglyceridemic effects, 0.6g appears to be sufficient for antithrombotic effects as judged by increase in LC n-3 PUFA levels in plasma and platelet phospholipids, and decrease in platelet aggregation. ALNA supplementation decreased plasma cholesterol levels but, had no effect on triglycerides. The increase in the levels of LC n-3 PUFA in plasma and platelet phospholipids was accompanied by a decrease in platelet aggregation, suggesting that ALNA rich vegetable oils used as a single source of visible fat in Indian diets, is beneficial. On the basis of the absolute increase in LC n-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids with ALNA and LC n-3 PUFA supplementation, it was calculated that 3.7g ALNA may have biological effects similar to 0.3g LC n-3 PUFA. Therefore, it appears that replacement of part of the vegetable oil intake with mustard/rapeseed oil, so as to furnish n-6/n-3 ratio around 8, may be a feasible approach to ensure beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids in vegetarians. Further, it also ensures a balanced intake of the other fatty acids.
The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the food chain in Japan is reviewed on the basis of the newest nutrition survey data. The Japanese are currently consuming, on average, approximately 26% of energy as fats with ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fats and n-6 to n-3 fatty acids of approximately 1.2:1 and 4:1, respectively. The significant contributors to this relatively high n-3 PUFA intake are not only fish and shellfish but also edible vegetable oils, almost exclusively rapeseed and soybean oils. Thus, the dietary habits of the Japanese have made possible a high n-3 PUFA intake within a low-fat regimen. In this context, the gradual decline, particularly in younger persons, in fish consumption habits weighs on our minds. Analyses of health indexes, including the increased average life span, support the superiority of the current Japanese eating pattern that harmonizes with the Western regimens. However, at present it cannot be disregarded that food intake varies considerably in all age groups, and only a limited number of people are consuming the recommended allowance for dietary fats.
Intakes of partially hydrogenated fish oil and animal fats have declined and those of palm, soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed oils have increased in northern Europe in the past 30 y. Soybean and rapeseed oils are currently the most plentiful liquid vegetable oils and both have desirable ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. However, soybean and rapeseed oils are commonly partially hydrogenated for use in commercial frying to decrease susceptibility to oxidative degradation. This process leads to selective losses of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3). Intake of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) has risen in many northern European countries. In the United Kingdom, intakes have increased from approximately 10 g/d in the late 1970s to approximately 15 g/d in the 1990s. The intake of alpha-linolenic acid is estimated to be approximately 1-2 g/d but varies with the type of culinary oil used. There are few reliable estimates of the intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, but those are generally approximately 0.1-0.5 g/d. The increased use of intensive, cereal-based livestock production systems has resulted in a lower proportion of n-3 fatty acids in meat compared with traditional extensive production systems. Overall, there has been a shift in the balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids over the past 30 y. This shift is reflected in the declining concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and rising concentrations of linoleic acid in breast milk.
Fish contain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, principally eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are known to interfere with the body's inflammatory response and may be of benefit in chronic inflammatory conditions.
We studied the relation between the dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 8960 current or former smokers participating in a population-based study of artheroscierosis. Intake of fatty acids was estimated with a dietary questionnaire. The presence of COPD was assessed by a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and by spirometry. Three case definitions of COPD were used: symptoms of chronic bronchitis (667 subjects), physician-diagnosed emphysema reported by the subject (185 subjects), and spirometrically detected COPD (197 subjects).
After control for pack-years of smoking, age, sex, race, height, weight, energy intake, and educational level docosahexaenoic acid was inversely related to the ris of COPD in a quantity-dependent fashion. The adjusted odds ratio for the highest quartile was 0.66 for chronic bronchitis (95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.85; P<0.001 for linear trend across the range of intake value), 0.31 for physician-diagnosed emphysema (95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.52; P for liner trend, 0.003), and 0.50 for spirometrically detected COPD (95 percent confidence interval, 0.32 to 0.79; P for linear trend, 0.007).
A high dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids may protect cigarette smokers against COPD.
A survey was conducted during 1971-1973 on the vitamin E status of Alaskan Eskomos. The subjects were 315 residents of the northern coastal villages of Wainwright and Point Hope and the southwestern inland villages of Kasigluk and Nunapitchuk. Plasma vitamin E levels for the 6- to 17-year-old subjects at Wainwright, Point Hope, and Nunapitchuk were 0.81 plus or minus 0.26, 0.90 plus or minus 0.20, and 0.84 plus or minus 0.25 mg/100 ml (mean and standard deviation), respectively. The values for adults at Wainwright, Point Hope, and Kasigluk were 1.23 plus or minus 0.27, 1.23 plus or minus 0.27, and 1.27 plus or minus 0.33 mg/100 ml, respectively. No value less than 0.30 mg/100 ml was observed. Alpha-tocopherol was the only isomer present in significant amounts. Plasma vitamin E levels did not change significantly between 6 and 17 years of age; however, a steady increase with age was observed in the 18- to 69-year-old groups. Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations were significantly lower in children than in adults but there were no differences attributable to sex or geographic location. Vitamin E concentration in the blood plasma was linearly correlated with cholesterol concentration. Values are reported for the vitamin E content of some native foods. This study indicates that plasma vitamin E levels in Alaskan Eskimos consuming a high meat or fish diet are comparable to those in adults of the United States consuming a mixed diet.